Nagubai Ammal and others Vs B. Shama Rao and others (26/04/1956)

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Citation: AIR 1956 SC 593 : (1956) SCR 451(SUPREME COURT OF INDIA)

(Before :   S. R. Das, C.J.I., T. L. Venkatarama Ayyar And S. J. Imam, JJ.)

Civil Appeal No. 216 of 1953,

Decided on: 26-04-1956

Civil Procedure Code, 1908—Section 2(2)—Decree—Collusion and fraud—Distinction of—In case of collusion the contest is unreal or sham while in case of fraud the decree is obtained on the basis of untrue claimA Claim A claim is “factually unsustainable” where it could be said with confidence before trial that the factual basis for the claim is entirely without substance, which can be the case if it were clear beyond question that the facts pleaded are contradicted by all the documents or other material on which it is based..

Counsel for the Parties:

Mr. K. S. Krishnaswami Iyengar, Senior Advocate (Mr. M. S. K. Sastri, Advocate, with him), for Appellants

Mr. R. Ganapathy Iyer and Mr. K. R. Krishnaswamy, Advocates, for Respondent No. 1.

JudgmentJudgment The statement given by the Judge on the grounds of a decree or order - CPC 2(9). It contains a concise statement of the case, points for determination, the decision thereon, and the reasons for such decision - Order 20 Rule 4(2).  Section 354 of CrPC requires that every judgment shall contain points for determination, the decision thereon and the reasons for the decision. Indian Supreme Court Decisions > Law declared by Supreme Court to be binding on all courts (Art 141 Indian Constitution) Civil and judicial authorities to act in aid of the Supreme Court (Art 144) Supreme Court Network On Judiciary – Portal > Denning: “Judges do not speak, as do actors, to please. They do not speak, as do advocates, to persuade. They do not speak, as do historians, to recount the past. They speak to give Judgment. And in their judgments, you will find passages, which are worthy to rank with the greatest literature….” Law Points on Judgment Writing > The judge must write to provide an easy-to-understand analysis of the issues of law and fact which arise for decision. Judgments are primarily meant for those whose cases are decided by judges (State Bank of India and Another Vs Ajay Kumar Sood SC 2022)

Venkatarama Ayyar, J—This appeal arises out of a suit instituted by one Krishna Rao, since deceased, and now represented by his son and heir, the respondent herein, for a declaration of his title to certain building sites situate in Bangalore in the State of Mysore, and for consequential reliefs. These properties belonged to one Munuswami, who died leaving him surviving his third wife Chellammal, three sons by his predeceased wives, Keshvananda, Madhavananda and Brahmananda, and three minor daughters, Shankaramma Srikantamma and Devamma.

On 1-9-1918 the three brothers executed a usufructuary mortgage for ` 16,000 in favour of one Abdul Huq over a bungalow and vacant sites including the properties concerned in this litigation. A period of three years was fixed for redemption. There was a case back of the properties by the mortgagee to the mortgagors on 3-9-1918, and it was also for a period of three years. On 6-9-1918 the three brothers effected a partition under a deed, Ex. K, which provided inter alia that they were to pay each of sum of ` 8 per, mensem of their step mother Chellammal, for her maintenance, and that their stepsisters, should be under their protection.

2. On 6-6-1919 Challammal presented a plaint in forma pauperis claiming maintenance and praying that it might be charged on the properties specified in the plaint. That was Misc. Case No. 377 of 1918-19. At the same timeTime Where any expression of it occurs in any Rules, or any judgment, order or direction, and whenever the doing or not doing of anything at a certain time of the day or night or during a certain part of the day or night has an effect in law, that time is, unless it is otherwise specifically stated, held to be standard time as used in a particular country or state. (In Physics, time and Space never exist actually-“quantum entanglement”), she also presented as the next friend of her minor daughters, Srikantamma and Devamma, two plaints in forma pauperis, Misc. Cases Nos. 378 and 379 of 1918-19 claiming maintenance and marriage expenses for them, and praying that the amounts decreed might be charged on the schedule-mentioned properties. The properties which are involved in this suit are included in item 8 in schedule A annexed to all the three plaints.

On 17-6-1920 permission to sue in forma pauperis was granted in all three cases, and they were registered as Suits Nos. 98 to 100 of 1919-20. We are concerned in this appeal with only one of them, the suit of Devamma which was Misc. Case No. 379 of 1918-19 subsequently registered as Suit No. 100 of 1919-20.

3. The suit were contested, and deceased after trial on 12-12-1921. The decree in O. S. No. 100 of 1919-20 directed the defendants each to pay to the plaintiff a sum of ` 6 per mensem for maintenance until her marriage and ` 1,500 for marriage expenses, and the payment of the amount was made a first charge on the properties. In execution of this decree, the properties with which are now concerned, were sold on 2-8-1928 and purchased by Devamma, the decree-holder. A sale certificate was issued to her on 21-11-1930 (Ex. J-5).

Proceedings were also taken in execution of the decrees obtained by Chellammal and Srikantamma and of one Appalaraju, and all the properties comprised in the mortgage were sold and purchased by third parties. It must be mentioned that all the three-brothers were adjudicated insolvents on their own application, Brahmananda by an order dated 23-3-1923 in Insolvency Case No. 7 of 1921-22 and Keshvananda and Madhavananda by an order dated 19-2-1926 in Insolvency Case No. 4 of 1925-26. It also appears from the evidenceEvidence All the means by which a matter of fact, the truth of which is submitted for investigation, is established or disproved. Bharatiya Sakshya (Second) Adhiniyam 2023 of D. W. 5 that at about this time all of them left the place.

4. While these proceedings, were going on, Abdul Huq the mortgagee, filed on 16-8-1921. O. S. No. 27 of 1921-22 against Keshvananda and his two brothers for recovery of arrears of rent due by them under the lease deed and obtained a decree on 21-10-1921 but was unable to realise anything in execution thereof, and the execution petition was finally dismissed on 22-1-1926. He then filed a second suit against the mortgagors, O. S. No. 86 of 1931-32 for arrears of rent for a period subsequent to that covered by the decree in O. S. No. 27 of 1921-22 and for possession of the properties on the basis of the lease dated 3-9-1918, and obtained a decree on 22-3-1932 but was unable to get possession as the properties were in the occupation of third parties under claims of right.

Abdul Haq died on 20-3-1933, and thereafter his legal representatives filed on 30-8-1933 O. S. No. 8 of 1933-34 to enforce their rights under the mortgage deed dated 1-9-1918. Among the defendants who were implemented in this suit were the mortgagors Keshavanand and Madhavananda, Gururaja, son of Brahmannanda who had died the official Receiver and the purchasers of the mortgaged properties in execution of the main tenance decrees and the decree of Appalaraju. Devamma was the third defendant in this action.

The plaint alleged that the mortgagors had failed to pay rent as provided in the lease deed dated 3-9-1918 and had suffered collusive decrees to be passed against them in the maintenance suits and other action, and that properties had been sold fraudulently in execution of those decree. On the basis of these allegations, the plaintiffs prayed for a decree for possession as against the purchasers including Devamma, and for a sum of ` 5,000 as damages. In the alternative, they prayed for a decree for sale of the mortgaged properties for the amount due under the mortgage.

5. The suit was contested, and issues raised as to whether the sales were collusive and whether the plaintiffs were entitled to possession and damages, and alternatively, as to what amounts were payable under the mortgage and to what reliefs the plaintiffs were entitled. At the trial, the plaintiffs abandoned the relief as to possession and damages and it accordingly became unnecessary to go into the question as to the collusive character of the maintenance decrees and the execution sales.

On 26-9-1935 a decree was passed determining the amount payable to the plaintiffs on redemption, providing for payment thereof off or before 26-1-1936, and in default, directing the sale of the properties. In execution of this decree, the properties were sold in court-auction sometime in 1936, and purchased by one Champman, and possession was taken by him through court on 18-2-1937. On 25-1-1938, Saldhana, who was the agentAgent An agent is a person employed to do any act for another or to represent another in dealings with third persons. The person for whom such act is done, or who is so represented, is called the principal. Indian Contract Act of Champaman, and became his executor on his death, sold the building sites now in dispute and forming part of the properties purchased in court auction, to Krishna Rao, the plaintiff in the present action.

When Krishna Rao attempted to take possession of the sites, he was obstructed by one Garudachar, claiming title under a sale deed dated 1-12-1932 executed by one Lokiah, the husband of Srikantamma sister of Devamma and he accordingly filed O. S. No. 92 of 1938-39 in the Court of the Subordinate Judge, Bangalore for establishing his title to the suit properties and for an injunction restraining Garudachar from interfering with his possession.

The suit was decreed on 23-7-1940, and the matter having been taken in appeal to the High Court by Garudachar, the parties entered into a compromise, and a decree, Ex. E. 1 was passed in terms thereof on 18-9-1942. Under this decree, the title of the plaintiff to the suit properties was recognised. After obtaining this decree, Krishna Rao started building on the sites, when he met with fresh obstruction, this time from the appellants who set up that they were in possession under a claimA Claim A claim is “factually unsustainable” where it could be said with confidence before trial that the factual basis for the claim is entirely without substance, which can be the case if it were clear beyond question that the facts pleaded are contradicted by all the documents or other material on which it is based. of title.

6. Under the partition deed entered into by the mortgagors on 6-9-1918 (Exhibit K), Keshvananda was allotted two plots. Nos. 3 and 4 to the west of East Lal Bagh Road in the plan Ex. G. These are the very plots, which form the subject matter of the present suit. On 30-1-1920 Keshvananda conveyed these properties to Dr. Nanjunda Rao under a deed of sale Ex. VI. There was on the same date a sale by Brahmananda of plots Nos. 1 and 2 to Dr. Nanjunda Rao, but those properties are not involved in this litigation.

On the death of Dr. Nanjunda Rao, his sons partitioned the properties, and in the division the suit properties fell to the share of one Raghunatha Rao, and on his death in 1938 his estate devolved on his widow, Nagubai, who is the first appellant. On 28-5-1939 she executed a trust deed settling a moiety of these properties on the Anjaneyaswami ‘Temple at Karaikal, and the trustees of that institution are the other appellants in this appeal.

In view of their obstruction, Krishna Rao instituted the suit out of which the present appeal arises, for a declaration of his title to the sites in question, and for an injunction restraining the defendants from interfering with his possession or in the alternative, for a decree in ejectment if they were held to be in possession. The claim made in the plaint is a simple one. It is that the title of Chapman as purchaser in execution of the decree passed on the mortgage dated 1-9-1918 prevailed against all titles created subsequent to that date, and that accordingly Dr. Nanjunda Rao and his successors acquired under the sale deed dated 30-1-1920 no title which could be set up as against that of the plaintiff.

The defendants contested the suit on the ground, firstly that as they were not impleaded as parties in the suit on the mortgage, O. S. No. 8 of 1933-34, their right of redemption remained unaffected by the decree passed therein or the sale in execution thereof; and secondly, that the suit was barred by limitation, because the plaintiff was not in possession within 12 years of the suit, and also because the defendant had acquired title to the suit properties by adverse possession for over 20 years.

7. The District Judge of Bangalore, who tried the suit, held that the title of Dr. Nanjunda Rao to the suit properties under the sale deed dated 30-1-1920 was, under S. 52, T. P. Act, subject to the result of the maintenance suit of Devamma (O. S. No. 100 of 1919-20) and was in consequence extinguished by the purchase by her in execution of the charge decree in that suit. On the question of limitation, the learned Judge held that the plaintiff had established possession of the properties within 12 years of the suit, and that the defendants had failed to establish title by adverse possession.

In the result, he granted a decree in favour of the plaintiff for possession of the suit properties. The defendants appealed to the High Court, Mysore and by their judgment dated 8-3-1951 the learned Judges agreed with the District Judge that by reason of S. 52, T. P. Act the title of Dr. Nanjunda Rao based on the deed dated 30-1-1920 came to an end when Devamma purchased the properties in execution of her maintenance decree, and dismissed the appeal, but granted a certificate under Art. 133(1) of the Constitution, and that is how the appeal comes before us.

8. Notwithstanding the tangle of legal proceedings extending over 30 years, which from the background of the present litigation, the single and sole question that arises for decision in this suit is whether the sale deed dated 30-1-1920 under which the appellants claim is subject to the result of the sale dated 2-8-1928 in execution of the decree in O. S. No. 100 of 1919-20 by reason of the rule of lis pendens enacted in S. 52, T. P. Act.

If it is, it is not in dispute that it becomes avoided by the purchase by Devamma on 2-8-1928. If it is not, it is equally indisputable that the appellants as purchasers of the equity of redemption from Keshvananda have a right to redeem the mortgage dated 1-9-1918, and not having been impleaded in O. S. No. 8 of 1933-34 are not bound either by the decree passed therein or by the sale in execution thereof.

9. On this question, as the plaint in O. S. No. 100 of 1919-20 praying for a charge was presented on 6-6-1919, the sale to Dr. Nanjunda Rao subsequent thereto on 30-1-1920 would prima facie fall within the mischief of S. 52 T. P. Act, and would be hit by the purchase by Devamma on 2-8-1928 in execution of the charge decree.

Sri K. S. Krishnaswami Ayyangar, learned counsel for the appellants did not press before us the contention urged by them in the courts below that when a plaint is presented in forma pauperis the lis commences only after it is admitted and registered as a suit, which was in this case on 17-6-1920, subsequent to the sale under Ex. VI – a contention directly opposed to the plain language of the Explanation of section 52. And he also conceded and quite rightly, that when a suit is filed for maintenance and there is a prayer that it be charged on specified properties, it is a suit in which right to immovable property is directed in question, and the lis commences on the date of the plaint and not on the date of the decree which creates the charge.

But he contends that the decision of the Court below that the sale dated 30-1-1920 is hit by S. 52 is bad on the following three grounds:(1) The question of lis pendens was not raised in the pleadings, and is not open to the plaintiff. (2) The suit for maintenance, O. S. No. 100 of 1919-20 and the sale in execution of the decree passed therein are all collusive, and S. 52 has accordingly not application (3) The purchased by Devamma in execution of the decree in O. S. N. 100 of 1919-20 on 2-8-1928 is void and inoperative, as the official Receiver in whom the estate of Keshvananda had vested on 19-2-1926 was not a party to the sale proceedings. These contentions must now be considered.

10.  We see no substance in the contention that the plea of lis pendents is not open to the plaintiff on the ground that it had not been raised in the pleadings. It is true that neither the plaint nor the reply statement of the plaintiff contains any averment that the sale is affected by the rule of lis pendens. Nor is there any issue specifically directed to that question. It is argued for the respondent that the allegations in para 4 of the plaint and in para 5 of the reply statement that Dr. Nanjunda Rao being a transferee subsequent to the mortgage could claim no right “inconsistent with or superior to those of the mortgagee and the auction-purchaser” are sufficiently wide to embrace this question, and reference was made to issue No. 3 which is general in character.

Even if the plaintiff meant by the above allegations to raise the plea of lis pendens, he has not expressed himself with sufficient clearness for the defendants to know his mind and if the matter had rested there, there would be much to be said in favour of the appellant’s contention. But it does not rest there.

11. The question of lis pendens was raised by the plaintiff at the very commencement of the trial on 8-3-1947 when he went into the witnesses-box and filed in his examination-in-chief Exhibit J., series, relating to the maintenance suits, the decree passed therein and the proceedings in execution thereof, including the purchase by Devamma. This evidence is relevant only with reference to the plea of lis pendens, and it is significant that no objection was raised by the defendants to its reception. Nay, more.

On 13-3-1947 they cross-examined the plaintiff on the collusive character of the proceedings in Exhibit J. Series, and filed documents in proof of it. The trial went on thereafter for nearly three months, the defendants adduced their evidence and the hearing was concluded on 2-6-1947. In the arguments before the District Judge, far from objecting to the plea of lis pendens being permitted to be raised, the defendants argued the question on its mertis, and sought a decision on the evidence that the proceedings were collusive in character, with a view to avoid the operation of S. 52 T. P. Act.

We are satisfied that the defendants went to trial with full knowledge that the question of lis pendens was in issue, had ample opportunity to adduce their evidence thereon, and fully availed themselves of the same, and that in the circumstances, the absence of a specific pleading on the question was a mere irregularity, which resulted in no prejudice to them.

12. It was argued for the appellants that as no plea of lis pendens was taken in the pleadings, the evidence bearing on that question could not be properly looked into and, that no decision could be given based on Exhibit J. series that the sale dated 30-1-1920 was affected by lis ; and reliance was placed on the observations of Lord Dunedin in Siddik Mahomed Shah V. Mt. Saran, 1930 AIR PC 57(1) that “no amount of evidence can be looked into upon the plea which was never put forward.”

The true scope of this rule is that evidence let in on issues on which the parties actually went to trial should not be made the foundation for decision of another and different issue, which was not present to the minds of the parties and on which they had no opportunity of adducing evidence. But that rule has no application to a case where parties go to trial with knowledge that a particular question is in issue, though no specific issue has been framed thereon, and adduce evidence relating thereto.

The rule applicable to this class of cases is that laid down in Rani Chandra Kunwar vs. Narpat Singh 34 Ind. App 27 (B). There, the defendants put forward at the time of a trial a contention that the plaintiff had been given away in adoption and was in consequence not entitled to inherit. No such plea was taken in the written statement; nor was any issue framed thereon. Before the Privy Council, the contention was raised on behalf of the plaintiff that in view of the pleadings, the question of adoption was not open to the defendants.

It was held by Lord Atkinson overruling this objection that as both the parties had gone to trial on the question of adoption, and as the plaintiff had not been taken by surprise the plea as to adoption was open to the defendants, and indeed, the defendants succeeded on that very issue. This objection must accordingly be overruled.

13. 2. It is next contended that S. 52 T. P. Act does not operate to extinguish the title of Dr. Nanjunda Rao and his successors under the sale dated 30-1-1920 because the proceedings which resulted in the decree in the O. S. No. 100 of 1919-20 and the sale in execution thereof on 2-8-1928 were all collusive.

Whether they were so or not is essentially a question of fact, and both the courts before have concurred in answering it in the negative. It is contended for the appellants that this finding is the result of an error into which the learned Judges of the High Court fell as to the incidence of burden of proof; and it should not therefore be accepted.

The argument is that Abdul Huq, his legal representatives and the plaintiff himself had admitted again and again in judicial proceedings taken with reference to the suit properties that the decree and sale in O. S. No. 100 of 1919-20 were collusive and that in consequence, even if the initial onus of establishing the fact was on the defendants, that was shifted on the plaintiff on proof of the above mentioned admissions, and as there was no evidence worth the name on his side to explain them, he must fail.

14. We must now examine the several statements which are relied on by the appellants as admissions, ascertain what their true import is, and determine what weight should be attached to them. On 27-6-1932 Abdul Huq moved the insolvency court for a direction to the official Receiver to take possession of the mortgaged properties, which were stated to be in the occupation of one Lokiah. This Lokiash, it has been already mentioned, is the husband of Srikantamma, the sister of Devamma, he having married her after the maintenance suits had been decreed and sometime prior to the court auction in 1928.

In his petition, Abdul Huq alleged that Lokiah conducted proceedings in execution of the decree in O. S. No. 100 of 1919-20 in collusion with the insolvents and without notice to the official Receiver and purchased the properties in court auction on 2-8-1928 on behalf of the decree holder. The decree itself was not attacked as collusive, and as for the sale dated 2-8-1928 it was distinctly alleged in para 3 of the petition that the purchase by Lokiah was for the benefit of Devamma.

The substance of the complaint of Abdul Huq was that the execution proceedings and the sales were fraudulent, and intended to defeat his rights to the rents and profits from the properties. In other words, the ground of attack on the sale dated 2-8-1928 was not that it was unreal and collusive, but that it was real but fraudulent.

15. Now, there is a fundamental distinction between a proceedings which is collusive and one which is fraudulent. “Collusion in judicial proceedings is a secret arrangement between two persons that the one should institute a suit against the other in order to obtain the decision of a judicial tribunal for some sinister purpose.” (Wharton’s LawLaw Positive command of sovereign or divine. One can be ruled either by a Statute, a Statue, or a Statement. Legislation is the rule-making process by a political or religious organisation. Physics governs natural law. Logical thinking is a sign of a healthy brain function. Dharma is eternal for Sanatanis. Lexicon, 14th Edn. p. 212).

In such a proceeding, the claim put forward is fictitious the contest over it is unreal and the decree passed therein is a mere mask having the similitude of a judicial determination and worn by the parties with the object of confounding third parties. But when a proceedings is alleged to be fraudulent, what is meant is that the claim made therein is untrue, but that the claimant had managed, to obtain the verdict of the court in his favour and against his opponent by practicing fraud on the Court. Such a proceeding is started with a view to injure the opponent, and there can no question of its having been initiated as the result of an understanding between the parties. While is collusive proceedings the combat in a mere sham, in a fraudulent suit it is real and earnest.

The allegations in the petition of Abdul Huq set out above show that the suit itself was not attacked as collusive, but that the execution proceedings were impeached as fraudulent. It should be mentioned that on this petition the District Judge passed an order on 30-6-1932 directing the Official Receiver to take the necessary steps and report. But nothing came out of this.

16. We next come to a petition filed after the death of Abdul Huq by his legal representatives asking for permission of the insolvency court to institute a suit on the mortgage dated 1-9-1918 impleading the official Receiver as party. The allegations made in the petition are on the same lines as those made by Abdul Huq in his petition dated 27-6-1932, and they did not carry the matter any further. This petition was ordered and on 30-8-1933 O. S. No. 3 of 1933-34 was instituted.

In this suit, as already stated, the plaintiffs sought to recover possession of the properties on foot of the usufructuary mortgage, and ancillary to that relief, they claimed damages from the defendants who were in possession, on the ground that the execution proceedings under which they got into possession were collusive and fraudulent. Thus far, the allegations are a mere repetition of what had been stated in the prior proceedings. But the plaint in the suit went further, and stated for the first time that the proceedings in O. S. No. 100 of 1919-20 and the decree passed therein were collusive.

But these allegations were made only as the basis of the claim for damages for non-payment of rent under the lease deed dated 3-9-1918 and non-surrender of possession of the properties, and their true import is that the suit was fraudulent and intended to deprive the mortgagee of the rents and profits to which he was entitled. At the trial, as already stated, the relief for possession and damages was given up, the question as to the collusive character of the sale was abandoned, and a decree for sale was passed. These proceedings are open to the same comment as was made on the petition of Abdul Huq, and do not assist the defendants.

17. It remains to deal with a proceeding to which the present plaintiff was a party. It will be remembered that after his purchase he was obstructed in his possession by one Garudachar, and he had to file O. S. No. 92 of 1938-39 establish his title against him. In his plaint in the suit he stated, obviously adopting what Abdul Haq and his legal representatives had previously alleged, that the decree in O. S. No. 100 of 1919-20 and the execution sale on 2-8-1928 were collusive.

On behalf of the appellants, a contention is urged that as the plaintiff obtained a decree in O. S. No. 92 of 1938-39 on the strength of the above allegations, it is not open to him in these proceedings to go back on them, and plead the contrary. That is a contention which will be presently considered.

But apart from that, the statements of the plaintiff in his plaint in O. S. No. 92 of 1938-39 considered purely as admissions, do not carry the matter beyond the point to which the statements made by Abdul Huq and his legal representatives in the prior proceedings take us. The question then is, what is the effect to be given to these statements?

18. An admission is not conclusive as to the truth of the matter stated therein. It is only a piece of evidence, the weight to be attached to which must depend on the circumstances under which it is made. It can be shown to be errorneous or untrue, so long as the person to whom it was made has not acted upon it to his detriment, when it might become conclusive by way of estoppel. In the present case, there is no question of estoppel, as the title of Dr. Nanjunda Rao arose under a purchase which was long prior to the admissions made in 1932 and in the subsequent years. It is argued for the appellants that these admissions at the least shifted the burden on to the plaintiff of proving that the proceedings were not collusive, and that as he gave no evidence worth the name that these statements were made under a mistake or for a purpose and were, in fact, not true, full effect must be given to them.

Reliance was placed on the well-known observations of Baron Parke in Slatterie vs. Pooley, (1840) 6 M and W 664 (669) (C) that “what a party himself admits to be true may reasonably be presumed to be so”, and on the decision in 34 Ind App 27 (B), where this statement of the law was adopted. No exception can be taken to this proposition. But before it can be invoked, it must be shown that there is a clear and unambiguous statement by the opponent, such as will be conclusive unless explained.

It has been already pointed out that the tenor of the statements made by Abdul Huq, his legal representatives and the plaintiff was to suggest that the proceedings in O. S. No. 100 of 1919-20 were fraudulent and not collusive in character. Those statements would not, in our opinionOpinion A judge's written explanation of a decision of the court. In an appeal, multiple opinions may be written. The court’s ruling comes from a majority of judges and forms the majority opinion. A dissenting opinion disagrees with the majority because of the reasoning and/or the principles of law on which the decision is based. A concurring opinion agrees with the end result of the court but offers further comment possibly because they disagree with how the court reached its conclusion., be sufficient, without more, to sustain a finding that the proceedings were collusive.

19. But assuming that they are sufficient to shift the burden on to the plaintiff of proving that the decree and sale in O. S. No. 100 of 1919-20 were not collusive, the evidence adduced by him is, in our opinion, ample to discharge that burden. He has filed Exhibit J series, which gave a complete picture of the proceedings in O. S. No. 100 of 1919-20.

Under the partition deed, Ex K, it will be remembered, the brothers agreed to pay a monthly maintenance of ` 8 each to their step-mother, Chellammal. This, however, was not charged on the family properties. With reference to their stepsisters, Srikantamma and Devamma, the provision was simply that the brothers should protect them. It will also be remembered that under the partition Keshavananda and Brahmananda each got two vacant sites in full quit of their shares.

It appears from Ex J-10, para 2, that the two brothers were contemplating the disposal of their plots, in which case the claim of Chellammal and the stepsisters to maintenance would be defeated. It became accordingly necessary for them to safeguard their rights, and for that purpose, to file suits for maintenance and claim a charge therefor on the family properties. That the apprehensions of Chellammal were will-founded is established by the fact that the two brothers entered into agreements for the sale of their vacant sites to Dr. Nanjunda Rao on 20-10-1919, and sale deeds were actually executed pursuant thereto on 30-1-1920. There cannot be any doubt, therefore, that the suits were bona fide.

This conclusion is further reinforced when regard is had to the conduct of the litigation. Two of the brothers contested the suit. It underwent several adjournments, and was heard finally in December 1921. At the trial, a number of witnesses were examined on either side, and the judgment, Ex J-6, shows that the contest centered round the quantum of maintenance payable to the plaintiffs, and it was keen, even bitter. When at last the plaintiffs obtained decrees, they had no easy time of it in realising the fruits thereof.

The troubles of a creditor, it has been said, being after he obtains a decree, and so it was with the plaintiffs. Exhibit J-4 shows that Devamma had to file several applications for execution, before she could finally bring the properties to sale, and in view of the heavy encumbrances to which they were subject, she had herself to purchase them on 2-8-1928. The sale was confirmed on 21-11-1930, and the sale certificate, Ex J-5, was issued, and she got into possession.

To sum up, the claim on which the suit was laid was true and honest; it was hotly contested by the defendants, and prolonged proceedings in execution had to be taken for realising the fruits of the decree. These facts which are eloquent to show that the suit in O. S. No. 100 of 1919-20 and the sale on 2-8-1928 were not collusive.

20. The plaintiff also went into the box, and stated in cross-examination that though when he filed O. S. No. 92 of 1938-39 he had thought that the proceedings were collusive, he now thought otherwise. Counsel for the appellants strongly criticised this evidence, and contended that in the absence of facts as to why he changed his mind, the statement of the plaintiff that he now thought otherwise was worthless.

But then, the plaintiff as also Abdul Huq and his legal representatives were utter strangers, and their statement, about the collusive character of the proceedings, in O. S. No. 100 of 1919-20 could only be a matter of inference. If on the materials then before him the plaintiff could have thought that those proceedings were collusive, there is no reason why on the materials now before him be could not think otherwise. It was open to the defendants to have further cross-examined him about the materials, which led him to change his opinion, but they chose not to pursue the matter. Bot the courts below have, on a careful consideration of the record, come to the conclusion that the proceedings in O. S. No. 100 of 1919-20 were not collusive, and we do not see sufficient grounds for disturbing that finding, which must be affirmed.

21. We shall now deal with the contention of the appellants that in view of what happened in O. S. No. 92 of 1938-39 it is not open to the plaintiff to plead in these proceedings that the decree and sale in O. S. No. 100 of 1919-20 are not collusive.

It is argued that in his plaint in O. S. No. 92 of 1938-39 the plaintiff alleged that the proceedings in O. S. No. 100 of 1919-20 were collusive, adduced evidence in proof of these allegations, persuaded the court to give a finding to that effect, and obtained a decree on the basis of that finding, and he cannot therefore be permitted in this litigation to change his front and plead that the proceedings in O. S. No. 100 of 1919-20 are not collusive and succeed on it. This bar arises, it is argued, on the principle that a person cannot both approbate and reprobate.

22. Now the facts relating to the litigation in O. S. No. 92 of 1938-39 are that Garudachar set up title to the suit properties under a purchase dated 1-12-1932 from Lokiah, and it was the truth and validity of this sale that was really in question in the suit, Lokiah purchased these and other properties in execution of the money decree of one Appalaraju, and therefore his title cannot prevail as against that of Devamma under the purchase under the charge decree on 2-8-1928.

In his plaint in O. S. No. 92 of 1938-39, the plaintiff attacked the purchases of both Devamma and of Lokiah as fraudulent and collusive. But, in fact, as Garudachar did not claim any title under Devamma, there was no need to attack the purchase by her on 2-08-1928. The suit was contested, and in the judgment that was given, Exhibit E, the title of the plaintiff was upheld and a decree granted in his favour.

There was an appeal against the decree by Garudachar, R. A. No. 101 of 1940-41, and that was disposed of on a compromise by the parties, under which the title of the plaintiff to the suit properties was affirmed and Garudachar was granted some other vacant sites in satisfaction of his claim. It is difficult to say on these facts that the allegation of the plaintiff that the proceedings in O. S. No. 100 of 1919-20 were collusive was either the foundation of his claim, or that he obtained any benefit under the decree on that basis.

Counsel for appellants sought to rely on the findings in Ex E. as establishing that the proceedings in O. S. No. 100 of 1919-20 were collusive. But as that judgment was no inter parties, the findings therein are inadmissible in this litigation, and, moreover, there having been an appeal against that judgment, the findings in Ex E lost their finality, and when the parties settled their claim by granting to Garudachar another property in substitution, they ceased to possess any force even inter parties.

23. But it is argued by Sri Krishnaswami Ayyangar that as the proceedings in O. S. No. 92 of 1938-39 are relied on as barring the plea that the decree and sale in O. S. No. 100 of 1919-20 are not collusive, not on the ground of res judicata or estoppel but on the principle that a person cannot both approbate and reprobate. It is immaterial that the present appellants were not parties thereto, and the decision in Verschures Creameries Ltd. V. Hull and Netherlands Steamship Co. Ltd. (1921) 2 KB 608 (D), and in particular, the observations of Scrutton, L. J. were quoted in support of this position. There, the facts were that an agent delivered goods to the customer contrary to the instructions of the principal, who thereafter filed a suit against the purchaser for price of goods and obtained a decree.

Not having obtained satisfaction, the principal next filed a suit against the agent for damages on the ground of negligence and breach of duty. It was held that such an action was barred. The ground of the decision is that when on the same facts, a person has the right to claim one of two beliefs and with full knowledge he elects to claim one and obtains it, it is not open to him thereafter to go back on his election and claim the alternative relief, The principle was thus stated by Bankes, L. J—

“Having elected to treat the delivery to him as an authorised delivery they cannot treat the same act as a misdelivery. To do so would be to approbate and reprobate the same act”.

The observations of Scrutton, L. J. on which the appellants rely are as follows:

“A plaintiff is not permitted to ‘approbate and reprobate’. The phrase is apparently borrowed from the Scotch law, where it is used to express the principle embodied in our doctrine of election – namely, that no party can accept and reject the same instrument:Ker vs. Wauchope (1819) 1 Blight 1 (21) (E):Douglas-Menzies v., Umphelby 1908 AC 224 (232) (F). The doctrine of election is not however confined to instruments. A person cannot say at one time that a transaction is valid and thereby obtain some advantage, to which he could only be entitled on the footing that it is valid, and then turn round and say if is void for the purpose of securing some other advantage. That is to approbate and reprobate the transaction”.

It is clear from the above observations that the maxim that a person cannot ‘approbate and reprobate’ is only one application of the doctrine of election, and that its operation must be confined to reliefs claimed in respect of the same transaction and to the persons who are parties thereto. The law is thus stated in Halsbury’s Laws of EnglandEngland In England, the Parliament was originally an advisory body summoned to consult with the monarch, and the courts exercised delegated royal powers, as “lions beneath the throne”. Volume XII, p. 454, para 512:

“On the principle that a person may not approbate and reprobate, a species of estoppel has arisen which seems to be intermediate between estoppel by record and estoppel in pais, and may conveniently be referred to here. Thus a party cannot, after taking advantage under an order (e. g. payment of costsCosts Subject to any written law, costs are at the discretion of the Court, and the Court has the power to determine all issues relating to the costs of or incidental to all proceedings, including by whom and to what extent the costs are to be paid, at any stage of the proceedings or after the conclusion of the proceedings. Generally “Costs” includes charges, disbursements, expenses, fees, and remuneration. Costs in any matter are payable from the date of the order of the Court unless the parties otherwise agree. The costs of a third-party funding contract are not recoverable as part of the costs of, or costs.), be heard to say that it is invalid and ask to set it aside, or to set up to the prejudice of persons who have relied upon it a case inconsistent with that upon which it was founded; nor will he be allowed to go behind an order made in ignorance of the true facts to the prejudice of third parties who have acted on it”.

The plaintiff obtained no advantage against the appellants by pleading in O. S. No. 92 of 1938-39 that the proceedings in O. S. No. 100 of 1919-20 were collusive; nor did they acting on those pleadings acquire rights to the suit properties. Nor is there any question of election, because they only relief which the plaintiff claimed in O. S. No. 92 of 1938-39 and which he now claims is that he is entitled to the suit properties. Only, the ground on which that relief is claimed is different and, it is true, inconsistent. But the principle of election does not forbid, it, and there being no question of estoppel, the plea that the proceedings in O. S. No. 100 of 1919-20 are not collusive is open to the plaintiff.

24. 3. It was finally contended that the purchase by Devamma in execution of the decree in O. S. No. 100 of 1919-20 was void and conferred no title on her, because the Official Receiver in whom the estate of Keshavananda, the mortgagor, had vested on his adjudication as insolvent on 19-2-1926 had not been made a party to those proceedings, and that, in consequence, the title of Dr. Nanjunda Rao and his successors under the sale deed dated 30-1-1920 continued to subsist, notwithstanding the court auction sale on 2-8-1928.

The obvious answer to this contention is that the properties which were sold on 2-8-1928 did not vest in the Official Receiver on the making of the order of adjudication on 19-2-1926, as they had been transferred by the mortgagor, long prior to the presentation of Insolvency Case No. 4 of 1925-26 under the very sale deed dated 30-1-1920, which forms the root of the appellants, title. That sale was no doubt pendente lite, but the effect of S. 52 is not to wipe it out altogether but to subordinate it on the rights based on the decree in the suit.

As between the parties to the transaction, however, it was perfectly valid, and operated to vest the title of the transferor in the transferee. Under S. 28 (2) of the Insolvency Act, what vests in the Official Receiver is only the property of the insolvent, and as the suit properties had ceased to be his properties by reason of the sale deed dated 30-1-1920, they did not vest in the Official Receiver, and the sale held on 2-8-1928 is not liable to be attacked on the ground that he had not been impleaded as a party thereto.

25. But it is argued for the appellants that having regard to the words of S. 52 that pendente lite “the property cannot be transferred”, such a transfer must, when it falls within the mischief of that section, be deemed to be non est, that in consequence Keshavananda must, for purposes of lis pendens, be regarded as the owner of the properties, notwithstanding that he had transferred them, and that the Official Receiver who succeeded to his rights had a right to be impleaded in the action.

This contention gives no effect to the words “so as to affect the rights of any other party thereto under any decree or order which may be made therein”, which make it clear that the transfer is good except to the extent that it might conflict with rights decreed under the decree or order. It is in this view that transfers pendente lite have been held to be valid and operative as between the parties thereto.

It will be inconsistent to hold that the sale deed dated 30-1-1920 is effective to convey the title to the properties to Dr. Nanjunda Rao, and that, at the same time, it was Keshavananda who must be deemed to possess that title. We are, therefore, unable to accede to the contention of the appellants that a transferor pendente lite must, for purposes of S. 52, be treated as still retaining title to the properties. 26. But assuming that Keshavananda had still some interest in the properties left even after he had sold them on 30-1-1920 and that it would vest in the Official Receiver on the making of the order of adjudication on 19-2-1926, what is its effect on the title of Devamma as purchaser in court auction in execution of her charge decree? It has been held by the Privy Council in Kala Chand Banerjee vs. Jagannath Marwari, 1927 AIR PC 108, that when in execution of a mortgage decree properties are sold without notice to the Official Receiver in whom the equity of redemption had vested prior to the sale, such sale would not be binding on him.

But here, it is not the Official Receiver, who impeaches the sale as bad. In fact, he was a party to O. S. No. 8 of 1933-34 and would be bound by the sale in execution of the decree therein, under which the plaintiff claims. It is the purchaser pendente lite in the charge suit, O. S. No. 100 of 1919-20, that now attacks the sale held on 2-8-1928 as null and void. Is he entitled to do so? Counsel for the respondent has invited our attention to the decision in Wood vs. Surr, (1954) 19 Beav 551(H). There, the mortgagor filed a suit for redemption in 1838.

A preliminary decree for accounts was passed in 1843 and pursuant thereto, a final decree was made in 1848 declaring the amount payable, and time for payment was given till 1849. The amount not having been paid, the mortgage became foreclosed. During the pendency of these proceedings, the mortgagor was adjudicated bankrupt in 1844, but the Official Assignee, in whom the equity of redemption had vested, was not impleaded in the mortgage action. In 1841, the mortgagor had created a further mortgage in favour of one Mrs. Cuppage, and she was not made a party in the redemption suit.

After the foreclosure of the mortgage in 1849, one Mr. Wood claiming in the rights of Mrs. Cuppage instituted an action to redeem the mortgage. The question was whether being transferee pendente lite he was bound by the foreclosure proceedings. The contention on his behalf was that as the official assignee was not a party to those proceedings, there had been no proper foreclosure, and that the whole matter was at large. In negativing this contention, Sir John Romily, M. R. observed:

“There can be no question but that the suit (Davis’s suit) was defective by reason of no notice having been taken of the insolvency. The proceeding having gone exactly as if no insolvency had taken place, the subsequent proceedings would, in my opinion, be wholly inoperative against the assignee-in-insolvency and if he thought fit to contest the validity of the decree of foreclosure against Davis, it could not be held to be binding on such assignee. But that does not conclude the question, which really is, whether the plaintiff who, but for this, would in truth have been bound, can take advantage of this objection.

I am of opinion that although the suit was undoubtedly defective, by reason of this insolvency, the assignee alone could take advantage of this defect. It is obvious that Davis himself could not take advantage of it, or if from any subsequent cause, or any subsequent circumstance, the insolvency or bankruptcy had been superseded or annulled, he could not have said that the foreclosure was not absolute against him”.

These observations directly cover the point now in controversy, and they embody a principle adopted in the law of this country as to the effect of a sale in execution of a decree passed in a defectively constituted mortgage suit. Such a sale, it has been held, does not affect the rights of redemption of persons interested in the equity of redemption, who have not been impleaded as parties to the action as they should have been under O. 34, R. 1, Civil P. C. but that it is valid and effective as against parties to the action. This rule has been affirmed even when the person in whom the equity of redemption has vested is the Official Receiver, and he had not been made a party to the proceedings resulting in sale. Vide ‘Inamullah Khan vs. Shambhu Dayal’, 1931 AIR All 159 and ‘Subbaiah Goundan vs. Ramasami Goundan’, 1954 AIR Mad 604

We should accordingly hold that even assuming that the equity of redemption in the suit properties vested in the Official Receiver on the adjudication of Keshavananda, his nonjoinder in the execution proceedings did not render the purchase by Devamma a nullity, and that under the sale she acquired a good and impeccable title, subject to any right which the Official Receiver might elect to exercise, and it is not open to attack by the transferee ‘pendente lite’ under the deed dated 30-1-1920 and his representatives, the present appellants. In the result, we agree with the courts below that the title of the appellants has been extinguished under S. 52, ‘T. P. Act, by the court sale dated 2-8-1928.

27. It must be mentioned that the appellants also pleaded that the suit was barred by limitation under Art. 142 on the ground that the plaintiff and his predecessors had not been in possession within 12 years of the suit, and that further the defendant had acquired title by adverse possession commencing from 1920. The learned District Judge, found on both the issues in favour of the plaintiff, and though the correctness of these findings was attacked in the grounds of appeal to the High Court, there is no discussion of the question in the judgment of the learned Judges, and we must take it that the point has been abandoned by the appellants.

We accordingly declined to hear them on this question. We may add that the question of limitation cannot really arise on the facts of this case, inasmuch as the possession which is claimed to be adverse is stated to have commenced in 1920, and it is well settled that such possession cannot affect the right of a prior mortgagee to bring the properties, to sale, and adverse possession against the purchaser under that sale cannot commence prior to the date of that sale, and the present suit was instituted on 8-1-1945 within 12 years of the sale, which took place in 1936.

28. The appeal fails, and is dismissed with costs.