Reliance Infra vs Shanghai Electric: Reason for Awarding Costs (16/04/2024)

SICCSingapore International Commercial Court Singapore International Commercial Court is a division of the General Division of the High Court and part of the Supreme Court of Singapore. Enhancing Singapore’s international standing as a key legal and business hub in Asia, as well as a leading centre for international commercial dispute resolution, it was established in 2015 as a trusted neutral forum to meet the growing demand for effective transnational dispute resolution through litigation due to Singapore’s strategic location within Asia.: (Assessment of CostsCosts Subject to any written law, costs are at the discretion of the Court, and the Court has the power to determine all issues relating to the costs of or incidental to all proceedings, including by whom and to what extent the costs are to be paid, at any stage of the proceedings or after the conclusion of the proceedings. Generally “Costs” includes charges, disbursements, expenses, fees, and remuneration. Costs in any matter are payable from the date of the order of the Court unless the parties otherwise agree. The costs of a third-party funding contract are not recoverable as part of the costs of, or costs.) Costs incurred by Shanghai Electric in respect of its foreign counsel, expert, and other disbursements were reasonably incurred and grant them in full. They generally match Reliance Infrastructure’s estimates of their own costs for the same categories. This is an indication of reasonableness and proportionality.

[2024] SGHC(I) 8 | Decision Date: 16 Apr 2024 | SIC/OA 1/2023

IN THE SINGAPORE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL COURTSingapore International Commercial Court Singapore International Commercial Court is a division of the General Division of the High Court and part of the Supreme Court of Singapore. Enhancing Singapore’s international standing as a key legal and business hub in Asia, as well as a leading centre for international commercial dispute resolution, it was established in 2015 as a trusted neutral forum to meet the growing demand for effective transnational dispute resolution through litigation due to Singapore’s strategic location within Asia.

OF

THE REPUBLICRepublic Res publica. Having a head of the state. Pope is the head of the Vatican City state. The people execute their power through an Elected (direct/indirect) President. Political parties sponsored their presidential candidates. Indian president is a constitutional puppet under the ruling Cabinet. In the case of the appointment of  Indian judges, presidential power is a vanishing point. OF SINGAPORE

[2024] SGHC(I) 8

Originating Application No 1 of 2023

Between

… Claimant

And

… Defendant

JUDGMENTJudgment The statement given by the Judge on the grounds of a decree or order - CPC 2(9). It contains a concise statement of the case, points for determination, the decision thereon, and the reasons for such decision - Order 20 Rule 4(2).  Section 354 of CrPC requires that every judgment shall contain points for determination, the decision thereon and the reasons for the decision. Indian Supreme Court Decisions > Law declared by Supreme Court to be binding on all courts (Art 141 Indian Constitution) Civil and judicial authorities to act in aid of the Supreme Court (Art 144) Supreme Court Network On Judiciary – Portal > Denning: “Judges do not speak, as do actors, to please. They do not speak, as do advocates, to persuade. They do not speak, as do historians, to recount the past. They speak to give Judgment. And in their judgments, you will find passages, which are worthy to rank with the greatest literature….” Law Points on Judgment Writing > The judge must write to provide an easy-to-understand analysis of the issues of law and fact which arise for decision. Judgments are primarily meant for those whose cases are decided by judges (State Bank of India and Another Vs Ajay Kumar Sood SC 2022)

[Civil Procedure — Costs — Principles — Principles on assessment of costs for proceedings in Singapore International Commercial Court — Reasonableness and proportionality of costs — Disparity between quantum of costs estimates of parties]

[Civil Procedure — Costs — Principles — Principles on assessment of costs for proceedings in Singapore International Commercial Court — Reasonableness and proportionality of costs — Factors relevant to assessment of reasonableness and proportionality of costs awarded pursuant to Order 22 rule 3(2) of Singapore International Commercial Court Rules 2021]

Reliance Infrastructure Ltd v Shanghai Electric Group Co Ltd

[2024] SGHC(I) 8

Singapore International Commercial Court — Originating Application No 1 of 2023

Judges: Philip Jeyaretnam J, Sir Vivian Ramsey IJ and Anselmo Reyes IJ

6 March 2024

16 April 2024   Judgment reserved.

Philip Jeyaretnam J (delivering the judgment of the court):

Introduction

1 In Reliance Infrastructure Ltd v Shanghai Electric Group Co Ltd [2024] SGHC(I) 3 (“Reliance Infrastructure (MeritsMerits Strict legal rights of the parties; a decision “on the merits” is one that reaches the right(s) of a party as distinguished from a disposition of the case on a ground not reaching the rights raised in the action; for example, in a criminal case double jeopardy does not apply if charges are nolle prossed before trial commences, and in a civil action res judicata does not apply if a previous action was dismissed on a preliminary motion raising a technicality such as improper service of process.)”) at [143], we dismissed the application brought by the claimant, Reliance Infrastructure Limited (“Reliance Infrastructure”), in SIC/OA 1/2023 (“OA 1”), to set aside an arbitral award which had awarded damages to the defendant, Shanghai Electric Group Co Ltd (“Shanghai Electric”). Accordingly, we awarded costs to Shanghai Electric (see Reliance Infrastructure (Merits) at [143]).

2 However, Reliance Infrastructure and Shanghai Electric (“the Parties”) were unable to agree on the amount of costs. Having considered Parties’ submissions, we award costs to Shanghai Electric in the amount of US$734,660.02, for the reasons which follow.

Factual background

3 On 12 March 2023,  Reliance Infrastructure applied in OA 1 to set aside an arbitral award rendered by a tribunal on 8 December 2022, following a Singapore-seated arbitrationArbitration (ADR) A dispute settlement process whereby the parties agree to submit their differences to judges of their own choice and to abide by the decision of the judges. between Parties (“the Award”).  The Award held that Reliance Infrastructure was liable to Shanghai Electric under the guarantee obligations found within a purported guarantee letter said to have been executed between the Parties on 26 June 2008 (“the Guarantee Letter”) (see the Award at [6]–[7], [9(a)] and [9(d)]) (see also Reliance Infrastructure (Merits) at [23] and [32]). 

4 The Award ordered Reliance Infrastructure to pay over US$146.309 million to Shanghai Electric (not including the post-award interest and any reimbursement for the final costs of the arbitration that may be applicable) (see the Award at [9(d)], [9(f)], [9(i)]–[9(l)] and [1208(c)]–[1208(g)]). 

5 In their OA 1, Reliance Infrastructure alleged that the signature of its former officer on the Guarantee Letter had been a forgery, and in the alternative, that its former officer had no authority to execute the arbitration agreementContract An agreement enforceable by law is a contract. All agreements are contracts if they are made by the free consent of parties competent to contract, for a lawful consideration and with a lawful object, and are not hereby expressly declared to be void. Indian Contract Act. that was contained within the Guarantee Letter (see Reliance Infrastructure (Merits) at [38]–[39], [59] and [62]). 

6 We dismissed OA 1 on 31 January 2024, following a 2-day hearing from 11–12 January 2024 (see Reliance Infrastructure (Merits) at [34]). We heard the evidenceEvidence All the means by which a matter of fact, the truth of which is submitted for investigation, is established or disproved. Bharatiya Sakshya (Second) Adhiniyam 2023 of three factual witnesses (two from Reliance Infrastructure and one from Shanghai Electric) and two handwriting experts (one from each party) (see Reliance Infrastructure (Merits) at [34(a)]–[34(e)]).

7 We awarded costs to Shanghai Electric and ordered that if Parties were unable to agree on the amount of costs within 14 days of our judgment, they were to file written submissions on costs within 7 days thereafter (see Reliance Infrastructure (Merits) at [143]). The deadline for Parties to file their costs submissions would have elapsed on 21 February 2024.

8 On 21 February 2024, Reliance Infrastructure wrote into court seeking an extension of timeTime Where any expression of it occurs in any Rules, or any judgment, order or direction, and whenever the doing or not doing of anything at a certain time of the day or night or during a certain part of the day or night has an effect in law, that time is, unless it is otherwise specifically stated, held to be standard time as used in a particular country or state. (In Physics, time and Space never exist actually-“quantum entanglement”) for Parties to agree on the amount of costs to 28 February 2024, and in the event of their being unable to agree, to file their submissions on costs by 6 March 2024. Shanghai Electric had no objections to that request.

9 Accordingly, on 22 February 2024, we allowed the extensions of time requested in Reliance Infrastructure’s letter (see O 1 r 5(10) of the Singapore International Commercial Court Rules 2021 (“SICC Rules 2021”)). Thus, Parties filed their written submissions on costs on 6 March 2024.

Costs are awarded to Shanghai Electric in the amount of US$734,660.02

Summary of Parties’ positions on costs

10 Reliance Infrastructure’s position is that Shanghai Electric should be awarded no more than S$225,000 in costs, this being the sum that the former had paid into court as security for the latter’s costs in OA 1 (see this court’s order dated 11 August 2023 on SIC/SUM 19/2023). 

11 In contrast, Shanghai Electric argues that it is entitled to be reimbursed for all the costs and disbursements it incurred in defending OA 1, which amount to US$911,244.87 in total. Shanghai Electric also reserves their right to claimA Claim A claim is “factually unsustainable” where it could be said with confidence before trial that the factual basis for the claim is entirely without substance, which can be the case if it were clear beyond question that the facts pleaded are contradicted by all the documents or other material on which it is based. additional costs beyond that figure for reviewing Reliance Infrastructure’s submissions on costs and preparing any reply submissions thereon. 

12 Having reviewed the costs incurred by Shanghai Electric, the details of which were particularised in their costs schedule, we find that they are generally reasonable and proportionate (see O 22 r 3(1), SICC Rules 2021), save that the costs claimed for Singapore counsel’s fees in the amount of US$726,584.85 should be moderated down to US$550,000. The other costs claimed by Shanghai Electric for foreign law counsel, expert’s fees, and all other disbursements, amounting to US$184,660.02 in total, ¹⁰ are granted in full. Accordingly, we award, in total, costs to Shanghai Electric coming to US$734,660.02.

Breakdown of Parties’ respective costs estimates

13 It is helpful to start with the information provided by Parties concerning their own costs. Those costs, once broken down into four categories (Singapore counsel, foreign counsel, experts, and all other disbursements) show that the principal disparity between Parties’ costs estimates lies in the fees charged for Singapore counsel: 

The costs claimed by Shanghai Electric in respect of foreign counsel’s fees and all of their disbursements are granted in full

14 We hold that the costs incurred by Shanghai Electric in respect of its foreign counsel, expert, and other disbursements were reasonably incurred and grant them in full. They generally match Reliance Infrastructure’s estimates of their own costs for the same categories. This is an indication of reasonableness and proportionality. Comparing the costs of the Parties is a relevant and useful exercise: see, for example, Qilin World Capital Ltd v CPIT Investments Ltd and another appeal [2019] 1 SLR 1 at [32], where our Court of Appeal granted the costs claimed by Qilin with respect to the appeal in Civil Appeal No 145 of 2017 and assessed them to be reasonable, in the light of CPIT’s similar estimate in its own costs schedule.

The costs claimed by Shanghai Electric in respect of Singapore counsel’s fees are granted in part

15 We turn now to the costs incurred for Singapore counsel. There are two factors that we have considered, the first of which is, again, the comparison with Reliance Infrastructure’s own costs incurred in this category (see at [13] above), and the second is Shanghai Electric’s prior estimate of its own costs in respect of its application for security for costs of OA 1 in their SIC/SUM 19/2023 (“the SFC Application”).

16 Reliance Infrastructure has provided a figure of US$270,000 for its costs for Singapore counsel. It has relied on the disparity in costs incurred to argue that Shanghai Electric’s costs are not reasonable and proportionate within the meaning of O 22 r 3(1) of the SICC Rules 2021. 

17 The question is whether the large disparity in costs for Singapore counsel between Parties – with costs for Shanghai Electric being more than 2.69 times that of Reliance Infrastructure for this category – justifies a reduction of the costs claimed by the former for Singapore counsel professional fees or if those costs should be granted in full as having been reasonably incurred.

18 The starting point is that Shanghai Electric, as the prevailing party in Reliance Infrastructure (Merits) at [96] and [141]–[143], is generally entitled to the costs that it subjectively incurred in defending OA 1: see O 22 r 3(1) of the SICC Rules 2021 and Senda International Capital Ltd v Kiri Industries Ltd [2023] 1 SLR 96 (“Senda v Kiri (Assessment of Costs)”) at [52]. However, this is tempered by the objective yardstick requiring the court to assess the reasonableness of both the manner in which costs were incurred and the quantum of those costs (see Senda v Kiri (Assessment of Costs) at [52]–[54]). For completeness, we observe that while Senda v Kiri (Assessment of Costs) was decided on the basis of the old O 110 r 46 of the Rules of Court (2014 Rev Ed), the principles articulated by the Court of Appeal in that case remain applicable to the assessment of costs in the Singapore International Commercial Court (“the SICC”) under the new O 22 of the SICC Rules 2021, having regard, in particular, to the wording of O 22 r 3(1), which provides that the prevailing party is “entitled to costs and the quantum of any costs award will generally reflect the costs incurred by the party entitled to costs, subject to the principles of proportionality and reasonableness” (see also Senda v Kiri (Assessment of Costs) at [56]–[57], which held to the same effect).

19 Considering the estimated hours provided by Shanghai Electric and the hourly rates of their practitioners in their costs schedule, ¹³ they have given sufficient particulars of their costs for Singapore counsel for this court to assess their reasonableness (see Senda v Kiri (Assessment of Costs) at [73]). The figures provided are reasonable and the evidential burden then shifts onto Reliance Infrastructure to prove the unreasonableness of the costs claimed (see Senda v Kiri (Assessment of Costs) at [75]), notwithstanding that the legal burden remains on Shanghai Electric to prove the reasonableness thereof (see Senda v Kiri (Assessment of Costs) at [78]).

20 The extent of the disparity in quantum between the professional fees of Parties’ Singapore counsel does support the conclusion that the quantum of the costs claimed by Shanghai Electric therefor is unreasonable, even if the costs themselves (in terms of time and labour expended or hourly rates charged) were reasonably incurred. In assessing the objective reasonableness of the quantum, the court should consider “the nature and extent of the differences in the respective positions on costs taken by the parties” (see Senda v Kiri (Assessment of Costs) at [70]); “[h]ence, the best evidence that the unsuccessful party can adduce to discharge its evidential burden [of proving the objective unreasonableness of the costs claimed] will often be information as to the costs that it had correspondingly incurred for the matter, which might well be a sound proxy by which the trial court can determine what the appropriate level of costs in the particular case is” (see Senda v Kiri (Assessment of Costs) at [75]) (see also O 22 r 3(2)(j), SICC Rules 2021).

21 The large difference in costs for Singapore counsel between Parties is difficult to justify objectively given that the Parties here engaged with the same issues of fact and law and would have performed similar work in this proceeding (eg, reviewing and presenting the evidence of factual witnesses, reviewing the forensic reports of expert witnesses, etc). Moreover, the burden of proof was on Reliance Infrastructure to prove the grounds for its setting-aside application (ie, to prove forgery and/or absence of authority) and not on Shanghai Electric to disprove. Although Reliance Infrastructure has not provided a detailed breakdown of their professional fees with the hourly rates of their practitioners and the number of hours worked, that by itself does not render the quantum of the costs they actually incurred for Singapore counsel – US$270,000 – irrelevant in the ‘reasonableness’ assessment. The extent of the disparity supports the conclusion that the quantum claimed by Shanghai Electric in respect of Singapore counsel’s fees is objectively unreasonable for the purposes of O 22 r 3(1) of the SICC Rules 2021.

22 However, that does not mean that Shanghai Electric should be limited to claiming the quantum of the Singapore counsel’s fees incurred by Reliance Infrastructure in this case. There is no rule of lawRule of Law It demands equality and accountability for all individuals under clear and predictable justice. This principle applies to both people and the State, emphasizing the need for transparency and openness in decision-making. The European Commission has the role of ensuring respect for the rule of law, as well as upholding EU values and principles. This fundamental value forms the basis of the European Union's foundation, requiring all, including government officials, to be subject to the law, under the control of independent and impartial courts. that one party’s costs are an upper limit on the costs claimable by the other party. The test remains what is reasonable. In any litigation, even if the work to be undertaken is broadly similar on both sides, there will naturally be variance. So long as the subjectively incurred legal fees fall within the spectrum of ‘reasonable’ costs, a successful party should be entitled to reimbursement. This follows from the principle in Senda v Kiri (Assessment of Costs) at [52] that the purpose behind the objective yardstick is to ensure that parties “pursue their proceedings in a reasonable and sensible manner”. There is logically no one exclusively reasonable and sensible manner of prosecuting the same claim even under the same circumstances. Case in point, Reliance Infrastructure hired four Singapore practitioners while Shanghai Electric hired six, which likely contributed to some extent to the difference in costs incurred. The decision of Shanghai Electric to engage a team of six Singapore practitioners was not an unreasonable or insensible manner of pursuing its claim just because Reliance Infrastructure chose to engage a team of four instead.

23 We would also take into account the fact that Shanghai Electric had estimated its own costs at S$250,000 in the SFC Application. That application was filed on 15 June 2023 and Shanghai Electric’s legal representative had estimated the total costs they would incur in defending OA 1 at S$250,000. Reliance Infrastructure now cites the great disparity between the initial estimate of S$250,000 in June 2023 and the costs Shanghai Electric is now claiming of US$911,244.87 to argue that Shanghai Electric’s current estimate cannot be reasonable and proportionate. ¹⁴

24 We agree that prior estimates given by a party of its own costs are relevant and should be considered. However, it is important to note that the sum of S$250,000 was only an estimate of the minimum amount Shanghai Electric might incur in the event of OA 1 proceeding to a full hearing on the merits. It was not an estimate of all costs that would be incurred by Shanghai Electric in that event. The supporting witness statement of Mr Tan Yi Fan thus stated at para 37 that “[t]he Defendant [Shanghai Electric] is therefore of the view that S$250,000 is a reasonable indication of the minimum amount of costs it would incur in defending OA 1 [emphasis added]”. ¹⁵ Likewise, Shanghai Electric’s written submissions in the SFC Application similarly stated at para 55 that “the sum of S$250,000 is a very conservative estimate of the minimum costs that the Defendant [Shanghai Electric] would incur in OA 1. This quantum is entirely reasonable and not excessive”. ¹⁶

25 We accept that Shanghai Electric’s SFC Application was not intended to indemnify them fully for all costs they would incur in this proceeding. This was a reasonable position for Shanghai Electric to take at that stage, since asking for a higher sum to fully indemnify all of Shanghai Electric’s expected or reasonably anticipated costs would heighten the prospect of Reliance Infrastructure successfully arguing that the sum sought was unreasonable, excessive, oppressive and/or would otherwise stifle its application in OA 1. For these reasons, we would agree that the prior costs estimate of S$250,000 was given on a conservative basis. Nonetheless, there is a great disparity between it and what is now claimed, which is over 4.88 times their earlier estimate. This supports our moderating the quantum now claimed by Shanghai Electric for the component of its Singapore counsel’s costs.

26 We thus award to Shanghai Electric costs of US$550,000 for Singapore counsel, which represents a reduction from the amount they claimed therefor (US$726,584.85). This award is slightly more than twice the estimate given by Reliance Infrastructure for its own costs for the same – that is, US$270,000. Nonetheless, the quantum of US$550,000 for Singapore counsel is, in our view, reasonable and proportionate within the meaning of O 22 r 3(1), bearing in mindConciousness Through it, a living being exists. It exists even at the molecular level. Mind is not able to control it. The mind is an internal organ that exists separate from consciousness. The mind (depending on bio-electricity) can not work without memory and information, but consciousness can. Dreams come from consciousness. Read: Mind is man. the following (see factors in O 22 rr 3(2)(a), 3(2)(b), 3(2)(c), 3(2)(e)(ii), 3(2)(f) and 3(2)(g)):

(a) the quantum of the amount at stake, viz, an arbitral award which had awarded more than US$146 million to Shanghai Electric (not including post-award interest thereon and any reimbursements for the final costs of the arbitration) (see at [4] above);

(b) the importance to Shanghai Electric of fully responding to and rebutting the very serious allegation of forgery (see at [5] above), and thus obtaining the vindication that it did;

(c) the voluminous factual record which had to be examined (ie, a Case Management Bundle spanning 14 volumes and over 7,000 pages);

(d) the relative legal complexity of the issues raised (here, Reliance Infrastructure tendered a bundle of 72 legal authorities in total while Shanghai Electric tendered 55 in total in its main and supplementary bundles);

(e) the extent of the time and effort expended by Shanghai Electric’s Singapore practitioners here (1,431.49 hours expended by six practitioners, with 83.83 hours on the low end and 532.33 hours on the high end), ¹⁷ the quantity of which is not unreasonable given the complexity and volume of the legal authorities, facts, and evidence engaged here (see at [(c)]–[(d)] above); and

(f) the proceedings here lasted for nearly a year from March 2023 to January 2024 (see at [3] and [6] above), albeit that there were only two Case Management Conferences and a 2-day hearing on the merits (see at [6] above), and featured five interlocutory applications in the interregnum, notwithstanding that three of them were granted by consent.

27 Awarding Shanghai Electric US$550,000 in costs for its Singapore counsel’s fees would strike the proper balance between the principle of reinstating the successful party into the position it was legitimately entitled to be in all along by reimbursing them for the costs they subjectively incurred to obtain what it was always entitled to obtain (see Senda v Kiri (Assessment of Costs) at [52]) against the yardstick of objective reasonableness which tempers that subjective element by requiring costs to have been both reasonably incurred and reasonable in their quantum (see Senda v Kiri (Assessment of Costs) at [54]).

28 Finally, there is Reliance Infrastructure’s argumentArgument An argument serves as the process of presenting reasons to support a belief, and also refers to the reasons themselves. It can also denote a disagreement where opposing parties openly voice their opinions and dispute each other's claims. In U.S. v. Palma, the Eighth Circuit rejected the use of the "golden rule" argument, emphasizing that it could lead jurors to decide based on personal bias rather than evidence, thus departing from neutrality. that the quantum of the costs claimed by Shanghai Electric here are significantly higher than costs awards in other SICC cases also involving setting-aside applications heard over two days or less, ¹⁸ including the less than S$180,000 awarded in both DBX and another v DBZ [2024] SGHC(I) 5 (“DBX (Costs)”) at [18] and Asiana Airlines, Inc v Gate Gourmet Korea Co, Ltd [2022] 4 SLR 158 at [128], [130] and [132].

29 We certainly accept that prior SICC costs awards in cases with “common features” with the present case should be taken into consideration in assessing the ‘reasonableness’ of costs at the objective stage. To the extent that the case at hand shares “common features” with other SICC cases, the costs awarded in those other cases are a relevant factor to be considered (see Senda v Kiri (Assessment of Costs) at [79]). However, “[a]ny reliance placed on previous costs awards is not to determine the level of costs that should be awarded, but rather to provide a check as to whether the costs claimed by the successful party are reasonable or not [emphasis added]”: Senda v Kiri (Assessment of Costs) at [79].

30 The number of days spent on the hearing of these other setting-aside applications by the SICC is only one dimension in the comparison. Other dimensions, especially what was at stake in the litigation, both financially and non-financially, would have to be considered to assess what costs were reasonable to incur in the present case. The more that is at stake, the more parties will demand of counsel. For example, in the former case of DBX (Costs), the arbitral awards there had awarded less than HKD80 million (not including interest and costs) (see DBX and another v DBZ [2024] 3 SLR 141 at [1] and [23]), falling within the range of US$10–10.5 million (at prevailing exchange rates), far below the more than US$146 million award (not including post-award interest and any applicable reimbursements for the arbitration’s costs) at stake here. In addition, Reliance Infrastructure made a very serious accusation against Shanghai Electric, namely, that it had forged the signatures on the Guarantee Letter (see at [5] and [26(b)] above). Such an accusation strikes at the heart of a business party’s trustworthiness and, if proved, would have had a devastating impact on its international commercial reputation.

31 Given all these considerations, we find that the amount of US$550,000 in respect of Singapore counsel is a reasonable and proportionate quantum of costs under the circumstances (see O 22 rr 3(1) and 3(2), SICC Rules 2021).

Conclusion

32 For these reasons, we award costs in favour of Shanghai Electric in the following amounts:

(a) US$550,000 in respect of professional fees for Singapore counsel, a reduction from the US$726,584.85 claimed for this component; and

(b) US$184,660.02 in respect of foreign counsel, expert’s fees, and other disbursements, in the amounts claimed by Shanghai Electric therefor.

33 Consequently, we award to Shanghai Electric costs in the amount of US$734,660.02, a reduction from the costs claimed by them of US$911,244.87.

Vergis S Abraham SC, Asiyah binte Ahmad Arif, Ngo Wei Shing (Wu Weishen) and Liu Enning (Providence LawLaw Positive command of sovereign or divine. One can be ruled either by a Statute, a Statue, or a Statement. Legislation is the rule-making process by a political or religious organisation. Physics governs natural law. Logical thinking is a sign of a healthy brain function. Dharma is eternal for Sanatanis. Judiciary > Show me the face, and I will show you the law. Some people know how to bend the law rather than break it. AsiaAsia Central Asia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Eastern Asia China China–Hong Kong China–Macao China–Taiwan Japan Mongolia North Korea South Korea Southern Asia Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan British Indian Ocean Territory India Iran Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka South-Eastern Asia Brunei Cambodia East Timor Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Western Asia Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Cyprus Georgia Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen LLC), Harish Salve KC (Blackstone Chambers) for the claimant;

Cavinder Bull SC, Foo Yuet Min, Tay Hong Zhi Gerald, Tan Yi Fan and Tan Pei Han (Drew & Napier LLC), Nicholas Emmet Graham Leslie (Fountain Court Chambers), Ketan Gaur and Aayush Mitruka (Trilegal) for the defendant.

16 April 2024