DEOKINANDAN PRASAD Vs. THE STATE OF BIHAR AND OTHERS

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( Before : S. M. Sikri, C.J; P. Jaganmohan Reddy, J; I. D. Dua, J; G. K. Mitter, J; C. A. Vaidyialingam, J )

DEOKINANDAN PRASAD — Appellant

Vs.

THE STATE OF BIHAR AND OTHERS — Respondent

Writ Petition No. 217 of 1968

Decided on : 04-05-1971

Bihar Service Code, 1952 – Rule 76
ConstitutionConstitution The Constitution encompasses the global system of rules governing constitutional authority. Simply reading selected provisions of the written text may be misleading. Understanding the underlying principles, such as federalism, democracy, constitutionalism, the rule of law, and respect for minorities, is crucial. Democratic institutions must allow for ongoing discussion and evolution, reflected in the right of participants to initiate constitutional change. This right entails a reciprocal duty to engage in discussions. Democracy involves more than majority rule, existing within the context of other constitutional values. Therefore, a profound understanding of these principles informs our appreciation of constitutional rights and obligations. Read more of India, 1950 – Article 32 – Bihar Pension Rules, 1952 – Rule 46 – Right to Pension – Automatic termination.

Cases Referred

Jai Shanker Vs. State of Rajasthan, AIR 1966 SC 492 : (1966) 2 LLJ 140 : (1966) 1 SCR 825
State of Madhya Pradesh Vs. Ranojirao Shinde and Another, AIR 1968 SC 1053 : (1968) 3 SCR 489

Counsel for Appearing Parties

Bishan Narain, B.B.Sinha, S.N.Misra, S.S.Jauhar and K.K. Sinha, for the Appellant; B.P. Jha, for the Respondent

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Vaidialingam, J.—In this writ petition under Article 32 of the Constitution, the petitioner prays for the issue of a writ to the respondents in the nature of Certiorari or any other appropriate writ, direction or order quashing four orders dated September 2, 1953, March 5, 1960, August 5, 1966 and June 12, 1968. He further prays for issue of a writ in the nature of a Writ of Mandamus directing the respondents to treat him as having retired at the age of 58 and to pay him the pension that he is entitled to.

2. Though four orders are sought to be quashed, as we will show in due course, the grievance of the petitioner regarding the orders dated September 2, 1953 and March 5, 1960 can no longer be considered by this Court in this writ petition. In consequence only the last two orders, mentioned above, survive for consideration.

3. We will refer briefly to the circumstances leading up to the passing of the orders, referred to above, in order to appreciate the circumstances under which the last two orders in particular came to be made as well as the ground of attack leveled against these orders.

4. The petitioner joined service as an Assistant Teacher on September 1, 1928 in the Patna Practising School and was promoted as Sub-Inspector of Schools, Lower Division, in the Subordinate Educational Service from May 31, 1934. The petitioner later on was promoted as Deputy Inspector of Schools in Upper Division of the Subordinate Educational Service and was posted at Seraikella in the Singhbhum District in the Chhotanagpur Division, Bihar from November 1, 1949. The State of Seriakella having merged in the erstwhile province of Bihar, the provincial Government took over and assumed control directly of the education in the locality through its employees of the Education Department unlike other parts of the province where the education was under the control and management of the District and Local Boards. The service rendered by the petitioner as Deputy Inspector of Schools, Seraikella was found satisfactory by the superior officers including the Director of Public Instruction and hence he was recommended to be appointed to a superior post of Education Officer in the Community Project. By about the end of 1951, he was transferred to Purulia in the district of Manbhum as Additional Deputy Inspector of Schools. The petitioner was later on transferred to Bettiah in or about May, 1953. At Bettiah the petitioner received a copy of the order dated September 2, 1953 from the Director of Public Instruction directing a censure to be recorded in the character roll of the petitioner based on the report of one Shri Kanhaya Lal, District Inspector of Schools, who, according to the petitioner, was inimically disposed towards him. The attempt of the petitioner to have the order dated September 2, 1953 cancelled proved unsuccessful. This is the first order that is sought to be quashed by the petitioner.

5. The petitioner on the basis of certain allegations was placed under suspension on February 6, 1954 and relieved from his duty as Deputy Inspector of Schools, Bettiah. There was a charge sheet issued to the petitioner on March 16, 1954 and he was found guilty. But these inquiry proceedings were later on set aside and a fresh inquiry was ordered. In consequence the order of suspension was cancelled, but immediately thereafter a fresh inquiry was conducted in which he was again found guilty as per the report of the Inquiry Officer dated September 22, 1959. The Disciplinary Authority, who was the Director of Public Instruction, passed an order on March 5, 1960 accepting the finding of the Inquiry Officer recorded against the petitioner and held that the charges had been proved against him. Accordingly, by this order the petitioner was reverted, as punishment, to Lower Division of Subordinate Educational Service and also directing a censure entry to be recorded in his personal character roll. This is the second order that is challenged in this writ petition.

6. It is not necessary for us to deal in any detail about the first and the second order as both those orders are now concluded against the petitioner by the decision of the High CourtHigh Court High Court Judges in England and Wales handle complex and tough cases, sitting in London and traveling to court centers around the country. They preside over serious criminal and important civil cases, and support the Lord and Lady Justices in hearing appeals. High Court Judges are commonly referred to as ‘Mr/Mrs/Ms Justice surname’ and are given the prefix ‘The Honourable’. They are assigned to the King’s Bench Division, the Family Division, or the Chancery Division. The King’s Bench Division focuses on civil wrongs and judicial review, the Family Division deals with family law, and the Chancery Division handles various cases including company law and probate. Judges are appointed through a rigorous process overseen by the Judicial Appointments Commission..

7. The petitioner filed title suit No. 86 of 1961 in the Court of the Munsif, III, Patna, for a declaration challenging the order dated March 5, 1960 as well as the inquiry proceedings on the basis of which the said order was passed. He also challenged the order of censure passed on September 2, 1953 and further incorporated in the order of March 5, 1960. Though the suit was contested by the respondents, it was ultimately decreed on April 11, 1963. The respondents filed title appeal No. 132/24 of 1963-64 before the Subordinate Judge, II Court, Patna, challenging the decree of the Munsif. On June 24, 1964 the appeal was allowed, with the result that the petitioner’s title suit No. 86 of 1951 stood dismissed. The petitioner’s Second Appeal No. 640 of 1964 was dismissed by the High Court on May 4, 1967. From these proceedings it is clear that the order of censure dated September 2, 1953 as well as of reversion dated March 5, 1960 have both been found to be correct by the High Court and it is no longer open to the petitioner to canvass those orders again. But it may be necessary for us to refer to certain proceedings connected with the title suit when we deal with the attack of the petitioner against the legality of the orders dated August 5, 1966 and June 12, 1968. When the order of reversion dated March 5, 1960 was passed, the petitioner was working as Deputy Inspector of Schools, Deoghar. The office of the Deputy Inspector of Schools was closed for Holi holidays from March 11, 1960 and the petitioner claims that he left the headquarters to go to Patna with the permission of the authorities. The order dated March 5, 1960 was received by him at Patna on March 23, 1960 when he was ill. He applied for leave. According to the petitioner, he obtained an order of temporary injunction on October 5, 1961 in his title suit No. 86 of 1961 restraining the respondents from giving effect to the order dated March 5, 1960 reverting him to the Lower Division in the Subordinate Educational Service. Though he offered to join the post to which he was entitled originally, he was not allowed by the respondents to join the Upper Division of the Subordinate Educational Service. The action of the respondent in refusing to permit him to join duty was in flagrant violation of the order of temporary injunction granted by the Munsif, Patna.

8. On August 5, 1966 the Director of Public Instruction passed an order that the petitioner “having not been on his duties for more than five years since March 1, 1960, has ceased to be in Government employ since March 2, 1965 under Rule 76 of the Bihar Service Code”. The petitioner made representations for cancellation of this order but without any success. This is the third order that is being challenged.

9. The petitioner having completed 58 years of age, addressed a letter to the Director of Public Instruction on July 18, 1967 requesting him to arrange for the payment of the petitioner’s pension. No reply was received by the petitioner for a long timeTime Where any expression of it occurs in any Rules, or any judgment, order or direction, and whenever the doing or not doing of anything at a certain time of the day or night or during a certain part of the day or night has an effect in law, that time is, unless it is otherwise specifically stated, held to be standard time as used in a particular country or state. (In Physics, time and Space never exist actually-“quantum entanglement”) inspite of repeated reminders. Ultimately on June 12, 1968 the Director of Public Instruction passed orders on the petitioner’s application dated July 18, 1967 regarding payment of pension. In this order it is stated that under Rule 46 of the Bihar Pension Rules (hereinafter to be referred as the Pension Rules), the Department is unable to grant any pension to the petitioner. We will refer to this rule at the appropriate stage but it is enough to take note of the fact that under the said rule, no pension may be granted to a government servant dismissed or removed for misconduct, insolvency or inefficiency. According to the petitioner this order is illegal and void. This is the fourth order that is under challenge.

10. According to the petitioner the order dated August 5, 1966 is an order removing him from service and it is illegal and void as it has been passed in contravention of Article 311 of the Constitution. Further the order is also not legal and not warranted by the Rules for the reason that the petitioner had not been absent from duty for over five years continuously. According to the petitioner there is a further infirmity in the order as the respondents are inconsistent in their pleas regarding the date from which the period of continuous absence has to be calculated. This plea is based upon the different dates given in the order dated August 5, 1966 and the dates given in the counter-affidavitAffidavit An ex parte statement in writing made under oath before a notary public or other officer authorized to administer oaths, about facts which the affiant either knows of his own personal knowledge or is aware of to the best of his knowledge. filed on behalf of the respondents. The attack on the order dated June 12, 1968 is two fold, namely, (a) that it is not warranted by Rule 46 of the Pension Rules under which it is purported to be passed; and (b) the petitioner’s right to get pension is property and by the respondents not making it available to him, his fundamental rights guaranteed under Articles 19(1)(f) and 31(1) of the Constitution, have been affected.

11. The Assistant Director of Education has filed a counter-affidavit on behalf of the respondents. According to the respondent the orders of censure passed on September 2, 1953 and of reversion dated March 5, 1960 are valid and legal and in passing those orders no violation of any rules has been made. The petitioner was given full opportunity to participate to the inquiry proceedings and it was after considering the report as well as the explanation furnished by the petitioner that the order of reversion was passed. The petitioner is not entitled to challenge any of those orders as they are concluded by the decision of the Patna High Court dated March 4, 1967 in Second Appeal No. 640 of 1964.

12. Regarding the order dated August 5, 1966, it is admitted by the respondents that the petitioner was on duty till March 10, 1960. He ceased to attend office only from March 11, 1960. It is further admitted that it has been stated by mistake in the order that the petitioner has not been on duty for more than five years since March 1, 1960. The date “March 1, 1960 should be read as “March 11, 1960”. The respondents dispute the averment of the petitioner that he left the headquarters from March 11, 1960 with the permission of the authorities. On the other hand, according to them, the petitioner had put in an application in the office of the Sub-Divisional Educational Officer for leave on March 11, 1960 and that he did not obtain any prior permission for leaving the headquarters. It is further averred that the order dated March 5, 1960 reverting the petitioner came into effect immediately and the petitioner was also informed of the same. It is specifically pleaded by the respondent as follows:

In other words since 11-3-1960 till 5-8-1968 he was continuously not in service for more than 5 years. By virtue of Rule 76 of Bihar Service Code of 1952 the petitioner ceased to be in the service of the Government as he remained absent from duty continuously for 5 years and this itself amounts to misconduct and inefficiency in the service. In the present case the provisions of Article 311 do not apply to the facts of this case because his services are not terminated on account of any charge but are automatically terminated by virtue of the statute i.e. Rule 76 of the Bihar Service Code 1952. Article 311 applies where the services of a government servant are terminated in respect of any charge. But it does not apply where a government servant ceases to be a government servant by virtue of any statute.

According to the respondent there has been no breach committed of Article 311 of the Constitution when the order dated August 5, 1966 was passed on the basis of Rule 76 of the Bihar Service Code, 1952 (hereinafter to be referred as the Service Code). It is to be noted at this stage that there is a variation regarding the dates of continuous absence for over five years mentioned in the order and in the counter-affidavit. They will be dealt with by us when the attack of the petitioner on the order dated August 5, 1966 is considered. It is further admitted by the respondents that even after the injunction order was passed by the Munsif, the Department was always insisting on the petitioner to join in the lower grade to which post he had been reverted and that the petitioner never joined that post.

13. Dealing with the order dated June 12, 1968 in and by which the petitioner was informed that the Department was unable under Rule 46 of the Pension Rules to grant him pension, the respondents state that the order is valid and fails squarely under the said rule. According to the respondents the order dated August 5, 1966 is an order removing the petitioner from service for not attending to his duty for more than five years and that by itself amounts to misconduct. Therefore, the petitioner was not entitled to claimA Claim A claim is “factually unsustainable” where it could be said with confidence before trial that the factual basis for the claim is entirely without substance, which can be the case if it were clear beyond question that the facts pleaded are contradicted by all the documents or other material on which it is based. any pension. There is also an averment to the effect that there is no question of any fundamental right of the petitioner being affected by the orders under attack and hence the writ petition is not maintainable.

14. The petitioner has filed a rejoinder wherein he has pointed out the inconsistent dates given in the order dated August 5, 1966 and in the counter-affidavit filed on behalf of the respondents by the Assistant Director of Education. According to the petitioner in whatever manner the period is calculated either as per the dates given in the order or by the dates given in the counter-affidavit, Rule 76 does not apply as he has not been continuously absent from duty for over five years. The petitioner further avers that he was absent from duty after taking the permission of the authorities. According to the petitioner he has not been continuously absent from duty for over five years if the period is properly calculated according to the various orders passed by the Munsif, Patna, in his title suit. According to the petitioner, when a court has restrained the respondents from giving effect to the order of reversion and when he offered to join duty in the post from which he was reverted, the respondents without any regard for the court orders, did not permit him to join duty, but, on the other hand, insisted that he should join duty in the lower rank to which he had been reverted. This, according to the petitioner, is illegal. The petitioner further reiterates his allegation that he was, entitled to pension and that withholding of the same affects his fundamental rights. According to the petitioner the respondents do not deny his right to get pension but on the other hand, plead that as he has been removed from service by the order dated August 5, 1966, he is not entitled to pension by virtue of Rule 46 of the Pension Rules. He further points out that as the order dated August 5, 1966 is illegal, the order dated June 12, 1966, which is based upon the earlier order, is also null and void.

15. The questions that arise for consideration are whether the orders dated August 5, 1966 and June 12, 1968 are legal and valid. Before we consider that aspect, it is necessary to state that in order to sustain this petition under Article 32, the petitioner will have to establish that either the order dated August 5, 1966 or June 12, 1968, or both of them affect his fundamental rights guaranteed to him. The order of August 5, 1966, according to the petitioner, is one removing him from service and it has been passed in violation of Article 311. That the said order is one removing the petitioner from service is also admitted by the respondents in paragraph 11 of the counter-affidavit filed on their behalf by the Assistant Director of Education. Assuming that the said order has been passed in violation of Article 311, the said circumstance will not give a right to the petitioner to approach this Court under Article 32. The stand taken by the petitioner is that his right to get pension is property and it does not cease to be property on the mere denial or cancellation by the respondents. The order dated June 12, 1968 is one withholding the payment of pension or at any rate amounts to a denial by the respondents to his right to get pension. Either way, his rights to property are affected under Articles 19(1)(f) and 31(1) of the Constitution. His right to pension cannot be taken away by an executive order. In the counter-affidavit, the respondents do not dispute the rights of the petitioner to get pension, but they take the stand that the order dated June 12, 1968 is justified by Rule 46 of the Pension Rules. This aspect will be dealt with by us later. There is only a bald averment in the counter-affidavit that there is no question of any fundamental right and therefore this petition is not maintainable. As to on what basis this plea is taken, has not been further clarified in the counter-affidavit. But before us Mr.B.P. Jha, learned counsel for the respondents, urged that by withholding the payment of pension by the State, no fundamental rights of the petitioner have been affected.

16. We are not inclined to accept the contention of Mr. Jha that no fundamental rights of the petitioner are affected by passing the order dated June 12, 1968. We will refer to the relevant Pension Rules bearing on the matter and also certain decisions. In our opinionOpinion A judge's written explanation of a decision of the court. In an appeal, multiple opinions may be written. The court’s ruling comes from a majority of judges and forms the majority opinion. A dissenting opinion disagrees with the majority because of the reasoning and/or the principles of law on which the decision is based. A concurring opinion agrees with the end result of the court but offers further comment possibly because they disagree with how the court reached its conclusion., the right to get pension is “property” and by withholding the same, the petitioner’s fundamental rights guaranteed under Articles 19(1)(f) and 31(1) are affected. As the matter is being discussed more fully in the latter part of the judgment, it is enough to state at this stage that the writ petition is maintainable. Even according to the respondents the order dated June 12, 1968 has no independent existence and that order has been passed on the basis of the earlier order dated August 5, 1966. In our opinion, if the order dated August 5, 1966 cannot be sustained, it will follow that the order dated June 12, 1968 will also fall to the ground. Hence we will deal, in the first instance, with the validity of the order dated August 5, 1966. The full text of the order dated August 5, 1966 passed by the Director of Public Instruction, Bihar, is as follows:

Number 7/-07/60 Edn. 3791: Sri Devaki Nandan Prasad, Sub-Inspector of Schools, Deoghar, having not been on his duties for more than 5 years since 1-3-60 has ceased to be in Government employ since 2-3-65 under Rule 76 of the Bihar Service Code. (Sd.) K. Ahmed Director of Public Instruction Bihar. Memo No. 3791 Patna, dated 5th August, 1966. Copy forwarded to Sri Devaki Nandan Prasad, New Yarpur, Patna for information.
Rule 76 of the Service Code reads as follows:

Unless the State Government, in view of the special circumstances of the case shall otherwise determine, A Government servant after five years of continuous absence from duty, elsewhere than on foreign service in India, whether with or without leave, ceases to be in Government employ.

17. The essential requirement for taking action under the said rule is that the government servant should have been continuously absent from duty for over five years. Under this rule it is immaterial whether absence from duty by the government servant was with or without leave so long as it is established that he was absent from duty for a continuous period for over five years. We are referring to this aspect because it is the case of the petitioner that he availed himself of leave with effect from March 11, 1960 and he left the headquarters after obtaining the necessary sanction from his superior officers. On the other hand, it is the case of the respondents that the petitioner merely putting in an application for leave from March 11, 1960 left the headquarters without obtaining the prior permission of the superiOrs. It is not necessary for us to deal with this controversy, as under the rules absence for the period stated therein, either with or without leave, are both treated on the same basis.

18. According to the dates given in the order, the petitioner has not been on his duties for more than five years from March 1, 1960 and that he ceased to be in government employ from March 2, 1965. According to the petitioner this order is illegal because he was on duty till March 10, 1960 in which case continuous absence of five years would not be completed on March 2, 1965. But the more serious attack against this order is that there is no question of the petitioner not being on his duties continuously for more than five years. On the other hand, according to him, he has always been ready and willing to do his duty and the respondents have illegally prevented him from joining duty by ignoring orders of the civil court. In this connection, on behalf of the petitioner, Mr. Bishan Narain, learned counsel, has referred us to the details regarding the institution of the title suit No. 86 of 1961 by the petitioner as well as to certain orders passed by that court. He has also drawn our attention to the letters written by the petitioner to the authorities offering to work and the respondents not sending any reply and ultimately asking the petitioner to join duty in the reverted post, though the order of reversion has been declared illegal by the Munsif, Patna. We have already referred to the averments in the counter-affidavit filed on behalf of the respondents. So far as this aspect is concerned, it is admitted in paragraph 8 of the counter-affidavit that the petitioner was on duty till March 10, 1960 and that he ceased to attend to his duty only from March 11, 1960. Therefore, the averment of the petitioner that he was on duty till March 10, 1960 is accepted as correct by the respondents. Therefore, it follows that even according to the respondents, the petitioner was absent from duty continuously for more than five years only from March 11, 1960 and he ceased to be in government employ on March 2, 1965. Without anything more it can be easily said that this calculation is absolutely erroneous because from the dates mentioned above, the petitioner cannot be considered not to have been on duty for more than five years.

19. There is a slight shift in the stand taken by the respondents in the counter-affidavit. While they admit that the date from which the period of absence should be calculated is March 11, 1960 and not March 1, 1960, they have stated that the petitioner was absent from March 11, 1960 till August 5, 1966, the date on which the order was passed and hence he was continuously not in service for more than five years. That is even the outer period given in the order dated August 5, 1966, namely, March 2, 1965 is changed by the respondents to the date of passing of the order dated August 5, 1966.

20. We will now proceed on the basis that the order dated August 5, 1966 should be read in such a manner that the petitioner was not on his duty continuously for more than five years from March 11, 1960 till August 5, 1966. If the respondents are able to establish this circumstance, it is needless to state that Rule 76 of the Service Code will come into operation irrespective of the fact whether the petitioner was absent with or without leave. According to the petitioner, he has not been continuously absent for over five years even during the above period as stated by the respondents.

21. It is now necessary to refer to certain proceedings connected with the title suit No. 86 of 1961 instituted by the petitioner in the Court of the Munsif III, Patna. In that suit the petitioner challenged the order dated March 5, 1960 in and by which he was reverted to the lower division of the Subordinate Educational Service and a censure was directed to be recorded against his character roll. According to the respondents in this suit the order of censure passed on September 2, 1953 was also challenged. On August 5, 1961, the Munsif passed an order restraining the present respondents from operating the punishment order passed on March 5, 1960 by the Director of Public Instruction on the petitioner till the disposal of the suit. It is now admitted by the respondents that the petitioner was on duty till March 10, 1960 and that he was absent only from March 11, 1960. That there was an order of temporary injunction passed by the court restraining the respondents from giving effect to the order of March 5, 1960 is not challenged in the counter-affidavit. According to the petitioner he went on October 13, 1961 to join his post from which he was illegally reverted, but in spite of the order of the Munsif, Patna, the respondents did not permit him to join duty. That he was prepared to join duty and work is clear from the letters written by the petitioner to the Director of Public Instruction on October 13, 1961, October 24, 1961 and November 1, 1961. There was no reply by the respondents. It is no doubt true that on April 3, 1962, the temporary injunction granted by the Munsif, Patna, was vacated by the Subordinate Judge. On April 11, 1963 the title suit No. 86 of 1961 instituted by the petitioner was decreed and the respondents were prohibited from enforcing the order dated March 5, 1960 reverting the petitioner from the senior grade to the lower grade of the Subordinate Educational Service. The petitioner again wrote a letter on April 18, 1963 to the Director of Public Instruction drawing the latter’s attention to the decree passed in title suit No. 86 of 1961 and requesting him to permit the petitioner to join duty as Deputy Inspector of Schools. There was a reply on November 27, 1963 by the Director of Public Instructions to the effect that the plea of the petitioner has been considered at all levels of the Directorate and the Government. The petitioner was directed to report himself to the Regional Deputy Director of Education, Bhagalpur Division and to join duty in “Lower Division of Subordinate Educational Service”. The letter proceeds to state “in case of disobedience of order you will be charged with insubordination”. We are constrained to remark that the attitude taken in this letter on behalf of the State is not commendable at all. Admittedly there was a decree passed by the Munsif in title suit No. 86 of 1961 on April 11, 1963 restraining the respondents from giving effect to the order dated March 5, 1960 reverting the petitioner from the post of Deputy Inspector of Schools to the Lower Division of Subordinate Educational Service. Admittedly the respondents were parties to the said decree and they had not obtained any order of an Appellate Court staying the operation of the decree in the suit. The effect of the decree passed by the Munsif was that the petitioner was entitled to work in the original post which he was holding prior to his reversion. That these aspects have been missed by the respondents is evident from the reply of November 27, 1963 sent by the Director of Public Instruction. The petitioner sent a further letter dated December 6, 1963 in reply to the letter of the Director of Public Instruction dated November 27, 1963. In this letter the petitioner again referred to the decree of the Munsif, Patna, dated April 11, 1963 and pointed out that he was entitled to hold the original post which he was occupying prior to the order of reversion, which has been directed not to be put into operation by the court. He further pointed out that the directions contained in the letter dated November 27, 1963 sent by the Director of Public Instruction was not in conformity with the decree of the Munsif. He further made a request that he should be allowed to join duty in the original post in the senior grade and also made a further request for payment of arrears of his salary. There was no reply by the respondents and the petitioner was not allowed to join duty as desired by him. The above correspondence is not at all disputed by the respondents. In fact they have admitted in the counter-affidavit that even after the order of injunction, the Department was always insisting on the petitioner joining duty as Sub-Inspector of Schools, that is, in the lower grade and that the petitioner never joined duty in that post. To complete the narration on this aspect, the decree of the Munsif in favour of the petitioner restraining the respondents from enforcing the order dated March 5, 1960 was set aside on appeal by the Subordinate Judge on June 24, 1964 in title appeal No. 132/24 of 1963/64. The petitioner’s Second Appeal No. 640 of 1964 was dismissed by the High Court on February 11, 1965.

22. From the narration of the above facts, it will be clear that from October 5, 1961, the date of temporary injunction granted by the Munsif, till April 3, 1962, when the order of temporary injunction was vacated by the Subordinate Judge, the Department did not allow the petitioner to join duty in the senior post, which he was entitled to occupy by virtue of the order of injunction. We have already referred to the fact that the petitioner sent letters dated October 5, 1961, October 13, 1961, October 20, 1961 and November 1, 1961 expressing his readiness and willingness to work in the senior post. The respondents did not permit him to join duty. Therefore, it cannot be said that the petitioner was absent from duty during this period. Again on April 11, 1963, the Munsif granted a decree in favour of the petitioner in the suit. The respondents did not obtain any stay order from the Appellate Court. So the decree of the trial court was in full force till it was set aside on appeal on June 24, 1964. During the period April 11, 1963, June 24, 1964, the petitioner wrote several letters and to which we have made a reference earlier, requesting the respondents to permit him to join duty in the senior grade. The respondents did not permit him to join duty in the senior grade; but, on the other hand, insisted-on the petitioner’s joining duty in the lower grade on threat of disciplinary action being taken. This attitude of the respondents, we have already pointed out, was in flagrant violation of the order of the Munsif. Therefore, during the period April 11, 1963 to June 24, 1963, it cannot be said that the petitioner was absent from duty. Hence it will be seen that the claim made by the respondents in the counter-affidavit that the petitioner, since March 11, 1960 till August 5, 1966 was continuously not in service for over five years is fallacious. There is no question of the petitioner not being in continuous service for over five years during the period referred to above. On the other hand, the period during which it could be said that the petitioner was absent was from March 11, 1960, the date on which he claims to have gone on leave till October 5, 1961 when the order of temporary injunction was passed by the Munsif. From October 5, 1961 to April 3, 1962, we have already pointed out, the petitioner cannot be considered to have been absent from duty. Therefore, the continuity of absence is broken during this period. The petitioner can again be considered to have been absent from duty from April 3, 1962, the date on which the order of temporary injunction was vacated by the Subordinate Judge, till April 11, 1963, the date on which a decree was granted by the Munsif in favour of the petitioner. During this period he was absent. But again the continuity of absence is broken during the period April 11, 1963 the date of the decree of the Munsif, till June 24, 1964, the date when the Subordinate Judge reversed the decree of the trial court. We have already referred to the various letters written during this period by the petitioner as well as the reply sent by the Director of Public Instruction on November 27, 1963. During this period he cannot be considered to be absent from duty. The third period from which he can be again considered to be absent from duty is June 24, 1964, the date of the decree of the Subordinate Judge till August 5, 1966, the date on which the order was passed purporting to be under Rule 76 of the Service Code. The above circumstances clearly show that the petitioner cannot be considered to have been continuously absent from duty for over five years during the period March 11, 1960 to August 5, 1966. If that is so, the essential condition for the application of Rule 76 of the Service Code is lacking and, therefore, it follows that the order dated August 5, 1966 is not supported by Rule 76 of the Service Code. Therefore that order is illegal and has to be quashed.

23. A contention has been taken by the petitioner that the order dated August 5, 1966 is an order removing him from service and it has been passed in violation of Article 311 of the Constitution. According to the respondents there is no violation of Article 311. On the other hand, there is an automatic termination of the petitioner’s employment under Rule 76 of the Service Code. It may not be necessary to investigate this aspect further because on facts we have found that Rule 76 of the Service Code has no application. Even if it is a question of automatic termination of service for being continuously absent for over a period of five years, Article 311 applies to such cases as is laid down by this Court in Jai Shanker Vs. State of Rajasthan, . In that decision this Court had to consider Regulation No. 13 of the Jodhpur Service Regulations, which is as follows:

13. An individual who absents himself without permission or who remains absent without permission for one month or longer after the end of his leave should be considered to have sacrificed his appointment and may only be reinstated with the sanction of the competent authority.

24. It was contended on behalf of the State of Rajasthan that the above regulation operated automatically and there was no question of removal from service because the officer ceased to be in the service after the period mentioned in the regulation. This Court rejected the said contention and held that an opportunity must be given to a person against whom such an order was proposed to be passed, no matter how the regulation described it. It was further held “to give no opportunity is to go against Article 311 and this is what has happened here”.

25. In the case before us even according to the respondents a continuous absence from duty for over five years, apart from resulting in the forfeiture of the office also amounts to misconduct under Rule 46 of the Pension Rules disentitling the said officer to receive pension. It is admitted by the respondents that no opportunity was given to the petitioner to show causeShow Cause A process directed to a person to appear in court and present reasons why a certain order, judgment, or decree should not be made final. against the order proposed. Hence there is a clear violation of Article 311. Therefore, it follows even on this ground the order has to be quashed.

26. The further question is about the legality of the order dated June 12, 1968 purporting to be passed under Rule 46 of the Pension Rules. The petitioner wrote a letter dated July 18, 1967 requesting the Director of Public Instructions to arrange for payment of his pension as he had attained the age of superannuation. The order dated June 12, 1968 was passed in reply to the said request of the petitioner. In this order it is stated that under Rule 46 of the Pension Rules, the Department is unable to grant pension to the petitioner. Rule 46 of the Pension Rules is as follows:

46. No pension may be granted to a Government servant dismissed or removed, for misconduct, insolvency or inefficiency, but to Government servants so dismissed or removed compassionate allowance may be granted when they are deserving of special consideration, provided that the allowance granted to any Government servant shall not exceed two-thirds of the pension which would have been admissible to him if he had retired on medical certificate.

27. It will be seen that under the said rule a Government servant who has been dismissed, or removed for misconduct, insolvency or inefficiency is not eligible for pension. The respondents have admitted in their counter-affidavit that the order dated August 5, 1966 purporting to be under Rule 76 of the Service Code is an order of removal and it is further pleaded by them that the petitioner’s absence for over five years itself amounts to misconduct and inefficiency in service. We have already held that the order dated August 5, 1966, is illegal. If that is so, it follows that the petitioner has not been continuously absent from duty for over five years and he is not guilty of any misconduct or inefficiency in service. Therefore, it will further follow that withholding of pension under the order dated June 12, 1968 on the basis of Rule 46 of the Pension Rules, is illegal.

28. The respondents have not taken up the position that the officers like the petitioner are not entitled to pension. A reference to Rule 5 of the Pension Rules shows that the officers mentioned therein are entitled to pension. There is no controversy that the petitioner is an officer in the Education Department of the Bihar Education Service. It is item No. 3 of the Schedule to Rule 5. Rule 42 declares that every pension shall be held to have been granted subject to the conditions contained in Chapter VIII. It is not the case of the respondents that Chapter VIII which applies to reemployment of pensioners, has any relevancy to the case on hand. We have already referred to Rule 46. Under that rule a Government servant dismissed or removed for misconduct, insolvency or inefficiency is not eligible for pension. But that rule clearly contemplates that action by way of dismissal or removal in respect of the three matters mentioned therein has already taken place according to law. The bar under Rule 46 will operate only when the conditions mentioned therein are satisfied. In fact the consequences envisaged under the rule flow from the action already taken. Rule 129 provides for the payment of superannuation pension to a Government servant entitled or compelled by the rules to retire at a particular age. Rule 134 clarifies the payment of retirement pension to a Government servant permitted to retire after completing qualifying service for 30 years or any such less time as may for any special class of Government servants be prescribed. Rule 135 provides for Government servants mentioned in Rule 5 to be entitled on their resignation being accepted to a retiring pension after completing qualifying service of not less than 25 years. Rule 146 provides the scale of pension for Government servants mentioned in Rule 5. We have only referred to some of the important rules to show that the payment of pension does not depend upon the discretion of the State; but, on the other hand, payment of pension is governed by the Rules and a Government servant coming within the Rules is entitled to claim pension. The order dated June 12, 1968 has to be quashed in view of the fact that the foundation for the said order is the one based on the order dated August 5, 1966, which has been quashed by us. When the order dated August 5, 1966 can no longer survive, the order dated June 12, 1968 quite naturally falls to the ground.

29. The last question to be considered, is, whether the right to receive pension by a Government servant is property, so as to attract Articles 19(1)(f) and 31(1) of the Constitution. This question falls to be decided in order to consider whether the writ petition is maintainable under Article 32. To this aspect, we have already adverted to earlier and we now proceed to consider the same.

30. According to the petitioner the right to receive pension is property and the respondents by an executive order dated June 12, 1968 have wrongfully withheld his pension. That order affects his fundamental rights under Articles 19(1)(f) and 31(1) of the Constitution. The respondents, as we have already indicated, do not dispute the right of the petitioner to get pension, but for the order passed on August 5, 1966. There is only a bald averment in the counter-affidavit that no question of any fundamental right arises for consideration. Mr. Jha, learned counsel for the respondents, was not prepared to take up the position that the right to receive pension cannot be considered to be property under any circumstances. According to him, in this case, no order has been passed by the State granting pension. We understood the learned counsel to urge that if the State had passed an order granting pension and later on resiles from that order, the latter order may be considered to affect the petitioner’s right regarding property so as to attract Articles 19(1)(f) and 31(1) of the Constitution.

31. We are not inclined to accept the contention of the learned counsel for the respondents. By a reference to the material provisions in the Pension Rules, we have already indicated that the grant of pension does not depend upon an order being passed by the authorities to that effect. It may be that for the purposes of quantifying the amount having regard to the period of service and other allied matters, it may be necessary for the authorities to pass an order to that effect, but the right to receive pension flows to an officer not because of the said order but by virtue of the Rules. The Rules, we have already pointed out, clearly recognise the right of persons like the petitioner to receive pension under the circumstances mentioned therein.

32. The question whether the pension granted to a public servant is property attracting Article 31(1) came up for consideration before the Punjab High Court in Bhagwant Singh v. Union of India AIR 1962 Pun 503. It was held that such a right constitutes “property” and any interference will be a breach of Article 31(1) of the Constitution. It was further held that the State cannot by an executive order curtail or abolish altogether the right of the public servant to receive pension. This decision was given by a learned Single Judge. This decision was taken up in Letters Patent Appeal by the Union of India. The Letters Patent Bench in its decision in Union of India v. Bhagwant Singh ILR 1965 Pun 1 approved the decision of the learned Single Judge. The Letters Patent Bench held that the pension granted to a public servant on his retirement is “property” within the meaning of Article 31(1) of the Constitution and he could be deprived of the same only by an authority of law and that pension does not cease to be property on the mere denial or cancellation of it. It was further held that the character of pension as “property” cannot possibly undergo such mutation at the whim of a particular person or authority.

33. The matter again came up before a Full Bench of the Punjab and Haryana High Court in K.R. Erry v. The State of Punjab ILR 1967 P & H 278. The High Court had to consider the nature of the right of an officer to get pension. The majority quoted with approval the principles laid down in the two earlier decisions of the same High Court, referred to above, and held that the pension is not to be treated as a bounty payable on the sweet will and pleasure of the Government and that the right to superannuation pension including its amount is a valuable right vesting in a Government servant It was further held by the majority that even though an opportunity had already been afforded to the officer on an earlier occasion for showing cause against the imposition of penalty for lapse or misconduct on his part and he has been found guilty, nevertheless, when a cut is sought to be imposed in the quantum of pension payable to an officer on the basis of misconduct already proved against him, a further opportunity to show cause in that regard must be given to the officer. This view regarding the giving of further opportunity was expressed by the learned Judges on the basis of the relevant Punjab Civil Service Rules. But the learned Chief Justice in his dissenting judgment was not prepared to agree with the majority that under such circumstances a further opportunity should be given to an officer when a reduction in the amount of pension payable is made by the State. It is not necessary for us in the case on hand, to consider the question whether before taking action by way of reducing or denying the pension on the basis of disciplinary action already taken, a further notice to show cause should be given to an officer. That question does not arise for consideration before us. Nor are we concerned with the further question regarding the procedure, if any, to be adopted by the authorities before reducing or withholding the pension for the first time after the retirement of an officer. Hence we express no opinion regarding the views expressed by the majority and the minority Judges in the above Punjab High Court decision, on this aspect. But we agree with the view of the majority when it has approved its earlier decision that pension is not a bounty payable on the sweet will and pleasure of the Government and that, on the other hand, the right to pension is a valuable right vesting in a government servant.

34. This Court in State of Madhya Pradesh Vs. Ranojirao Shinde and Another, had to consider the question whether a “cash grant” is “property” within the meaning of that expression in Articles 19(1)(f) and 31(1) of the Constitution. This Court held that it was property, observing “it is obvious that a right to sum of money is property”.

35. Having due regard to the above decisions, we are of the opinion that the right of the petitioner to receive pension is property under Article 31(1) and by a mere executive order the State had no power to withhold the same. Similarly, the said claim is also property under Article 19(1)(f) and it is not saved by Sub-article (5) of Article 19. Therefore, it follows that the order dated June 12, 1968 denying the petitioner right to receive pension affects the fundamental right of the petitioner under Articles 19(1)(f) and 31(1) of the Constitution, and as such the writ petition under Article 32 is maintainable. It may be that under the Pension Act (Act 23 of 1871) there is a bar against a civil court entertaining any suit relating to the matters mentioned therein. That does not stand in the way of a Writ of Mandamus being issued to the State to properly consider the claim of the petitioner for payment of pension according to law.

36. To conclude: No relief can be granted in respect of the orders dated September 2, 1953 and March 5, 1960 as they are already covered by the decision of the Patna High Court dated May 4, 1967 in Second Appeal No. 640 of 1967. Even assuming that the contention of the petitioner that the order dated September 2, 1953 was not the subject of adjudication in the litigation leading up to the decision of the High Court, in the second appeal, is correct, nevertheless, no relief can be granted as the order has been passed as early as 1953. Further, the representations made by him for cancellation of the said order have been rejected long ago. Further, there is no infringement of any fundamental right of the petitioner by that order. The order dated August 5, 1966 declaring under Rule 76 of the Service Code that the petitioner has ceased to be in government employ is set aside and quashed. The order dated June 12, 1968 stating that under Rule 46 of the Pension Rules, the Department is unable to grant the petitioner pension is also set aside and quashed. As the petitioner himself claims that he has been retired from service on superannuation, a writ of mandamus will be issued to the respondents directing them to consider the claim of the petitioner for payment of pension according to law. The writ petition is allowed to the extent indicated above. The petitioner is entitled to his costsCosts Subject to any written law, costs are at the discretion of the Court, and the Court has the power to determine all issues relating to the costs of or incidental to all proceedings, including by whom and to what extent the costs are to be paid, at any stage of the proceedings or after the conclusion of the proceedings. Generally “Costs” includes charges, disbursements, expenses, fees, and remuneration. Costs in any matter are payable from the date of the order of the Court unless the parties otherwise agree. The costs of a third-party funding contract are not recoverable as part of the costs of, or costs. from the first respondent, the State of Bihar.

(1971) AIR(SC) 1409 : (1973) BLJR 819 : (1971) 2 CivAppJ(SC) 201 : (1971) LIC 881 : (1971) 1 LLJ 557 : (1971) MPLJ 56 : (1971) PLJR 458 : (1971) 2 SCA 43 : (1971) 2 SCC 330 : (1971) SCD 769 : (1971) Sup SCR 634 : (1971) 2 SCWR 57 : (1971) 1 SLR 175 : (1971) 3 UmNP 305