Ramesh Chand Daga Versus Rameshwari Bai-16/03/2005

AIR 2005 SCW 1554 : (2005) 4 SCC 772

SUPREME COURTSupreme Court The Court of last resort. Supreme Court of India (26/01/1950), Supreme Court of USA (1798), Supreme Court of UK (1/10/2009), Supreme Court of Canada (1949), International Court of Justice (22/05/1947), > Supreme Court Network OF INDIAIndia Bharat Varsha (Jambu Dvipa) is the name of this land mass. The people of this land are Sanatan Dharmin and they always defeated invaders. Indra (10000 yrs) was the oldest deified King of this land. Manu's jurisprudence enlitened this land. Vedas have been the civilizational literature of this land. Guiding principles of this land are : सत्यं वद । धर्मं चर । स्वाध्यायान्मा प्रमदः । Read more

Ramesh Chand Daga Versus Rameshwari Bai.

(Before : B. P. Singh And S. B. Sinha, JJ.)

Civil Appeal No. 1780 of 2005 (arising out of S.L.P. (Civil) No. 8339 of 2004, Decided on : 16-03-2005.

HinduHindu A geographical name given by non-Hindus, who came to visit Bharatvarsha (Hindusthan). Sanatan Dharma is the actual Dharmic tradition of the Hindus. People who live in Hindusthan are Hindu, whether they Follow Islam, Chris, Buddha, Mahavira, or Nanaka. In this way, Tribals are also Hindu. Marriage Act, 1955—Section 10—judicial separation—Family Court allowed application granting decree for judicial separation, maintenance and return of ornaments—Direction that in the event of ornaments not returned, respondent would be entitled to a sum of ` 3,25,655/- being value thereof—High CourtHigh Court High Court Judges in England and Wales handle complex and tough cases, sitting in London and traveling to court centers around the country. They preside over serious criminal and important civil cases, and support the Lord and Lady Justices in hearing appeals. High Court Judges are commonly referred to as ‘Mr/Mrs/Ms Justice surname’ and are given the prefix ‘The Honourable’. They are assigned to the King’s Bench Division, the Family Division, or the Chancery Division. The King’s Bench Division focuses on civil wrongs and judicial review, the Family Division deals with family law, and the Chancery Division handles various cases including company law and probate. Judges are appointed through a rigorous process overseen by the Judicial Appointments Commission. set aside decree for judicial separation holding that marriage between the parties was null and void, but upheld decree for grant of maintenance to respondent and her daughter—In cross appeal High Court direction appellant to pay interest at the rate of 9 per cent on the amount—Appellant offered to return ornaments by a notice—Direction to return ornament is not concomitant with order to pay price thereof—Second direction was conditional upon non-fulfilment of first condition—Appellant having offered to return ornaments question of paying interest did not arise as timeTime Where any expression of it occurs in any Rules, or any judgment, order or direction, and whenever the doing or not doing of anything at a certain time of the day or night or during a certain part of the day or night has an effect in law, that time is, unless it is otherwise specifically stated, held to be standard time as used in a particular country or state. (In Physics, time and Space never exist actually-“quantum entanglement”) to return was not specified—High Court misconstrued its earlier order that a direction to appellant was subject to conditions for not returning ornaments—JudgmentJudgment The statement given by the Judge on the grounds of a decree or order - CPC 2(9). It contains a concise statement of the case, points for determination, the decision thereon, and the reasons for such decision - Order 20 Rule 4(2).  Section 354 of CrPC requires that every judgment shall contain points for determination, the decision thereon and the reasons for the decision. Indian Supreme Court Decisions > Law declared by Supreme Court to be binding on all courts (Art 141 Indian Constitution) Civil and judicial authorities to act in aid of the Supreme Court (Art 144) Supreme Court Network On Judiciary – Portal > Denning: “Judges do not speak, as do actors, to please. They do not speak, as do advocates, to persuade. They do not speak, as do historians, to recount the past. They speak to give Judgment. And in their judgments, you will find passages, which are worthy to rank with the greatest literature….” Law Points on Judgment Writing > The judge must write to provide an easy-to-understand analysis of the issues of law and fact which arise for decision. Judgments are primarily meant for those whose cases are decided by judges (State Bank of India and Another Vs Ajay Kumar Sood SC 2022) of High Court having not attained finality unsustainable and liable to be set aside.

Judgment—Interpretation—Judgment is not to be read as a statute and must be read as a whole—For that purpose attendant circumstances may also be taken into consideration.

Counsel for the Parties:

Sushil Kumar Jain, A. P. Dhamija, H. D. Thanvi, Sarad Singhania, Ms. Rani Maheshwari and Ms. Pratibha Jain, Advocates, for Appellant

S. C. Birla and Subrat Birla, Advocates, for Respondent.

Judgment

S. B. Sinha, J— Leave granted.

2. Interpretation of the judgment and order dated 20-1-2000 passed by the High Court of Madhya Pradesh falls for consideration in this appeal which arises out of a judgment and order dated 12-3-2004 passed in C.R. No.110 of 2004, whereby and whereunder the revision application filed by the Appellant herein from an order dated 11-9-2003 passed by the First Additional District Judge, Ratlam in execution of a transferred decree from Family Court, Bombay, was dismissed.

LEGAL PROCEEDINGS BETWEEN THE PARTIES :

3. An application for judicial separation, maintenance and return of ornaments/property etc. was filed by the Respondent against the Appellant herein before the Family Court at Bombay purported to be in terms of Section 10 of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955. An alternative prayer was made therein to the effect that if the ornaments were not returned, a decree for a sum of Rs.3,25,655/- together with interest thereon from the date of filing of the application may be passed. In the said proceeding, the Appellant herein raised, inter alia, a contention that the marriage between the parties was a nullity. By a judgment and order dated 9-10-1995, the Family Court allowed the said application in part by granting a decree of judicial separation, maintenance and return of the ornaments. It was, however, directed that in the event the ornaments were not returned the Respondent would be entitled to the value thereof, namely, a sum of Rs.3,25,655/-. However, no decree of interest on the said sum was passed.

The Family Court directed :

“The respondent is also directed to return all the articles mentioned in Exh.A-1 attached to the petition comprising of articles described in Clause A to G totalling to Rs.3,25,655/-. If he fails to return the articles mentioned therein as far as possible within one month of the date of this decree, he shall pay the value thereof mentioned against the said articles not returned as mentioned in the list.”

4. The Appellant herein preferred an appeal thereagainst before the High Court. The Respondent filed a cross-objection in the said appeal as regard non-grant of interest on the said sum. By a judgment and order dated 20-1-2000, the High Court set aside the decree of judicial separation upon a declaration that the marriage between the parties herein was null and void. The decree as regard grant of maintenance to the Respondent herein as also her daughter was, however, upheld. The High Court observed :

“As regards the claimA Claim A claim is “factually unsustainable” where it could be said with confidence before trial that the factual basis for the claim is entirely without substance, which can be the case if it were clear beyond question that the facts pleaded are contradicted by all the documents or other material on which it is based. of the Respondent for return of her ornaments and other valuable articles, we find that the Trial Court has taken into consideration both oral and documentary evidenceEvidence All the means by which a matter of fact, the truth of which is submitted for investigation, is established or disproved. Bharatiya Sakshya (Second) Adhiniyam 2023 in that respect and arrived at the conclusion that the Respondent wife is entitled to get back all the Ornaments and Articles mentioned in list Exhibit ‘A’ to the petition or in the alternative price thereof. We do not see any reason to interfere with that, except the fact that in case the said ornaments or articles are not returned by the Appellant to the Respondent, he will have to pay interest on the price thereof which has been quantified at Rs.3,25,655/-. In our opinionOpinion A judge's written explanation of a decision of the court. In an appeal, multiple opinions may be written. The court’s ruling comes from a majority of judges and forms the majority opinion. A dissenting opinion disagrees with the majority because of the reasoning and/or the principles of law on which the decision is based. A concurring opinion agrees with the end result of the court but offers further comment possibly because they disagree with how the court reached its conclusion. interest at the rate of 9% p.a. on the said amount from the date of the decree of the Trial Court i.e. 9-10-1995 will be proper and reasonable interest.”

(Emphasis supplied)

However, it was directed :

“We, however, maintain the decree of the Trial Court in all other respects. We further partly allow the cross- objections of the Respondent wife to the extent of granting interest at the rate of 9% p.a. on the price of ` 3,25,655/- from the date of the decree of the Trial Court i.e. 9-10-1995….”

5. The Appellant herein, thus, was not directed to return the ornaments or articles to the Respondents within a time frame. The only direction was to pay interest on the price thereof from the date of the decree of the Trial Court i.e. 9-10-1995 only in the event of the Appellant’s failure to return the same to the Respondent.

6. Two applications for grant of special leave to appeal against the said judgment of the High Court were filed by the parties herein. Leave having been granted by this Court, the appeals were marked as Civil Appeal Nos.1774 and 1775 of 2001.

7. We may, however, notice that in Special Leave Petition (Civil) No.8195 of 2000 giving rise to Civil Appeal No.1774 of 2001, a limited notice was issued by this Court confining it to the question as to whether ‘the wife is entitled to maintenance after the Court held that the marriage was nullity’.

8. In the meanwhile, the Respondents herein initiated an execution proceeding. The Appellant by a letter dated 15-3-2000 called upon the Respondent herein to come personally to Ratlam to get all the ornaments and other articles mentioned in the list ‘A’ of the order of the Family Court dated 16-12-1995. In the said letter, it was stated :

“If you will not come within 15 days after receipt of this letter otherwise you should be responsible for not receiving the ornaments and articles mentioned in the order/judgment. You will not be entitled to claim the amount with interest mentioned as a price of the ornaments and articles described in the list.”

9. Together with the said letter a Demand Draft of Rs.2,000/- drawn in the name of Smt. Rameshwari G. Lakohitia was annexed. In response to the said letter, the Respondent herein only returned the demand draft contending that the same should be drawn up in the name of Smt. Rameshwari R. Daga.

10. The Appellant thereafter filed an application before the Executing Court expressing his intention to return the ornaments on 31-3-2003 whereupon the matter was directed to be placed on 1-4-2003, on which date an objection was raised by the Respondent as regard, weight as also quality of the ornaments produced in Court. The matter was directed to be placed on 29-4-2003, on which date the Respondent having not been accompanied by her advocate or male companion and allegedly having regard to the safety of the ornaments stated that she would like to come to Court on the next date for the said purpose. Ultimately the ornaments were delivered to the Respondent on 2-7-2003. The quality and quantity of the ornaments, thus, were not disputed.

11. Despite the same, the learned Family Court, keeping in view the judgment and order dated 20-1-2000 passed by the High Court, directed payment of interest on the aforementioned sum of Rs.3,25,655/- by the Appellant from the date of the original decree i.e. 9-10-1995.

12. The Appellant herein being aggrieved by and dissatisfied with the said order filed a revision application before the High Court which by reason of the impugned judgment dated 12-3-2004 was dismissed by a learned single Judge holding :

“In my considered opinion, the learned A.D.J. had not committed any error. It is noteworthy that Bombay High Court had not fixed any date by which ornaments and other articles had to be returned. As per decree interest was payable since the date on which the Family Court had decreed the case i.e. from 9-10-1995. Thus, the liability to pay interest had already commenced since 9-10-1995. Simply because the applicant had given a notice of 15 days on 15-3-2000 to the non-applicant to come and take her ornaments and other articles, the liability to pay interest under the decree of the Bombay Court could not be put into abeyance. Executing Court had to execute the decree as the same was, it could neither add anything to it or substract anything from it……….”

The Appellant is, thus, before us.

13. Before adverting to the rival contentions raised at the Bar, we may notice that the aforementioned two civil appeals filed by the parties herein came up for hearing and by a judgment and order dated 13-12-2004, both the appeals were dismissed. The said judgment has since been reported in (2004) 10 SCALE 391.

THIS COURT’S JUDGMENT :

14. This Court in its aforementioned judgment and order dated 13-12-2004 upon interpreting Section 25 of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 upheld the judgment and decree passed by the learned Family Court holding :

“It is well known and recognized legal position that customary Hindu LawLaw Positive command of sovereign or divine. One can be ruled either by a Statute, a Statue, or a Statement. Legislation is the rule-making process by a political or religious organisation. Physics governs natural law. Logical thinking is a sign of a healthy brain function. Dharma is eternal for Sanatanis. Judiciary > Show me the face, and I will show you the law. Some people know how to bend the law rather than break it. like Mohammedan Law permitted bigamous marriages which were prevalent in all Hindu families and more so in royal Hindu families. It is only after the Hindu Law was codified by enactments including the present Act that bar against bigamous marriages was created by Section 5(i) of the Act. Keeping into consideration the present state of the statutory Hindu Law, a bigamous marriage may be declared illegal being in contravention of the provisions of the Act but it cannot be said to be immoral so as to deny even the right of alimony or maintenance to a spouse financially weak and economically dependant. It is with the purpose of not rendering a financially dependant spouse destitute that Section 25 enables the court to award maintenance at the time of passing any type of decree resulting in breach in marriage relationship.”

15. However, as regard the matter relating to grant of interest it was observed :

“We are told that the order of the High Court insofar as it directs the husband to return ornaments of the wife or its equivalent value in the sum of Rs.3,25,655/- with 9% per annum, is a subject-matter of a separate appeal. We, therefore, express no opinion with regard to the same.”

SUBMISSIONS :

16. Mr. Sushil Kumar Jain, the learned counsel appearing on behalf of the Appellant would contend that having regard to the judgment and order passed by the High Court dated 20-1-2000, the Executing Court, and subsequently the High Court, committed a serious error of law in directing payment of interest. The learned counsel submitted that in view of the fact that no time was fixed for return of the ornaments, and the Appellant having offered the same to the Respondent within a reasonable time, no interest on the said sum of Rs.3,25,655/- was payable.

17. Mr. S.C. Birla, the learned counsel appearing on behalf of the Respondent, on the other hand, would contend that the reliance placed by the Appellant herein on the letter dated 15-3-2000 is misconceived as no such letter was issued. According to the learned counsel only a demand draft dated 21-2-2000 was sent to the Respondent, which was returned by her in terms of a letter dated 13-4-2000 stating that the same should have been drawn up in the name of Smt. Rameshwari R. Daga.

18. Mr. Birla would submit that in view the judgment and order of the High Court dated 20-1-2000 as also the judgment of this Court dated 13-12-2004, the dispute between the parties had attained finality and, thus, the same could not have been reopened in the executing proceeding and in that view of the matter, the High Court has rightly dismissed the revision application filed by the Appellant herein.

CONSTRUCTION OF THE JUDGMENT :

19. A judgment, as is well known, is not to be read as a statute. A judgment, it is trite, must be construed upon reading the same as a whole. For the said purpose the attendant circumstances may also be taken into consideration. [Islamic Academy of Education and Another vs. State of Karnataka and Others (2003) 6 SCC 697, M/s Zee Telefilms Ltd. and Anr. vs. Union of India and Ors. JT 2005 (2) SC 8 and P. S. Sathappan vs. andhra Bank Ltd. (2004) 11 SCC 672.

20. The Family Court in its judgment and order dated 9-10-1995 did not grant any interest on the said sum of Rs.3,25,655/-. An alternative, decree was only passed to the effect that the Respondent would be entitled to a sum of Rs.3,25,655/- in the event, the ornaments are not returned to the Respondent by the Appellant herein.

21. A decree in the nature of mandatory injunction directing a party to the suit to deliver certain movable property in favour of the Appellant cannot be equated with a decree for payment of a specified sum.

22. The High Court moreover did not allow the cross objection filed by the Respondent herein in its entirety. It was allowed only in part.

23. The question of the Appellant’s paying the price of the ornaments’ value at Rs.3,25,655/- together with interest @ 9% p.a. from the date of the decree of the Family Court dated 9-10-1995 could have been the subject- matter of the Execution Petition only if the Appellant did not return the same to the Respondent within a reasonable time. The High Court did not interfere with the judgment of the Family Court to the effect that the Respondent was entitled to get back all the ornaments except the fact that in case the said ornaments or articles are not returned by him, he will have to pay interest on the price thereof. Thus, the question of payment of interest would have arisen only in the event of the Appellant’s failure to return the ornaments to the Respondent.

24. We have noticed hereinbefore that whereas the Family Court directed the Appellant herein to return the ornaments within one month from the date of the decree, and only on his failure to do so he was made liable to pay the value thereof. The High Court while upholding that part of the decree, did not fix any time therefor. In absence of any direction having been issued by the High Court upon the Appellant to return the ornaments within the time specified therefor, the ornaments could be returned by him to the Respondent within a reasonable time. The order of the High Court, therefore, was a conditional one. The Appellant herein offered delivery of the ornaments to the Respondent by his letter dated 15-3-2000. The receipt of the said letter has been disputed before us but from a scrutiny of the records it does not appear that the said contention was raised before the Courts below. No such contention had been raised before the High Court. In fact the High Court wrongly proceeded to hold that the Appellant could not have avoided his liability merely by giving the said notice of 15 days on 15-3-2000. Issuance of the said notice by the Appellant as also the contents thereof, therefore, had not been denied or disputed by the respondent.

25. The High Court moreover misconstrued and misinterpreted its earlier judgment dated 20-1-2000. It failed to notice that the direction upon the Appellant to pay interest was subject to the condition that if he did not return the ornaments, the direction to pay interest on the aforementioned amount of Rs.3,25,655/- would operate, and it was thus not an unconditional decree. If the Appellant had fulfilled the conditions specified in the judgment, the question of his incurring the liability to pay the price of the ornaments specified by the High Court did not arise.

26. Thus, the direction upon the Appellant to return the ornaments is not concomitant with the order to pay the price thereof. The second direction was, thus, a conditional one which comes into operation only upon non- fulfillment of the first direction. Thus, by reason of the first direction no decree to pay interest on a specified sum was passed. In that view of the matter, if no occasion had arisen for paying the aforementioned sum of Rs.3,25,655/-, the question of paying any interest thereupon would not arise. Neither the Family Court nor the High Court had directed payment of any interest on the ground of deliberate and wrongful withholding of the ornaments by the Appellant. Even on the said count, no interest could have been directed to be paid but what could be directed was payment of compensation.

27. As this Court in its earlier judgment had no occasion to consider the effect of the judgment dated 9-10-1995 passed by the Family Court, Bombay and the judgment dated 20-1-2000 passed by the High Court of Bombay, the same did not attain finality.

CONCLUSION :

28. We are, therefore, of the opinion that the judgment of the High Court is not sustainable which is set aside accordingly. The appeal is allowed. However, in the peculiar facts and circumstances of the case, we direct the Appellant to bear the costsCosts Subject to any written law, costs are at the discretion of the Court, and the Court has the power to determine all issues relating to the costs of or incidental to all proceedings, including by whom and to what extent the costs are to be paid, at any stage of the proceedings or after the conclusion of the proceedings. Generally “Costs” includes charges, disbursements, expenses, fees, and remuneration. Costs in any matter are payable from the date of the order of the Court unless the parties otherwise agree. The costs of a third-party funding contract are not recoverable as part of the costs of, or costs. of the Respondent in this appeal which is quantified at Rs.10,000/-. The said sum shall be paid to the Respondent by the Appellant within four weeks from date.