The text from Tattva Chintamani by Gangesh Upadhya explores the nature of inference (anumāna) in relation to perception and validation (pramāṇa). It argues that while inference typically follows perception and logically precedes comparison, it cannot be deemed a valid proof due to possible deviations arising from unclear conditions. Even repeated observations may yield inconsistencies. An opponent states that since perception relies on inferred authority, denying inference’s validity undermines perception itself. The discussion raises complex issues about the conditions for establishing valid knowledge and concludes by questioning the nature of pervasion in inferential reasoning.