Indian Bar Councils Act 1926

Indian Bar Councils Act, 1926

(Act No. 38 of 1926)

Dated 09.09.1926

An Act to provide for the constitution of Bar Councils and for other purposes.

Whereas it is expedient to provide for the constitution and incorporation of Bar Councils for certain Courts to confer powers and impose duties on such Bar Councils, and to consolidate and amend the law relating to legal practioners entitled to practice in such Courts.

It is hereby enacted as follows:-

Preliminary

1. Short title, extent and application. – (1) This Act may be called the Indian Bar Councils Act, 1926.

(2) It extends to the whole of IndiaIndia Bharat Varsha (Jambu Dvipa) is the name of this land mass. The people of this land are Sanatan Dharmin and they always defeated invaders. Indra (10000 yrs) was the oldest deified King of this land. Manu's jurisprudence enlitened this land. Vedas have been the civilizational literature of this land. Guiding principles of this land are : सत्यं वद । धर्मं चर । स्वाध्यायान्मा प्रमदः । Read more except the State of Jammu and Kashmir, and shall apply to the High Court of every State other than the State of Jammu and Kashmir and also to such Judicial Commissioners Courts in Union territories as the Central

Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, declare to be High Courts to which this Act applies.

2. Interpretation. – (1) In this Act, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context, –
(a) “advocate” means an advocate entered in the roll of advocates of a High Court under the provisions of this Act;

(b) “Advocate-General” includes, where there is no Advocate-General, the Government Advocate and, where there is no Advocate-General or Government Advocate, such officer as the State Government may declare to be the Advocate-General for the purposes of this Act;

(d) “prescribed” means prescribed by rules made under this Act.

(2) In this Act “the State Government” means, in relation to any High Court, the State Government of the State in which the High Court has its principal seat.
Constitution of Bar Councils

3. Constitution and incorporation of Bar Councils. – (1) For every High Court a Bar Council shall be constituted in the manner hereinafter provided.

(2) Every Bar Council so constituted shall be a body corporate having perpetual succession and a common seal with power to acquire and hold property, both movable and immovable, and to contractContract An agreement enforceable by law is a contract. All agreements are contracts if they are made by the free consent of parties competent to contract, for a lawful consideration and with a lawful object, and are not hereby expressly declared to be void. Indian Contract Act., and shall by the name of the Bar Council of the High Court for which it has been constituted sue and be sued.

4. Composition of Bar Councils. – (1) Every Bar Council shall consist of fifteen members, of whom –

(a) one shall be the Advocate-General;

(b) four shall be persons nominated by the High Court, of whom not more than two may be Judges of that Court; and

(2) of the elected members of every Bar Council not less than five shall be persons who have for not less than ten years been entitled as of right to practise in the High Court for which the Bar Council has been constituted.

Explanation. – For the purpose of election to the Bar Council for the High Court of Gujarat, the period of ten years aforesaid shall be computed after taking into account the period for which the person concerned was entitled as of right to practise in the High Court of Bombay or of Saurashtra or in the Judicial Commissioner’s Court of Kutch before the 1st day of May, 1960.

(3) of the elected members of the Bar Councils to be constituted for the High Courts of Judicature at Fort William in Bengal and at Bombay such proportion as the High Court may direct in each case shall be persons who have, for such minimum period as the High Court may determine, been entitled to practise in the High Court in the exercise of its original jurisdictionJurisdiction Authority by which courts receive and decide cases. Limited Jurisdiction: the authority over only particular types of cases, or cases under a prescribed amount in controversy, or seeking only certain types of relief, the District Court is a court of limited jurisdiction. Original Jurisdiction: Jurisdiction of the first court to hear a case., and such number as may be fixed by the High Court out of the said proportion shall be barristers of EnglandEngland In England, the Parliament was originally an advisory body summoned to consult with the monarch, and the courts exercised delegated royal powers, as “lions beneath the throne”. or Ireland or members of the Faculty of Advocates in Scotland.

(4) There shall be a Chairman and Vice-Chairman of each Bar Council elected by the Council in such manner as may be prescribed:

Provided that the Advocates-General of West Bengal, Madras Maharashtra and Gujarat shall be Chairmen ex officio, respectively, of the Bar Councils constituted for the High Courts of those States.

5. Special provisions regarding constitution of first Bar Councils. – (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in clause (c) of sub-section (1) of section 4, the elected members of the first Bar Council constituted under this Act for any High Court shall be elected by and from amongst the advocates, vakils and pleaders who are on the date of the election entitled as of right to practice in the High Court.

(2) The terms of office of the nominated and elected members of any such first Bar Council shall be three years from the date of the first meeting of the Council.

5A. Ad hoc Bar Council for Gujarat High Court. – Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, the Chief Justice of the High Court of Gujarat shall nominate the members of the first Bar Council under this Act for the High Court of Gujarat and the members so nominated shall remain in office for a period of twelve months.

6. Power to make rules regarding constitution and procedure of Bar Councils. – (1) Rules, consistent with this Act, may be made to provide for the following matters, namely: –

(a) the manner in which elections of members of the Bar Council shall be held; the method of determining, in accordance with the provisions of sub-sections (2) and (3) of section 4, the candidates who shall be declared to have been elected; the manner in which the result of elections shall be published; and the manner in which and the authority by which doubts and disputes as to the validity of an election shall be finally decided;

(b) the terms of office of nominated and elected members of the Council;

(d) the convening of meetings of the Council, and the quorum necessary for the transaction of business thereat;

(e) the manner of election and the respective terms of office of the Chairman, in cases where the Chairman is to be elected, and of the Vice-Chairman; and

(f) any matter incidental or ancillary to any of the foregoing matters.

(2) The first rules under this section shall be made by the High Court, but the Bar Council may thereafter, with the previous sanction of the High Court, add to, amend or rescind any rules so made.

(3) No election of a member or members to the Council shall be called in question on the ground that due notice thereof has not been given to any person entitled to vote thereat, if notice of the date fixed for the election has, not less than thirty days before that date, been published in the Official Gazette of the State, or of each State, as the case may be, in which the High Court exercises jurisdiction.

(4) Rules made under clause (b) of sub-section (1) may provide for the retirement of members from office by rotation and for the manner in which the order of such retirement shall be determined.

7. Power of Bar Council to make bye-laws. – The Bar Council may make bye-laws consistent with this Act and any rules made there under to provide for any of the following matters, namely: –

(a) the appointment of such ministerial officers and servants as the Bar Council may deem necessary, and the pay and allowances and other conditions of service of such officers and servants; and

(b) the appointment and constitution of Committees of the Council, the procedure of such Committees, and the determination of the powers or duties of the Council which may be delegated to such Committees.

Admission and Enrolment of Advocates

8. Enrolment of advocates. – (1) No person shall be entitled as of right to practices in any High Court, unless his name is entered in the roll of the advocates of the High Court maintained under this Act:

Provided that nothing in this sub-section shall apply to any attorney of the High Court.

(2) The High Court shall prepare and maintain a roll of advocates of the High Court in which shall be entered the names of –

(a) all persons who were, as advocates, vakils or pleaders, entitles as of right to practise in the High Court immediately before the date on which this section comes into force in respect thereof; and

(b) all other persons who have been admitted to be advocates of the High Court under this Act:

Provided that such persons shall have paid in respect of enrolment the stamp-duty, if any, chargeable under the Indian Stamp Act, 1899 (2 of 1899), and a fee, payable to the Bar Council, which shall be ten rupees in the case of the persons referred to in clause (a), and in other cases such amount as may be prescribed.

(3) Entries in the roll shall be made in the order of seniority, and such seniority shall be determined as follows, namely: –
(a) all such persons as are referred to in clause (a) of sub-section (2) shall be entered first in the order in which they were respectively entitled to seniority inter se immediately before the date on which this section comes into force in respect of the High Court; and

(b) the seniority of any other person admitted to be an advocate of the High Court under this Act after that date shall be determined by the date of his admission or, if he is a barrister, by the date of his admission or the date on which he was called to the Bar, whichever date is earlier:

Provided that, for the purposes of clause (b), the seniority of a person who before his admission to be an advocate was entitled as of right to practice in another High Court shall be determined by the date on which he became so entitled.

(4) The respective rights of pre-audience of advocates of the High Court shall be determined by seniority:
Provided that the Advocate-General shall have pre-audience overall other advocates.

(5) The High Court shall issue a certificate of enrolment to every person enrolled under this section.

(6) High Court shall send to the Bar Council a copy of the roll as prepared under this section, and shall thereafter communicate to the Bar Council all alterations in, and additions to, the roll as soon as the same have been made.

(7) The Bar Council shall enter in the copy of the roll all alterations and additions so communicated to it.

9. Qualifications and admission of advocates. – (1) The Bar Council may, with the previous sanction of the High Court, make rules to regulate the admission of persons to be advocates of the High Court:
Provided that such rules shall not limit or in any way affect the power of the High Court to refuse admission to any person at its discretion.

(2) In particular and without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing power, such rules shall provide for the following matters, namely:-
(a) the qualifications to be possessed by persons applying for admission as advocates;

(b) the form and manner in which applications shall be made to the High Court for admission;

(d) the hearing by the High Court of any objection preferred on behalf of the Bar Council to the admission of any applicant; and

(e) the charging of fees payable to the Bar Council in respect of enrolment.

(3) Rules made under this section shall provide that no woman shall be disqualified for admission to be an advocate by reason only of her sex.

(4) Nothing in this section or in any other provision of this Act shall be deemed to limit or in any way affect the powers of the High Courts of Judicature at Fort William in Bengal and at Bombay to prescribe the qualifications to be possessed by persons applying to practise in those High Courts respectively in the exercise of their original jurisdiction or the powers of those High Courts to grant or refuse, as they think fit, any such applications or to prescribe the conditions under which such person shall be entitled to practices or plead.

Misconduct

10. [Punishment of advocate for misconduct.] Repealed by the Advocates Act, 1961 (25 of 1961), s. 50(4) (w.e.f 1-9-1963).

11. [Tribunal of Bar Council.] Repealed by the Advocates Act, 1961 (25 of 1961), s. 50(4), by the Advocates Act, 1961 (25 of 1961) (w.e.f. 1-9-1963).

12. [Procedure in inquiries.] Repealed by s. 50(4), by the Advocates Act, 1961 (25 of 1961), (w.e.f. 1-9-1963).

13. [Powers of the Tribunal and Courts in inquiries.] Repealed by s. 50(4), by the Advocates Act, 1961 (25 of 1961), (w.e.f. 1-9-1963).
Miscellaneous

14. Right of advocates to practise. – (1) An advocate shall been titled as of right to practise –
(a) subject to the provisions of sub-section (4) of section 9, in the High Court of which he is an advocate, and

(b) save as otherwise provided by sub-section (2) or by or under any other law for the timeTime Where any expression of it occurs in any Rules, or any judgment, order or direction, and whenever the doing or not doing of anything at a certain time of the day or night or during a certain part of the day or night has an effect in law, that time is, unless it is otherwise specifically stated, held to be standard time as used in a particular country or state. (In Physics, time and Space never exist actually-“quantum entanglement”) being in force in any other Court and before any other Tribunal or person legally authorized to take evidenceEvidence All the means by which a matter of fact, the truth of which is submitted for investigation, is established or disproved. Bharatiya Sakshya (Second) Adhiniyam 2023 , and

(c) before any other authority or person before whom such advocate is by or under the law for the time being in force entitled to practise.

(2) Where rules have been made by any High Court within the meaning of clause (24) of section 3 of the General Clauses Act, 1897 (10 of 1897), or in the case of a High Court for which a Bar Council has been constituted under this Act, by such Bar Council under section 15, regulating the conditions subject to which advocates of other High Courts may be permitted to practise in the High Court, such advocates shall not be entitled to practice therein otherwise than subject to such conditions.

(3) Nothing in this section shall be deemed to limit or in any way affect the power of the High Court of Judicature at Fort William in Bengal or of the High Court of Judicature at Bombay to make rules determining the persons who shall be entitled respectively to plead and to act in the High Court in the exercise of its original jurisdiction.

15. General power of Bar Councils to make rules. – A Bar Council may, with the previous sanction of the High Court for which it is constituted, make rules consistent with this Act to provide for and regulate any of the following matters, namely:-
(a) the rights and duties of the advocates of the High Court and their discipline and professional conduct;

(b) the conditions subject to which advocates of other High Courts may be permitted to practise in the High Court;

(c) the giving of facilities for legal education and training and the holding and conduct of examinations by the Bar Council;

(d) the charging of fees payable to the Bar Council in respect of the enjoyment of educational facilities provided, or of the right to appear at examinations held, by the Bar Council;

(e) the investment and management of the funds of the Bar Council; and

(f) any other matter in respect of which the High Court may require rules to be made under this section.

16. Power to fix fees payable as costsCosts Subject to any written law, costs are at the discretion of the Court, and the Court has the power to determine all issues relating to the costs of or incidental to all proceedings, including by whom and to what extent the costs are to be paid, at any stage of the proceedings or after the conclusion of the proceedings. Generally “Costs” includes charges, disbursements, expenses, fees, and remuneration. Costs in any matter are payable from the date of the order of the Court unless the parties otherwise agree. The costs of a third-party funding contract are not recoverable as part of the costs of, or costs.. – The High Court shall make rules for fixing and regulating by taxation or otherwise the fees payable as costs by any party in respect of the fees of his adversary’s advocate upon all proceedings in the High Court or in any Court subordinate thereto.

17. Indemnity against legal proceedings. – No suit or other legal proceeding shall lie against a Bar Council or any Committee, Tribunal or member of a Bar Council for any act in good faithFaith πίστει. done or intended to be done in pursuance of the provisions of this act or of any rule made there under.

18. Publication of rules. – All rules made under this Act shall be published in the Official Gazette of the State, or of each State, as the case may be, in which the High Court by which or with whose sanction the rules are made exercises jurisdiction.

19. Amendment of enactments, etc. – (1) When sections 8 to 16 come into force in respect of any High Court, any enactment mentioned in the first column of the Schedule which is in force in any State in which the High Court exercises jurisdiction shall, for the purpose of its application to that State, be amended to the extent and in the manner specified in the second column of the Schedule.

(2) When sections 8 to 16 come into force in respect of any High Court of Judicature established by Letters Patent, this Act shall have effect in respect of such Court notwithstanding anything contained in such Letters Patent, and such Letters Patent shall, in so far as they are inconsistent with this Act or any rules made thereunder, be deemed to have been repealed.

(3) When sections 8 to 16 come into force in respect of the High Court of Judicature at Bombay, the Bombay Pleaders’ Act, 1920 (Bom. Act 17 of 1920) except section 7 thereof, shall cease to apply to or in respect of any person enrolled as an advocate of the High Court under this Act, and nothing in that Act shall be deemed to authorise the admission or enrolment of any person as a vakil or pleader of the High Court.

(4) When this Act has come into force in respect of any High Court, any provision of any other enactment or any order, scheme, rule, form or bye-law made thereunder, which was before that date applicable to advocates, vakils or pleaders entitled to practise in such High Court shall, unless such a construction is repugnant to the context or to any provision made by or under this Act, be construed as applying to advocates of the High Court enrolled under this Act.

20. Transitional provision regarding certain Bar Councils affected by States’ reorganisation. – (1) The Bar Councils for the High Courts of the States of Bombay, Madhya Pradesh, Mysore, Punjab, Rajasthan and Travancore-Cochin functioning immediately before the 1st day of November, 1956, shall be deemed to be the Bar Councils for the High Courts of the corresponding new States of Bombay, Madhya Pradesh, Mysore, Punjab, Rajasthan and Kerala, respectively.

(2) As from the said day, –
(a) the Bar Councils for the High Courts of Hyderabad and Saurashtra shall stand dissolved, and

(b) the assets and liabilities of the Bar Council for the High Court of Hyderabad shall stand transferred to, the Bar Councils for the High Courts of Andhra Pradesh, Bombay and Mysore and be divided among them in such proportion as may be agreed upon, and in default of such agreementContract An agreement enforceable by law is a contract. All agreements are contracts if they are made by the free consent of parties competent to contract, for a lawful consideration and with a lawful object, and are not hereby expressly declared to be void. Indian Contract Act., in the proportion of 57:61:27- 81:14:58.