Imposition of maximum punishment provided under section 376 of the IPC

In the case of State of M.P. v. Bala alias Balaram reported in , (2005) 8 SCC 1, the Hon’ble Supreme Court has observed and held that, “rape is a heinous crimeCrime A positive or negative act in violation of penal law; an offense against the state classified either as a felony or misdemeanor., a crime against society, a crime against human dignity, one that reduces a man to an animal.” It is further observed that, “to view such an offence once it is proved, lightly, is itself an affront to society.” It is further observed and held that, “though the award of maximum punishment may depend on the circumstances of the case, the award of the minimum punishment, generally, is imperative.” It is further observed that, “the proviso to Sections 376(1) and 376(2) of the IPC give the power to the Court to award a sentence lesser than the minimum for adequate and special reasons. The power under the proviso is not to be used indiscriminately or routinely. It is to be used sparingly and only in cases where special facts and circumstances justify a reduction. The reason must be relevant to the exercise of such discretion vested in the Court.” It is further observed that, “mere existence of a discretion by itself does not justify its exercise. The long pendency of the criminal trial or the offer of the rapist to marry the victim are not relevant reasons. Nor is the age of the offender by itself an adequate reason.” In the aforesaid decision it is further observed and held by the Hon’ble Supreme Court that, “the punishment prescribed by the Penal IPC reflect the legislative recognition of the social needs, the gravity of the offence concerned, its impact on the society and what the legislature considers as a punishment suitable for the particular offence.” While considering its earlier decision in the case of State of M.P. v. Munna Choubey reported in , (2005)2 SCC 710, it is further observed that, “imposition of sentence without considering its effect on the social order in many cases may be in reality a futile exercise.” It is further observed that, “social impact of the crime e.g. where it relates to offences against women, dacoity, kidnapping, misappropriation of public money, treason and other offences involving moralMorality Mental frame. It can be high morality or low morality, savage morality or civilised morality or Christian morality, or Nazi morality. Decent Behaviour is acceptable norms of the nations. Christian morality starts with the belief that all men are sinners and that repentance is the cause of divine mercy. Putting Crucified Christ in between is the destruction of Christian morality and logic. Now morality shifted to the personal choice of Jesus. What Jesus did is 'good'. The same would be the case of Ram, Krishna, Muhammad, Buddha, Lenin, etc. Pure Human Consciousness degraded to pure followership. There exists no proof the animals are devoid of morality. turpitude or moral delinquency which have great impact on social order and public interest, cannot be lost sight of and per se require exemplary treatment.” In the aforesaid decision Hon’ble Supreme Court in para 11 to 17 has observed and held as under:

“11. The crime here is rape. It is a particularly heinous crime, a crime against society, a crime against human dignity, one that reduces a man to an animal. The penal statute has prescribed a maximum and a minimum punishment for an offence under Section 376 I.P.C. To view such an offence once it is proved, lightly, is itself an affront to society. Though the award of maximum punishment may depend on the circumstances of the case, the award of the minimum punishment, generally, is imperative. The provisos to Section 376(1) and 376(2) I.P.C. give the power to the court to award a sentence lesser than the minimum for adequate and special reasons. The power under the proviso is not to be used indiscriminately or routinely. It is to be used sparingly and only in cases where special facts and circumstances justify a reduction. The reasons must be relevant to the exercise of such discretion vested in the court. The reasons must be set out clearly and cogently. The mere existence of a discretion by itself does not justify its exercise. The long pendency of the criminal trial or the offer of the rapist to marry the victim are not relevant reasons. Nor is the age of the offender by itself an adequate reason.

12. The punishments prescribed by the Penal IPC reflect the legislative recognition of the social needs, the gravity of the concerned offence, its impact on the society and what the legislature considers as a punishment suitable for the particular offence. It is necessary for the courts to imbibe that legislative wisdom and to respect it.

13. The rationale for advocating the award of a punishment commensurate with the gravity of the offence and its impact on society, is to ensure that a civilized society does not revert to the days of ‘an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth’. Not awarding a just punishment might provoke the victim or its relatives to retaliate in kind and that is what exactly is sought to be prevented by the criminal justice system we have adopted.

14. Even in the timeTime Where any expression of it occurs in any Rules, or any judgment, order or direction, and whenever the doing or not doing of anything at a certain time of the day or night or during a certain part of the day or night has an effect in law, that time is, unless it is otherwise specifically stated, held to be standard time as used in a particular country or state. (In Physics, time and Space never exist actually-“quantum entanglement”) of Kautilya, the need for awarding just punishment was recognized. According to Kautilya, “whoever imposes severe punishment becomes repulsive to people, while he who awards mild punishment becomes contemptible. The ruler just with the rod is honoured. When deserved punishment is given, it endows the subjects with spiritual good, material well being and pleasures of the senses.” (See Kautilyan JurisprudenceJurisprudence It is a branch of philosophy, that discusses the legality of Law. Oppenheimer v Cattermole (1976), the court considered the question of whether a Nazi law was so iniquitous that it should refuse to recognise it as a law, thus raising the connection between the concepts of law and morality. by V.K. Gupta under the head ‘Nature and Scope of punishment’). This philosophy is woven into our statute and our jurisprudence and it is the duty of those who administer the law to bear this in mind.

15. This Court has on a number of occasions indicated that the punishment must fit the crime and that it is the duty of the court to impose a proper punishment depending on the degree of criminality and desirability for imposing such punishment. In Earabhadrappa v. State of Karnataka [, (1983) 2 S.C.C. 330] this Court observed,

“A sentence or pattern of sentence which in view of the above, present Second Appeal fails and the same deserves to be dismissed and is, accordingly, dismissed. No costsCosts Subject to any written law, costs are at the discretion of the Court, and the Court has the power to determine all issues relating to the costs of or incidental to all proceedings, including by whom and to what extent the costs are to be paid, at any stage of the proceedings or after the conclusion of the proceedings. Generally “Costs” includes charges, disbursements, expenses, fees, and remuneration. Costs in any matter are payable from the date of the order of the Court unless the parties otherwise agree. The costs of a third-party funding contract are not recoverable as part of the costs of, or costs. to take due account of the gravity of the offence can seriously undermine respect for law. It is the duty of the court to impose a proper punishment depending upon the degree of criminality and desirability to impose such punishment as a measure of social necessity as a means of deterring other potential offenders.”

In Rajendra Prasad v. State of Uttar Pradesh [, (1979) 3 S.C.C. 646] Justice Sen stated,

“Judges are entitled to hold their own views, but it is the bounden duty of the Court to impose a proper punishment, depending upon the degree of criminality and the desirability to impose such punishment as a measure of social necessity, as a means of deterring other potential offenders.”

16. It is not necessary to multiply authorities. In a recent decision in State of M.P. v. Munna Choubey and Another [, (2005) 2 S.C.C. 710], this question has again been dealt with. This Court observed:

“15. Imposition of sentence without considering its effect on the social order in many cases may be in reality a futile exercise. The social impact of the crime e.g. where it relates to offences against women, dacoity, kidnapping, misappropriation of public money, treason and other offences involving moral turpitude or moral delinquency which have great impact on social order and public interest, cannot be lost sight of and per se require exemplary treatment. Any liberal attitude by imposing meagre sentence or taking too sympathetic view merely on account of lapse of time in respect of such offences will be resultwise counterproductive in the long run and against societal interest which needs to be cared for an strengthened by string of deterrence inbuilt in the sentencing system.”

More Cases :

(1) , (1995)6 SCC 230 State of A.P. v. Bodem Sundara Rao

(2) , (2005)2 SCC 710 State of M.P. v. Munna Choubey & Anr.

(3) , (2005)8 SCC 1 State of M.P. v. Bala @ Balaram

(4) , (2014)6 SCC 466 Narinder Singh & Ors. v. State of Punjab & Anr.

(5) , (2014)7 SCC 323 Sumer Singh v. Surajbhan Singh & Ors.

(6) , (2014)13 SCC 318 Shimbhu & Anr. v. State of Haryana

(7) , (2015)7 SCC 359 Satish Kumar Jayantilal Dabgar v. State of Gujarat

(8) , (2015)8 SCC 688 Prahlad & Anr. v. State of Haryana