Evidential Issue: Blood-stained cloth recovered from the house of Accused

The presumptionPresumption An inference of the truth or falsehood of a proposition or fact that stands until rebutted by evidence to the contrary. permitted to be drawn under S. 114, illu. (a), EvidenceEvidence All the means by which a matter of fact, the truth of which is submitted for investigation, is established or disproved. Bharatiya Sakshya (Second) Adhiniyam 2023 Act, has to be read along with the important timeTime Where any expression of it occurs in any Rules, or any judgment, order or direction, and whenever the doing or not doing of anything at a certain time of the day or night or during a certain part of the day or night has an effect in law, that time is, unless it is otherwise specifically stated, held to be standard time as used in a particular country or state. (In Physics, time and Space never exist actually-“quantum entanglement”) factor.

The discovery of a blood-stained piece of cloth from the house of the appellant leads to no conclusion against him on the charge of murder. While the chemical examiner found blood on it, the Imperial Serologist could not say that it was human blood. The discovery of one or more dhotis with some stains of blood, which are not ascertained to be human blood, five months after the alleged murder cannot be stated to be Evidence of murder against the appellant. The Sessions Judge was quite right in observing that if some blood stains are found on the clothes of person engaged in cutting roots and working in the jungle they cannot be put down as Evidence of murder.

Conclusion: Accused discharged

SUPREME COURT OF INDIAIndia Bharat Varsha (Jambu Dvipa) is the name of this land mass. The people of this land are Sanatan Dharmin and they always defeated invaders. Indra (10000 yrs) was the oldest deified King of this land. Manu's jurisprudence enlitened this land. Vedas have been the civilizational literature of this land. Guiding principles of this land are : सत्यं वद । धर्मं चर । स्वाध्यायान्मा प्रमदः । Read more

Tulsiram Kanu Versus The State

(Before : M. H. Kania, C.J.I., M. Patanjali Sastri, S. R. Das, JJ.)

Criminal Appeal No. 23 of 1950, Decided on : 29-01-1951.

Criminal Procedure Code, 1898—Sections 417, 423 and 510—Evidence Act, 1872—Sections 11, 45 and 114—Indian Penal Code, 1860—Sections 302 and 404—Murder.

Counsel for the Parties:

Shri H. J. Umrigar, Advocate, amicus curiae, for appellant

Shri Gopal Singh, Advocate, instructed by Shri. P. A. Mehta, Advocate, for Respondent.

JudgmentJudgment The statement given by the Judge on the grounds of a decree or order - CPC 2(9). It contains a concise statement of the case, points for determination, the decision thereon, and the reasons for such decision - Order 20 Rule 4(2).  Section 354 of CrPC requires that every judgment shall contain points for determination, the decision thereon and the reasons for the decision. Indian Supreme Court Decisions > Law declared by Supreme Court to be binding on all courts (Art 141 Indian Constitution) Civil and judicial authorities to act in aid of the Supreme Court (Art 144) Supreme Court Network On Judiciary – Portal > Denning: “Judges do not speak, as do actors, to please. They do not speak, as do advocates, to persuade. They do not speak, as do historians, to recount the past. They speak to give Judgment. And in their judgments, you will find passages, which are worthy to rank with the greatest literature….” Law Points on Judgment Writing > The judge must write to provide an easy-to-understand analysis of the issues of law and fact which arise for decision. Judgments are primarily meant for those whose cases are decided by judges (State Bank of India and Another Vs Ajay Kumar Sood SC 2022)

Kania, C. J—This is an appeal from the judgment and order of the High Court at Nagpur, reversing the judgment and order of the Additional Sessions Judge, Bhandara, and convicting the appellant for the offence of murder and passing a sentence of death on him under S. 302, Penal Code. The brief fActs are these.

One Kawadu had taken two mango tress on rent from the owners. He used to watch the fruits during the daytime and returned to his house in the evening. On 26-5-1949 he went as usual from his residence to watch the trees and went home for his mid-day meal. After taking his meal he went to resume his watch but did not return home in the evening. His wife therefore got anxious and with some others went to the place where Kawadu used to sit. They found Kawadu lying dead about a few yards away from the hut which he had constructed near the trees. Certain gold ornaments which he used to wear on his ears were found missing. A report of the death was made and police investigationInvestigation Purpose of all investigation is to reveal the unvarnished truth. The constitutional courts are duty bound to ensure that the truth is revealed. followed. In spite of various visits of the police officers to the site and inquiries made in the village, nothing was traced.

On 28-10-1949, i.e., about five months after the death of Kawadu the appellant was arrested. When his house was searched one knife with a wooden handle, one white and dirty piece of dhoti suspected to have blood stains and one rested axe, without handle, found buried three feet below the ground in the kitchen, were taken possession of by the police. On the same day another white dirty dhoti 4 1/2 cubits long suspected to have stains of blood in the middle, here and there was also taken charge of by the police from the brother of the appellant. On 30th October the police seized from on Mangroo certain ear ornaments which appeared to have old blood like marks here and there. On 31st October they further seized from the house of the appellant one crowbar of iron and a receipt dated 25-9-1949 in respect of payment of tax for a she-buffalo.

The appellant was taken before Mr. Bhuskute, Magistrate 1st Class, Sakoli, on 9-11-1949 for recording his confession. The Magistrate warned the applicant that he was not bound to make any confession and if he made one it might be used against him. He was given time to reflect without disturbance till the next day and was told that he should not be influenced by any consideration in stating what he wanted to state the next day. He was ordered to be kept separate in the magisterial lock-up away from other under trials but not as to amount to solitary confinement. The record shows that he was kept in the magisterial lock-up but in charge of the police and was taken to the Magistrate again the next day in the custody of Baharam, an orderly. On that day, the Magistrate again told him that he need not say anything unless he freely wished to do so. The appellant told the Magistrate that the police were after him for the last nine or ten days and he was arrested on Sunday the 30th October 1949.

In answer to the Magistrate’s question whether the police gave him any threat, he stated that they did not allow him to sleep for three days and did not allow him to take meals. They applied leeches to his thighs and thrashed him. In answer to the next question whether anybody had told him that he would be let off or have a lighter punishment awarded to him if he made a confession, he answered in the affirmative and stated that the police people had told him that they would let him off in case he made a confession. He was next asked, if so, why he wanted to make a statement and whether he wished to do so at the instance of somebody or voluntarily. His answer was that he wished to make statement of his free will and pleasure. The Magistrate thereupon put on record that on 10th of November he was satisfied that the appellant was free from all threats and inducements and insisted on making a statement and therefore recorded his confession on that day.

In substance the confession is that on 26th May he had gone to the jungle at 10 or 11 o’clock in the morning to dig out roots. He dug them till 2 o’lock and prepared a bundle. When he was coming home, with the bundle on his head, he found the dead body of Kawadu under a tree. On seeing him dead he removed the gold that was in the ears of the dead man and brought it home. He left the gold with his brother-in-law and later on gave them to the police. In answer to a further question of the Magistrate whether he wanted to say anything more the appellant stated as follows:

“I have not beaten (Killed) the old man. Because the police threshed me, I out of fear stated that I had struck with a crowbar but it is not true. I have not committed the murder.”

2. After the committal proceedings, the appellant was tried before the Sessions Judge with four assessors. He was charged with offence of murder under S. 302 and with dishonestly misappropriating property possessed by the said. Kawadu at the time of his death, under S. 404, I.P.C. The assessors unanimously found the appellant not guilty of any offence. The Sessions Judge in a detailed and considered judgment also found the appellant not guilty of any offence and acquitted him. The State Government appealed to the High Court and the High Court reversed the finding of the Sessions Judge and convicted the appellant of the offence of murder and sentenced him to death. The matter was fully argued before us in detail and as in our opinionOpinion A judge's written explanation of a decision of the court. In an appeal, multiple opinions may be written. The court’s ruling comes from a majority of judges and forms the majority opinion. A dissenting opinion disagrees with the majority because of the reasoning and/or the principles of law on which the decision is based. A concurring opinion agrees with the end result of the court but offers further comment possibly because they disagree with how the court reached its conclusion. the conclusion of the High Court was not correct we direct that the appellant be set at liberty and we now give our reasons for our conclusion.

3. The case of the prosecution before the Sessions Judge was that three or four days before 26-5-1949 the appellant had told the deceased that he should not wear gold ornaments as someone might murder him for the same. It was alleged that the deceased reported this to his wife and another witnesses. On the day in question the appellant was seen at about 10 a.m. digging roots with an axe and a crowbar about 40 paces away from the spot where the deceased was sitting. There is no Evidence thereafter of the movements of the appellant. The post-mortem examination of the body of the deceased that his stomach was empty and at the time of his death was therefore fixed between 4 and 5 p.m. The post-mortem examination further showed that there was a punctured wound on the head which might have been caused by a blow with an axe when the deceased was in a standing position. The frActure of ribs was stated to be possible when the deceased was in a reclining position. The Evidence of Somku (P. W. 8) who had gone in the jungle to collect some firewood shows that the appellant was digging roots not far away from where the deceased was sitting, at about 10 a.m. The brother-in-law of the appellant, Mangroo, produced certain ear ornaments which the widow and two other witnesses identified as ornaments the deceased was habitually wearing.

The Session Judge, after noticing that there were no eye-witnesses, summarized the entire circumstantial Evidence under four heads:(1) the alleged statement of the deceased about the appellant telling him not to were the ornaments lest somebody may murder him to rob him of the ornaments:(2) the presence of the appellant at about 10 a.m. digging roots with an axe and a crowbar 49 paces away from the spot where the deceased was sitting:(3) discovery of the axe and the ornaments; (4) recovery of blood stained pieces of cloth. He also took notice of the confession made by the appellant. After considering these in detail he came to the conclusion that the Evidence was not sufficient for the conviction of the appellant.

4. Before proceeding to examine the reasons for the High Court’s conclusion, we think it necessary to point out that in an appeal against an order of acquittal on a charge of murder, under S. 417, Criminal P. C., while the appeal court has full powers to review the whole case, the court must start with the realisation that an experienced judicial officer (with four assessors) had concluded that there was clearly reasonable doubt in respect of the guilt of the accused on the Evidence put before the court. It therefore, requires good and sufficiently cogent reasons to overcome such reasonable doubt before the appeal court comes to a different conclusion.

In our opinion the Session Judge had correctly analysed the Evidence and put them under the heads mentioned above. In respect of the first head it is necessary only to point out that the story on the face of it is difficult to be accepted. If the appellant had the intention of murdering the deceased in a few days and take away his gold ornaments, he would be the last person to tell the deceased that he should not wear those ornaments lest someone may murder him to rob him of his ornaments. It will be creating in advance Evidence for his own conviction. In our opinion this story is quite unreal and should be completely disregarded. The Evidence under head 2 leads to no conclusion. The deceased was sitting in open fields near two mango trees. It is not disputed that during the day many persons could and in the ordinary course would pass by the spot where the deceased used to sit. No witness has even suggested that the appellant was near the spot after 10 am. By the fAct that the appellant was digging roots at 10 a.m. with an axe and a crowbar, it does not therefore at all follow that the appellant was anywhere near the spot between 4 and 5 p.m. The Evidence under head 2 is therefore useless for proving the guilt of the appellant.

The discovery of the axe in the house of the appellant requires to be considered under two heads:(i) Was the axe in the house of the appellant as suggested by the prosecution? (ii) Was it the axe used for giving the punctured wound mentioned by the doctor in his Evidence? As regards the discovery of the axe, the Evidence is most unsatisfActory. Three witnesses deposed to the discovery of the axe. The house of the appellant was locked up by the police on 27th October in the afternoon. There is a mystery about who kept the key of the lock thereafter.

(After discussion of some Evidence His Lordship proceeded): Reading the Evidence of these three witnesses together it is thus clear that the house was not in charge of the appellant after the evening of 27-10-1949. There is a clear conflict of Evidence as to who had the key of the lock in the interval. If an axe is found on the following day buried three feet deep in the kitchen when a search was made, it is difficult under the circumstances to hold that the appellant had buried it there.

As regards the suggestion that the blow received by the deceased on his head was by his axe, the Evidence is far from satisfactory. The axe was sent to the chemical examiner and to the Imperial Serologist. The report of the chemical examiner, is unconvincing. Blood was found on the axe when the benzedine test was applied but no blood could be found when the axe was examined through a spectroscope. The serologist reported that there was no blood on the axe. These two reports were taken on record by the Magistrate without any of the two witnesses being called to give Evidence. In ordinary circumstances there would have been nothing wrong in taking reports of these persons on record as permitted by the Criminal Procedure Code. When however there is a difference of opinion in the reports, the duty to explain the difference is on the prosecution and the mere production of the report does not, under the circumstances, prove anything which can weigh against the appellant. The effect of the first document, which itself shows two different results, is prctically nullified by the second document. In this unsatisfactory state of Evidence, the Sessions Judge, in our opinion, was right in holding that both in the matter of the production of the axe and on the question of blood being found on the axe the Evidence is unreliable and cannot be considered as Evidence to prove the guilt of the appellant.

5. The discovery of a blood-stained piece of cloth from the house of the appellant leads to no conclusion against him on the charge of murder. While the chemical examiner found blood on it, the Imperial Serologist could not say that it was human blood. The discovery of one or more dhotis with some stains of blood, which are not ascertained to be human blood, five months after the alleged murder cannot be stated to be Evidence of murder against the appellant. The Sessions Judge was quite right in observing that if some blood stains are found on the clothes of person engaged in cutting roots and working in the jungle they cannot be put down as Evidence of murder. The dhoti seized from the appellant’s brother Motiram was not even found in the possession of the appellant. Under the circumstances the Evidence classified under the fourth head is of no assistance to the prosecution.

6. In our opinion, the confession of the appellant recorded by the Magistrate in this case does not deserve even to be looked at. The Magistrate was told by the appellant that he was ill-treated shortly before he was sent to the Magistrate on 9th November and he was also offered the inducement that if he made a confession he would be left off lightly. When the Magistrate thought of giving the accused time to think over the matter for 24 hours the Magistrate should have taken care to see that he was not left in police custody. On the other hand, as noticed above, he was left in the magisterial lock-up which was in charge of the police. Therefore one is left only to conjecture what happened to the accused in those 24 hours. The fAct that he was taken to the Magistrate by an orderly on 10th November does not prove that the appellant had remained free from police influences. In our opinion, the confession recorded under such circumstances could not be regarded as a free and voluntary confession at all. We think that the Sessions Judge was right in ignoring it and the High Court was in grave error in attaching any importance to this confession.

7. Apart from this confession, the judgment of the High Court is based on the identification of the gold ornaments. The Sessions Judge recognised that if the ornaments had been proved to have been the property of the deceased it would have been possible to infer that the accused was the person who committed the murder and robbed the murdered man. In our opinion, this reasoning, under the circumstances of the case is unsound. The alleged murder took place on 28-5-1949 and assuming that the ornaments were traced to the accused at the end of October 1949, no legitimate inference could be drawn about the appellant being the murderer of the deceased. The important factor which appear to have been overlooked is that five months had elapsed between the date of the alleged murder and the tracing of the ornaments. The presumption permitted to be drawn under S. 114, illu. (a), Evidence Act, has to be read along with the important time factor. If ornaments or things of the deceased are found in the possession of a person soon after the murder, a presumption of guilt may be permitted. But if several months expire in the interval, the presumption may not be permitted to be drawn having regard to the circumstances of the case. The criticism applied equally to the reasoning of the High Court for its conclusion.

8. In the present case, the Sessions Judge has examined in detail the Evidence in respect of the ornaments and has given reasons for his conclusion that the ornaments were not proved to be the ornaments of the deceased. (After discussion of the Evidence on this point. His Lordship concluded). Under the circumstances we are unable to accept the theory that the ornaments seized by the police from the possession of Mangroo were the ornaments of the deceased Kawadu. In our opinion, the reasons given by the Sessions Judge for rejecting the statements of witnesses that the ornaments seized from the possession of Mangroo were the ornaments of the deceased Kawadu are sound and we are unable to accept the reasons given by the High Court for holding that these ornaments were of the deceased Kawadu.

9. The judgment of the High Court is principally based on the identity of these ornaments. The rest of the judgment of the High Court is defective in not taking into consideration the different detailed reasons given by the Sessions Judge for rejecting the rest of the Evidence alleged to prove the guilt of the appellant. In our opinion the High Court was in error in convicting the appellant of murder and we have, therefore, reversed the decision of the High Court. The reasoning of the High Court that the accused had not made any attempt to show that the ornaments belonged to him is clearly fallacious. The failure or ommission of the appellant to prove that fact does not in any way help the prosecution in proving the guilt of the appellant. In our opinion the observations of the Sessions Judge in the concluding para 31 of his judgment deserve careful notice by the State authorities.

10. As the ornaments are not proved to be the ornaments of the deceased, no conviction under S. 404. I.P.C., can also be sustained. The ornaments which are lying in the lower court should be returned to the appellant.

Tulsiram Kanu Versus The State-AIR 1954 SC 1 : (1954) CriLJ SC 225