Handbook of Forensic Medicine-Burkhard Madea(2014)

 

 

1: History of Forensic Medicine
1.1 Definitions
1.2 Civilisations of the Near East and China
1.3 Justinian Enactments
1.4 Further Developments and Italian Town Charters
1.5 Forensic Medicine as a Book Science
1.6 Forensic Medicine as an Experimental Science
1.7 Current Problems

 

2: Duties of Forensic Medicine

 

3: Forensic Medicine and Human Rights
3.1 Human rights issues
3.2 Torture

6: Certification of Death: External Postmortem Examination
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Cause of Death
6.3 Causes of Death as Shown by Cause of Death Statistics
6.4 Consistency between Cause of Death Diagnosis on the Death Certificate and Following Autopsy
6.5 Manner of Death
6.6 Special Constellations of Circumstances in External Postmortem Examination
6.7 Checklist for the External Postmortem Examination (according to Madea 2006)
6.8 Identification of the Corpse
6.9 Examination of the Corpse
6.10 Completing the Death Certificate

7: Postmortem Changes and Time Since Death
7.1 Early Postmortem Changes
7.2 Later Postmortem Changes: Decomposition
7.3 Timing of Death
7.4 Basic Forensic Entomology
7.5 Postmortem Injuries
7.6 The Physician and the Crime Scene

8: Cremation
8.1 Short History of Cremation
8.2 Cremation in the Modern Day
8.3 Process of Cremation and Modification of the Corpse during Cremation
8.4 Remnants of Cremation
8.5 Conclusions

9: Autopsy
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Medicolegal Autopsy
9.3 Clinical Autopsy
9.4 Autopsy Report
9.5 Forensic Imaging

10: The Doctor, the Dead and Their Relatives
10.1 Pronouncing Life Extinct and Informing the Next of kin about a Death
10.2 Role of the Deceased
10.3 Respect for Taboos and Propriety
10.4 Manner of Death and Police Investigations
10.5 Dealing with the Relatives

11: Transplantation
11.1 Regulations and Procedures in Germany
11.2 Legal Prerequisites and Procedures in the UK
11.3 Criteria for the Diagnosis of Brain Death in the UK
11.4 Special Forensic Medical Aspects of Organ Donation and Tissue Retrieval

12: Anthropology and Osteology
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Preliminary Steps
12.3 Diagnosis of Species
12.4 Biological Profile: The Main Role of Anthropology
12.5 Facial Reconstruction
12.6 Geographical Origin

13: Mass Disaster Victim Identification
13.1 Introduction
13.2 International Cooperation
13.3 DVI Team Structure
13.4 Standardisation
13.5 Forensic Odontology Standards
13.6 Forensic Molecular Biology Standards
13.7 Radiology Standards
13.8 Chemical Biological Radioactive Nuclear Explosive Weapons
13.9 Documentation and Quality Management

PART III: Traumatology and Violent Death

14: Legal Aspects of Traumatology and Violent Death
14.1 Definitions
14.2 Basic Legal Principles
14.3 Conclusions
15: Traumatology and Criminology
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Homicide
15.3 Non-Homicidal Events
15.4 Suicide
15.5 Torture
15.6 Homicide, Suicide or Accident?

 

16: Introduction to Some Biomechanical Principles
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Separation of Coherence Through the Impact of Tensile Stress
16.3 Separation of Coherence Through the Impact of Shear Stress

 

17: Sequelae of Traumatic Injuries and Causes of Death
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Sepsis and Multiple Organ Failure

18: Vital Reactions and Wound Age Estimation
18.1 Vital Reactions
18.2 Wound Age Estimation: General Introduction and Methods
18.3 Wound Age Estimation: Molecular Biology

19: Mechanical Trauma and Classification of Wounds
19.1 Classification of Violence
19.2 Blunt Force Injury
19.3 Forensic Neuropathology
19.4 Sharp Force Injury

20: Forensic Ballistics: Injuries from Gunshots, Explosives and Arrows
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Firearms
20.3 Arrow Wounds
20.4 Explosive Injuries

21: Injuries due to Asphyxiation and Drowning
21.1 Asphyxiation
21.2 Drowning
21.3 Barotrauma and Diving-Related Accidents
21.4 Immersion Time

22: Injuries due to Heat
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Burns from Heat
22.3 Causes of Death from Heat
22.4 Scalding
22.5 Generalised Heat Damage and Hyperthermia
22.6 Diagnosis

23: Injuries due to Cold
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Pathophysiology
23.3 Clinical Phases of Hypothermia
23.4 Epidemiology
23.5 Morphological and Biochemical Changes
23.6 Criminal Aspects

24: Electrocution and Lightning
24.1 Electrocution
24.2 Lightning

25: Starvation and Neglect
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Clinical and Autopsy Findings in Starvation
25.3 Classification Systems
25.4 Death from Starvation
25.5 Physical Neglect

26: Infanticide
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Stillbirth
26.3 Neonaticide
26.4 Investigation of Mothers and Neonates

27: Death during Pregnancy
27.1 Analysis of Maternal Mortality
27.2 Pregnancy as a Physiological Process with Specific Risks
27.3 Maternal Death Directly Due to Gestation
27.4 Maternal Death Indirectly Due to Gestation
27.5 Iatrogenic Maternal Death
27.6 Maternal Death Not Due to Gestation

28: Auto-Erotic Death
28.1 General Aspects
28.2 Categorisation of Death Cases
28.3 Possible Mechanisms of Death
28.4 Typical Injuries to Male Genitalia and Special Cases

29: Death in Abnormal Positions: Physical Restraint
29.1 Custody and Restraint Death
29.2 Extrinsic Factors
29.3 Intrinsic Factors
29.4 Controversies: Excited Delirium
29.5 Investigation of Death in Custody: Restraint and Body Position
29.6 Certification of Death

30: Sexual Homicide
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Profiling Offenders in a Sex-Related Homicide
30.3 Crime Assessment
30.4 Conclusions

31: Medical Malpractice
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Definitions
31.3 Epidemiology
31.4 Value of Autopsies
31.5 New Approaches
31.6 Conclusions

32: Special Issues Regarding Expert Evidence in Violent Death
32.1 Priority and Order of Injuries
32.2 Physical Activity after Injuries and Survival Time
32.3 Postmortem Mutilation
32.4 Alcohol-Related Deaths
32.5 Death Due to Drug Addiction
32.6 Mafia-Related Deaths

33: Natural Causes of Sudden Death
33.1 Introduction
33.2 Cardiac Causes of Sudden Death
33.3 Non-Cardiac Causes of Sudden Death

34: Postmortem Biochemistry as an Aid in Determining the Cause of Death
34.1 Introduction
34.2 Glucose Metabolism and Diabetes Mellitus
34.3 Alterations of Liver Function
34.4 Disturbances of Kidney Function
34.5 Water and Electrolyte Imbalances
34.6 High Excitation and Hypothermia
34.7 Chronic Alcoholism
34.8 Anaphylactic Shock
34.9 Genetic Alterations
34.10 Conclusions

35: Sudden and Unexpected Deaths in Infants and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
35.1 Introduction
35.2 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
35.3 Other Main Causes of Death in SUDI Cases and During Childhood
35.4 Practical Investigation of SUDI/SIDS
35.5 Conclusions

PART V: Clinical Forensic Medicine

 

36: Sexual Abuse
36.1 Introduction
36.2 Examination of the Victim
36.3 Sexually Transmitted Infections
36.4 Toxicological Analysis
36.5 Legal Outcome
36.6 Juvenile Pornography
Appendix 36.1 Approach to Interpretation of Medical Findings in Suspected Sexual Abuse
Appendix 36.2 Reminder Checklist

37: Non-Sexual Abuse in Children
37.1 Non-Accidental Head Injury in Children
37.2 Child Abuse

38: Intimate Partner and Domestic Violence
38.1 Introduction
38.2 Causes and Reasons for Domestic Violence
38.3 Effects and Consequences of Domestic Abuse
38.4 The Cycle of Violence
38.5 Diagnostic Procedures
38.6 Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Domestic Abuse
38.7 Challenges Facing Older Women

39: School Violence
39.1 Introduction
39.2 Statistical Data from Various Countries
39.3 Motives and Reasons for School Violence and Its Identification
39.4 Prevention and Interventional Procedures

40: Violence Against Homosexuals
40.1 Introduction
40.2 Characteristics of Gay Violence
40.3 Violence in Straight Versus Homosexual Relationships
40.4 Problems with Statistical Data and Underlying Causes

41: Violence Against the Elderly
41.1 Introduction
41.2 Definition and Scope of Elder Mistreatment
41.3 Types of Abuse of the Elderly
41.4 Mimics of Elder Abuse
41.5 Clinical Evaluation in Living Patients
41.6 Medicolegal Investigations
41.7 Conclusions

42: Self-Harm
42.1 Definitions, Phenomenology and Underlying Causes
42.2 Historical Aspects, Epidemiology and Statistical Data
42.3 Classification and Phenomenology of Self-Harm Groups
42.4 Diagnostic Procedures

43: Age Estimation in Living Individuals
43.1 Introduction
43.2 Age estimation in adolescents and young adults
43.3 Influence of Ethnicity on Development
43.4 Expert Reports
43.5 Age Estimation in Child Pornographic Images
43.6 Age Estimation in Old Age Proceedings
43.7 Quality Assurance

PART VI: Forensic Psychiatry

44: Forensic Psychiatry
44.1 Definitions
44.2 Inquisitorial Versus Adversarial Legal Systems
44.3 Forensic Psychiatry Examinations
44.4 Civil law, Competencies and General Legal Competency
44.5 Competencies in Criminal Law
44.6 Criminal Responsibility
44.7 Forensic Security Hospitals
44.8 Formal Education in the Subspeciality of Forensic Psychiatry
44.9 Conclusions
Legislation (Codes and Statutes)
Landmark Court Cases (Rulings and Opinions)

 

PART VII: Toxicology

 

45: Legal Aspects of Toxicology
45.1 Introduction
45.2 Administrative Issues
45.3 Abused and Controlled Substances
45.4 Postmortem Toxicology
45.5 Clinical Forensic Toxicology
45.6 Doping
45.7 Sabotage, Terrorism and Chemical Warfare

46: Epidemiology and Adverse Drug Reactions
46.1 Introduction
46.2 Adverse Drug Reactions and Side Effects
46.3 Inherent Toxicity of a Substance
46.4 Epidemiology
46.5 Evidence Basis for Toxicity
46.6 Conclusions

47: Suspicion of Poisoning
47.1 Diagnosis of Acute Poisoning
47.2 Specimen Collection for Forensic Toxicology
47.3 Clinical Signs and Syndromes in Intoxication

48: Toxicological Analysis: Drug Screening and Confirmation
48.1 Introduction
48.2 Screening and Confirmation Tests
48.3 Isolation Step
48.4 Instrumentation Used in Forensic Toxicology
48.5 Analytical Methods
48.6 Method Performance

49: Issues Affecting Interpretation: Stability and Artefacts
49.1 Introduction
49.2 Definition of Stability and Common Causes of Instability and Artificial Formation
49.3 Stability of Drugs and Potential Artefacts
49.4 Sampling Artefacts and Measures to Increase Drug Stability
49.5 Influence of Storage
49.6 Instability of Drugs and Artificial Formation During Processing and Analysis
49.7 Procedures for Evaluating Stability and Artefacts
49.8 Conclusions

50: Toxicokinetics and Toxicogenetics
50.1 Introduction and the LADME Principle
50.2 Basic Kinetic Parameters
50.3 Toxicokinetics and Toxicogenetics in Forensic and Clinical Toxicology
50.4 Release
50.5 Absorption
50.6 Distribution
50.7 Metabolism
50.8 Excretion
50.9 Conclusions

51: Toxicology of Specific Substances
51.1 Alcohols
51.2 Illegal Drugs
51.3 Sedatives and Hypnotics
51.4 Narcotics and Other Analgesics
51.5 Toxic Elements
51.6 Solvents and Gaseous Poisons
51.7 Natural Poisons
51.8 Pesticides and Insecticides
51.9 Doping

52: Driving Aptitude and Fitness to Drive
52.1 Introduction
52.2 Definitions and Operationalisation
52.3 Factors Influencing Driving Aptitude and Fitness to Drive
52.4 Assessment of Driving Aptitude and Fitness to Drive

53: Effects of Cardiovascular Disease on Fitness to Drive
53.1 Introduction
53.2 Derivation of the Risk of Harm Formula
53.3 Coronary Heart Disease
53.4 Arrhythmias
53.5 Syncope
53.6 Heart failure

54: Effects of Vision and Visual Fields on Fitness to Drive
54.1 Introduction
54.2 Problems with Vision
54.3 Visual Field Disorders
54.4 Condition after an Eye Operation
54.5 Problems of Vision in Older Motorists
54.6 Effects of Visual Deficiencies

55: Effects of Epilepsy on Fitness to Drive
55.1 General Rules
55.2 Background
55.3 Legal Aspects
55.4 Epilepsy and General Road Safety
55.5 Outlook

56: Effects of Diabetes on Fitness to Drive
56.1 Classification of Diabetes
56.2 Stages of Diabetes
56.3 Driving and Treatment of Diabetes
56.4 Driving Performance and Diabetes
56.5 Therapeutic Aspects for Driving Safely with Diabetes

57: Epidemiology and Causal Factors in Fitness to Drive
57.1 Introduction
57.2 Epidemiological Methods
57.3 Examples of Epidemiological Studies

58: Effects of Alcohol on Fitness to Drive
58.1 Introduction
58.2 Medicolegal Alcohol Determination
58.3 Characteristics of Offenders
58.4 Amounts of Alcohol Consumed
58.5 Alcohol Consumption and Crash Risk
58.6 Alcohol Tolerance
58.7 Conclusions

59: Effects of Illegal Drugs on Fitness to Drive
59.1 Introduction
59.2 Problems Regarding Epidemiological Data
59.3 Effects of Drugs on Driving
59.4 Forensic Toxicological Analyses

60: Effects of Medicinal Drugs on Fitness to Drive
60.1 Introduction
60.2 Medicinal drugs that impair driving
60.3 Conclusions

61: Toxicological Markers of Chronic Alcohol Abuse
61.1 Introduction
61.2 Overview and Characteristics of Alcohol Biomarkers
61.3 Biomarkers of Alcohol Consumption
61.4 Detection of Chronic Excessive Alcohol Consumption
61.5 Control of Abstinence

62: Traffic Accidents
62.1 Road Traffic Accidents
62.2 Sudden Death While Driving
62.3 Suicide While Driving
62.4 Railway Accidents
62.5 Aircraft Accidents
62.6 Mass Disasters

PART IX: Identification

63: Forensic DNA Analysis
63.1 Stain Analysis
63.2 Paternity Testing

64: Forensic Anthropology
64.1 Introduction
64.2 Identification of Human Remains
64.3 Identification of the Living

65: Forensic Odontology
65.1 Introduction
65.2 Dental Charting
65.3 Age Estimation
65.4 Identification of an Unknown Person
65.5 Bite Marks

PART X: The Doctor and the Law

 

66: The Doctor and the Law
66.1 Legal Relevance of Medical Treatment
66.2 Legal Aspects of Personalised Medicine
66.3 Assisted Suicide and Organised Medically Assisted Suicide
66.4 Research on Corpses
66.5 Legal and Ethical Aspects Concerning the Handling of Corpses and the Display of Human Remains

67: Personal Injury Assessment
67.1 Introduction
67.2 Aim of Personal Injury Assessment and Reparation
67.3 General Aspects for Forensic Medical Assessment
67.4 Specifics of Forensic Medical Reports for Personal Injury Assessment
67.5 Conclusions