THE TRANSPLANTATION OF HUMANHuman Ο άνθρωπος (Humanum> Homo sapiens) मानव:. We have failed to consider the minimum need to be a 'human'. For Christians, human beings are sinful creatures, who need some saviour. For Evolution biology a man is still evolving, for what, we don´t know. For Buddhist Nagarjuna, the realisation of having a human body is a mere mental illusion. We are not ready to accept that a human is a computer made of meat. For a slave master, a human person is another animal, his sons and daughters are his personal property. ORGANS AND TISSUES ACT 2010 [Pakistan]
(Act VI of 2010)
C O N T E N T S
SECTION HEADING
1. Short title, extent and commencement.
2. Definitions.
3. Donation of organ or tissue by a living person.
4. Donation of human organs or tissues after death.
5. Evaluation Committee.
6. Transplantation to be carried out by the team of transplant surgeons and physicians, etc.
7. Effects etc., to the donor and the recipient.
8. Monitoring Authority.
9. Prohibition of removal or transplantation of human organs for any purpose other than therapeutic purpose.
10. Punishment for removal of human organ without authority.
11. Punishment for commercial dealings in human organ.
12. Punishment for contravention of any other provision of this Act.
13. Offences by companies.
14. Cognizance of offences.
15. Savings.
16. Protection of actions taken in good faithFaith πίστει..
17. Power to make rules.
18. Removal of difficulties.
[1]THE TRANSPLANTATION OF HUMAN ORGANS AND TISSUES ACT 2010
(Act VI of 2010)
[18 March 2010]
An Act to provide for removal, storage and transplantation of human organs and tissues for therapeutic purposes.
WHEREAS it is expedient to provide for the regulation, removal, storage and transplantation of human organs and tissues for therapeutic purposes and for matters connected therewith or ancillary thereto;
It is hereby enacted as follows:-
1. Short title, extent and commencement.– (1) This Act may be called the Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act, 2010.
(2) It extends to the whole of [2][the Punjab].
(3) It shall come into force at once.
2. Definitions.– In this Act, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context,–
(a) “brain dead” means irreversible loss of brain and brain-stem functions simultaneously;
(b) “death” means an irreversible cessation of the entire function of brainstem;
(c) “donor” means a person who donates any part of his body, organ, tissue or cellCell The smallest unit that can live on its own and that makes up all living organisms and the tissues of the body. A cell has three main parts: the cell membrane, the nucleus, and the cytoplasm. The cell membrane surrounds the cell and controls the substances that go into and out of the cell. The nucleus is a structure inside the cell that contains the nucleolus and most of the cell’s DNA. It is also where most RNA is made. The cytoplasm is the fluid inside the cell. It contains other tiny cell parts that have specific functions, including the Golgi complex, the mitochondria, and the endoplasmic reticulum. The cytoplasm is where most chemical reactions take place and where most proteins are made. The human body has more than 30 trillion cells.;
(d) “Evaluation Committee” means a committee appointed under section 5;
[3][(dd) “Government” means Government of the Punjab;]
(e) “human organ” mean any part of a human body, organ or tissue;
(f) “Monitoring Authority” means an authority constituted under section 8 to monitor the process of transplantation of human organs or tissues and matters relating thereto;
(g) “payment” means payment in money or money’s worth but does not include any payment for defraying or reimbursing,–
(i) the cost of removing, transporting or preserving the human organ to be supplied; or
(ii) any expenses or loss of earnings incurred by a person so far as reasonably and directly attributable to his supplying any organ from his body;
(h) “prescribed” means prescribed by rules made under this Act;
(i) “recognized institution” means a medical institution or hospital for practice of operative surgery in transplantation of human organs or tissues to be recognized by the Monitoring Authority;
(j) “recognized transplant surgeon or physicianPhysician A person who is trained and licensed to practice medicine. Physicians help prevent, diagnose, treat, and manage injuries, diseases, and other conditions. There are many different types of physicians, including internists, pediatricians, psychiatrists, and surgeons.” means Surgeons or Physicians possessing appropriate qualifications, experience, and trained in the relevant field, to investigate, examine and carry out transplantation surgery of human organs or tissues; and
(k) “transplantation” means the grafting of any human organ or tissue of any living or deceased person to some other living person for therapeutic purposes.
3. Donation of organ or tissue by a living person.– (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the timeTime Where any expression of it occurs in any Rules, or any judgment, order or direction, and whenever the doing or not doing of anything at a certain time of the day or night or during a certain part of the day or night has an effect in law, that time is, unless it is otherwise specifically stated, held to be standard time as used in a particular country or state. (In Physics, time and Space never exist actually-“quantum entanglement”) being in force, a living donor who is not less than eighteen years of age, may, during his lifetime, voluntarily donate any organ or tissue of his body to any other living person genetically and legally related, who is a close blood relative and the donation of organ or part or tissue by such person for therapeutic purpose shall be regulated in the manner as may be prescribed. In the case of regenerative tissue, i.e. stem cells, there is no restriction of age between siblings.
Explanation.– For the purpose of this section, the expression “close blood relative” means parent, son, daughter, sister, brother and includes spouse:
Provided that transplantation shall be voluntary, genuinely motivated and without any duress or coercion.
(2) In case of non-availability of a donor as explained under sub-section (1), the Evaluation Committee may allow donation by a non-close blood relative, after satisfying itself that such donation is voluntary.
4. Donation of human organs or tissues after death.– (l) Any person who is not less than eighteen years of age may before his death, in writing duly signed and verified by the respective Evaluation Committee, donate any of his organ or tissue for transplantation and for this purpose may authorize any medical institution or hospital duly recognized by the Monitoring Authority. The cases of unclaimed brain dead hospitalized patients shall be presented to an Evaluation Committee for transplantation after an intense search for their relatives within twenty-four hours.
(2) On the death of a donor referred to in sub-section (1), any close relative of the deceased shall inform the Evaluation Committee about the deceased and cause the removal of the human organ or tissue in accordance with the authorization.
(3) A donation under this section may be executed in such form and manner as may be prescribed and may be revoked at any time during the lifetime of the donor in the presence of two witnesses.
5. Evaluation Committee.– (l) As soon as may be after the commencement of this Act the [4][Government] may, by notification in the official Gazette, appoint as many Evaluation Committees as may be necessary which shall consist of a surgical specialist, a medical specialist, a transplant specialist, a nephrologist, and a neurophysician and an intensivist where available and two local notables having a good record of social service. The Evaluation Committee shall be established for every medical institution and hospital where at least twenty-five transplants are being carried out annually.
(2) The Evaluation Committee shall–
(a) ensure that no organ or tissue is retrieved from non-related living donors without the prior approval of the Evaluation Committee;
(b) determine brain death of a person;
(c) determine propriety of removal of a human organ from any living person using brain death protocolProtocol A term used to denote an international agreement. A protocol is often used to supplement, clarify, amend, or qualify a treaty and is sometimes of a less formal nature than a treaty. Security Protocol. to be formulated; and
(d) determine fitness or otherwise for transplantation of a human organ into any other body.
6. Transplantation to be carried out by the team of transplant surgeons and physicians, etc.– (l) The transplantation of human organ or tissue or removal of any part of human organ for the purpose of transplantation shall only be carried out by the recognized professionals who shall, before the removal of any human organ from the body of the deceased, ensure that written certification has been obtained from the Evaluation Committee that death has occurred.
(2) For the purpose of sub-section (1) a person shall be deemed to be medically and legally dead at the time when in the opinionOpinion A judge's written explanation of a decision of the court. In an appeal, multiple opinions may be written. The court’s ruling comes from a majority of judges and forms the majority opinion. A dissenting opinion disagrees with the majority because of the reasoning and/or the principles of law on which the decision is based. A concurring opinion agrees with the end result of the court but offers further comment possibly because they disagree with how the court reached its conclusion. of the Evaluation Committee, based upon acceptable standard of medical practice, there is–
(a) an absence of natural respiratory and cardiac functions and attempt at resuscitation are not successful in restoring those functions; or
(b) an irreversible and permanent cessation of all brainstem functions and future attempt of resuscitation or continued supportive maintenance would not be successful in restoring such natural functions.
(3) On the commencement of this Act the [5][Government] shall on the recommendation of the Monitoring Authority, by notification in the official Gazette, publish the list of medical institutions and hospitals as recognized medical institutions and hospitals for practice of operative surgery in transplantation of human organs and tissues. The [6][Government] may revise the list from time to time.
(4) No hospital or medical institution shall carry out transplantation of human organs and tissues unless it is recognized as provided in sub-section (3).
7. Effects etc., to the donor and the recipient.– (1) No transplantation of a human organ and tissue from a donor other than defined in sub-section (1) of section 3 shall be carried out without prior permission of the appropriate Evaluation Committee and only at such medical institutions and hospitals which have been notified under sub-section (3) of section 6; provided that such donation by Pakistani citizens shall not be permissible to citizens of other countries.
(2) No human organ or tissue shall be removed from the body of a living person except for the purposes of section 3 and no transplantation team of a recognized medical institution or hospital shall undertake the removal or transplantation of any human organ or tissue from a living donor unless they have explained the effects, complications and hazards connected with the removal of organ or tissue for transplantation to the donor and its outcome in the recipient respectively in such manner as may be prescribed.
8. Monitoring Authority.– [7][(1) The Government shall, by notification in the official Gazette, constitute a Monitoring Authority consisting of the following:-
(i) Minister for Health or a nominee of the Chief Minister; Chairperson
(ii) Secretary to the Government, Health Department; Member/Secretary
(iii) Secretary to the Government, Home Department or his representative not below the rank of Additional Secretary; Member
(iv) President, Transplantation Society of Pakistan or his nominee; Member
(v)
Executive Director Pakistan Medical Research Council or his nominee; Member
(vi) President, Ophthalmologic Society of Pakistan or his nominee; Member
(vii) President, Pakistan Medical Association of Pakistan or his nominee; Member
(viii) President, Pakistan Society of Gastroenterology or his nominee; Member
(ix) Surgical Transplant Specialist nominated by the Government; Member
(x) Chairperson of the Punjab Health Care Commission or a nominee of the Health Care Commission; and Member
(xi) any other outstanding Medical Specialist nominated by the Government. Member]
(2) The Authority so constituted shall–
(a) monitor transplantation and enforce prescribed standards for recognized medical institutions and hospitals;
(b) investigate and hold inquiry into the allegations of breach of any provision of this Act;
(c) inspect recognized medical institutions and hospitals for examination of quality of transplantation, follow up medical careMedical Care Treatment that is accepted by medical experts as a proper treatment for a certain type of disease and that is widely used by health care professionals. Also called best practice, standard of care, and standard therapy. of donor and recipient and any other matter ancillary thereto and also periodically inspect institutions wishing to be recognized;
(d) cause establishment of a National Registry and national and regional networks for evaluating quality and outcome of transplant centers and cause enhancement and promotion of transplantation; and
(e) due to shortage of available human organs for transplantation to meet lifesaving patient needs; the Monitoring Authority will explore and support the international collaboration of xenotransplanation in future, after considering all ethical and safety risks and also continue to examine and collect global data on the practices, safety, quality, efficacy and epidemiology of stem cell as well as non-human organ transplantation.
(3) The Monitoring Authority shall appoint an Administrator, preferably from the medical profession, in consultation with the [8][Government] and also appoint such other officers as may be required, on terms and conditions, to be determined by it, to carry out the day-to-day business of the Authority, for which the [9][Government] shall provide a reasonable annual grant.
(4) The [10][Government] in consultation with the Monitoring Authority shall establish a fund consisting of grants by the Federal and Provincial Governments and contributions by NGOs, philanthropists and other individuals for the transplantation or indigent patients including post transplant care and medicines.
(5) The pool of voluntary donors and registry of potential recipients shall be established and regulated as may be prescribed.
9. Prohibition of removal or transplantation of human organs for any purpose other than therapeutic purpose.– No donor and no person empowered to give authority for removal of any human organ shall authorize the removal of any human organ for any purpose other than the therapeutic purposes.
10. Punishment for removal of human organ without authority.– (1) Whoever renders his services to or at any medical institution or hospital and who for the purposes of transplantation, conducts, associates with or helps in any manner, in the removal of any human organ without authority, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to ten years and with fine which may extend to one million rupees.
(2) Where any person convicted under sub-section (1) is a registered medical practitioner, his name shall also be reported to the Pakistan Medical and Dental Council for appropriate action including removal of his name from the register of the Council for a period of three years for the first offence and permanently for subsequent offence.
11. Punishment for commercial dealings in human organ.– Whoever,–
(a) makes or receives any payment for the supply of, or for an offer to supply, any human organ;
(b) seeks to find a person willing to supply for payment of any human organ;
(c) offers to supply any human organ for payment;
(d) initiates or negotiates any arrangement involving the making of any payment for the supply of, or for an offer to supp1y any human organ–
(i) takes part in the management or control of a body of persons, whether a society, firm, or company, whose activities consist of or include the initiation or negotiationNegotiation The exchange and discussion of proposals by representatives of governments for the purpose of reaching an agreement or understanding. of any arrangement referred to in clause (d); or
(ii) publishes or distributes or causes to be published or distributed any advertisement,–
(a) inviting persons to supply for payment of any human organ;
(b) offering to supply any human organ for payment; or
(c) indicating that the advertiser is willing to initiate or negotiate any arrangement referred to in clause (d),
shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to ten years and with fine which may extend to one million rupees.
12. Punishment for contravention of any other provision of this Act.– Whoever contravenes any provision of this Act or any rule made, or any condition of the registration granted thereunder for which no punishment is separately provided in this Act, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years or with fine which may extend to three hundred thousand rupees or with both.
13. Offences by companies.– Where any offence, punishable under this Act has been committed by a company, its Chief Executive or Director or any other person who, at the time the offence was committed was incharge of, and was responsible to, the company for the conduct of business of the company, as well as the Company, shall be deemed to be guilty of the offence and shall be liable to be proceeded against and punished accordingly:
Provided that a company shall be liable to pay fine only:
Provided further that nothing contained in this section shall render any such person liable to any punishment, if he proves that the offence was committed without his knowledgeKnowledge η γνώση (Greek), scientia (scientia), ज्ञानम् (Sanskrit), 知识 Zhīshì (China) > Wnen an informed person digest the data receiver through sense his organs or intuition, digest it through electro-neuro function and make it part of his psyche, then it is called Knowledge. Vedic Nasadiya Sukta questioned the possibility of ultimate truth or knowledge. or that he had exercised all due diligence to prevent the commission of such offence.
Explanation.– For the purposes of this section,–
(a) “company” means any body corporate and includes a firm or other association of individuals; and
(b) “director”, in relation to a firm, means a partner in the firm.
14. Cognizance of offences.– (l) No Court inferior to that of the Magistrate of First Class empowered under section 30 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 (Act V of 1898) shall try an offence punishable under this Act.
(2) No court shall take cognizance of an offence under this Act except on a complaint in writing made by,–
(a) the Monitoring Authority or its Secretary; or
(b) an aggrieved person who has given notice of not less than fifteen days, in such manner as may be prescribed, to the Monitoring Authority, of the alleged offence and of his intention to lodge a complaint.
(3) Notwithstanding anything in section 32 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 (Act V of 1898) it shall be lawful for a Magistrate referred to in sub-section (1) to pass any sentence authorized by this Act even if such sentence exceeds his powers under the said section.
(4) Notwithstanding anything in the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 (Act V of 1898) the offences punishable under this Act shall be non-bailable.
15. Savings.– Neither the grant of any facilities of any authority for removal of any human organ from the body of the donor deceased or alive in accordance with the provisions of this Act nor removal of any human organ or tissue from the body of a deceased person with due care in pursuance of such authority shall be deemed to be an offence punishable under section 297 of the Pakistan Penal Code (Act XLV of 1860).
16. Protection of actions taken in good faith.– (1) No suit, prosecution or other legal proceedings shall lie against any person for anything which is done in good faith or intended to be done in pursuance of the provisions of this Act or rules made thereunder.
(2) No suit or other legal proceedings shall lie against the [11][Government] for any damage caused or likely to be caused for anything which is done with due care in good faith or intended to be done in pursuance of the provisions of this Act.
17. Power to make rules.– The [12][Government] may, by notification in the official Gazette, make rules for carrying out the purposes of this Act.
18. Removal of difficulties.– If any difficulty arises in giving effect to any provision of this Act, the [13][Government] may make such order as [14][it] considers necessary or expedient for the purpose of removing the difficulty.
foot notes
[1]This Act of Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament) received the assent of the President on the 17th March, 2010, and published in the Gazette of Pakistan (Extraordinary), dated 18th March 2010, pp.89-96.
This Act was originally in the Federal ambit, however, the subject on which this law was enacted, devolved to the provinces by virtue of 18th Amendment in the ConstitutionConstitution The Constitution encompasses the global system of rules governing constitutional authority. Simply reading selected provisions of the written text may be misleading. Understanding the underlying principles, such as federalism, democracy, constitutionalism, the rule of law, and respect for minorities, is crucial. Democratic institutions must allow for ongoing discussion and evolution, reflected in the right of participants to initiate constitutional change. This right entails a reciprocal duty to engage in discussions. Democracy involves more than majority rule, existing within the context of other constitutional values. Therefore, a profound understanding of these principles informs our appreciation of constitutional rights and obligations. Read more, hence it was adopted, with amendments, for the province of the Punjab by the Punjab Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues (Amendment) Act 2012 (LVII of 2012) w.e.f. 1st November 2012.
[2]Substituted for the word “Pakistan” by the Punjab Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues (Amendment) Act 2012 (LVII of 2012).
[3]Inserted ibid.
[4]Substituted for the words “Federal Government” by the Punjab Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues (Amendment) Act 2012 (LVII of 2012).
[5]Substituted for the words “Federal Government” by the Punjab Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues (Amendment) Act 2012 (LVII of 2012).
[6]Ibid.
[7]Substituted by the Punjab Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues (Amendment) Act 2012 (LVII of 2012).
[8]Substituted ibid., for the words “Federal Government”.
[9]Substituted for the words “Federal Government” by the Punjab Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues (Amendment) Act 2012 (LVII of 2012).
[10]Ibid.
[11]Substituted for the words “Federal Government” by the Punjab Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues (Amendment) Act 2012 (LVII of 2012).
[12]Ibid.
[13]Ibid for the word “President”.
[14]Ibid for the word “he”.