Cell Biology

CellCell The smallest unit that can live on its own and that makes up all living organisms and the tissues of the body. A cell has three main parts: the cell membrane, the nucleus, and the cytoplasm. The cell membrane surrounds the cell and controls the substances that go into and out of the cell. The nucleus is a structure inside the cell that contains the nucleolus and most of the cell’s DNA. It is also where most RNA is made. The cytoplasm is the fluid inside the cell. It contains other tiny cell parts that have specific functions, including the Golgi complex, the mitochondria, and the endoplasmic reticulum. The cytoplasm is where most chemical reactions take place and where most proteins are made. The human body has more than 30 trillion cells. biology studies the physiological properties of cells, as well as their behaviors, interactions, and environment. This is done both on a microscopic and molecular level.

Cell biology researches both single-celled organisms like bacteria and specialized cells in multicellular organisms like humans.

What is it:

• Describe the process by which carbohydrates, lipids and proteins are assembled from
monomers and identify their functional roles in the eukaryotic cell.
• Describe the structure and function of the organelles found in eukaryotic cells,
demonstrating an appreciation for the overall architecture of the cell.
• Identify the components of biological membranes, including the various types of
membrane proteins.
• Explain the fluid mosaic model and describe how membranes exhibit selective
permeability.
• Understand the role of ATP as the energy currency in the cell and appreciate its
importance for driving cellular work.
• List the key products and features of glycolysis, the citric acidAcid A chemical that gives off hydrogen ions in water and forms salts by combining with certain metals. Acids have a sour taste and turn certain dyes red. Some acids made by the body, such as gastric acid, can help organs work the way they should. An example of an acid is hydrochloric acid. Acidity is measured on a scale called the pH scale. On this scale, a value of 7 is neutral, and a pH value of less than 7 to 0 shows increasing acidity. cycle, and oxidative
phosphorylation and understand the flow of energy through the entire process.
• Recall the steps relating to cell division, understanding what cellular processes happen
at each step, and describe the control mechanisms for the process.
• Understand the mechanism by which a signal is transmitted into the cell via G protein
Coupled Receptors and Tyrosine Kinase Receptors.
• List several examples of second messengers and describe how each is involved in
signal transduction pathways.

Introduction to Cell Biology

Biological macromolecules and membrane structure
Mitochondria, metabolism and energy production
Cytoplasmic membrane systems: structure, function and membrane trafficking
The cytoskeleton and cell motility
Nucleus structure and function
Cell signalling and signal transduction: Communication between cells
Cellular reproduction

GENETICS & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Mitosis and Meiosis
Patterns of Inheritance
Human Genetics
DNA: The Genetic Material
GenesGenes The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. Structure of DNA; drawing shows a chromosome, nucleosome, histone, gene, and nucleotide base pairs: guanine, cytosine, adenine, and thymine. Also shown is a cell and its nucleus. Structure of DNA. Most DNA is found inside the nucleus of a cell, where it forms the chromosomes. Chromosomes have proteins called histones that bind to DNA. DNA has two strands that twist into the shape of a spiral ladder called a helix. DNA is made up of four building blocks called nucleotides: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). The nucleotides attach to each other (A with T, and G with C) to form chemical bonds called base pairs, which connect the two DNA strands. Genes are short pieces of DNA that carry specific genetic information. Genetic risk is a major component of many diseases, modification of the human genome is perhaps the most precise way to reduce those risks. Direct and safe manipulation of the human genome is rapidly becoming a reality with the advent of precision genome engineering techniques. and How They Work
Regulation of Gene Expression; Mutation
Gene Technology

In-depth Cell Biology 

Cell division • Organelle biogenesis and inheritance • Cytoskeleton • Signal transduction • Cell motility • Cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions • Cell shape changes • Metabolism • Protein sorting and trafficking • Cell wall and cell membrane biogenesis • Nutrients and growth control.

 Study of CancerCancer Cancer is a term for a disease in which abnormal cells divide without control. Cancer cells can invade nearby tissues and can spread through the bloodstream and lymphatic system to other parts of the body. Dictionary of Cancer. Cancer Types: Primary Bone Cancer, Cancer in Children and Adolescents, Head and Neck Cancers, Inflammatory Breast Cancer, Paget Disease of the Breast. There exists a possible connection between acrylamide, artificial sweeteners, fluoridated water, and Oral Contraceptives. Vitamin D and antioxidants may protect cells from the damage caused by unstable molecules known as free radicals.   Cell

1. Cancer gene discovery
2. Tumorigenesis
3. Cancer therapy and resistance
4. Oncogenes
5. Tumor suppressor genes
6. Cancer models
7. Growth control and cell proliferation
8. Metastasis
9. Cell proliferation
10. Cell death
11. Cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions
12. Microenvironment
13. DNA repair and replication
14. Transcription
15. Chromosome stability
16. Metabolism
17. Immunology and cancer
18. Immunotherapy
19. Cancer stem cells

Genetics

Genes • Gene editing • Heredity• Evolution • Genetic variability • Phenotypic variability • Horizontal gene transfer • Meiosis • Recombination • Epigenetics • DNA repair and replication • Chromosome segregation • Cell division • Gene regulation • Development • Aging • Pathogenesis • Cancer • Disease