The EpistemologyEpistemology It is the study of knowledge. It has been used to distinguish truth from falsity and justify academic knowledge. Vedic epistemology is based on Sruti, Smriti, andย Darshana. of Fake News. Edited by: Sven Bernecker, Amy K. Flowerree, and Thomas Grundmann, Oxford University Press (2021). ยฉ Oxford University Press. DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198863977.003.0010
Contents
Introduction
Part I Analyses of Fake News
1 SpeakingSpeech 400 million years ago, the larynx was developed and allowed for communication with other animals. 60 million years ago, human beings talked about Dynosure or like animals in India. The vocal tract was in place to support modern human discourse as early as 300,000ย years ago in the Indian subcontinent.ย ย of Fake News: Definitions and Dimensions
2 Good News, Bad News, Fake News
3 The Fake News about Fake News
4 Conspiracy Theories and Evidential Self-Insulation
2 Good News, Bad News, Fake News
3 The Fake News about Fake News
4 Conspiracy Theories and Evidential Self-Insulation
Part II Mechanics of Fake News
5 Enquiry and Normative Deviance: The Role of Fake News in ScienceScience ฮตฯฮนฯฯฮฎฮผฮท Denialism
6 Facing Epistemic Authorities: Where DemocraticDemocracy It is commonly understood as being a political system of majority rule. The evolution of democratic tradition can be traced back to the Magna Carta (1215) and through the long struggle for Parliamentary supremacy which culminated in the English Bill of Rights of 1689, the emergence of representative political institutions in the colonial era, the development of responsible government in the 19th century. In institutional terms, democracy means that each of the provincial legislatures and the federal Parliament is elected by popular vote. These legislatures, are "at the core of the system of representative government". It is a 'power' word. Power rests with the ordinary Citizens. Only educated people understand power. A corrupt or controlled court system can cover failure of it. The religious concept is incompatible with it. Promise to spend more from the public treasury moves to Dictatorship. Ideals and Critical ThinkingThinking Human beings began conscious thought as far back as sixty million years ago. By around three hundred thousand years ago, humans inhabiting the Indian subcontinent had developed forms of cognition comparable to those of the modern age, including awareness of competition, defense, and collective security. These early communities were capable of abstract observation, such as counting stars in the night sky, and engaged in reflective discussion about everyday experiences, including the flavors and qualities of food, indicating a sophisticated mental and social life. Mislead Cognition
7 Is Fake News Old News?
8 How Vice Can Motivate Distrust in Elites and TrustTrust It originated and was reduced to practice under the jurisdiction of courts by the civil law, was expanded and developed in the courts of chancery, and has been employed in nearly every field of human activity. The fundamental nature of a trust is the division of title, with the trustee being the holder of legal title and the beneficiary that of equitable title. By definition, the creation of a trust must involve a conveyance of property. > Trust Deed โซ Having trust/faith/confidence in something in Fake News
6 Facing Epistemic Authorities: Where DemocraticDemocracy It is commonly understood as being a political system of majority rule. The evolution of democratic tradition can be traced back to the Magna Carta (1215) and through the long struggle for Parliamentary supremacy which culminated in the English Bill of Rights of 1689, the emergence of representative political institutions in the colonial era, the development of responsible government in the 19th century. In institutional terms, democracy means that each of the provincial legislatures and the federal Parliament is elected by popular vote. These legislatures, are "at the core of the system of representative government". It is a 'power' word. Power rests with the ordinary Citizens. Only educated people understand power. A corrupt or controlled court system can cover failure of it. The religious concept is incompatible with it. Promise to spend more from the public treasury moves to Dictatorship. Ideals and Critical ThinkingThinking Human beings began conscious thought as far back as sixty million years ago. By around three hundred thousand years ago, humans inhabiting the Indian subcontinent had developed forms of cognition comparable to those of the modern age, including awareness of competition, defense, and collective security. These early communities were capable of abstract observation, such as counting stars in the night sky, and engaged in reflective discussion about everyday experiences, including the flavors and qualities of food, indicating a sophisticated mental and social life. Mislead Cognition
7 Is Fake News Old News?
8 How Vice Can Motivate Distrust in Elites and TrustTrust It originated and was reduced to practice under the jurisdiction of courts by the civil law, was expanded and developed in the courts of chancery, and has been employed in nearly every field of human activity. The fundamental nature of a trust is the division of title, with the trustee being the holder of legal title and the beneficiary that of equitable title. By definition, the creation of a trust must involve a conveyance of property. > Trust Deed โซ Having trust/faith/confidence in something in Fake News
9 Echo Chambers, Fake News, and Social Epistemology
1. Echo Chambers
2. Fake News
3. Bots
4. Social Epistemology
5. Conclusion
2. Fake News
3. Bots
4. Social Epistemology
5. Conclusion
References
10 The Dissemination of Scientific Fake News: On the Ranking of Retracted Articles in Google
10 The Dissemination of Scientific Fake News: On the Ranking of Retracted Articles in Google
Part III Therapies of Fake News
11 The VirtueVirtue Aristotelian model: Excess Mean Deficiency >Irascibility Gentleness Spiritlessness >Rashness Courage Cowardice>Shamelessness Modesty Diffidence>Profligacy Temperance Insensitiveness>Envy Righteous Indignation Malice>Greed Justice Loss>Prodigality Liberality Meanness>Boastfulness Honesty Self-deprecation>Flattery Friendliness Surliness>Subservience Dignity Stubborness>Luxuriousness Hardness Endurance>Vanity Greatness of Spirit Smallness of Spirit>Extravagance Magnificence Shabbiness>
Rascality Prudence Simpleness. of Epistemic Trustworthiness and Re-Posting on Social Media
12 Fake News and Epistemic Rot; or, Why We Are All in This Together
13 An Epistemic Defense of News Abstinence
14 Fake News, False Beliefs, and the Fallible Art of Knowledge Maintenance
15 Trust No One? The (Social) Epistemological Consequences of Belief in Conspiracy Theories
12 Fake News and Epistemic Rot; or, Why We Are All in This Together
13 An Epistemic Defense of News Abstinence
14 Fake News, False Beliefs, and the Fallible Art of Knowledge Maintenance
15 Trust No One? The (Social) Epistemological Consequences of Belief in Conspiracy Theories