What distinguishes a Court from a quasiJudicial tribunal

What distinguishes a Court from a quasi Judicial tribunal is that it is charged with a duty to decide disputes in a Judicial manner and declare the rights of parties in a definitive judgmentJudgment The statement given by the Judge on the grounds of a decree or order - CPC 2(9). It contains a concise statement of the case, points for determination, the decision thereon, and the reasons for such decision - Order 20 Rule 4(2).  Section 354 of CrPC requires that every judgment shall contain points for determination, the decision thereon and the reasons for the decision. Indian Supreme Court Decisions > Law declared by Supreme Court to be binding on all courts (Art 141 Indian Constitution) Civil and judicial authorities to act in aid of the Supreme Court (Art 144) Supreme Court Network On Judiciary – Portal > Denning: “Judges do not speak, as do actors, to please. They do not speak, as do advocates, to persuade. They do not speak, as do historians, to recount the past. They speak to give Judgment. And in their judgments, you will find passages, which are worthy to rank with the greatest literature….” Law Points on Judgment Writing > The judge must write to provide an easy-to-understand analysis of the issues of law and fact which arise for decision. Judgments are primarily meant for those whose cases are decided by judges (State Bank of India and Another Vs Ajay Kumar Sood SC 2022). To decide in a Judicial manner involves that the parties are entitled as a matter of right to be heard in support of their claimA Claim A claim is “factually unsustainable” where it could be said with confidence before trial that the factual basis for the claim is entirely without substance, which can be the case if it were clear beyond question that the facts pleaded are contradicted by all the documents or other material on which it is based. and to adduce evidenceEvidence All the means by which a matter of fact, the truth of which is submitted for investigation, is established or disproved. Bharatiya Sakshya (Second) Adhiniyam 2023 in proof of it. It also imports an obligation on the part of the authority to decide the matter on a consideration of the evidence adduced and in accordance with law. When a question therefore arises as to whether an authority created by an Act is a Court as distinguished from a quasi Judicial tribunal, what has to be decided is whether having regard to the provisions of the Act it possesses all the attributes of a Court.

AIR 1956 SC 153 : (1955) 2 SCR 1013 : (1956) CriLJ SC 326

(SUPREME COURT OF INDIAIndia Bharat Varsha (Jambu Dvipa) is the name of this land mass. The people of this land are Sanatan Dharmin and they always defeated invaders. Indra (10000 yrs) was the oldest deified King of this land. Manu's jurisprudence enlitened this land. Vedas have been the civilizational literature of this land. Guiding principles of this land are : सत्यं वद । धर्मं चर । स्वाध्यायान्मा प्रमदः । Read more)
Virindar Kumar Satyawadi  Versus The State of Punjab
(Before : B. K. Mukherjea, C.J.I., T. L. Venkatarama Ayyar And S. J. Imam, JJ.)

Criminal Appeal No. 62 of 1954, Decided on : 24-11-1955

Special Tribunal—Quasi Judicial Tribunal—Distinction with Court—Statutory Tribunal if falls within the definition of Court—Its determination depends upon the functions and powers entrusted to the Statutory Tribunal under the Act.

Forgery—Fabrication of false evidence—Use in Judicial proceedings—Procedure for prosecution—Complaint by a person other than the Presiding Officer of the Court or Officer nominated by Court is not maintainable —The complaint can be preceded by a summary inquiry but the parties cannot claim to have right to produce evidence or summoning of witnesses in the summary inquiry.

Court—Distinction with quasi Judicial Tribunal—Statutory Tribunal if falls within the definition of Court—Its determination depends upon the functions and powers entrusted to the Statutory Tribunal under the Act.

Counsel for the Parties:

Mr. N. C. Chatterji, Sr. Advocate, (Mr. Vir Sen Sawhney and Mr. Rajinder Narain, Advocates with him), for Appellan

Mr. Gopal Singh and Mr. P. G. Gokhale, Advocates, for Respondent.

Judgment

Venkatarama Ayyar, J—The appellant was candidate for election to the House of the People from the Karnal Reserved Constituency during the last General Elections. The proviso to S. 33 (3) of the Representation of the People Act (XLIII) of 1951), omitting what is not material, enacts “that in a constituency where any seat is reserved for the Scheduled Castes, no candidate shall be deemed to be qualified to be chosen to fill that seat unless his nomination paper is accompanied by a declaration verified in the prescribed manner that the candidate is a member of Scheduled Caste for which the candidate is a member of the Scheduled Castes for which the seat has been so reserved and the declaration specifies the particular caste of which the candidate is a member and also the area in relation to which such caste is of the Scheduled Castes”.

Rule 6 of the Election Rules provides that the declaration referred to in the above proviso shall be verified by the candidate on oath or solemn affirmation before a Magistrate. Schedule II contains the form of nomination paper to be used, with the terms in which the declaration is to be made by the candidate and verified by the Magistrate. On 5-11-1951 the appellant signed two nomination papers, each containing the following declaration:

“I hereby declare that I am a member of the Balmiki Caste which has been declared to be a Scheduled Caste in the State of Punjab”.

The Balmiki Caste is one of the castes declared to be a Scheduled Caste under the “Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1950”. The above declaration was made on solemn affirmation before the First-Class Magistrate, Karnal, and the nomination papers with the above declaration were filed before the District Magistrate, Karnal, who was the returning Officer. One Jai Ram Sarup, a member of the Chamber caste, which is one of the Scheduled Castes, was also a candidate for the seat, and he raised the objection that the appellant was not a Balmiki by caste, and that he was therefore no qualified to stand for election to the reserved Constituency.

Acting on the declaration aforesaid, the returning Officer overruled the objection, and accepted the nomination paper of the appellant as valid. At the polling, the appellant got the majority of votes, and on 6-3-1952 he was declared duly elected.

2. On 27-8-1952 Jai Ram Sarup filed the application out of which the present appeal arises, under Ss. 476 and 195 of the Code of Criminal Procedure before the District Magistrate, who functioned as the returning Officer. He therein alleged that the declaration made by the appellant that he belonged to the Balmiki caste was false,; that, in fact, he was born a MuslimMuslim A community gathered around Muhammad (d. 632 CE) and confessed that Muhammad was the last of Prophets and he received Quran through Zibreel Farista from Allah. Hadith of Sahih Bukhari faithfully recorded the commands of Muhammad. He acknowledged the contribution of Jesus to the Abrahamic Religion. and had been converted to Hinduism, and that therefore ‘in the interests of the Scheduled Castes”, proceedings should be taken for his prosecution. In his counter- affidavitAffidavit An ex parte statement in writing made under oath before a notary public or other officer authorized to administer oaths, about facts which the affiant either knows of his own personal knowledge or is aware of to the best of his knowledge. the appellant stated:

“I am not a Muhammadan by birth. On the other hand, I was born in Balmiki HinduHindu A geographical name given by non-Hindus, who came to visit Bharatvarsha (Hindusthan). Sanatan Dharma is the actual Dharmic tradition of the Hindus. People who live in Hindusthan are Hindu, whether they Follow Islam, Chris, Buddha, Mahavira, or Nanaka. In this way, Tribals are also Hindu. family. I am a Hindu”.

The District Magistrate held an enquiry in which one Perth Singh Azad, President of the Depressed Classes, Delhi, gave evidence that the appellant was a Muslim of the name of Khaliq Sadiq, that in 1938 he applied to the Suddhi Sabha to be converted to Hinduism, that he was so converted, and that thereafter the came to be known as Virindar Kumar. In cross-examination, he stated that the appellant had admitted before him that he was a Muslim by Birth. He added that he had two Muslim wives living at the timeTime Where any expression of it occurs in any Rules, or any judgment, order or direction, and whenever the doing or not doing of anything at a certain time of the day or night or during a certain part of the day or night has an effect in law, that time is, unless it is otherwise specifically stated, held to be standard time as used in a particular country or state. (In Physics, time and Space never exist actually-“quantum entanglement”) of the conversion. The applicant, Jai Ram Sarup, also produced ten letters stated to be in the hand-writing of the appellant in proof of the above facts.

On 17-9-1952 the Magistrate passed an order that there was a ‘prima facie’ case for taking action, and on 29-9-1952 he filed a complaint before the First-Class Magistrate, Karnal, charging the appellant with offences under Ss. 181, 182 and 193 of the Indian Penal Code.

3. Against this order, the appellant preferred an appeal to the Court of the Sessions Judge, Karnal, who dismissed the same on the ground that the returning Officer was not a Court, that the proceedings before him did not fall under S. 746, and that therefore no appeal lay under S. 746-B . The appellant took the matter in revision before the High Court, Punjab, and that was heard by Harnam Singh J., who held, differing from the Sessions Judge, that the returning Officer was a Court, and that his order was therefore appealable.

He, however, held that on the meritsMerits Strict legal rights of the parties; a decision “on the merits” is one that reaches the right(s) of a party as distinguished from a disposition of the case on a ground not reaching the rights raised in the action; for example, in a criminal case double jeopardy does not apply if charges are nolle prossed before trial commences, and in a civil action res judicata does not apply if a previous action was dismissed on a preliminary motion raising a technicality such as improper service of process. there was no case for interference, and accordingly dismissed the revision. It is against this order that the present appeal by special leave is directed.

4. On behalf of the appellant Mr. N. C. Chatterjee argues that having held that the order of the returning Officer was appealable, the learned Judge ought to have remanded the case for hearing by the Sessions Judge on the merits, and that his own disposal of the matter was summary and perfunctory. The contention of Mr. Gopal Singh for the respondent is that the view of the Sessions Judge that the returning Officer was not a court and a court and that his order was not, therefore, appealable was correct,; and that; further ; the order of the High Court in revision declining to interfere on the merits was not liable to be questioned in special appeal in this Court.

5. The first question that arises for our decision is whether the order of the District Magistrate passed on 17-9-1952 as returning Officer is open to appeal. The statutory provisions bearing on this point are Ss. 195, 476 and 476-B of the Code of Criminal Procedure. Section 195 (1) (a) provides that no court shall take cognizance of any offence punishable under Ss. 172 to 188 of the Indian Penal Code except on the complaint writing of the public Officer concerned or of his superior.

Section 195 (1) (b) enacts that no Court shall take cognizance of the offences mentioned therein, where such offence is committed in, or in relation to, any proceeding in any ‘Court’ except on the complaint in writing of a such Court or a Court to which it is subordinate. The offence under S. 193 is one of those mentioned in S. 195 (1) (b) and 195 (1) (c) and not to those mentioned in S. 195(1) (a).

Section 476-B provides for an appeal from an order passed under Section 476 to the appropriate Court. The result then is that if the complaint relates to offences mentioned in Sections 195 (1) (b) and 195 (c), an appeal would be competent, but not if it relates to offences mentioned in S. 195 (1) (a). Now, the order of the Magistrate dated 17-9-1952 directs that the appellant should be prosecuted for offences under Ss. 181, 182 and 193. There is no dispute that the order in so far as it relates to offences under Ss. 181 and 182 is not appealable, as they fall directly under S. 195 (1) (a).

The controversy is only as regards the charge under S. 193. Section 193 makes it an offence to give false evidence whether it be in a Judicial proceeding or not, and it likewise makes it an offence to fabricate false evidence for use in a Judicial proceeding or elsewhere. If the offence is not committed in a Judicial proceeding, then it will fall outside section 195 (1) (b), which applies only when it is committed in or in relation to a proceeding in court, and there is in consequence no bar to a complaint being made in respect thereof unaffected by the restrictions contained in S. 195 (1) (b).

But if the offence under S. 193 is committed in or in relation to a proceeding in Court, then it will; fall under S. 195 (1) (b), and the order directing prosecution under S. 476 will be appealable under S. 476-B. The point for decision therefore is whether the returning Officer in deciding on the validity of a nomination paper under S. 36 of the Act can be held to act as a Court. The question thus raise does not appear to be covered by authority and has to be decided on the true character of the functions of the returning Officer and the nature and the extent of his powers.

5a. “There has been much difference of opinionOpinion A judge's written explanation of a decision of the court. In an appeal, multiple opinions may be written. The court’s ruling comes from a majority of judges and forms the majority opinion. A dissenting opinion disagrees with the majority because of the reasoning and/or the principles of law on which the decision is based. A concurring opinion agrees with the end result of the court but offers further comment possibly because they disagree with how the court reached its conclusion. as to the precise character of the office of a returning Officer., viz., as to whether he is a Judicial or ministerial Officer” , says Parker in Election AgentAgent An agent is a person employed to do any act for another or to represent another in dealings with third persons. The person for whom such act is done, or who is so represented, is called the principal. Indian Contract Act and Officer, viz., as to whether he is a Judicial or ministerial Officer”, says Parker in Election Agent and Returning Officer, Fifth Edition, page 30. The true view, according to him, is that he partakes of both characters, and than in determinating objections to nomination papers, he is a Judicial Officer. That is also the view taken in Indian decisions. But before we can hold that the proceedings before a returning Officer resulting in the acceptance or rejection of a nomination paper fall within S. 195 (1) (b) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, it must be shown not merely that they are Judicial in character but that further he is acting as a court in respect thereof.

It is a familiar feature of modern legislation to set up bodies and tribunals, and entrust to them work of a Judicial character, but they are not Courts in the accepted sense of that terms, though they may possess as observed by Lord Sankey L. C., in -’Shell Co. of Australia vs. Federal Commr. of Taxation, 1931 AC 275, some of the trappings of a Court. The distinction between Courts and tribunals exercising quasi-Judicial functions is well established, though whether an authority constituted by a particular enactment, falls within one category or the other may, on the provisions of that enactment, be open to argument.

6. There has been considerable discussion in the Court in EnglandEngland In England, the Parliament was originally an advisory body summoned to consult with the monarch, and the courts exercised delegated royal powers, as “lions beneath the throne”. and Australia as to what are the essential characteristics of a Court as distinguished from a tribunal exercising quasi-Judicial functions. Vide’ 1931AC 275 (A)’, -’R vs. London County Council’, 1931-2 KB 215 (B); – ‘Cooper vs. Wilson’, 1037-2 KB 309 (C);- ‘Huddart Parkar and Co. vs. Moorehead’ (1909) 8 CLR 330 (D); and – ‘Rola Co. vs. The Commonwealth, (1944) 69 CLR 185 (E). In this Court, the question was considered in some fullness in – ‘Bharat Bank Ltd. vs. Employees of Bharat Bank Ltd’ (1950) SCR 459.

It is unnecessary to traverse the same ground once again. It may be stated broadly that what distinguishes a Court from a quasiJudicial tribunal is that it is charged with a duty to decide disputes in a Judicial manner and declare the rights of parties in a definitive judgment. To decide in a Judicial manner involves that the parties are entitled as a matter or right to be heard in support of their claim and to adduce evidence in proof of it.

And it also imports an obligation on the part of the authority to decide the matter on a consideration of the evidence adduced and in accordance with law. When a question wherefore arises as to whether an authority created by an Act is a Court as distinguished from a quasi-Judicial tribunal, what has to be decided is whether having regard to the provisions of the Act it possesses all the attributes of a Court.

7. We have now to decide whether in view of the principles above stated and the functions and powers entrusted to the returning Officer under the Act he is a court. The statutory provision bearing on this matter is S. 36. Under S. 36 (2), the returning Officer has to examine the nomination paper and decide all objections which may be made thereto. This power is undoubtedly Judicial in character. But in exercising this power, he is authorised to come to a decision “after such summary enquiry, if any, as he thinks necessary”. That means that the parties have no right to insist on producing evidence which they may desire to adduce in support of their case.

There is no machinery provided for summoning of witnesses, or of compelling production of documents in an enquiry under S. 36. The returning Officer is entitled to act ‘suo motu’ in the matter. When one compares this procedure with that prescribed for trial of election petitions by the Election Tribunal under Ss. 90 and 92 of the Act, the difference between the two becomes marked. While the proceedings before the Election tribunal approximate in all essential matters to proceedings in civil courts, the proceedings under S. 36 present a different picture.

There is no ‘lis’, in which persons with opposing claims are entitled to have their rights adjudicated in a Judicial manner, but an enquiry such as is usually conducted by an ‘adhoc’ tribunal entrusted with a quasi-Judicial power. In other words, the function of the returning Officer acting under S. 36 is Judicially in character, but he is not to act Judicial in discharging it. We are of opinion that the returning Officer deciding on the validity of a nomination paper is not a Court for the purpose of S. 195 (1) (b) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, and the result is that even as regards the charge under S. 193, the order of the Magistrate was not appealable, as the offence as the offence was not committed in or in relation to any proceeding in a Court.

In this view, the learned Sessions Judge was right in dismissing the appeal as incompetent, and the question argued by Mr. N. C. Chatterjee that the learned Judge of the High Court ought to have remanded the case for hearing by the Sessions Judge on the merits does not arise.

8. It was next argued for the appellant that as the application for initiating prosecution under S. 193 was made under S. 476 on the assumption that the returning Officer was a Court, the order passed thereon must, in the view that he was not a Court, be quashed as without jurisdictionJurisdiction Authority by which courts receive and decide cases. Limited Jurisdiction: the authority over only particular types of cases, or cases under a prescribed amount in controversy, or seeking only certain types of relief, the District Court is a court of limited jurisdiction. Original Jurisdiction: Jurisdiction of the first court to hear a case.. But then, it should be noted that the application was represented under S. 195 also, and it was necessary to move the returning Officer under S. 195 (1) (a) with reference to the offences under Ss. 181 and 182, and there could be no question of quashing the order as without jurisdiction.

Even as regards S. 193, the position is this: It has no doubt been held that S. 476 must be taken to be exhaustive of all the powers of a Court as such to lay a complaint, and that a complaint filed by it otherwise than under that section should not be entertained. But there is abundant authority that S. 476 does not preclude the Officer presiding over a Court from himself preferring a complaint, and that the jurisdiction of the Magistrate before whom the complaint is laid to try it like any other complaint is not taken away by that section. Vide – ‘Meher Singh vs. Emperor’ AIR 1933 Lah 884 (G); -’Emperor v,. Nanak Chand’, AIR 1943 Lah 208 (H); – ‘Har Prasad vs. Emperor’ AIR 1947 All 139 (I); and -’Channu Lal vs. Rex’, AIR 1949 All 692 (J).

There is thus no legal impediment to a returning Officer filing a complaint under Ss. 181 and 182 as provided in S. 195 (1) (a) and charging the accused therein with also an offence under S. 193. In this connection it should be mentioned that the appellant himself took the objection before the Magistrate that ‘qua’ returning Officer he was not a Court and that the proceedings under S. 476 were incompetent, and that was overruled on the ground that it was an enabling section. There is, therefore, no ground for holding that the order dated 17-9-1952 was without jurisdiction.

9. It was finally contended that the Magistrate was under a misapprehension in stating that the appellant had declared that he was born a Balmiki, whereas, in fact, he only declared that he was Balmiki by caste. But it was the appellant himself who pleaded in his counter-affidavit that he was not a Muslim by birth, and was born in a Balmiki Hindu family, and the observation of the Magistrate has obvious reference to what was pleaded and argued by the appellant.

And it should also be noted that no objection was taken either in the grounds of appeal to the Sessions Court or in revision to the High Court with reference to the above remark. Moreover, the charge as laid in the complaint is that the declaration of the appellant in the nomination paper that he “was a member of the Balmiki cast” was false. There is accordingly no substance in this contention.

10. It must be emphasised that in the view that the order of the Magistrate dated 17-9-1952 was final, this appeal being really directed against that order there must be exceptional grounds before we can interfere with it in special appeal, and none such has been established. On the other hand, whether action should be taken under S. 195 is a matter primarily for the Court which hears the application, and its discretion is not to be lightly interfered with in appeal, even when that is competent.

But where, as here, the legislature does not provide for an appeal, it is preposterous on the part of the appellant to invite this court to interfere in special appeal.

11. This appeal is accordingly dismissed