The Executors of the Estate of Lt. Commr. J. K. Dubash and others Versus The Commissioner of Income-tax, Bombay City, Bombay

AIR 1951 SC 111 : (1950) SCR 969

(SUPREME COURT OF INDIAIndia Bharat Varsha (Jambu Dvipa) is the name of this land mass. The people of this land are Sanatan Dharmin and they always defeated invaders. Indra (10000 yrs) was the oldest deified King of this land. Manu's jurisprudence enlitened this land. Vedas have been the civilizational literature of this land. Guiding principles of this land are : सत्यं वद । धर्मं चर । स्वाध्यायान्मा प्रमदः । Read more)

(Before : M. H. Kania, C.J.I., M. Patanjali Sastri And S. R. Das, JJ.)

Civil Appeal No. 105 of 1949, Decided on :   21-12-1950.

Income Tax Act, 1922—Section 25(4) and 26—The person who succeeds another must, by such succession, become the owner of the business which his predecessor was carrying on and which he, after the succession, carries on in such capacity, that is, the capacity as owner

Counsel for the Parties:

Shri N. P. Engineer, Senior Advocate (Shri R. J. Kolah, Advocate, with him ) instructed by Shri R. S. Narula, Advocate for Appellants

Shri M. C. Setalvad, Attorney-General for India (Shri G. N. Joshi, Advocate, with him) instructed by Shri P. A. Mehta, Advocate for Respondent.

JUDGMENTJudgment The statement given by the Judge on the grounds of a decree or order - CPC 2(9). It contains a concise statement of the case, points for determination, the decision thereon, and the reasons for such decision - Order 20 Rule 4(2).  Section 354 of CrPC requires that every judgment shall contain points for determination, the decision thereon and the reasons for the decision. Indian Supreme Court Decisions > Law declared by Supreme Court to be binding on all courts (Art 141 Indian Constitution) Civil and judicial authorities to act in aid of the Supreme Court (Art 144) Supreme Court Network On Judiciary – Portal > Denning: “Judges do not speak, as do actors, to please. They do not speak, as do advocates, to persuade. They do not speak, as do historians, to recount the past. They speak to give Judgment. And in their judgments, you will find passages, which are worthy to rank with the greatest literature….” Law Points on Judgment Writing > The judge must write to provide an easy-to-understand analysis of the issues of law and fact which arise for decision. Judgments are primarily meant for those whose cases are decided by judges (State Bank of India and Another Vs Ajay Kumar Sood SC 2022)

Kania, C. J. (on behalf of himself and Das J.)—This is an appeal from a judgment of the High Court at Bombay delivered on a reference by the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal under the Income-tax Act. The material facts are these. The assessees (appellants) are the executors of the will of Mr. J. K. Dubash who died on 9-4-1942, having made his last will on 8-4-1942. Probate of the will was issued to the executors on10-8-1942. During his life-timeTime Where any expression of it occurs in any Rules, or any judgment, order or direction, and whenever the doing or not doing of anything at a certain time of the day or night or during a certain part of the day or night has an effect in law, that time is, unless it is otherwise specifically stated, held to be standard time as used in a particular country or state. (In Physics, time and Space never exist actually-“quantum entanglement”), the testator carried on the business of shipping agents. Clause 13 of the will contains directions about carrying on this business of the testator till its disposal. It directs the executors to carry on the business as a going concern after his death with power to make fresh contracts and discharge the existing and future liabilities and all other usual and necessary powers, unless special circumstances arose which, in the opinionOpinion A judge's written explanation of a decision of the court. In an appeal, multiple opinions may be written. The court’s ruling comes from a majority of judges and forms the majority opinion. A dissenting opinion disagrees with the majority because of the reasoning and/or the principles of law on which the decision is based. A concurring opinion agrees with the end result of the court but offers further comment possibly because they disagree with how the court reached its conclusion. of the executors, made it expedient to sell the business earlier. This business was to be carried on for a period not exceeding twelve months during which time the executors were to ascertain whether or not any of his nephews was willing to purchase the said undertaking. For this purpose and generally for sale purposes, he directed that the executors shall, as soon as possible, after his death, have a valuation made of the said undertaking. The undertaking was to be sold so as to include all. his interest in the premises, the goodwill, the stock-in-trade, plant, furniture, etc., but excluding securities for money and cash in the bank to the credit of the account of that undertaking. If the executors were satisfied before the expiration of one year from the testator’s death that the said undertaking would not be sold to his nephews because none was willing or able to purchase it or, if it remained unsold at the end of a year, to any of the nephews then (whichever event first happened) the executors were directed to sell the undertaking to such third person on such terms and at such price as they thought proper. The clause ended with the following words:

“I expressly declare that in carrying on the said undertaking my trustees shall, in addition to all powers, discretion and authorities vested in them by law, have power to carry or discontinue any part of the said undertaking or to augment or diminish the capital employed and generally to act as absolute owners without being responsible for any loss.”

The business was sold to one of the nephews on 1-1-1943. The appellants contended that within the meaning of S. 25 (4), Income-tax Act, the succession to the business took place on 1-1-1943 while the taxing authorities contended that the succession was on 9-4-1942 when the testator died. The first question submitted for the High Court’s opinion related to this dispute.

2. The second question referred to the High Court for its opinion was in respect of an amount paid by the executors to the widow of the testator. That question was answered against the appellant by the High Court. Learned counsel appearing for the appellants intimated that he did not want to contest the High Court’s decision on the point. The appeal, therefore, is limited to the first question only.

3. Section 25, Income-tax Act, 1939, gives certain concessions in respect of a business where tax had been paid by the person carrying the business under the provisions of the Income-tax Act, 1918. The material part of sub-cl. (4) of S. 25 is in these terms:

“Where the person who was at the commencement of the Indian Income-.tax(Amendment) Act, 1939(VII [7] of 1939) carrying on any business, profession or vocation on which tax was at any time charged under the provisions of the Indian Income-tax Act , 1918, is succeeded in such capacity by another person ………..”

4. The Scheme of S. 25 read with the provisions of S. 26 (2) appear to be to give relief, inter alia to persons who were carrying on business in 1921 and had been taxed on their income under the Income-tax Act, 1918. By a change effected by the Income-tax Amendment Act, 1922, they were subjected to taxation twice on the income of 1921-22. The relief is intended against this levy of tax twice over.

5. The rival contentions urged on behalf of the parties are these. The assessee contends that on the death of the testator under cl. 13 of the will of the deceased, the executors were carrying on the business of the deceased only for the purpose of winding it up, and there was no succession to the business on the death of the deceased within the meaning of S.25 (4), Income-tax Act, It is argued that the clause provides for nothing else than a direction to carry on the business with a view either (a) to sell it within a year to one of the nephews, or (b) to sell it to some one else at the end of the year as a going concern. It was pointed out that all directions in the clause permitting contracts to be made, etc., were for the purpose of keeping the business alive and not allowing it to die so that the business which was a valuable asset of the deceased could be sold as a going concern with its goodwill. It was, therefore, argued that the succession to the business took place only on 1-1-1943 when the business was sold by the executors to one of the nephews in terms of cl. 13 of the will. In actual money, the contest is whether the executors are entitled to get the benefit of the exemption from income-tax in respect of the profits earned only for the nine days between 1st April and 9th April 1942 or between 1-4-1942 and 1-1-1943 under S. 25 (4), Income-tax Act. The High Court has answered the question against the assessee.

6. In our opinion, the conclusion of the High Court is correct. It cannot be disputed that in the event of a sale or gift of the business by the original owner the succession within the meaning of S. 25 (4) will take place only on the date of such sale or gift and the exemption from liability to tax will be for a period terminating on that day. It cannot again be seriously disputed that if the testator settled his business on trust under a deed of settlement there will be a succession to the business by another person on the day of the settlement. Similarly, in the event of his death intestate his heir-at-law will succeed to the business on the date of his death. The argument advanced on behalf of the appellants that in the present case having regard to the terms of cl. 13 of the will there has been “no succession in such capacity to another person” because the executors were carrying on the business only with a view to sell it as a going concern, cannot he accepted because on the day of the deceased the estate including the business got vested in the executor, and the executors carried on the business within the meaning of S. 3 read with S. 10 of the Act and as such became personally liable as assessee. Thus there came about a change in the assessee and therefore “a succession in such capacity” took place within the meaning of S. 25 (4), Income-tax Act. It seems clear that if the testator had transferred the business to a trustee, although the trustees will not be the beneficial owners, in law there will be a succession of the business to another person within the meaning of S. 25 (4), Income-tax Act. If in such a case that result follows there appears no reason why when the legal estate is transferred by operation of law to an executor there should not be considered a succession to the estate by another person within the meaning of the same S. 25 (4). The words “in such capacity” in that clause further make the position clear. It makes the distinction of legal and beneficial ownership irrelevant. The contention that the business was to be carried on by the executors as such, as a going concern or that it was being carrier on for the benefit or loss of the testator’s estate is not relevant for the present discussion. The only relevant question under S. 25 (4), Income-tax. Act is whether in respect of the business there is a succession to another person. This is a provision to give relief and the scope of the relief must be governed by the words used in the Act. In our opinion the answer to this question, on the facts of the present case, must be in the affirmative and the date of such succession must be considered to be the death of the testator, which was on 9-4-1942. The result is that the appeal fails and is accordingly dismissed with costsCosts Subject to any written law, costs are at the discretion of the Court, and the Court has the power to determine all issues relating to the costs of or incidental to all proceedings, including by whom and to what extent the costs are to be paid, at any stage of the proceedings or after the conclusion of the proceedings. Generally “Costs” includes charges, disbursements, expenses, fees, and remuneration. Costs in any matter are payable from the date of the order of the Court unless the parties otherwise agree. The costs of a third-party funding contract are not recoverable as part of the costs of, or costs..

7. Patanjali Sastri, J—I agree that this appeal should be rejected.

8. The material facts have been set out in the judgment which has just been delivered. The only question now remaining for decision is:on what date was the testator, who was carrying on the business of shipping agentAgent An agent is a person employed to do any act for another or to represent another in dealings with third persons. The person for whom such act is done, or who is so represented, is called the principal. Indian Contract Act and land contractor “succeeded in such capacity by another person” within the meaning of S. 25 (4) of the Act-on 9-4-1942 when the testator died and the appellants as the executors took over the business and carried it on or on 1-1-1943 when the business was sold by them as a going concern ?

9. The business being admittedly one which was charged to tax under the Income-tax Act,1918, if there was no succession within the meaning of S. 25 (4), until the sale took place, as the appellants contend, the profits and gains of the period from 1-4-1942 to 1-1-1943 would not be liable to tax, whereas, if the testator could be said to have been “succeeded” by the appellants, the profits of the much shorter period between 1-4-1942 and 8-4-1942 alone would be exempt from taxation. The reason for this relief is to be found in the change of the basis of taxation when the Act of 1922 was passed which resulted in the profits of the year 1921-22 being assessed twice over, once in that year as the incrime thereof “on adjustment” under the Act of 1918 and once in the next year as the income of the “previous year” under the Act of 1922 [see Commissioner of Income-tax, Bombay v. P. E. Polson, 72 I . A. 196 The relief was, however, confined to discontinued businesses, as in cases of succession till 1938 the successor alone was assessed to tax on the whole of the profits of the previous year including those earned by his predecessor before the succession occurred. But the Income-tax (Amendment) Act, 1939, (hereinafter referred to as the amending Act), having amended S. 26 (2) so as to provide, in the case of a succession in business profession or vocation, for the assessment of the predecessor and the successor, each in respect of his actual share of the profits of the previous year, the relief was extended, by enacting S. 25 (4), to cases of succession occurring after the commencement of that Act, with the same object as in the case of discontinuance, namely, to redress the hardship of the business having been charged twice over on the income of 1921-22. In other words, the predecessor is given the same relief as if he had discontinued the business on the date of succession. It will thus be seen that the enactment of S. 25 (4) is consequential on the amendment of S. 26 (2), and the scope and meaning of the expression “succeeded in such capacity by another person” in S. 26 (2) must determine also its scope and meaning in S. 25 (4).

10. The first, question which arises on the language of the amended S. 26 (2), which speaks of “the person succeeded” being “assessed” and of his not being “found” is whether the sub-section should be construed as applicable only to cases of succession inter vivos. Whatever force there may have been in the suggestion that the sub-section could not have contemplated cases of testamentary or intestate succession if there was no provision for the assessment of profits earned by a deceased person in the hands of his representatives, there seems to be no sufficient reason for excluding from the scope of the sub-section cases of succession on death in view of the provision in S. 24B. On the other hand, proviso (c) to S. 24 (2) , which refers to a person “succeeded in such capacity by another person otherwise than by inheritance,” would seem to imply that “succession,” as that term is used in the Act, includes devolution on death.

11. The next question is what is the meaning to be attributed to the pharse “in such capacity” ? A Full Bench of the Madras High Court in Jupudi Kesara Rao v. Commissioner of Income-tax, Madras, 59 Mad. 377 held that the expression meant “in the capacity as owner, “so that

“the person who succeeds another must, by such succession, become the owner of the business which his predecessor was carrying on and which he, after the succession, carries on in such capacity, that is, the capacity as owner.”

Applying that test they held that the sole surviving member of a HinduHindu A geographical name given by non-Hindus, who came to visit Bharatvarsha (Hindusthan). Sanatan Dharma is the actual Dharmic tradition of the Hindus. People who live in Hindusthan are Hindu, whether they Follow Islam, Chris, Buddha, Mahavira, or Nanaka. In this way, Tribals are also Hindu. undivided family did not succeed to the business of the family within the meaning of S. 26 (2), as he was previously a part owner of the business and there was no transfer of ownership. While it is undoubtedly true that a transfer of ownership is ordinarily involved in cases of succession falling within S. 26 (9) or S. 25 (4), it ‘cannot, in my opinion, be regarded as an essential element of succession within the meaning of those provisions. The Income-tax Act directs its attention primarily to the person who receives the income, profits or gains rather than to the ownership or enjoyment thereof. The assessee is defined in S. 2 (2) as the person by whom the income-tax is payable and by S. 10 the tax is payable by an assessee who carries on the business, profession or vocation. The statute thus fastens on the person who carries on the business, etc., the liability to pay the tax on the profits earned by him regardless of their destination or enjoyment. It is also worthy of note that in several instances persons who have no proprietary or other right in the income charged to tax are made liable to pay the tax for no other reason than the convenience of assessment and collection. Such instances are to be found in S. 26 (2) proviso, S. 18 (7), S. 23A (3), S. 25A and S. 42 (1). As observed by Lord Cave in Williams v. Singer, 1921-1 A. C. 65, (89 L. J. K B. 1151)

“the fact is that, if the Income- tax Acts are examined, it will be found that the person charged with tax is neither the trustee nor the beneficiary as such, but the person in actual receipt and control of the income, which it is sought to reach.”

12. There seems to be no warrant, therefore, to insist on a transfer of ownership as the decisive test of ‘succession’ within the meaning of S. 26 (2) or S. 25 (4) any more than for insisting on the ownership of the business by the person carrying on a business, for the purposes of S. 10. I do not, of course, wish to be understood to say that a clerk or an agent in management of a business would be an assessee liable to be taxed in respect of its profits and gains. Some kind of title there must be though not of a beneficial character. Nor need it be of the same quality in the predecessor and the successor. The question in each case must be:Is the person who has come in carrying on the business as a principal ? If so, the Revenue looks to him and makes him liable for payment of the tax. The words “in such capacity” in Ss. 25 (4) and 26 (2) mean nothing more than the capacity of a person who carries on the business is the predecessor was carrying it on, that is, with a liability to be taxed on its profits and gains.

13. Applying these principles to the present case, I am clearly of opinion that the testator who was carrying on the business in question was succeeded in such capacity by the Appellants when the former died on 9-4-1942 and his estate vested in them. As already stated, the testator expressly authorized the appellants to carry on the business as a going concern for one year after his death and gave them power to enter into fresh contracts and to discharge liabilities past and future. They are thus “an association of persons” carrying on business, and, being assessable as such in respect of the profits and gains of the business carried on by them under S.10 read with S. 3 of the Act, they are liable to be taxed on the profits earned after 9-4-1942.

14. It was objected that the appellants being assessable as the representatives of the testator under S. 24B in respect of the profits earned by him in the accounting year, they could not be treated as successors assessable under S.26 (2) in respect of the profits earned during the rest of that year, as such apportionment would be meaningless, the same interest, namely, the testator’s estate, having to bear the incidence of the tax in either case. It was accordingly suggested that unless there was a break in the continuity of the interest represented by the executors, there could be no real apportionment such as is contemplated by S. 26 (2) and, therefore, no succession within the meaning of that section or of S. 25 (4) where the same expression is used. The argument is, in my opinion, fallacious. It overlooks the distinction between the position of the executors vis-a-vis the Revenue and their position vis-a-vis the testator’s estate. As already pointed out, their liability to pay the tax on the profits earned after the testator’s death arises under S. 10 (1) and, being that of assessees carrying on the business, is personal to them, although as between them and the estate they would be entitled to be indemnified in respect of the tax paid while their liability to pay tax on the profits earned during the testor’s life-time arises under S. 24B and, being that of legal representatives of the testator, is limited “to the extent to which the testator’s estate is capable of meeting the charge.” It is, therefore, not correct to say that an apportionment under S. 26 (2)’would be meaningless, though if the testator’s estate was sufficiently solvent, it would have no practical significance.