Pakistani politics has experienced instability since its 1947 independence, primarily influenced by the military’s dominance and the challenges of democratic governance. The death of founding leader Muhammad Ali Jinnah in 1948 created a leadership crisis, enabling military influence to grow. Key coups led by Generals Ayub Khan, Yahya Khan, Zia-ul-Haq, and Pervez Musharraf further entrenched military power, often at the expense of democratic institutions. Although civilian governments emerged intermittently, they struggled against corruption and military pressure. The intricate interplay of Islamic hegemony and civil politics complicates governance, revealing the need for reform to strengthen democracy and address socio-economic challenges in Pakistan.