Ajmal Kasab Vs Maharashtra (29/08/2012)

SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

Mohammed Ajmal Amir Kasab @ Abu Mujahid Vs. State of Maharashtra

[Criminal Appeal Nos.1899-1900 of 2011]

State of Maharashtra Vs. Fahim Harshad Mohammad Yusuf Ansari & another

[Criminal Appeal No.1961 of 2011]

Radhakant Yadav Vs. Union of India & Others

[Transfer Petition (Criminal) No.30 of 2012]

Date: 29 Aug 2012

JUDGMENT

Aftab Alam, J.

1. The appellant, Mohammed Ajmal Mohammad Amir Kasab @ Abu Mujahid (hereinafter referred to as ‘the appellant’ or as ‘Kasab’), who is a Pakistani national, has earned for himself five death penalties and an equal number of life terms in prison for committing multiple crimes of a horrendous kind in this country. Some of the major charges against him were: conspiracy to wage war against the Government of India; collecting arms with the intention of waging war against the Government of India; waging and abetting the waging of war against the Government of India; commission of terrorist acts; criminal conspiracy to commit murder; criminal conspiracy, common intention and abetment to commit murder; committing murder of a number of persons; attempt to murder with common intention; criminal conspiracy and abetment; abduction for murder; robbery/dacoity with an attempt to cause death or grievous hurt; and causing explosions punishable under the Explosive Substance Act, 1908. He was found guilty of all these charges besides many others and was awarded the death sentence on five counts, life-sentence on five other counts, as well as a number of relatively lighter sentences of imprisonment for the other offences.

2. Apart from the appellant, two other accused, namely Fahim Ansari and Sabauddin Ahamed, both Indian nationals, were also arraigned before the trial court and indicted on the same charges as the appellant.

3. At the end of the trial, however, the appellant was convicted and sentenced to death as noted above (vide judgment and order dated May 3/6,2010 passed by the Addl. Sessions Judge, Greater Mumbai in Sessions Case No. 175 of 2009). The other two accused were acquitted of all charges. The trial court gave them the benefit of the doubt as regards the charges of conspiracy and abetment of other offences by conspiracy, and further held that the prosecution completely failed to establish those other charges that were made directly against them.

4. The judgment by the trial court gave rise to a reference to the Bombay High Court under Section 366 of the Code of Criminal Procedure(CrPC), registered as Confirmation Case No. 2 of 2010. In addition to the reference, two appeals also came to the High Court from the judgment and order passed by the trial court, one by the appellant against his conviction and sentences (Criminal Appeal No. 738 of 2010) and the other by the State of Maharashtra against the acquittal of the other two accused(Criminal Appeal No. 606 of 2010). The High Court, by its judgment and order dated February 21, 2011, confirmed the death sentences given to the appellant by the trial court and dismissed both the appeals. The High Court upheld the judgment and order passed by the trial court in all material aspects: it sustained the appellant’s conviction and confirmed the punishments given him by the trial court, but at the same time it did not interfere with the acquittal of the other two accused.

5. From the judgment of the High Court two appeals have come to this Court: one is a jail appeal by Kasab and the other is by the State of Maharashtra. The State’s appeal seeks to challenge the acquittal of the other two accused by the trial court and affirmed by the High Court. The other two accused are impleaded in the State’s appeal as Respondents No. 1 and 2. Kasab was unrepresented in the appeal preferred by him from jail and this Court, therefore, appointed Mr. Raju Ramachandran, senior advocate, assisted by Mr. Gaurav Agrawal, to represent him. He was thus able to get legal assistance of a standard and quality that is not available to a majority of Indian nationals approaching this Court against their conviction and sentence.

6. We may also state here that since it is a case of death sentence, we intend to examine the materials on record first hand, in accordance with the time-honoured practice of this Court, and come to our own conclusions on all issues of facts and law, unbound by the findings of the trial court and the High Court.

7. According to the prosecution, a sinister conspiracy was hatched in Pakistan and in furtherance of that conspiracy a savage attack was unleashed on Mumbai by a team of ten terrorists, including Kasab, who landed on the city’s shores via the Arabian Sea. The attack began on November 26, 2008 at about 9.15 PM and it ended when the last of the attackers, who was holed up in Hotel Taj Mahal Palace, was killed by Indian security forces at about 9.00 AM on November 29. The brutal assault left Mumbai scarred and traumatized and the entire country shocked. The terrorists killed one hundred and sixty-six (166) people and injured, often grievously, two hundred and thirty-eight (238) people.[1] The loss to property resulting from the terrorist attack was assessed at over Rupees one hundred and fifty crores (Rs. 150 Cr.). The dead included eighteen (18)policemen and other security personnel and twenty-six (26) foreign nationals. The injured included thirty-seven (37) policemen and other security personnel and twenty-one (21) foreign nationals. Of those dead, at least seven (7) were killed by the appellant personally, seventy-two(72) were killed by him in furtherance of the common intention he shared with one Abu Ismail (deceased accused no.1) and the rest were victims of the conspiracy to which he was a party along with the nine (9) dead accused and thirty-five (35) other accused who remain to be apprehended and brought to court.[2]

8. The case of the prosecution is based, of course, on investigations by the police, but a good deal of it also comes from the confessional statement of the appellant recorded under Section 164 of the CrPC. The confession of the appellant may be broadly divided into two parts, one relating to the conspiracy, planning and preparation for the attack, and the other relating to the actual attack on Mumbai, in execution of the conspiracy of which the appellant along with his “buddia”[3], the accomplice Abu Ismail, was a part. So far as the attack on Mumbai is concerned, every statement made by the appellant is corroborated over and over again by objective findings and evidences gathered by the prosecution. But the conspiracy and the preparation for the attack took place in Pakistan and, therefore, it was impossible for any agency of this country to make investigations in regard to that part of the case. Nevertheless, the investigators have been able to gather extensive material to corroborate even that part of the appellant’s confession.

9. It would thus be convenient to present the case of the prosecution by beginning with the appellant’s confessional statement. THE RECORDING OF THE CONFESSIONAL STATEMENT:

10. The appellant was brought before the Chief Metropolitan Magistrate, Mumbai, on February 17, 2009, to make his confessional statement. The Chief Metropolitan Magistrate referred him to Mrs. Sawant-Wagule, Addl. Chief Metropolitan Magistrate, 3rd Court, Esplanade, Mumbai, before whom he was presented for recording his confessional statement in CR No. 198/08 of Detection of Crime Branch, Mumbai (one of the twelve (12) cases registered in connection with the offences committed by the invading group of terrorists) at 10.45 AM on the same day.

11. Mrs. Sawant Wagule proceeded to take his statement very slowly and with great circumspection. First of all, she had the appellant completely insulated from the police. She explained to him that from that point he was in her custody and not in the custody of the police. She asked him whether he was ill-treated or abused by the police in any manner and why he wanted to make the confessional statement. To her first question the appellant replied in the negative, and as for the reasons for him making a confession he said he would explain everything when his statement was recorded in detail. The magistrate further satisfied herself that the appellant was willing to make the confessional statement voluntarily and not under any pressure, coercion or allurement by the police or anyone else. Nonetheless, she did not take his statement on that day but told him that she wanted him to reflect further on the matter, for which purpose she was giving him 24hours’ time. She then remanded him to judicial custody where he was not accessible to the police or any other agency.

12. When the appellant was brought back to her on February 18 at 11 AM, she had another long exchange with him. In the preliminary exchanges on the previous day she had found that the appellant had no difficulty in following or speaking in Hindi; thus, the interaction between the magistrate and the appellant took place, in question and answer form, in simple, everyday spoken Hindi. The magistrate, having satisfied herself that the police had no contact with the appellant in the past 24 hours, began by telling the appellant that she had no concern with the offences for which he was arrested or any connection with the police that had arrested him. She explained to him that he was under no compulsion to make the confessional statement and further, that whether he made the confessional statement or not, he would not be handed back to the police. She confirmed once again that the appellant wished to make the statement of his own volition and not under any influence.

13. The appellant told her his name and gave his address of a place in Pakistan. She asked him about his education and where, when and how he was arrested by the police. She asked him why was he brought to her and in reply he said that he wanted to make a confessional statement. She asked for which offence he wanted to make confession. He replied that on November26, 2008, he and his accomplices made a Fidayeen attack on Mumbai city and he wanted to make a confession about the attack and the conspiracy behind it. She asked when he felt like making a confession. He told her that the thought of making the confession came to him when he was arrested by the police. He added that he had absolutely no regret for whatever he had done. He wanted to make the confession to set an example for others to become Fidayeen like him and follow him in his deeds. The magistrate cautioned him by saying that he should make the statement only if he wished to do so. She further cautioned him by saying that any confessional statement made by him would be taken down in writing and it would be used as evidence against him and that might lead to his conviction. The appellant said he was aware of the consequences. The magistrate again asked him whether the police had given any inducement to him to make the confessional statement, such as by offering to make him an approver. He replied in the negative. She then asked if he needed an advocate while making the confession. Once again, he answered in the negative.

14. Even after this lengthy and detailed interaction, the learned magistrate did not take his confession on that day but gave him a period of48 hours for further reflection, telling him that during that period he would not be in police custody but would be kept in jail in her custody. She advised him to reconsider the matter with a composed mind. She then remanded him to judicial custody with the direction that he be produced before her on February 20, 2009, at 11 AM.

15. The appellant was produced before the magistrate as directed, on February 20 at 10.40 AM. The magistrate repeated the entire gamut of explanations and cautions at the end of which the appellant said that he still wanted to make his confession. It was only then did the learned magistrate proceed to record the statement made by the appellant under Section 164 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. The statement could not be fully recorded on February 20 and it was resumed on February 21 at 10.40AM. On that date, the recording of the statement was completed. The learned magistrate has maintained a meticulous record of the proceedings before heron all those dates, duly signed by the appellant. After recording his statement, she also gave such certificates as required under sub-section 4of Section 164 CrPC.

16. Coming now to the main body of the confessional statement, it is in the form of a statement made by the appellant with only minimal interjections by the learned magistrate. She occasionally asked the appellant to clarify the meaning of some uncommon words or code words used in the conspiracy. The appellant’s statement, made before the magistrate over two days, is long and rambling, at points repetitive and full of seemingly superfluous details that would appear quite unnecessary if one is to take a limited view of the case and judge the culpability of the appellant only on the basis of the events in Mumbai. To that end, it would be quite simple and convenient to give a brief summary of the appellant’s confessional statement. But such an approach will not do justice to the case and we intend to take a look at the full statement of the appellant with all its repetitions and details. We do so to be fair to both the prosecution and the appellant. The details given by the appellant have a bearing on the prosecution case, according to which conspiracy, conspiracy to wage war against India and waging war against India are some of the main crimes in the case, and the details given by the appellant throw a great deal of light on the commission of those crimes. Further, the details in the appellant’s statement are relevant to the submission that the confessional statement is not truly voluntary but that the appellant was manipulated into making that statement. It is submitted on behalf of the appellant that no accused making an admission of his guilt would refer to those unnecessary details and that the great detail of the confessional statement only shows that it was not the appellant but the prosecution that was speaking through his mouth. We, therefore, scan the confession as it is, in full, unabridged and unadorned. THE KASAB NARRATIVE: Family background:

17. The appellant started by giving his name as Mohammed Ajmal Mohammad Amir Kasab. He was born on September 13, 1987. He lived in Pakistan where his address was village Faridkot, tehsil-Dipalpur, district Okara, Punjab province, Pakistan. He attended the Urdu-medium Faridkot Government Primary School up to class 4. He lived in the village with his Abbu Mohammad Amir Shaban Kasab, his Ammi Noor-e-Elahi, younger brother Munir and younger sister Surraiya. He gave his father’s mobile phone number. He had an elder sister and an elder brother, both of whom were married. The sister lived with her husband at a village in Pathankot, district Okara, and the brother lived in Lahore with his wife. He gave the names of the spouses of the elder sister and the elder brother and their respective addresses.

18. After the immediate family he gave the names of his three paternal uncles, elder to his father, and their sons, who lived in village Mohammad Yar Chishti, Pathankot, district Okara, Pakistan. He also named a fourth paternal uncle, younger to his father, who lived with the appellant’sfather.

19. He then gave the names of his Mamoon (mother’s brother) and his three sons and a daughter and their address; and the name of his Khaloo (mother’s sister’s husband), his address and mobile phone number.

20. He gave the name of another sister of his mother whom he called ‘Mamo’ and her address.

21. He had two paternal aunts who were married. He gave their names and their addresses. He said that his Mamoon and Mousi (mother’s brother and sister) had grown-up children.

22. Kasab added that his house at Faridkot had been taken by his father who earned his livelihood by plying carts. Kasab was fond of watching TV and Hindi movies; he named a number of popular Indian films that he had seen many times. He was in the habit of chewing tobacco. He was good friends with the village doctor, Mazhar, who had a dispensary near Faridkotbus stop.

23. After dropping out of school in the year 2000, Kasab and his friend Dittu started working as labourers in Faridkot. In 2001, he and his Abbu went to Lahore in search of employment. In Lahore he lived with his father and uncle, Ghulam Rasool, in a house they rented from Haji Qamar. He gave the detailed address of the house. On his father’s instructions, Kasab started working as a labourer at “Mazdooron Ka Adda”. He worked there for about five years. In the year 2005, his father and uncle returned to their village. Kasab continued to stay in Lahore alone, living in rented accommodation. During this period he used to visit his village home. On one such visit, he quarreled with his Abbu over the money earned by him. After the quarrel he left the home and started living at Ali Hajveri Dargah in Lahore. Kasab’s friend Shafique got him a job in Welcome Tent Service. Hegave the full address of the establishment, the name of its owner and the mobile phone numbers of the owner and his son. He added that the owner of the establishment used to call him “Balka”. It was here that Kasab met and befriended Muzaffar Lal Khan, who also worked there. Induction into Lashkar-E-Toiba, Indoctrination and Training for “Jihad”:

24. In November 2007, Kasab and Muzaffar Lal Khan went to Rawalpindi in search of better employment and took rented accommodation in Bangash Colony. It was here, around the month of December, that they saw members of Lashkar-e-Toiba going from door to door under the name of Jamaat-ul-Dava, collecting hides of goats sacrificed on Eid-uz-Zoha. They were asking people to donate the goat hides to help achieve independence for Kashmir. Kasab and his friend developed great respect for those people. They thought that those people were fighting for the liberation of Kashmir and they, too, should do something for their people. When they were working at Sarai Alamgir members of Jamat-ul-Dava were organising camps at different places where they would go to listen to their speeches. He explained that after Lashkar-e-Toiba was banned in 2002, it started its activities in the name of Jamat-ul-Dava. At this time, Kasab and Muzaffar Lal Khan first thought of undergoing training for Jihad.

25. In December 2007, they took the address of the office of Lashkar-e-Toiba from a moulvi and reached its office at Raja Bazar, Rawalpindi. Headded that the office was near Bangash Colony. There were two persons in the office who asked them the purpose of their visit. They replied that they wanted to undertake Jihad. The office people took their address in full and asked them to come the following day, with their clothes and other belongings. They returned the following day. On that day, a person in the office gave them a slip of paper with “Daura-E-Suffa, Markaz-e-Toiba, Muridke” written on it. He gave them directions for Muridke and told them to go there. They left for Muridke and, after traveling by bus for six hours, they reached Muridke bus stand. From there, they walked for about a kilometer and a half to reach the camp site. To the person there, they showed the letter and said that they had come for Daura-e-Suffa. After subjecting them to a search, he took them inside the office. There they showed the letter to a person called Fahadullah (wanted accused No. 8). He wrote down their names and addresses and admitted them for the training.

26. Daura-e-Suffa training lasted twenty one (21) days. There were thirty(30) other boys, apart from Kasab and his friend, doing the training. During this, they were first converted from Sunni (sect of Islam) to Ahl-e-Hadis and were given lessons in the Hadis (a study of the things said by the Prophet Muhammad and descriptions of his daily life). An Ustad conducted physical exercises. Besides, they were given lectures and lessons on Jihad. In those sessions Fahadullah and Mufti Sayeed (wanted accused No.13) were the Ustad. The training took place between December 2007 and January 2008. In the course of the training, Ustad Abu Kafa (wanted accusedNo. 5) introduced them to Hafiz Sayeed, the Ameer of Lashkar-e-Toiba(wanted accused No. 1), Operational Commander Zaki-ur-Rehman Lakhvi (wanted accused No. 2), Area Commander Abu Al-Kama (wanted accused No. 4), Muzzamilalias Yusuf (wanted accused No. 6), Training-in-charge Abu Umar Sayeed(wanted accused No. 18) and Abu Hamza (wanted accused No. 3). Kasab added that Zaki-ur-Rehman Lakhvi was known as ‘Chacha’ and Lakhvi. At that time Kafa told them that Abu Umar Sayeed arranged the training camps of Lashkar-e-Toiba. [At this point the learned magistrate interrupted him to ask the meaning of the word Ameer. He said it meant leader].

27. Kasab said that Ameer Hafiz Sayeed exhorted them by saying that all Mujahedeens must fight for the independence of Kashmir; Zaki-ur-Rehman announced that the time had come for Jihad, adding that their orgainsation had been fighting in Kashmir for the last fifteen (15) years but the Hindustani Government was not allowing Kashmir to be independent. It had, therefore, become necessary to fight a war against Hindustan to capture Kashmir. Zaki-ur-Rehman Lakhvi asked them if they were ready to wage the war. They all said they were ready for the war. At that time, Abu Al-Kama told them that they had to attack the major cities of Hindustan; that they would wage war against Hindustan from within, so that it is weakened from the inside. He added that anyone who would die in this war would go to paradise. In response, Kasab and all his associates said that they were ready to launch an attack on Hindustan.

28. In February 2008, they were selected for Daura-e-Amma training. Ustad Fahadullah gave them a letter saying “Bhai Vasool Daura-e-Amma”, and sent them to Mansera Markaz Aksa. They traveled for twelve (12) hours by bus to reach Mansera bus-stand from where they had to walk into the hilly region. There, at the entrance to the camp they were subjected to a search. They showed Fahadullah’s note to the person at the gate and were allowed into the office. The person in the office wrote down detailed information concerning them in a register. After staying there for the day, they were taken to Buttel village in a van. From there the driver of the van led them to the top of the hill on foot – a walk of about thirty (30) minutes.

29. In this second training of twenty-one (21) days they did physical exercises and practiced running and climbing over mountains. They were also given training in dismantling and assembling ‘Kalashan’, rifles and pistols and taught how to fire these weapons.[Here the magistrate asked him the meaning of ‘Kalashan’. He said’ Kalashan’ meant AK 47 rifle].The Saving of Muzaffar:

30. During this training, Muzzafar’s elder brother came and took him fromthere. Further Training:

31. Kasab told the magistrate that after the Daura-e-Amma training a Mujahid could go home if he so wished; alternatively, he could remain for three months of ‘Khid mat’.[The magistrate asked him what ‘Khidmat’ meant, to which he replied that it meant keeping watch on the new Mujahids who came for training, preparing food for them in the kitchen and generally looking after them].

32. He said that he remained to do ‘Khidmat’ of the Mujahedeens. The ‘Ustad’ for the trainees who came there during Kasab’s ‘Khidmat’ were AbuAbdul Rehman (wanted accused No. 9), Yusuf (wanted accused No. 15), AbuAnas (wanted accused No. 10) and Abu Bashir (wanted accused No. 11). Kasabdid ‘Khidmat’ during March, April and May, 2008.

33. Kasab’s ‘Ustad’, Abu Abdul Rehman, then asked him to go along with the other ‘Mujahedeens’ to the office of Lashkar-e-Toiba at Model Town, District Okara for ‘Daura-e-Khassa’. As instructed, they went to Manserabus-stand in the ‘Lashkar-e-Toiba’ van. After traveling from there by bus for twelve (12) hours they reached Lahore Lorry Adda (bus-stand). From there they went to Okara bus-stand by bus and, after walking for about one kilometer, they reached the office of ‘Lashkar-e-Toiba’ near a Masjid at the corner of a lane in Model Town. They told the people there that they had come to obtain the note for ‘Daura-e-Khassa’. After making inquiries of them and after making verifications on the telephone, the person present there wrote a letter saying “Bhai Vasool”. He stamped this with the flag of the ‘Lashkar-e-Toiba’ and gave it to them. He also gave them the address of the ‘Lashkar-e-Toiba’ training camp at Muzzafarabad.

34. All of them travelled 16/17 hours in a bus to Muzzafarabad. Kasabadded that Muzzaffarabad is in POK. From there they walked for about an hour and, passing through a ‘Lashkar-e-Toiba’ hospital called Neelam Dariya, they reached Sevai Nala. At that place there were 10/12 houses and a masjid of Lashkar-e-Toiba and the settlement was called ‘Baitul Mujahedeen’. They gave the Rukka (chit) to a person called Sayeed and entered the training camp, which was also called ‘Maskar Aksa’. The camp was situated on Chehalbandi Hills of Muzzaffarabad. There was high security in this training camp and restrictions on moving in or out of the camp without the permission of the ‘Ustad’. Abu Muavia (wanted accused No. 28) was the ‘Ustad’ of this training, which was conducted in the months of May, June and July, 2008.

35. Kasab told the magistrate that this training was of two and a half months in course of which they were turned into solid ‘Jihadis’. They were given lessons in Hadis, Namaz and Quran. In addition, they were taught to dismantle and assemble Kalashans and many kinds of rifles and pistols, and to fire from those weapons, to operate rocket launchers and the use of hand grenades. They were also given training in the use of satellite phones, GPS systems and map-reading. The physical exercise comprised staying without food for 60 hours while climbing mountains with heavy loads on the back. Head ded that the training was very arduous, so much so that ten (10)Mujahedeens fled the training camp. Abu Muavia and Abu Hanzala (wanted accused No. 31) were the ‘Ustad’ for this Daura.

36. During that training, a person unknown to Kasab visited the camp. At that time, Ameer Hafiz Sayeed, Zaki-Ur-Rehman Lakhvi and Kafa were present there. Ameer Hafiz Sayeed and Zaki-Ur-Rehman Lakhvi embraced the visitor, and ‘Ustad’ Abu Muavia and Abu Hanzala saluted him in soldier style. Kafa introduced him to the trainees as Major General Saab (wanted accused No.20) adding that the persons who were giving them training were his men. Major General Saab asked them their names and inquired about their training. He asked whether they had any complaints. They all answered that they had none. Major General Saab left after talking to them for about an hour.[At this point, the magistrate asked Kasab for the name of Major General Saab. He said they were not told his name]

37. Kasab said that after completion of the training his ‘Ustad’ Muaviagave him Rupees one thousand and three hundred (Rs.1,300/-) and asked him to go home and then to Ameer Hafiz Sayeed’s office at Baitul Mujahedeen. Preparation for attack on India:

38. Kasab stayed at his village for one week and then, towards the end of July, 2008, he reached the office of Hafiz Mohammad Sayeed at Baitul Mujahedeen. From there ‘Ustad’ Muavia took him to Selection Point at Sevai Nala, where 20/22 Mujahedeens like him were already present. Also present were Ameer Hafiz Mohammad Sayeed, Muzammil, Abu Hamza, ‘Ustad’ Muavia, Kafaand Abu Al-Kama. The Mujahedeens were shown a CD on the laptop demonstrating how Salauddin had made a ‘Fidayeen’ attack in Kashmir. Thereafter, Abu Al-Kama explained to them in detail how ‘Fidayeen’ attacks were made in Kashmir.

39. Ameer Hafiz Sayeed selected them and gave them new names. He named Kasab ‘Abu Mujahid’ and Imran Babar from Multan of Punjab region ‘Abu Aqsa’; Nasir of Faisalabad was named ‘Abu Umar’ and Nazir Ahmed ‘Abu Omair’; Hafiz Arshad of Multan Road, Punjab, was called Abdul Rehman ‘Bada’alias Hayaji; Abdul Rehman (Chhota) of Multan Road, Arabwala, was called’ Saqib’; Soheb from Narowala, Shakkar Garh, Punjab, was given the name ‘Abu Soheb’. Some other colleagues of Kasab, who came from different places in Pakistan and whose names he did not recall but whom he identified with reference to the places from which they came, were similarly given pseudonyms by Hafiz Sayeed.

40. On the same day in the evening they were taken to the office of Baitul Mujahedeen.

41. The fifteen (15) selected persons then left for Markaz-e-Toiba,Muridke, for the Daura-e-Ribat training. In this session, which lasted one month, they were given intelligence training, such as gathering knowledge about the target, keeping watch on him, following him and dodging if someone were to follow them. Kasab described one of these tricks to the magistrate, telling her that if they suspected that they were being followed, they would switch on the indicator light on the right and then suddenly take a left turn. That is how they would find out if they were being followed. They learnt how to use fake identities while on a mission. Training in-charge Abu Sayeed gave special attention to this training. He would frequently come to them and make queries about the training.

42. During the training two of Kasab’s colleagues, Nasad and Abu Muavia, left the camp and went away.

43. Abu Kafa and Imran (wanted accused No. 12) were the Ustad of this Dauara. During this training, Major General Saab came there twice. He watched them train and encouraged them. The Daura was completed in the end of August, 2008. At that time Muzammil alias Yusuf and Abu Al-Kama had also come there. Major Saab asked them if they could swim, to which they answered in the affirmative. Then Major Saab asked Kafa to give them marine training. Kafa said he would do so.

44. A few days later, in September, 2008, Kafa took them to Karachi by train. There they were lodged in a house in Azizabad mohalla. It was therein the month of September, 2008, that Ramzan started. Kafa took all the thirteen (13) Mujahedeens to the creek from where they all sailed to these a at Karachi on two small boats. Here, they were put on a boat with an engine attached to it. On that boat a person called Hakim Saab (wanted accused No. 14) gave them three days’ marine training. During the marine training they were taught to read and use maps, to fathom the depths of the sea, to use GPS for marine-ways, to cast fishing nets and to sail.[At this point the magistrate asked Kasab why they were taught to cast fishing nets. He replied that in order to deceive the naval officers of the enemy they would say they were fishermen].

45. After the marine training, Kafa took them back to Baitul Mujahedeen. There, Ameer Hafiz Sayeed and Zaki-ur-Rehman Lakhvi asked them about the marine training.

46. Three days later, Ameer Hafiz Sayeed and Zaki-ur-Rehman Lakhvi sent six (6) Mujahedeens from among them (whose names Kasab told the magistrate)for a ‘Fidayeen’ attack in Kashmir. On the following day, Abu Hamza introduced three men to their group: Ismail Khan from Dera Ismail Khan, Punjab, Fahadulla, and Javed from Okara, Punjab. Hafiz Sayeed named them Abu Ismail, Abu Fahadullah and Abu Ali. Abu Hamza told the group that these three were ‘Fidayeens’ like them; they had also taken training like the mand they were also going with them to carry out the attack on Hindustan.

47. On the thirteenth (13th) Roza Hafiz Sayeed, Zaki-ur-Rehman Lakhvi, Muzammil alias Yusuf, Al Kama, Abu Hasan, Abu Kafa and Abu Umar Sayeed called them into the office of Baitul Mujahid. Ameer Hafiz Sayeed addressed them there. He said that the time for ‘Jihad’ had come and they were now required to consider how best to launch the attack on Hindustan. After him Zaki-ur-Rehman Lakhvi spoke and said that the economic strength of Hindustan lay in Bombay and it was therefore necessary to direct the attack on Bombay. He added that they had taken good marine training and hence they would attack Bombay from the sea route. Major General Saab also came to this meeting. He embraced Ameer Hafiz and Zaki-ur-Rehman Lakhvi and they talked to each other at some distance from the rest of the group. After awhile they came to the group and Zaki-ur-Rehman Lakhvi said that Major General Saab wanted to see their preparedness. Immediately, each of them was given a ‘Kalashan’ and a loaded magazine. Major General Saab asked Ameer Hafiz to have the targets fixed at which Ameer Hafiz directed Kafa to fix ten (10) targets. Major General Saab said that when he shouted “fire” they should fire a single shot and when he shouted “fire” twice they were to make ‘rapid firing’.

48. All of them took position. Major General Saab watched them taking position and then he shouted “fire”. Each of them fired a single shot. Except Imran Babar, everyone shot the target. Ameer Hafiz Sayeed rebuked Imran Babar severely. Major General Saab, too, told Imran Babar to practice shooting properly. Major General Saab then asked everybody to take position. They all resumed position and Major General Saab shouted “fire” twice. All of them emptied their magazines. Major General Saab then walked upto the targets and inspected them closely. He asked who had fired at(target) No.4. Kasab said it was he. Major General Saab complemented him saying that he had destroyed the target entirely. He told the others that they had to destroy the target fully using minimum bullets and then, pointing at Kasab, he told the others that this is the way firing should be done. He then left and went away.

49. Then Kafa introduced them to a person called Zarar Shah (wanted accused No. 7). Kasab and Ismail asked him about Zarar Shah, at which hetold them that Zarar Shah and Ibrahim were the Ameer of the media wing of their organization. Zarar Shah was a computer expert. He could use computer technology to make a call from Pakistan appear, deceptively, as if it was being made from some other country. Zarar Shah and Ibrahim had set up a high technology media room. In this room they had collected maps, CDs and other information concerning the major cities of every country in the world on the basis of which they selected the targets and advised Zaki-ur-RehmanLakhvi.

50. Ameer Hafiz Sayeed and Zaki-ur-Rehman Lakhvi then divided the ten(10) ‘Mujahedeens’ into five (5) ‘buddiyas’.[The magistrate asked what a ‘Buddiya’ was. Kasab said ‘Buddiya’ meant apair].

51. The Buddiyas were: 1. Kasab & Ismail Khan; 2. Imran Babar & Nasir; 3.Soheb & Nazir Ahmed; 4. Hafiz Arshad alias Hayaji & Javed; and 5. AbdulRehman (Chhota) & Fahadullah.

52. Then, Zaki-ur-Rehman Lakhvi told them that on the twenty-seventh(27th) Roza they were to go and make the “Fidayeen” attack on Bombay. Ameer Hafiz Sayeed said to them that for going from Karachi to Bombay, a Hindustani boat would have to be hijacked and they would go to Bombay by that Hindustani boat. He added that the “maali halat” of Hindustan was based on “videshi sailaniyon”. Therefore, in order to weaken the “maalihalat” of Hindustan it was necessary to attack, among other places, those places frequented by “videshi sailaniyon”.[At this point the magistrate interrupted to ask the meanings of “maalihalat” and “videshi sailani”. Kasab translated the two expressions as” money power” and “foreign tourists”].

53. Ameer Hafiz Sayeed told them that they would fire from “Kalashan” while also throwing hand grenades at VTS, Malabar Hill, Taj Hotel at Colaba, Leopold Hotel, Oberoi Hotel and Nariman House Building where Israelis stayed in Bombay. He added that while firing they should specially target the Americans, the British and the Israelis because those people had greatly oppressed the Muslims. At VTS there would be a very large crowd and while firing there they should not think of whether their targets were Muslims or Hindus. They should just open ‘brush fire’ without any thought as to who they targeted. However, while firing at the hotels they should take care that no Muslim was killed in their attack. Then, Zaki-ur-Rehman Lakhvi asked the two “buddies” who were assigned the attack on the Taj Hotel and the Oberoi Hotel to set the two hotels on fire and to cause damage to them on a large scale. Zaki-ur-Rehman Lakhvi said that before launching the attack they must fix the RDX bombs around their targets. The bomb blasts would cause traffic jams and slow down the movement of the police coming to the rescue, and would thus make it easier for them to kill the policemen, besides many other people.

54. Ameer Hafiz Sayeed fixed the time for the attacks at 7.30 PM. When Kasab asked why the attack should take place at that particular time, Hafiz Sayeed explained that this was the time when the targeted places would be most crowded, and insisted that the attack must take place at 7.30 PM. Kafa told them that the ten (10) “Mujahedeens”, would be given ID cards with fake Hindu names and that they would go to Hindustan with those fake ID cards. On the way, they would also tie sacred threads around their wrists like Hindus do. When Ismail asked about the need for ID cards and threads, Kafa replied that with those ID cards nobody could stop them and they would be easily successful in their mission. And the threads on their wrists would deceive the police.

55. Continuing his story, Kasab told the magistrate that at that meeting they decided that he and Ismail would begin firing at VTS to make piles of dead bodies. From VTS they would go to Malabar Hill and start firing there. Hafiz Arshad and Javed would do the firing at Hotel Taj; Fahadullaah and Abdul Rehman (Chhota) at Hotel Oberoi; Imran Babar and Nasir at Nariman House; while Soheb and Nazir would begin firing at Hotel Leopold and then join Hafiz Arshad and Javed at the Taj Hotel. Further, while going to VTS he would plant an RDX bomb under the driver’s seat in the taxi; Nazir Ahmedand Javed would similarly place the bombs in the taxis they would hire to Leopold Hotel and Taj Hotel respectively. The taxis used by them would thus explode at some other place and no one would have any clue regarding how they came and where they came from. The Buddiyas at Nariman House, Oberoi Hotel and Taj Mahal Hotel would talk to the media and falsely tell them that they had taken some people hostage and (on that strength) would ask the Hindustan Government to allow Kashmir to be free. They would deceive the media into believing that they were Hindustani Muslims in large numbers and would thus generate fear.

56. Ameer Hafiz said Abu Hamza would teach them how to plant RDX bombs and how to cause blasts.

57. Ameer Hafiz Sayeed, Zaki-ur-Rehman Lakhvi, Muzammil alias Yusuf, AbuAl-Kama, Abu Umar Sayeed, Kafa, Abu Hamza and Zarar Shah then took the ten(10) “Mujahedeens” to a big hall. In that hall there were two or three TVs. Zarar Shah told them that this was the control room of the media wing. Zarar Shah showed them the different roads of Bombay and their different targets on a big TV screen. He showed VTS and Malabar Hill to Kasab and Ismail Khan on a CD. He also gave them detailed information about the roads leading to VTS and Malabar Hill. Kafa used Google Earth on a laptop to show them how to go from Badhwar Park in Mumbai to VTS and from VTS to Malabar Hill. Kafa also showed them some maps that were drawn by hand and told them that Fahim Ansari and Sabauddin Ahmed in Hindustan (Accused 2 & 3) had prepared those maps and sent them from there. He said that with the help of those maps they would easily reach the places targeted by them. Having told them how the maps were obtained, Kafa explained the maps to them. Kasab asked where Sabauddin and Fahim were. Kafa said both of them were arrested in Hindustan. Kasab asked why they were arrested, to which Kafa replied that they were arrested in connection with an attack made on a police camp at Rampur in India. Then, on the basis of one of the maps, he explained how long it would take them to go from Badhwar Park to VTS and from there to Malabar Hill. Kafa told them that Cooperage Ground and Azad Maidan fall on the way to VTS and told them to mention those places to the taxi driver. Kafa gave similar information to the other “Buddiyas” on the basis of the CD, Google Earth and the maps sent by Sabauddin and Fahim.

58. On the day of the fifteenth (15th) Roza, Abu Hamza and Kafa took the ten (10) Mujahedeens to the hills of Muzaffarabad. There they practiced how to take position and fire with Kalashans. They were also taught how to make the tiffin bomb from RDX, how to fix a blast timer into it and how to setoff the bomb. At that time, on the instructions of Ameer Hafiz Sayeed, AbuHamza and Kafa gave more firing practice to Imran Babar.

59. The same night they returned to Baitul Mujahedeen.

60. On the day of the sixteenth (16th) Roza, Kafa asked them to shave and cut their hair. They were given new clothes, shoes and socks. On Kafa’s instruction they cut off the labels of the new clothes. Kafa also gave them watches set to Indian time. On the same day, Kafa had their photographstaken.

61. On the day of the seventeenth (17th) Roza, Kafa took them to Karachi city by train and there they went to a house in Azizabad mohalla. Lying in the house was an Urdu magazine called “Taibat” that featured the names of the six (6) “Mujahedeens” who had gone on the Kashmir Mission and been martyred there. Kasab asked Kafa about them. Kafa said that their colleagues had become martyrs in the encounter with the Hindustani army and that Allah would rest their souls in heaven.

62. On the day of the eighteenth (18th) Roza, Kafa brought ten (10)timers and explained to them how to fix a battery in the timer and how to set the time. On Kafa’s instructions they affixed their names on one time reach, after which Kafa took the timers back from them. At that time, according to the plan, Kafa also gave all of them ID cards with their Hindu names. Kasab’s ID card showed him as Sameer Choudhary son of Dinesh Choudhary of Arunodaya Degree College, Bangalore. Ismail’s ID card described him as Naresh Verma son of Vilas Verma of Arunodaya Degree College, Hyderabad. All the ID cards were of Arunodaya College. Kasablisted the different fake Hindu names given to the rest of his colleagues.

63. Kafa took them back to the Karachi harbour and they stayed on the sea for one day. On that expedition, Hakim Saab taught them how to dismantle, assemble and run a small inflatable boat. He showed them how to take out the sea valve and sink a boat. He explained to them about “tul” and” chourai”.[Here the magistrate asked him to explain “tul” and “chourai”. He explained that “tuls” were the vertical and “choura is” were the horizontal lines on a map]

64. On the twentieth (20th) day of Roza, Lakhvi came there and said that the work had been stopped for some time. At this Kasab said to Lakhvi that there was no need for them to wait. He could make their mission successful, according to the plan, and there was no need for him to worry. Kasab further said that he had longed for it for so many years and asked Lakhvinot to create any obstructions. At this, Zaki-ur-Rehman Lakhvi started laughing and said that he knew from the beginning that he was a firm” Jihadi”, but he asked him to wait for some time. The next day Zaki-ur-Rehman Lakhvi left, though the Mujahedeens continued to stay in the Azizabad house. During those days Imran Babar would make them repeat the names on their ID cards. Of them, Imran Babar alone was properly educated and he could, therefore, read and write English.

65. They celebrated ‘Ramzan Eid’ in the Azizabad house. During this period Abu Hamza taught them how to plant a bomb under the seat in a moving car and gave training to Kasab, Javed and Nazir Ahmed on how to plant a bomb under the (driver’s) seat while sitting in the back seat of the car. They were in the Azizabad house for almost a month and a half. On November18, Kafa left, taking Nasir and Nazir Ahmed with him. Arming for the Invasion:

66. On November 21 they were driven from Azizabad in a car to a house near a creek. Zaki-ur-Rehman Lakhvi, Zarar Shah, Abu Hamza, Kafa, Nasir and Nazir Ahmed were already present there. Zaki-ur-Rehman Lakhvi had made Ismail Khan the ‘Ameer’ of the mission. In the house near the creek there were a number of boxes containing the ‘goods’. Those boxes were opened in their presence and all the ‘goods’ were handed over to Ismail. The ‘goods’ were Aslaha, barood (explosives) and eatables.[The magistrate asked what “Aslaha” is. Kasab replied: weapons].

67. Abu Hamza had explained to Ismail how the “Aslaha” and “Barood” were to be distributed. Ismail noted down all the instructions in his diary and took all the articles in his possession. Thereafter Abu Hamza gave Kasab and Ismail Rupees ten thousand and eight hundred (Rs.10800=00) in Indian currency. They divided it between themselves. All the other ‘buddies’ were also given Indian money. Then Zarar Shah gave each of them a mobile phone. Ismail asked which place the numbers belonged to. Zarar Shah replied that those numbers were of Hindustan. He added that they had obtained the SIM cards from Hindustan by tricking some people there. He added that the SIM cards would get activated on reaching Bombay. He asked them to use the phones on reaching Bombay. Kasab asked about the numbers on which they could talk to them. Zaki-ur-Rehman Lakhvi said that Zarar had fed their numbers in the mobiles and that on punching the green button twice the phone would be connected to them and they would be able to report to them about the work.

68. He then gave some (telephone) numbers to Ismail and asked him to note down those numbers in his diary. Ismail noted down the numbers in the diary which he always kept with him. Zaki-ur-Rehman Lakhvi also gave the names of some areas of Bombay, like Colaba, WTC etc., which names, too, Ismail noted down in his diary. During the training, Abu Hamza had given them some codes so that no one would suspect while they communicated on the phone. Ismail had those codes and the details of “tul” and “chourai” also noted in his diary. Thereafter, Zaki-ur-Rehman gave a satellite phone to Ismail andleft.

69. Ismail then distributed the weapons and the explosives. He gave a large sack to all the “Mujahedeens”. He also gave each of them one (1)’Kalashan’, eight (8) magazines, two hundred and forty (240) rounds, eight(8) hand grenades, one bayonet (Kasab called it “Sangeen”), one (1) pistol with three (3) magazines, twenty-one (21) rounds, one (1) water bottle, one(1) Kg raisins, one (1) headphone and three (3) nine (9) volt batteries along with a charger. He also gave each of them an RDX bomb of eight (8) Kgthat was kept in a tiffin box in a small sack. He also gave each ‘buddy’ a GPS system and a small pouch to everyone to tie around the waist.

70. All of them took their goods and cleaned and serviced the “Kalashan” and the pistol; put thirty (30) rounds in each magazine of their “Kalashan” and seven (7) in those of the pistol. As trained, they joined two (2)magazines together with tape so as to easily replace the magazine being emptied while firing from “Kalashan”. They then packed all the “aslaha”, the other goods and their new clothes in the large sack. Everyone’s sack, containing the bombs and the goods, was kept for the night in the Lashkar-e-Toiba’s car. Ismail asked all of them to keep their ID cards with Hindustani names in their pockets, and they did as instructed.

71. At night, Abu Hamza and Kafa told Ismail to note down the “tul” and” chourai” while on their way to Bombay so that they could reach Bombay withthe help of GPS without difficulty. Ismail made the notes in his diary, as instructed by them, in Kasab’s presence. The Journey to Mumbai by Sea:

72. On November 22, they woke at six (6) in the morning and offered Namaz. Then they left for Karachi, along with Kafa and Abu Hamza, to makethe “Fidayeen” attack on Bombay. After walking for about thirty (30)minutes they reached a creek. Zaki-ur-Rehman Lakhvi was present there. He told them that the “Aaqa” (master) Hafiz Sayeed and all of them had worked very hard for that mission. Their efforts must bear fruit. They had been trained fully in every skill. They must not be let down. That was their responsibility. Zaki-ur-Rehman further told them to switch on the mobile phones on reaching Bombay. He said that the “buddiyas” targeting Nariman House, Taj Hotel and Oberoi Hotel would communicate with the media. They(Zaki-ur-Rehman and the other conspirators) would tell them afterwards what to say to them. They (Zaki-ur-Rehman and the other conspirators) would also send e-mail to the media and challenge the Hindustani government. Zaki-ur-Rehman then handed over to each ‘buddy’ the maps sent by Sabauddin andFahim. Ismail kept the map that showed the way to reach VTS and MalabarHill. Zaki-ur-Rehman instructed them to tear up the maps after reaching their destinations. Thereafter, Zaki-ur-Rehman prayed for them saying that he put them under the protection of Allah and Allah would protect them. He further prayed that Allah might let them complete the desired work fully. He then gave instruction to Ismail to take out the sea valve before leaving the Hindustani boat so that it would sink into the sea. Zaki-ur-Rehman then took Ismail aside and talked to him privately.

73. At around seven (7:00 AM) in the morning a small wooden boat arrived to take them. After sailing in that boat for an hour and a half, they were transferred to a bigger boat and the small boat went back. Hakim Saab and his three colleagues were also there in the big boat. At about 9:00 PM they boarded an even bigger vessel, Al-Hussaini, while Hakim Saab and his three colleagues returned in the second boat. There were seven (7) persons on the Al-Hussaini from before, of whom three were called Murshad (wanted accused No. 16), Aaquib (wanted accused No. 17) and Usman (wanted accused No. 19).They were all members of Lashkar-e-Toiba. Murshad gave them the sacks containing the bombs, and the “Kalashan” that were packed in the Karachi house. Murshad also gave Ismail a rubber speed boat, a pump to fill air in the rubber boat, life jackets, blankets, rice, flour, oil, pickle, milk powder, match boxes, detergent powder, tissue papers, bottles of Mountain Dew cold drink, dental cream, spray paint, towels, shaving kits, toothbrushes, etc. They spent that night on Al-Hussaini.

74. [At this point the court time was over but Kasab’s statement was incomplete. The magistrate, therefore, sent him back to judicial custody. He was again produced before her on the following day, February 21, 2009,at 10.40 AM. The magistrate once again satisfied herself that he had been insulated from any external influence and would make the statement completely voluntarily. She then resumed taking down his statement].

75. Continuing the narrative where he stopped on the previous day, Kasab said that on November 23, at about 12.00 PM they had traveled by Al-Hussaini for about half an hour (sic) when they saw a boat coming towards them. Usman waved a broken engine belt, indicating to the people on that boat that they were in need of help and, on the pretext of seeking their help in changing the broken belt, they approached that boat and captured it. The name of the Hindustani boat was “Kuber”. Four persons on that boat were taken hostage by Hakim Saab and Usman and were brought aboard the Al-Hussaini. They also brought from the Kuber TV set and VCR and some other articles lying on it to the Al-Hussaini. Then all ten (10) “Fidayeens” along with all their belongings boarded the Kuber. The “Nakhva” (navigator)of “Kuber” was also put in their custody. Then, on Hakim Saab’s instructions, Ismail checked the amount of diesel on Kuber. The “Nakhva” told him that there were seven hundred (700) liters of diesel in its tank and another four (4) drums filled with diesel on board. Ismail asked him whether that would be sufficient to take them to Bombay to which he replied that that may not be sufficient to carry them to Bombay. Hakim Saab told Ismail that there might arise the need for more diesel, and asked his three colleagues to transfer the iron drums and plastic cans filled with diesel from Al-Hussaini to Kuber.

76. Thereafter, according to plan, they sailed for Bombay, with the help of GPS and the “tul” and “chourai” that were given to them, and with the assistance of Amarch and Solanki, the Nakhva of Kuber.

77. On Kuber, Imran Babar was assigned the work of cooking and the other nine (9) men were divided by Ismail in groups of three each for guard duty. Kasab was in the group with Ismail Khan and Nasir. Each group was given guard duty for two hours on rotation basis. Ismail also noted down in his diary the hours assigned to each group, mentioning the members of eachgroup by the names given to them by Hafiz Sayeed.

78. After sailing for some distance, they tied the “Nakhva’s” hands, blindfolded him and made him sit near the engine. The three groups guarded the Kuber against any unfriendly intrusion round the clock and they also kept a watch on Amarchand, the “Nakhva”. Ismail and Javed were sailing the boat with the help of the “Nakhva”. During the voyage they were talking to Abu Hamza on the satellite phone. And Ismail was verifying with the aid of GPS that they were sailing in the right direction. They were also feeding the “Nakhva”. They filled diesel in the engine of the Kuber thrice on the journey to Bombay, with help from the “Nakhva”.

79. On November 26, at 11.00 AM, according to plan, they tied red-yellow coloured threads around their wrists. Around 4.00 PM on that day they neared Bombay and its tall buildings came within into sight. Kasab shames the Butcher:

80. According to plan, Kasab called Abu Hamza on the satellite phone. He told him that they had reached Bombay and asked what was to be done withthe “Nakhva”. Abu Hamza laughed and said he should do whatever he wanted. Kasab then told Ismail that it would be better to kill the “Nakhva”. Ismail agreed with him. Kasab then asked So heb and Nasir to hold the “Nakhva” by the legs in the engine room. He himself yanked him by the hair and pulling his head down cut his neck. He then hid his body in the engine room.

81. Meanwhile, Ismail, Fahadullah, Javed and Nazir Ahmed began inflating the rubber speed-boat with the pump. After half an hour, when the boat was filled with air, it was lowered into the sea. They wore the new clothes purchased from the market in Karachi. Kasab put on a red T-shirt and, over it, a blue T-shirt with a cap attached to it and green cargo pants. Like him, the others also put on the new clothes purchased from the market in Karachi. They all put on red life jackets and yellow waterproof trousers. They left behind the clothes they had travelled in on the Kuber. Kasab left a white shalwar and a white shirt that he had been wearing earlier. All of them offered namaz and then, according to plan, they all took out their mobile phones from the bags and switched them on. But there was no network on the sea. They unloaded all the articles for the attack on to the speed-boat. While they were engaged in moving from the Kuber to the speed-boat, they saw a boat approaching. They thought it was a ‘navy’ boat. Alarmed, they quickly got into the speed-boat and set sail. In his haste, Ismail forgot to take out the sea valve of the Kuber. He also forgot his satellite phone on the Kuber.

82. They left the Kuber at a distance of about four (4) nautical miles from Bombay and sailed for Bombay on the speed-boat. Ismail was sailing the speed-boat. The speed-boat had the engine of Yamaha Company. Nazir Ahmed, with the aid of GPS, was showing the way to Bombay. On the way, Ismail said that first he and Kasab would leave for VTS by taxi, then Soheb and Nazir Ahmad would go to Leopold Hotel by taxi, and then Javed and Hafiz Arshadwould go to the Taj Hotel by taxi. Imran Babar and Nasir would walk to Nariman House. Last of all, Fahadullah and Abdul Rehman (Chhota) would go to Oberoi Hotel in the speed-boat. Ismail asked Kasab, Soheb and Javed to place RDX bombs, according to plan, under their taxi drivers’ seats. He told the others to place their bombs near the targets.

83. After sailing for about an hour and a half or two hours they reached the Bombay shore. According to plan, Abu Ali jumped out and anchored the boat to the shore. First, Ismail and Kasab alighted from the speed-boat. They took their bags. Both Ismail and Kasab removed their life jackets and waterproof trousers and threw them into the sea. After getting off the boat, Kasab put on his shoes. Following Kasab and Ismail, the others also got off the speed boat. At that time it was about 9.00 PM and according to the plan they were late by about an hour and a half.

84. On getting down from the boat they came across two persons. They asked them who they were and from where had they come. Kasab told them that they were students. Ismail had an altercation with them. The Attack:

85. Ismail and Kasab took their bags and walked up to the road. They took a taxi. Ismail sat in the front and Kasab sat in the back seat. Ismail asked the driver to take them to VTS. He started talking to the driver. Meanwhile Kasab fixed two nine (9) volt batteries to the wire of the timer in the bomb in the bag. He placed this bag, containing the bomb, under the driver’s seat. He had set the time of explosion for after an hour and fifteen minutes.

86. They reached VTS within fifteen to twenty minutes and were annoyed to find the crowd at the station far less than what they had seen on the CD. Ismail tried to communicate with Abu Hamza on his mobile but the mobile did not show any network. Ismail then tried to make the call from Kasab’s mobile but his mobile, too, did not work. Ismail kept Kasab’s mobile with him and both of them entered and came inside the passage. They saw the stairs going upwards. The people there had come with large bags and from that they gathered that this platform was for long-distance trains. There was a toilet nearby. Kasab gave his bag to Ismail and went to the toilet. When he came back, Ismail went to the toilet carrying the small bag containing the bomb with him. Inside, according to plan, he fixed the batteries in the bomb and came out with the bag containing the bomb. Ismail put the bag containing the bomb among the passengers’ luggage. They then signaled to each other and decided to open fire. Kasab took out the ‘Kalashan’ from his bag and Ismail took out a hand grenade from his bag. He removed its clip and threw it at the people. At the same time both Kasaband Ismail started firing on the people present there. After a while, Ismail threw another grenade at the people. They continued firing from their ‘Kalashans’. As a result of the firing, many people were killed on the station. The people at the station were frightened and started running in all directions. Within a short time, the entire station was empty. Meanwhile the police had started firing on them. Both of them fired back at the police, giving cover to each other.

87. The police continued to fire at them and tried to stop them. Ismail and Kasab shot the policemen dead and came out of VT station through the stairs. (He refers to the foot-over bridge on the side of platform No.1 of the local lines). Kasab said that he fired almost six magazines at thestation.

88. After coming down from the over bridge they looked for a taxi in the lane (Badruddin Tayabji Marg). But they found none. They tried to open the cars parked in the lane but were unable to open any car. They moved a head in the lane. They both fired in that lane. At that time heavy police firing started and they decided to enter the opposite building (which happened to be Cama Hospital), climb to its terrace and kill the policemen by firing and throwing grenades at them from this higher position.

89. They jumped over a closed gate, entered the building and climbed up its floors. The police followed them into the building. They fired at the police and the people and also threw hand grenades at them. At that time the police was also firing at them. They shot the policemen dead. Then, as the firing stopped, they came down. They were in that building for almost an hour. Then they came to know that the building was a hospital. They could hear the screams of women and cries of children coming from the rooms of the building. They decided to enter every room of the building and to kill the women and children there. They tried to open the doors of the rooms but all the doors were closed from inside and the iron-grill doors outside were also closed. They were unable to open any of the doors. They decided to get out from that building and go to their last target. They came down from the building and moved ahead, taking cover of a wall. After moving ahead, they jumped over the wall and came out on the road.

90. They moved ahead on the road, keeping on the right side, taking cover of the wall. They saw a policeman coming. Kasab pointed his ‘Kalashan’ at him and fired, killing the policeman on the spot. At that time they were fired at from the opposite direction. They fired in retaliation and entered a lane. They saw a white car with a red beacon light in the lane moving backwards. Kasab fired at the car. The car moved for a little distance and stopped. Ismail threw a hand grenade at the car and Kasab again fired at it with a view to make the car move away from there. But when they reached near the car and tried to open its door they found all the window glasses raised and the doors locked and the driver lying dead inside the car. They tried to open the door of the car but were unable to open it.

91. Then they saw a car with a yellow light coming towards them from the opposite direction. Seeing that car, both of them hid in the bushes, taking the cover of the wall behind them. As soon as that car came near them, they fired at it; at the same time shots were fired from the car, hitting Kasab on both his hands. When the firing from the car stopped they looked at the car and found that the persons inside the car were policemen and all of them were dead. They tried to open the car’s rear door but it did not open. Kasab was injured and he stood leaning on the vehicle, shaking his hands, while Ismail fired a round of ‘brush fire’ on the road behind the car. Ismail then went near the car and pulled out the dead bodies of the driver and the policeman sitting behind the driver. Kasab pulled out the dead body of the policeman sitting next to the driver and threw it on the ground. There were no rounds left in Ismail’s ‘Kalashan’ and, therefore, he picked up the policeman’s ‘Kalashan’ from the car. He started the car and drove at full speed. He told Kasab that bullets had hit him on the legs and in thearmpits.

92. After some time they reached the chowk and found a large crowd comprising both policemen and the public. Ismail fired at the policemen and the public while continuing to drive the car. After some time it appeared that the back right tyre of their car was punctured. Ismail was, nevertheless, driving the car at a very high speed. Then, on seeing a white car approaching from the opposite direction, Ismail stopped their car. Kasab fired from his ‘Kalashan’ in the air and both of them got out of the car. He went towards the white car and, pointing the ‘Kalashan’ at the driver, asked him to stop the car. The driver immediately stopped the car. Ismail pulled him out. At the same time the person sitting next to the driver and the woman sitting on the back seat also got out. All this while, Kasab was giving cover to Ismail. Having thus snatched the car, Ismail sat on the driver’s seat and Kasab quickly sat next to him and they left. At this point Kasab asked Ismail where they had to go. Ismail said they had to go to Malabar Hill. Kasab further asked where exactly in Malabar Hill. Ismail said he would tell him on reaching Malabar Hill.

93. After going for some distance, Kasab saw that they were traveling on a road going along the sea and then he realized that this road was shown in the map by Sabaudd in and Fahim as going towards Malabar Hill. While they were driving at full speed, going in the direction of Malabar Hill, they saw the barricade on the road and policemen standing around the barricade. The policemen had seen their car moving at great speed from a long distance and were asking them to stop by raising their hands and blowing their whistles. Realizing that it was impossible to cross the barricade by smashing against it, Kasab asked Ismail to stop the car at some distance from the barricade and to keep the headlights on so that the policemen would not be able to see either them or the number of their car. Ismail stopped the car at some distance from the barricade and kept the headlights on. The policemen were shouting at them and were asking them to switch off the headlights.

94. Looking around, Kasab saw that the road divider on his right was very low and thought they could cross it by driving the car at very high speed. He advised Ismail accordingly. Ismail immediately switched on the waters pray on the wind screen and started the wiper. He took the car a little a head and turned it to the right in the direction of the road divider. He drove at full speed but the car did not go over the divider and stopped there. At the same time the policemen charged at them from both sides. Realizing the gravity of the situation they both raised their hands. But the policemen kept coming at them. Seeing this Ismail tried to pick up the’ Kalashan’ but it was kept below and he couldn’t take it out. He then picked up his pistol, which was kept on the seat, and fired at the policemen. At the same time, Kasab saw a policeman coming towards him; he opened the door of the car and got hold of his ‘Kalashan’. The police had started firing. A policeman tried to snatch the ‘Kalashan’ from him. In the struggle, Kasab fell down but he had his finger on the trigger and he pressed it. The bullets hit a policeman holding a rifle and he collapsed on the ground. The other policemen beat him with la this and snatched the’ Kalashan’ from his hands. Ismail was injured in the police firing and he too was overpowered.

95. Kasab said that he and Ismail were then brought to the hospital in an ambulance. In the hospital he learnt that Ismail died by police bullets. He gave his and Ismail’s names to the police and the doctors and also told them that they were Pakistanis.

96. He concluded his statement before the magistrate by saying that the doctors in the hospital cleaned and bandaged his wounds and got him admitted in the hospital. There the doctors took away his blood-smeared clothes and gave him hospital clothes to wear. When the police asked him about his colleagues and how they reached Bombay he told them everything.

97. This is the appellant’s account, as told by him to the magistrate. We now propose to take a brief look at the violent crimes committed by the appellant and his group of terrorists in Mumbai through Indian eyes. And for that we shall follow the bloody trails of the appellant and those of the other members of the terrorist group. THE LANDING:

98. The inflatable rubber dinghy on which the terrorists came to Mumbai landed at a place called Badhwar Park. The dinghy’s arrival at that particular place could not possibly be by accident or by chance. Badhwar Park was evidently selected as the landing site for the terrorists with great care and with consideration of its immense strategic potential for the attack on their chosen targets. It is also clear that the selection of Badhwar Park as their landing place was not made by the attackers themselves but by someone else among the conspirators. The selection of the landing place for the dinghy was clearly based on a good deal of reconnaissance and survey work; and whoever selected the spot for landing had undoubtedly made himself fully familiar not only with the Mumbai shoreline but also the city.

99. Badhwar Park is a settlement of fishermen and at that place the sea comes more deeply into the land mass, forming a kind of a vesicle. Hence, the water is calm and, this being a fishermen’s colony, a group of young people arriving from the sea is not likely to arouse any suspicion or even attract much attention. Further, the place a butts a main road. A sandy slope from the water, not more than ten (10) metres in length, takes one to the road where taxis are readily available. The CST railway station is at distance of 3.5 kms from Badhwar Park and by a taxi it takes fifteen to twenty (15-20) minutes to reach there. The Taj Hotel is at distance of 1 km and Leopold Café nine hundred (900) metres. Nariman House, to which the two(2) terrorist went walking, is at a distance of 0.5 km. Nariman Point, where the last pair took the dinghy by sea after the other eight had alighted at Badhwar Park, is 0.55 nautical miles (1 km) from there; and from the point where the last pair got off the dinghy, Oberoi Hotel and Trident Hotel are at a distance of three hundred (300) metres. The last pair walked to these hotels.

100. Kasab had said to the magistrate that on getting down from the boat they had come across two persons. They had enquired about them and even while Abu Ismail tried to rebuff them Kasab told them that they were students. One of these two men that Kasab met was Bharat Dattatray Tamore(PW-28). He lived in the Fisherman Colony, Cuffe Parade. He was a permanent employee of Hotel Taj Mahal, Colaba, where he worked as Mukhadam. He lived in Chawl no.2 which was situated very close to the sea shore at about fifteen (15) minutes walking distance from the Taj Hotel. He deposed before the court that since his Chawl was very close to the shore, for going any where he had to go along the shore quite close to the water. On November26, 2008, he left his house at about 9.15 PM for the hotel, where his duties commenced at 10.00 PM and ended the following morning at 7.00 AM. On the way to the hotel he saw an inflatable boat on the shore. In the boat there were ten (10) people who were in the age group of twenty to twenty five (20-25) years. He saw eight out of them alighting from the boat. Each of them was carrying a sack and a hand-bag. Two of them proceeded towards the main road ahead of the others. They appeared strangers to the place and he asked them where they came from. One of them said they were students while the other responded by roughly asking in reply as to how he was concerned about them. He added that the two persons who had not alighted took the boat towards Nariman Point. He returned to his home next morning at about seven (7:00 AM). On way he came across four (4) policemen near the Badhwar Park Railway Officers’ Colony who were talking about the inflatable boat. He then told them what he had witnessed the previous evening. He later identified the appellant in the test identification parade held on December 28, 2008. He also identified the dead body of the other person at the mortuary of J.J. Hospital. He also identified the appellant while deposing in court, as one of the persons who had alighted from the boat.

101. There is another person called Prashant Hemnath Dhanu (PW-29) who lived in the fishermen’s colony. He was twenty-four (24) years old and a fisher man by profession. He stated before the court that he had a fishing boat and on November 26, 2008, at about 9.15 PM he, along with a few relatives, had gone out to sea on his boat to fish. On nearing Nariman Point around 9.45 PM they saw a seemingly abandoned rubber boat. There were some life jackets in the boat and it was fitted with a Yamaha engine. Buffeted by the sea waves, it was bouncing against the tetra pod. Lest the owner of the boat might suffer its loss they towed it to their fishing trawler and brought it to the jetty near the fishermen’s colony at Badhwar Park (that is, to the point where it had first landed!). He informed the coast guard about the abandoned boat found by him. He further said that the police had arrived there and they took charge of the boat under a Panchnama. We shall deal with the seizure of the boat by the police and the articles found in it in due course. Suffice here to note that the rubber boat (Article 156) was shown to the witness in court and he duly identified it as the one that he had found abandoned at Nariman Point and had towed back to the Fishermen’s Colony, Badhwar Park. He also indicated the yellow strip of paint on the black body of the boat, on the basis of which he was able to identify it.

102. From Badhwar Park the appellant, Kasab, and his accomplice, AbuIs mail, took a taxi and proceeded to CST. Kasab told the magistrate that he occupied the back seat of the taxi and, on the way to CST, had put the RDX bomb under the driver’s seat, setting the time of blast for after an hour and fifteen minutes. We shall see the fate of the taxi, its driver and the passenger, who occupied it after Kasab and Abu Ismail, presently under the marginal heading “The Vile Parle Blast”. But, for the present, the appellant and his ‘buddy’ are on a spree of mass killings at CST. Slaughter at CST: Fifty two (52) dead and One hundred and nine (109) injured:

103. In regard to the CST episode, like all other parts of the case, the prosecution has gathered a very large amount of evidence: ocular, forensic and of other kinds, e.g., CCTV recordings.[4] They have documented practically every action and movement of the two killers from the point when Abu Ismail threw the first hand grenade[5] at the passengers on the platform till they went out of CST through the foot-over bridge on the side of platform no.1 of the local lines (and thereafter). On the basis of the ocular evidence alone (not taking into account for the moment the other evidences) the prosecution has presented before the court a vivid and photographic (figuratively and actually) account of the CST events. Here we propose to examine in slightly greater detail four witnesses whose evidence, in one way or another, has some special features, and then to take an overview of some more witnesses to construct a broad picture of the massacre at CST.

104. Before proceeding to examine the witnesses it may be appropriate to say a word about the way most of the witnesses identified the appellant. The appellant, Kasab, and his accomplice, Abu Ismail, seemed to make an odd pair in that Abu Ismail was quite tall, about six (6) feet in height, and Kasab is barely over five (5) feet. The difference in their height appears to have struck almost anyone who saw them together. Although different witnesses described them by their complexion (both Abu Ismail and Kasab are described as fair), age (Abu Ismail is said to be between 22 and 25 years and Kasab between 22 and 24 years), built of body (Abu Ismail as medium built, Kasab as strongly built), their apparel and the bags they were carrying, almost everyone referred to their heights, calling Abu Ismail as” the taller” and Kasab as “the shorter” one. Many witnesses called them” lamboo” (tall) and “butka” or “tingu” (short).

105. Now the witnesses: Bharat Ramchandra Bhosale (PW-49) is the Informant in connection with the offences committed at CST. At the time of the assault on CST he was an Assistant Inspector of Police attached to the CST Railway Police Station. The police station is situated within the premises of CST in the passage between the main hall of local lines and the main hall of main lines. On the night of November 26 and 27, he was on duty at the police station and he reported for duty at 20.30 hours. At about 21.50 hours, while he was coming out of the PS, he heard the sound of firing from the main hall of the main line railway station. The main hall is at a distance of about fifty to sixty (50 – 60) feet from the PS. He proceeded to the main hall from the side of the taxi stand (north). Police Inspector Shashank Shinde(one of the policemen killed in the attack), who was also on duty at that time, proceeded to the hall from the side of the SBI ATM (south). On coming to the main hall he saw the two terrorists indiscriminately firing from AK-47 rifles at the passengers sitting in the main hall. Many people were lying injured in pools of blood; many of them were crying. Those who were still on their legs were trying to flee the main hall. Bhosale said that he first saw the two terrorists when they were firing from a spot near the public toilet. He described the location of the public toilet and went onto say that when he first saw the two terrorists they were in the main hall at a distance of about forty (40) feet. There was sufficient light in the main hall for him to see them.

106. Bhosale then proceeded to give a description of the two terrorists. He said that one of them was short, aged about twenty-two to twenty-four(22-24) years with long hair that came down to his neck; he had a fair complexion and was strongly built. He was wearing a blue T-shirt and was carrying a rexine bag. He was holding an AK-47 rifle. The other terrorist was taller than the first one. He was also fair and of medium built. He was aged about twenty-two to twenty-five (22-25) years. He was wearing a black T-shirt and he too was carrying a rexine bag. He was also carrying an AK-47rifle.

107. At this point, the witness paused in his narration to identify the appellant as one of the two terrorists who was described by him as short, strong built and who was wearing a blue T-shirt.

108. The witness was then shown the identity card recovered from AbuIs mail (Article 61)[6]. He identified the photograph as that of the other terrorist, the accomplice of the appellant.

109. The witness proceeded with his narration and said that he rushed back to the police station to ask for additional force. As he came near the entrance door of the police station he was fired at by the terrorists. One of the bullets pierced through his right upper arm and struck the wall near the table of the police station’s House Officer. He intimated the railway police helpline about the assault by the terrorists and asked for additional force.[7] He also intimated the Commissioner of Police, Railways, on his walkie-talkie.

110. He then came back to the main hall accompanied by Police Constable Nalawade who had a carbine with him. He saw Police Inspector Shinde lying injured near the SBI, ATM. Also lying injured in the main hall were about one hundred to one hundred and twenty-five (100-125) passengers.

111. By the time he came back to the main hall of the main lines, the two terrorists had moved in the direction of the main hall of the local railway station. Constable Nalawade fired three rounds towards them from his carbine. Constable Nardele (PW-58) also fired eight rounds at them from the main hall of the main lines while the terrorists were in the main hall of the local lines. The appellant and his associate were, however, not hit and they continued to proceed towards platform No. 1 of the local lines. By then, the additional police force had come and the public had also come to their help. The injured persons were being taken to hospitals. The witness himself was admitted to St. George’s Hospital for treatment of the firearm injury in his right upper arm.

112. He later came to learn that Police Inspector Shinde and MN Chaudhary of the RPF were also among those who were killed as a result of the firing by the two terrorists. He also learnt that the appellant and his associate had also used hand-grenades at the railway station.

113. His statement was recorded at the hospital and on that basis a formal FIR was drawn up in regard to the CST episode. He identified his statement(Ext. no. 219) and the formal FIR (Ext. no. 220).

114. He further told the court that he had earlier identified the appellant in the test identification parade held at Arthur Road Prison on December 28, 2008.

115. In reply to a court question, Bhosale said that though he was carrying a 9mm pistol, loaded with nine rounds, he did not fire at the terrorists because there was a strong risk of the passengers getting killed or injured by his firing.

116. Vishnu Dattaram Zende (PW-65) is the railway announcer. His job is to make announcements of the arrival and departure of trains on a public address system. For that purpose he sits with his colleagues in a cabin on the mezzanine floor, almost at the centre of the main hall of the local lines, facing the full expanse of the main hall and beyond it up to platforms 1 to 7 of the local lines. Perched in his office Zende had a completely unobstructed view through the glass screen of his cabin and he was able to see all that happening down below in the main hall and the local lines’ platforms on the fateful evening of November 26, 2008. Here it must also be noted that showing great devotion to duty and remarkable presence of mind Zende saved countless people from death or injury by constantly announcing on the public address system that the railway station was under terrorist assault and by advising passengers alighting from local trains that continued to arrive at the station while the attack was underway to not go towards the main hall but to exit through the rear side of the local lines’ platforms.

117. Deposing before the court, he began with a succinct description of CST from inside. He then proceeded to tell the court that on November 26,2008, he was on duty from 3.00 PM to 11.00 PM. At about 9.55 PM he heard a big explosion. He guessed that it was a bomb and looked outside the window of his cabin. He saw passengers from the main line hall running towards the local lines. Among them some were bleeding. Some were trying to rescue others who were unable to flee or move on account of injuries.

118. He further stated before the court that he saw two terrorists coming from the direction of platform no.7. He could see one of them from a distance of 15 to 20 feet as he came near the entry gate of platform no. 4.The other was following him. Both were firing. At that point he suspended his announcements because the terrorists, from where they were at that time, could see him and fire at him. He then saw the shorter of the two terrorists sit down on the floor of the main hall, load his gun with a magazine, throw his bag in the hall and resume firing.

119. Zende added that, to avoid being shot at by the terrorists, he and his colleagues sat down on the floor of their cabin. Nonetheless, shots were fired in the direction of their cabin and one of the bullets smashed the glass pane and went right through, piercing the plywood partition at the back of the cabin. They continued sitting on the floor for about an hour and a half. All the while they were in contact with their officers on the telephone.

120. He then gave a description of the two terrorists and identified Kasab as the person who loaded his rifle sitting down on the floor of the main hall and who threw away his bag. He was then shown the identity card, Article 61. He identified the photograph as that of the taller terrorist who was accompanying the appellant. He was shown a black haversack, Article 219. He identified it as the bag that the appellant had thrown away in the main hall of the local lines.

121. While dealing with the CST episode we must take note of two other witnesses. Their evidence is extraordinary in that they did not only witness the incidents but also made a visual record of the events by taking pictures of the two killers in action and also of their victims. The pictures taken by these two witnesses, without anything else, are sufficient to conclude the issue of identification of Kasab and Abu Ismail(deceased accused no.1) as the killers of CST. Both the witnesses are professional photographers working with the Times of India group. Both of them, caring little for their own safety and displaying exemplary professionalism, followed the killers practically at their heels. Their ocular testimony together with the photographs taken by them provides a graphic picture of the carnage at CST.

122. Sabastian Barnal D’Souza (PW-61) is one of the two photographer witnesses. He stated before the court that on the evening of November 26,2008, he was in his office on the fourth floor of the Times of India Building, which stands opposite the CST railway station. The main gate of the Times of India Building faces platform no.1 of the local railway station and one gate of CST railway station opens in front of the Times of India Building. At about 9.50 PM he came to know from one of his colleagues that a gunman had entered Taj Hotel and was firing there randomly. On this information, two photographers immediately proceeded to the Taj Hotel. D’Souza and his colleague also came out of the office. As they came out of the main gate of the building, they heard the sound of firing at CST railway station. D’Souza jumped over the road divider and entered platformno.1 of the local railway station, carrying a Nikon digital camera. The railway station was deserted and there were no passengers on the platforms. A local train was standing on platform no.1. He crossed through the train and reached platform no.2. There were no trains on platforms no. 2 and 3.He proceeded to the main hall of the local railway station and walked up to the exit of platform no.6 in the main hall. There he found one policeman in uniform and another person accompanying him in plain clothes. They were looking towards the passage between the main line and the local line. It was at this point that he saw, at a distance of about one hundred (100)feet, in the passage between the main lines and the local lines, two persons who were firing from guns held by them. They were near the booking window of local railway line in front of CST police station while he himself was at the exit of platform no.6 of the local line. At this juncture, one of the policemen[8] fired at the two gunmen.

123. At a nearby book-stall, the owner started to pull down the shutter and, as he was doing so, he was hit by a bullet and fell down. D’Souza took a picture of the fallen book-stall owner.

124. D’Souza then described the two gunmen and the way they were dressed. He identified the appellant in the dock as the shorter of the two gunmen. He added that both were carrying guns.

125. He further said to the court that he wanted to take photographs of the gunmen and, therefore, he entered one of the compartments of the train standing on platform no.6. The policeman in uniform and the other person accompanying him in plain clothes were still there. He thought the man in plain clothes was also a policeman. He saw the plainclothesman[9] taking the gun from the policeman in uniform and taking position to fire at the appellant and his companion. He took pictures of the policeman in uniform and the plainclothesman. He asked the two policemen to enter the train compartment because he thought they had taken a position that was quitedangerous.

126. He further said that since the gunmen were coming towards the local lines, he went to platform no.4. He told the court that during the course of the incident he took over one hundred (100) photographs but most of them were blurred. He was not using the flash-gun and the light was not good for taking photographs. In course of the deposition he was shown the photographs taken by him and he identified those photographs.

127. The photograph showing the book-stall owner felled by a bullet was marked Ext. no. 238. A set of three photographs showing the policeman in uniform and the plainclothesman taking aim with the rifle was marked collectively as Ext. no. 239. A set of three photographs of the appellant taken by D’Souza from behind a pillar was collectively marked Ext. no.240[10]. A set of four photographs in which Kasab is shown with the other gunman Abu Ismail (deceased accused no.1) was marked collectively as Ext. no. 241. A photograph showing two persons lying dead or injured was marked Ext. no. 242[11]. A set of 10 photographs taken by him after the gunmen had gone over to platform no.1 of the local lines, showing dead or wounded passengers lying in the main hall of the main lines, was collectively marked as Ext. no. 243.

128. He told the court that pictures taken by him were saved in the memory card of his camera. He had prepared a CD of the photographs from the memory card, to produce in court. The print-outs were taken from the CD. He produced the memory card before the court (which the court, after it was marked as Article 216, directed to be returned to the witness for safe custody until further orders).

129. He said that the CD was produced by him before the police on January7, 2009, in presence of panch witnesses and then it was sealed. The CD was taken out of a sealed packet (bearing no. 204) and was marked by the court as Article 217.

130. Significantly, he also said before the court that while at the station he heard the announcement on the public address system warning passengers of incoming local trains not to alight from the train and, incase they had to go out, not to come to the main hall but to exit through the rear gate.

131. Sriram Ramakant Vernekar (PW-102), the other photographer witness, works as a press photographer with the Times of India. He stated before the court that on November 26, 2008, he was in the office at the Times of India Building, opposite CST railway station. At about 10.00 PM, on hearing the sound of firing, he picked up his camera and rushed towards CST station. He approached the station from the subway gate. He saw two persons firing in the directions of the railway office and booking office. He took pictures of the two gunmen from near the entrance to the main hall from the subway porch. As they were moving in his direction, he got out of the station and, crossing the road divider, came on the side of the Times of India Building.

132. He told the court that he had seen the two gunmen in front of platform no.6 when he took their first photograph. He produced before the court four enlarged print-outs of the photographs taken by him which were collectively marked, for the purpose of identification only, as Ext. no.410.

133. He also produced the original memory card of his Nikon D200 camera containing more than ten (10) pictures taken by him with that camera. The memory card was marked, for the purpose of identification, as Ext. no. 411.The witness explained that the three photographs bearing Ext. no. 410-A,Ext. no. 410-B and Ext. no. 410-C[12] were the first photographs of the two gunmen taken by him. He further stated before the court that one of them lobbed a hand grenade while they were proceeding from the main hall to platform no.1. The hand grenade was thrown on DN Road in front of MCGM building. He went on to say that he saw the two gunmen going from platform no.1 to the foot-over bridge. Both of them were carrying bags on their shoulders. He was in front of the Times of India Building at that time. Both of them were firing towards the Times of India Building from the foot-over bridge. They were lobbing hand grenades also. He wanted to take their photographs and, therefore, he went to the second floor of the Times of India Building from where the foot-over bridge is clearly visible. He took about three to four (3-4) photographs from there. Since the quality of photographs was not satisfactory, he took another photograph by using flash. As a result, the shorter man, who was moving in front, got alerted and he fired three to four (3-4) rounds at the Times of India Building. The witness identified the fourth photograph (Ext.no. 410-D[13]) as the photograph taken by him by using flash. He further said that the photograph was taken when the shorter fellow was getting down from the over bridge towards Badruddin Tayabji Road.

134. Vernekar then identified the appellant as “the shorter fellow”. He also identified the appellant’s partner from the photograph in the Identity Card Article 61.

135. Among the rest of the CST witnesses we shall take a brief look first at some of the policemen and then at some of the passenger witnesses.

136. Jilu Baddu Yadav (PW-54), Mammath Motiral Nardele (PW-58), Harshad Punju Patil (PW-59), Geetanjali Krishnarao Gurav (PW-60), Sudama Aba Pandarkar (PW-62), Pandurang Subrao Patil (PW-63) and Sandeep Tanaji Khiratkar (PW-66) are policemen or members of the Railway Protection Force. At the time of occurrence, they were on duty at different places in the vast premises of CST. On hearing the explosion and the gun shots and on seeing the passengers fleeing for their lives, they realized that a terrorist attack was underway at the railway station and proceeded from their respective stations towards the spot where the assault was launched.On the way, some of them came across each other. A few were lucky to escape unharmed and some survived even after receiving grave injuries to tell the story before the court; some others laid down their lives while trying to tackle the assailants either completely unarmed or carrying antiquated weapons that failed them at the most crucial moment.

137. Harshad Punju Patil (PW-59) was a police constable and on that datehe was on patrolling duty in the ladies’ compartment in the local trains.He was carrying a .303 rifle and ten (10) rounds. When the terrorists’attack took place, he was waiting for the train on which he was on dutynear the Police Help Center in the main hall of the local lines, in front of platform no.3. Soon after the firing started, Police Inspector Shashank Shinde of the CST Railway Police Station came there and told them that two terrorists were firing in the main hall of the main station. Police constables Nardele and Gavit were also there. Both of them were carrying carbines. Shashank Shinde proceeded towards the main line station accompanied by Nardele and Gav it. Patil started loading the ten (10) rounds in his rifle. He then saw the two terrorists coming towards the local railway station from the main lines’ side. Taking cover of the Police Help Centre he fired one round at them. But the shot misfired because the cartridge was defective; the bolt was jammed and he was unable to open it. By that time, the terrorists had come in front of platform no.3 of the local lines. At that point, Jillu Baddu Yadav (PW-54), a head constable of the RPF, also arrived there, proceeding from his place of duty at the General Manager Gate of the CST Railway Station. He himself was unarmed buthe saw Patil carrying a rifle with him. He saw one of the assailants sitting down on the floor of the main hall of the local station and loading his rifle with a magazine. Yadav asked Patil to fire at the terrorist. He did not know that Patil’s rifle bolt had jammed and it would not open. Thinking that Patil was trying to avoid firing at the terrorist, Yadav took the rifle from him and tried to fire at the terrorist who was sitting down on the station floor, loading the magazine into the rifle, but the rifle did not fire as it had locked. Meanwhile, the other terrorist also arrived at the spot and they fired in the direction of Yadav and Patil. He and Patil then took cover behind a pillar from where he threw one plastic chair towards the two terrorists. In retaliation they again fired back towardsthem while proceeding in the direction of platform no.1 of the localrailway station.

138. Patil identified the appellant as the one whom he had described as the shorter of the two terrorists. He identified Abu Ismail (deceased accused no. 1) from his photograph on the fake identity card, Article 61.He said before the court that he had earlier identified the appellant in the test identification parade held on January 14, 2009, at Arthur Road Prison. Yadav identified the appellant as the person who was firing at him from his AK-47 rifle and at whom he had thrown the plastic chair. Yadav also identified Abu Ismail from Article 61.

139. Mammath Motiral Nardele (PW-58) was a police constable and on that date he was on anti-sabotage duty on the foot-over bridge at platform no.1,opposite the Times of India building. He was carrying a carbine with ten(10) rounds. At about 9.45 PM, leaving his two other colleagues on duty, he came to take his meal at the Police Help Centre situated in front of platform no.3 of the local railway station. No sooner had he reached there that he heard the noise of a bomb explosion and gun shots from thedirection of the main hall of the main lines and saw passengers runningaway from there. Shashank Shinde came there and alerted him saying that terrorists were firing in the main hall of the main line. Shinde asked Nardele to accompany him. Nardele started loading the ten (10) rounds in his carbine but Shinde proceeded towards the main line without waiting for him. Nardele saw Shinde proceeding in the direction of the main hall of the main line accompanied by ASI Pandarkar[14], a police constable[15] and a photographer[16]. He went after them and heard the sound of firing on platform no.7. He entered a compartment of a local train on platform no.6and from there he saw two terrorists, each carrying an AK-47 rifle and a hand-bag on their shoulders, proceeding towards the local railway station.He fired eight (8) rounds from his carbine (but the shots did not hitthem). They retaliated but he was safe inside the rail compartment. He again tried to fire, but in the meanwhile his carbine was locked. He could not fire from it any longer. He then went to the armory, got his carbineunlocked and loaded it with more rounds. But by the time he came back to the main hall of the local lines, the terrorists had already left the localrailway station.

140. Nardele identified the appellant in court as the shorter of the two terrorists. He also identified the clothes worn by the two assailants. Healso identified Abu Ismail (deceased accused no.1) from Article 61. He further told the court that he had earlier identified the appellant in the test identification parade held on December 28, 2008, at Arthur Road Prison, Mumbai. He had also identified the dead body of the deceasedaccused no.1 at the mortuary of JJ Hospital on January 6, 2009.

141. Sudama Aba Pandarkar (PW-62) was an Assistant Sub-Inspector of police and on November 26, 2008, he was on patrolling duty on the local trains. Hewas carrying a .303 rifle and ten (10) rounds. The train on which he was on duty arrived at CST on platforms no. 4 or 5 at 9.45 PM. He went to thePolice Help Center and made the entry concerning his patrolling duty. Within a few minutes the explosion took place followed by firing, and hesaw many passengers running wildly. In the meantime, Shashank Shinde came to the Police Help Center. He told them that the railway station was under attack by terrorists. Shinde asked Pandarkar to load his .303 rifle.Pandarkar accompanied Shinde towards the main line. He saw a terrorist whowas about 6 feet in height coming from the side of the taxi stand andfiring towards the railway police station. At that time he was standing in front of the railway police station. He fired two rounds at him from his.303 rifle but the shots did not hit him. At this point, Police Constable Ambadas Pawar, who was also accompanying Shinde, took the rifle from Pandarkar and fired one round at the terrorist. At the same time Pandarkarsaw the other terrorist (the appellant) coming towards them from the sideof platform no.8 (main line). He was shorter in height than the other terrorist. He was firing from his AK-47 rifle. Pandarkar, Constable Ambadas Pawar and PI Shinde went towards platform no.7 through platform no.6 andcame near the ATM of Indian Bank. Both the terrorists started firing at them from AK-47 rifles. One of the bullets pierced through Pandarkar’s left chest and exited from the back. He fell down as a result of the bulletinjury. Shashank Shinde and Ambadas Pawar too were hit by the terrorists’shots and unfortunately they were not as lucky as Pandarkar. They succumbed to their injuries.

142. In the course of his deposition Pandarkar was shown the three (3)photographs collectively marked Ext. no. 239. He identified himself and theslain Constable Ambadas Pawar in those photographs. In the photograph Ext.no. 242, he identified Shashank Shinde and Ambadas Pawar lying prone after being shot by the terrorists. In one of the photographs from Ext. no. 243(collectively) he identified himself and Lau Kharat (PW-57), who worked at the railway station, who is holding him by the arm after he was shot andhelping him to be taken to St. George’s Hospital. This particular photograph from Ext. no. 243 (collectively) was separately marked Ext. no.245.

143. Pandarkar identified the appellant as the shorter of the two terrorists. He identified Abu Ismail from his photograph on Article 61. Hehad earlier identified the appellant in the test identification parade heldon January 14, 2009.

144. Sandeep Tanaji Khiratkar (PW-66) was an Inspector in the Railway Protection Force. At the time of the occurrence he was at his residence and was informed about the attack by Jadhav (PW-54) by telephone. He rushed tothe police station on his motor-cycle and arrived there in five to seven (5-7) minutes. He went to the RPF armory on the ground floor of the General Manager Office building and took out a .303 rifle and twenty (20) rounds from the armory. He came out of the station from the GM Porch abutting DNRoad. SI Bhosale (PW-68) and Inspector Kshirsagar were with him. They took position in the GM Porch. At that time they saw two terrorists coming towards the porch situated near the subway. Both the terrorists fired at them. They also retaliated and fired back at the terrorists. The firing byKhiratkar and his men forced the terrorists to re-enter the railway stationand move in the opposite direction towards platform no. 1 from where they went out of the railway station through the foot-overbridge. When Khiratkarand his men reached near the gate of the foot-over bridge they were informed that the terrorists had already left the railway station. Khiratkar then went to the control room of the CCTV cameras in the RPF office. There he found that on that date the CCTV cameras of the main lines were shut downfor maintenance but the movements of Kasab and Abu Ismail were recorded by the CCTV cameras in the main hall and platform no.1 of the local lines. At about 11.30 PM on the same day, he was informed by Constable Jadhav that the movements of the terrorists had been recorded on the Data VisualRecorder. Immediately thereafter he prepared from the DVR a CD of thevisuals captured by CCTV cameras of the main hall and other places whereverthe movements of the terrorists had been seen. The CD was sealed by him immediately and it was later handed over to an officer of DCB CID, Mumbai.He further stated before the court that the recording on the DVR is storedfor a period of seven days. At the end of the seventh day the first day’s recording would get deleted to make space for the recording of the eighthday.

145. Khiratkar identified the appellant as the shorter of the two terrorists. He identified Abu Ismail (deceased accused no.1) from his photograph on Article 61. He had earlier identified the appellant in the test identification parade held on December 28, 2008, at Arthur Road prison, Mumbai.

146. Pandurang Subrao Patil (PW-63) was an Assistant Sub-Inspector ofPolice on duty carrying a lathi. He told the court that he was fired at bythe shorter terrorist (i.e., the appellant). The bullet hit his left thigh and, passing through it, pierced his right thigh and exited from theexterior portion of his right thigh. He simply collapsed on to the floor.He further said that he had seen the two terrorists from a distance of twenty-two to twenty-five (22 to 25) feet.

147. Patil identified the appellant as the shorter of the two terrorists. He also identified Abu Ismail, (deceased accused no.1) from his photograph on Article 61.

148. Geetanjali Krishnarao Gurav (PW-60) was on duty at the CST local railway station near main gate no. 3. On hearing the explosion and the gunshots she along with Shinde (killed), API Bhosale (PW-49), PSI Khandale and other policemen went towards the main hall of the main lines. She saw two terrorists in the main hall and she saw the taller of the two throwing ahand grenade at a crowd of passengers. The grenade exploded, causing injuries to a large number of passengers. Both terrorists were continuously firing from AK-47 rifles. She and Bhosale, therefore, proceeded towards the railway police station to call for additional force. While on way to thepolice station, Bhosale was hit by a bullet in his left upper arm and he fell down. She tied a handkerchief to his wound and helped him in gettingback on his feet. At that time, she saw both the terrorists proceeding in the direction of the local railway station. More than hundred (100)passengers lay badly injured in the main hall of the main lines.

149. Geetanjali Gurav identified the appellant as the shorter of the two terrorists. She also identified Abu Ismail (deceased accused no.1) from hisphotograph on Article 61.

150. Now, some of the passengers: Natwarlal Gigaji Rotawan (PW-50) and his daughter Devika Natwarlal Rotawan, aged about ten (10) years, (PW-51)[17]; Farooqi Nasiruddin Khaliluddin (PW-52); Nafisa Shadab Qureshi (PW-53); Sangeeta Niranjan Sardar (PW-86) and her husband Niranjan Sadashiv Sardar (PW-87); and Ansar Alabaksha Mohd. Hanif Saudagar (PW-88), are some of the passenger witnesses. They were in the main hall of the main lines waiting for theirrespective trains. They were jolted out of whatever they might be doing or thinking at that moment by the explosion of the first grenade thrown by AbuIs mail (deceased accused no.1) and from that moment they watched, in abject horror, the appellant and his companion firing indiscriminately at thegroup of passengers in the main hall; Abu Ismail throwing the second grenade and then the two moving around on the platforms in differentdirections until the spray of bullets and the shrapnel from the exploding grenades hit them or one of their group.

151. Natwarlal Rotawan (PW-50) was lucky to escape unhurt but his daughter, Devika Rotawan (PW-51), was hit by a bullet on her right leg. Shewas treated as an indoor patient in the hospital for about a month and a half and thereafter remained bedridden for four to six (4-6) months. When she came to depose in court after about 6 months of the occurrence, she wasstill unable to walk properly.

152. Natwarlal identified the appellant as the “shorter one” and said that his companion was not present in court. Devika identified the appellant as the person who was firing at the VT railway station.

153. Farooqi Nasiruddin Khaliluddin (PW-52) was at the station with hisson. Both of them were injured, the son far more badly than the father, by the splinters from the second grenade thrown by Abu Ismail (deceasedaccused no. 1). Khaliluddin told the court that the firing by the terrorists continued for about fifteen to twenty (15-20) minutes. He further said that the taller man had paused in the firing as he took out a bomb from his bag and threw it in their direction but that the other man(that is, the appellant) continued with the firing and he appeared to be ina “joyous mood” on seeing the lethal effect of his firing. Identifying the appellant in court, he once again said that he was the same person whom hehad seen in “joyous mood”.

154. Nafisa Qureshi (PW-53), who worked as a maid-servant, lost her six(6) year old daughter Afrin to the terrorists’ bullets. She was hit by abullet on the back and died at the spot. Nafisa herself sustained a bullet injury on her left leg.

155. She identified the appellant as one of the two persons who were firing at CST in all directions. The appellant was the person whom she had,earlier in her deposition, referred to as the “shorter one”.

156. Sangeeta Sardar (PW-86) and her husband Niranjan Sadashiv Sardar (PW-87) also sustained injuries as a result of the firing and throwing of grenades. Sangeeta was hit by steel balls (from the hand grenade) that pierced her body, and some of which were still lodged inside her body asshe deposed. Her husband, Niranjan, sustained two (2) bullet injuries, one on the right side of the head and the other below the right ear. Both of them remained indoor patients in the hospital for weeks.

157. Sangeeta identified the appellant as the “butka” who was firing at the CST railway station. She identified the “lamboo fellow” from his photograph on the identity card Article 61.

158. Ansar Alabaksha Mohd. Hanif Saudagar (PW-88) was hit by a bullet onhis right leg, below the knee joint. In court, Saudagar was asked toidentify the appellant from among the three (3) accused in the dock. He identified the appellant as the “butka” firing at the passengers at the CST railway station. He also identified the person who was accompanying the appellant from the photograph on Article 61.Cama In[18]: Seven (7) dead and ten (10) injured[19]

159. Kasab and Abu Ismail were seen exiting CST via the foot-overbridge and coming down the bridge in the evidence of Vernekar (PW-102) and in the photograph of Kasab (Ext. no. 410-D) taken by him. On descending from the foot-over bridge, they came to Badruddin Tayabji Marg, which is a long, meandering road, a part of which runs along the premises of Cama Hospital. Cama Hospital has large premises, on which there are a number of buildings including a six-storey structure called the New Hospital Building. The entry to Cama Hospital is from Mahapalika Road on its western side, and Badruddin Tayabji Marg runs along the back of its premises. Theprosecution, with the aid of eleven (11) eye-witnesses, has traced practically every step taken by Kasab and Abu Ismail from the moment they came out of CST, entered Cama hospital and eventually left the hospital. We, however, propose to examine only some of these steps, to get a broadidea of how the two were moving around killing people, completelymindlessly.

160. Bharat Budhabhai Waghela (PW-103) worked as a Safai Kamgar with Voltas. He lived in a hut off Badruddin Tayabji Marg. At about 9.30 PM onNovember 26, 2008, he was sitting near the back gate of Cama Hospital onBadruddin Tayabji Marg engaged in small talk with his friends SandeepWaghela (PW-105), who lived on the premises of Cama Hospital, and BhaganShinde, who lived in the same hutments as Waghela. Gupta bhel-vendor was also near the gate selling snacks of bhel-puri. At about 10.30 PM they sawtwo persons coming on to Badruddin Tayabji Road from the direction of theTimes of India Building. One of them was ‘lamboo’ (tall) and the other was’ butka’ (short). Both were carrying bags on their shoulders. Suddenly, they started firing. The butka man fired straight at them, and he shot Guptabhelwala in full view of Waghela. Waghela was frightened and ran towardshis hut. His friends also ran away from the spot. Back in his hut, Waghela told his mother about the incident. He shut the doors of his hut and peeped out from the little gap between the frame of the door and the panels. He saw the butka fellow standing near his brother’s shanty, adjoining Waghela’s own hut, and firing at it. He heard his brother cry out. He saw the lamboo fellow firing in the lane. After some time, he saw both of them going towards the gate of Cama Hospital.

161. After a while, Waghela went to his brother, Thakur Waghela’s shanty. He found his brother lying in a pool of blood. His five (5) year old sonwas also there but his wife was not present. Waghela took his brother to the GT Hospital where he was declared dead by the doctors. Five minutes later, Bhagan Shinde was brought to the hospital. He was also declareddead.

162. Waghela identified the appellant as the gunman who had shot Guptabhelwala and fired at his brother’s shanty. He said before the court that he had identified the accused in the test identification parade on December27, 2008. He had also identified the dead body of the “lamboo” when it was placed among six (6) other dead bodies at the mortuary of JJ Hospital. Hethen identified him from the photograph on the identity card, Article 61.

163. Anjali Vijay Kulathe (PW-101) worked as a staff nurse at Cama Hospital. On November 26, 2008, she arrived for duty at 8.00 PM. She was onduty on the first floor of the New Building. At about 10.30 PM she heardthe sound of firing from the back of the hospital. She looked out from the back window of the ante-natal care unit and saw two persons climbing over the steel gate at the back of the hospital. One of them was ‘lamboo’ (tall)and the other was ‘butka’ (short). She could see them clearly in the light from the street lights. She further said that the gate was at the distanceof ten to fifteen (10-15) feet from the window from where she saw theintruders.

164. The two men jumped inside the Cama Hospital premises. The tall manfired towards the window from where she was looking at them. One of the bullets hit the right wrist of a hospital servant, Hira Jadhav. She was immediately removed to the casualty ward on the ground floor of the hospital. Kulathe further said that she informed the CMO on duty, Dr. Archana, that two terrorists had entered the hospital building. She thenrushed back to her ward and closed all the doors from inside. She also locked the ward’s collapsible (iron grill) gate. Moreover, since the wardhad windows on all sides, all twenty (20) patients who were in the ANC ward at that time were moved to the pantry for their safety.

165. She further stated before the court that the noise of firing andexplosions went on for about two hours. She and all the patients were frightened due to the continuous noise of explosions and firing. She and the patients stayed inside the pantry till 4.00 AM the following morning,when senior officers came and took them out.

166. She then identified the appellant as the butka man who, along with his tall partner, had entered the Cama Hospital premises by jumping over its back gate. She identified the tall partner of the appellant from the photograph on the identity card, Article 61. She further told the court that she had identified the appellant in the test identification parade onDecember 27, 2008, held by “judge” (sic) Sharad Vich are. She further said that, on being identified by her, the appellant had said that he was infact Ajmal Kasab and she had correctly identified him.

167. Raosaheb Changdev Funde (PW-107) is an ex-serviceman and he worked as an unarmed security guard at Cama Hospital. On November 26, 2008, his shift ended at 10.00 PM but he learnt that some incidents had taken place at CSTand, therefore, decided not to go home but to stay back for the night at the hospital. He stated before the court that, on learning about the CSTincidents, he returned to Cama Hospital’s main (front) gate, near the collapsible gate. Another security guard, Baban Ugade, was also there. AsFunde was standing with Ugade near the collapsible gate, he saw theappellant and one other person coming towards them. The appellant fired a shot at Ugade from his rifle. The shot hit Ugade in the abdomen and he felldown. Funde was scared and ran up the stairs to the fifth floor, where he took shelter in a ward, hiding behind a stand which is used for drying clothes. The appellant, however, followed him there and, putting the barrel of his rifle on his head, ordered him, “Utho” (get-up). The appellant thenasked Funde to proceed towards the bathroom. Funde saw one person lying in a pool of blood in front of the bathroom with a tall man standing near him. The appellant made him enter the bathroom where three (3) persons we realready confined[20]. The bathroom was then bolted from outside. After twoto three (2 or 3) hours, the police arrived there and opened the bathroom.Funde narrated the incident to the police.

168. Funde then identified the appellant’s partner from the photograph on the identity card, Article 61. He further told the court the he had identified the appellant at the test identification parade on December 27,2008. He had also identified the dead body of the appellant’s partner onJanuary 7, 2009, at JJ Hospital.

169. Harish chandra Sonu Shrivardhankar (PW-106) was the person whom Fundehad seen lying in a pool of blood near the door of the bathroom. His encounter with the two terrorists has something uncanny about it. Fate seemed to force his every step towards meeting the terrorists and when he actually stood face-to-face with them, quite certain of death, he did not go down without fighting. Tough, two and a half times the age of his opponents, completely unarmed and untrained in any kind of fighting, he put up a fight nonetheless. Unfortunately, his attempt could not succeed against an armed and trained killer. He was stabbed and shot and left behind by the terrorist in the belief that he was dead or would soon die.Shrivardhankar, however, survived to tell the story and to identify hisassailant.

170. Shrivardhankar worked as a Senior Clerk at the Mantralaya at the time. Apparently a devotee of Hazrat Sayyed Shah Baba (a Muslim saint),after leaving his office at 6.00 PM on November 26, 2008, Shrivardhankarwent to the Urs at the saint’s Durgah (shrine), situated behind Metro Cinema. He left the Durgah at 10.30 PM and proceeded to CST via the Metrosubway and St. Xavier’s College to catch a train home. On approaching the gate of Cama Hospital at Mahapalika Road, Shrivardhankar saw many people running in panic and learnt about the incident of firings at CST. To avoid getting caught in the firing, he sought refuge in Cama Hospital. On entering the gate of the hospital he saw a dead body (Ugade) lying in frontof the entrance to the main building. On seeing the dead body he was scaredand, suspecting that some incident must have taken place on the premises of the hospital, he entered the main building through the collapsible gate.There was complete silence in the building and he found all the doorsclosed. He went up to the fourth floor; all the floors appeared to be deserted and the doors of all the wards were closed.

171. As soon as he reached the fifth floor, the luckless man found himselfstanding in front of a man holding a gun and a knife, and carrying a bag onhis shoulder. He was about five feet six inches (5′ 6″) tall and had shorthair. He was wearing a jacket. He put his knife on Shrivardhankar’s neck. Shrivardhankar realised that the man would kill him in any case and, therefore, decided to fight. He tried to hit the man in the groin with hisknee and also attempted to hit him with his bag. The bag, however, slipped out of Shrivardhankar’s hand and the killer struck him two (2) times on theneck with his knife, causing bleeding. The killer caught hold of Shrivardhankar’s collar and pushed him down. He inflicted a third knifeblow on his back and also shot a bullet in his back. By that time, Shrivardhankar had lost any strength to resist and fell unconscious. He regained consciousness after three to four (3-4) days at JJ Hospital and was treated as an indoor patient for about three (3) months.[21]

172. Shrivardhankar vividly recounted his encounter with one of the terrorists. He also told the court that in the fight with the killer hisspectacles had fallen down. At that time he was wearing brown slippers(footwear). Shrivardhankar told the court that his footwear and spectacles were lost and he did not find them on regaining consciousness at JJHospital.

173. He then identified his assailant at Cama Hospital from the photograph on the identity card, Article 61. He also identified the assailant in thephotographs Ext. no. 410-A & Ext. no. 410-B (part of Ext. no. 410collectively).

174. He also identified his spectacles, Article 310 (recovered and seized from Cama Hospital and produced in court as one of the case articles) butsaid that the slippers shown to him as Article 309 did not belong to him.

175. Chandrakant Dnyandev Tikhe (PW-109) was the lift operator at CamaHospital. On November 26, 2008, he was on duty as Generator Operator from10.00 PM in the evening till 7:00 AM the following morning. The generator room is situated on the terrace of the building. At about 10:00 PM, when he was on the terrace, Tikhe heard the sound of firing from the ground floor. On hearing the gunshots he immediately went inside the enclosure where thesolar system is installed and locked its collapsible gate. He was still inside the enclosure when, around 11:00 PM, the two terrorists arrived on the terrace. He saw them clearly in the light of the electric bulb of 200watts that was lit on the terrace. One of them was taller and the other wasshorter. The “butka” (short) fellow pointed his rifle towards Tikhe and asked him to come out or else he would blow him to bits (“Aage aao warnauda dunga”). Therefore, Tikhe opened the gate and came out of the enclosure. The tall man was also holding a gun. Tikhe then identified the appellant as the short man who had pointed his gun at him.

176. When Tikhe came out of the enclosure, the appellant asked him the wayout from the hospital. Tikhe told them that there was only one staircasethat alone could be used to exit the hospital. The tall fellow, who was keeping a watch, suddenly shouted “Police!” and started firing towards the stairs. The appellant held his gun against Tikhe’s back and pushed him towards the stairs. The appellant and his tall partner brought Tikhe to the landing between the sixth floor and the terrace. From there, Tikhe saw three to four (3-4) policemen in front of the lift on the sixth floor.Tikhe raised his hands apprehending that he might be killed by the policeif they suspected him of being a terrorist. A staff member of Cama Hospital, namely Kailash (PW-111), was also with the policemen and he identified Tikhe to the police as one of the hospital staff. The police fired at the appellant and his tall partner forcing them to retreat to the terrace. In that time, Tikhe escaped and came down to the sixth floor landing. He told the police that there were two terrorists.

177. The appellant then started firing at them from above. He also threw a hand grenade on to the sixth floor. The splinters from the hand grenade hit Tikhe on his neck and he sustained a bleeding injury. Some policemen werealso injured from the explosion of the hand grenade. The appellant and histall partner kept firing at the policemen. Tikhe saw a police officer and another policeman getting shot and falling down in front of the lift. Aftersome time, the terrorists again threw down a hand grenade and firedindiscriminately in the direction of the lift. The other policemen and the officers were also injured by the second explosion and the firing.

178. At this point, Tikhe came down to the second floor. He wasaccompanied by two policemen and by Kailash. One of these policemen went further down but the other stayed with them. After being given first aid they were shifted to GT Hospital. From there, Tikhe was taken to KEM Hospital for treatment as hand grenade splinters were lodged in his neck. He was treated as an indoor patient for seven (7) days.

179. He also told the court that he had identified the appellant in thetest identification parade on December 27, 2008.

180. Sadanand Vasant Date (PW-118) is an IPS Officer and, at the material time, he was posted as Additional Commissioner of Police, Central Region, Mumbai. On November 26, 2008, at about 10.00 PM, he was at his residence when the assault at CST took place. CST did not come within hisjurisdiction but, on the request of his colleague Dr. Vankatesham whose jurisdiction included CST, Date came out like any dutiful police officer. He first went to the Malabar Hill Police Station, which was close to hisresidence, and collected one carbine and twenty (20) rounds. On the way to CST he got information about the movements of the terrorists and, in light of this information, he and his team reached Cama Hospital a little after 11.00 PM. Date came to learn that the terrorists had gone up to the terrace of Cama Hospital building and, therefore, he took the lift to the sixth floor landing, from where stairs led up to the terrace[22]. There, he had an encounter with the two terrorists who were at that time on the terrace of the building, holding Tikhe there.

181. On reaching the sixth floor, instead of rushing to the terrace, Datepicked up an iron object lying there and threw it towards the door of theterrace, to check the position of the terrorists. In response, a burst offiring from an automatic weapon came from the terrace door. Shortly thereafter, Date saw a bulky person (Tikhe) coming down to the landing onthe stairs between the terrace and the 6th floor. Date challenged the bulky person but Kailash (PW-111) identified him as a member of the hospital staff. The bulky person indicated that there was somebody behind him. Date asked him to bend down and then fired over his head towards the terrace. That forced the terrorists to go back to the terrace. Taking advantage of the situation, Tikhe came down to the sixth floor landing. In the meantime, a grenade was thrown from the terrace. It exploded on the sixth floor infront of the lift causing injuries to some police officers, including Date, and also to Tikhe.

182. Date’s team comprised seven (7) police officers and policemen. All of them were armed with firearms. Date’s operator Tilekar and police constable Khandelkar had one carbine each. Date himself was wearing a bullet-proof jacket and he had a carbine with twenty (20) rounds. But all this did not prove sufficient to take out Kasab and Abu Ismail or even to stop them. The two terrorists were able to overcome the police and to escape from the tight spot in which they had landed – the terrace that had only one (1)exit by the stairs. This was because, besides having superior fire power, they had the great advantage of hand grenades. Grenades exploding in the very small landing area badly injured the policemen who had no cover or shelter there.

183. Date stated before the court that, after the first hand grenade exploded, his officers continued to fire towards the terrace. But shortly afterwards, another hand grenade was thrown, which caused injuries to almost all officers who were present there, including Date. The injured police officers, policemen and staff members of Cama Hospital were asked to go down. More (killed) could not go down because he was badly injured and unconscious. Police constable Khandekar (killed) also could not go down as he, too, was badly injured. Date said before the court that he continued to fire towards the terrace in retaliation of the firing from there. The exchange of fire went on for about forty (40) minutes during which he had taken cover behind a wall situated in front of the right side lift. After some time he sensed some movement and, as he came out from behind the wall which he was using for cover, he found that two persons had already gone down towards the fifth floor. He fired two shots towards the two persons going away but was unable to say whether or not they were hit. He was unable to pursue them because of his leg injury.

184. He said it would be 11.50 PM at that time.

185. Accordingly, Date informed his superiors that two persons had gone down from the sixth floor of the building and that they had automatic weapons and hand grenades.

186. Date further said that the help came at about 00.45 AM and he was shifted to KEM Hospital, where he was admitted for three (3) days. Apart from several minor injuries he had sustained injuries from splinters and fragments of the hand grenade in his right eye and on the left side of chest just below armpit, and in his throat, right knee and left ankle. Cama Out [23]: Nine (9) dead, seven (7) injured [24]

187. Date on the sixth floor landing was unable to stop Kasab and AbuIs mail and, while he took shelter against the hail of bullets and shrapnel from the grenades behind a wall, the two managed to sneak down the stairs.

188. Suresh Shantaram Kadam (PW-138) and Yashwant Shankar Thorawade (PW-128)[25] next saw Kasab and Abu Ismail coming out of Cama Hospital from its front side on Mahapalika Road and immediately gunning down a policeofficer.

189. Thorawade was a Police Inspector and, on the evening of November 26, 2008, in the absence of the senior police inspector, he was holding charge of Azad Maidan police station. Kadam was a constable attached to the same Police Station. As Azad Maidan police station received information that terrorists had entered CST and were firing there, the policemen proceeded to the railway station in two police vehicles. On the way, they learnt that the terrorists had left the railway station and were seen going in the direction of Metro Cinema. Accordingly, they came to Metro junction where they came across Additional Police Commissioner Date (PW-118). Date asked them to go back and collect bullet-proof jackets and arms and ammunition from Azad Maidan police station as information had arrived by then that the terrorists had reached the terrace of Cama Hospital building and were firing from there. As directed by Date, Kadam, Shelke (PW-141) and some others went back to Azad Maidan police station where they collected two bullet-proof jackets and some fire-arms and ammunition.

190. Returning to the scene of firing, they decided to go to the front gate of Cama Hospital (instead of going to the back side), expecting the terrorists to exit the hospital from its main gate. Kadam stated that he was accompanied by PI Thorawade (PW-128), PSI Shelke (PW-141), and police constables Utekar and Rathore. Constable Gawade was driving the Bolero vehicle (called Peter-I[26] Azad Maidan) in which they came there. The vehicle was parked on the left side of the road facing Metro junction and they took position by the side of the vehicle.

191. At about 11:45 PM, the policemen saw two persons coming out of Cama Hospital. Kadam first saw them on the footpath of Cama Hospital and Thorawade when they were near the gate of St. Xavier’s College adjoining the hospital. Kadam said that one of them was ‘lamboo’ (tall) and the other was ‘butka’ (short). In the meantime, they saw a motor-cycle driving on Mahapalika Road from Metro junction towards CST. It was driven by a police constable and a police officer was on its pillion. The officer got down near the gate of St. Xavier’s College and, according to Kadam, the motor-cycle went ahead. (According to Thorwade, the constable made a u-turn and went back towards Metro). The officer who got down from the motor-cycle started directing people coming from the direction of CST to return. He seemed to have asked the lamboo and the butka also not to proceed further but to go back. But they continued moving towards him and fired at him from a distance of about fifteen to twenty (15-20) feet. The officer collapsed to the ground. This confirmed to Thorawade and Kadam that the two persons who had come out from Cama Hospital were the terrorists whom they had been watching for. Thorawade started firing at them from his service pistol. Kadam also fired one round from his pistol and then he stopped because Thorawade was firing at the terrorists. The terrorists fired back inretaliation.

192. Thorawade told the court that he tried sending messages to South Control from the wireless installed in his Bolero police vehicle but, due to heavy traffic on the network, he was unable to send the message. Therefore, Thorawade went to the Metro junction where two to three (2-3)police vehicles were available. The message was sent from the wireless set of one of those vehicles.

193. There were many people at the metro junction. After a short while, one police vehicle (Qualis) appeared from Badruddin Tayabji Road and took right turn on Mahapalika Road towards Metro junction. Thorawade saw the two terrorists in that vehicle. The person who was sitting on the right side was firing at the large crowd assembled at Metro junction. One policeman and another person were injured due to firing from that vehicle.[27]

194. In the meanwhile, Kadam had remained in front of Cama Hospital. He went on to state before the court that he saw a white car with a red beacon approaching Mahapalika Road from Badruddin Tayabji Road but, immediately thereafter, he saw the car going backwards on Badruddin Tayabji Road. The lamboo and the butka fired at that car. One of them also threw a hand-grenade towards the white car. Thereafter, both of them proceeded towards Rang Bhavan Lane on (BT Road). The officer who was shot near the gate of St. Xavier’s College was later identified from the name plate on his uniform as Durgude. Kadam then identified Kasab in the dock as the butka who had fired at Durgude and who was accompanying the lamboo. Kadam further stated that he had earlier identified the appellant in the identification parade on December 27, 2008, and had also identified the dead body of the lamboo on January 6, 2009, at the JJ Hospital mortuary.

195. Maruti Madhavrao Phad (PW-139) was the driver of the “white car with red beacon” which Kadam had seen coming from Badruddin Tayabji Road towards Mahapalika Road and then going in the reverse direction. It was actually a white Honda City car, a government vehicle allotted to one Bhushan Gagrani, IAS, Secretary Medical Education and Drugs Department (PW-140). Phad was the driver on duty for the vehicle. On November 26, 2008, at 6.30 PM the car was, as usual, parked in the premises of “High Rise Building” situated on Badruddin Tayabji Road. Between 11:30 and 11:45 PM, Phad received a call on his mobile from Gagrani, asking him to bring the car to his residence to take him to Mantralaya to attend an emergency meeting that seems to have been called as news broke of the terrorists’ attack on Mumbai. As directed, Phad took the car from its parking place on Badruddin Tayabji Road and proceeded towards Mahapalika Road on his way to Gagrani’s residence. As he approached Mahapalika Road, Phad saw two persons, one tall and the other short, firing on the road. He, therefore, stopped the car and began to reverse. At this, those two persons fired at his vehicle. Phad’s right hand was on the steering wheel. Two bullets pierced the car’s windscreen and hit him on his right hand. He continued to reverse the vehicle, ducking down to save himself from the volley of bullets, but a third bullet hit him on the left side of his waist. He also realized that the left front wheel of the car was punctured. He, therefore, locked all four doors of the car by means of the central locking switch and, pretending to be dead, lay down on the driver’s seat. At this time, he heard an explosion near the car. A little while later, the two terrorists came near his car and tried to open its doors but they were unable to do so as the doors were locked. After sometime, he saw them from the rear windscreen of the car near the SBI office behind him. His car was standing on the road in a slanting position but there was enough space on both sides for vehicles to pass. As the two terrorists approached “High Rise Building”, they took cover behind bushes abutting that building. At the same time, Phad saw a police vehicle approaching his vehicle from behind, i.e., from the side of the SBI office on Badruddin Tayabji Road. As soon as the police vehicle came close to the two persons hiding in the bushes, they started firing indiscriminately at the police vehicle. At the same time, the shorter fellow seemed to have sustained a bullet injury, probably from the firing from the police vehicle. His gun fell down. The butka, however, picked up the gun and resumed firing at the police vehicle.

196. Firing from the police vehicle stopped, and the taller man went to the vehicle and opened its right front door, pulling the driver on to the road. He also pulled down another person from the vehicle’s middle seat. The butka fellow went to the left side of the vehicle and pulled down the person sitting on the left front seat. The lamboo fellow occupied the driver’s seat and the butka took the front left seat.

197. Phad stated before the court that he had witnessed the above incident from a distance of about one hundred and fifty (150) feet. The police vehicle thus taken over by the two terrorists proceeded towards Mahapalika Road. Apprehending danger from those two persons, Phad pretended to be dead and continued lying in his vehicle. That vehicle crossed Phad’s vehicle and went towards Mahapalika Road. It was a Qualis vehicle.

198. Phad stated before the court that as a result of the injuries sustained by him he lost the ring finger on his right hand and two other fingers were not functioning properly. He was no longer able to drive autovehicles.

199. Phad gave a description to the court of the two persons whom he had seen firing on Badruddin Tayabji Road. The lamboo was six (6) feet in height, of fair complexion, and was aged about twenty-two to twenty-five(22-25) years. The butka was five feet three inches (5′ 3″) inches in height, of fair complexion and strongly built. Phad said he could identify both of them and added that one of them was present in court, identifying the appellant as the butka. He further said that he had identified the appellant in the identification parade on December 27, 2008. He had identified the appellant from amongst seven (7) persons put in line with him. SEO, Vichare was conducting the test identification parade. He then identified the lamboo from his photograph (Article 61) and stated that earlier he had identified his dead body at the JJ mortuary from amongst ten(10) dead bodies.

200. In cross-examination Phad said that as he approached Mahapalika Road he had seen a police vehicle parked near the bus-stop on Mahapalika Road and had also seen the two terrorists firing on the police officers standing near the vehicle.

201. Bhushan Ashok Gagrani, who was examined as PW-140, stated before the court that he called Phad between 11.30 and 11.45 PM, to bring the car to his residence at Yashodhan Building and take him to Mantralaya. When the car did not come, he again called Phad but he did not turn up. Therefore, Gagrani went to Mantralaya in his personal vehicle. At about 12.15 AM hetried to contact Phad once again. This time, he got a response from the driver who told him that he had been fired at in the car; that the car was stranded in the vicinity of Rang Bhavan; and that he was lying injured inside it. Gagrani then tried to contact the police control room but could not get through as the number was continuously engaged. He then contacted the Superintendent of GT Hospital and requested him to provide help to Phad. After an hour he was informed that Phad had been admitted to the hospital with bullet injuries.

202. All the phone calls made by Gagrani from his mobile phone to the mobile phone of Phad and to the hospital were independently established from the mobile phones records.

203. Arun Dada Jadhav (PW-136) is a very special witness. He was in the extra ordinary position of actually traveling with the two terrorists, lying badly injured in the back side of the Qualis vehicle that the terrorists had hijacked after killing three (3) senior police officers and three (3)policemen on Badruddin Tayabji Road.

204. In the time that Additional Commissioner of Police Date (PW-118) was engaged in the encounter with the terrorists on the sixth floor landing of the New Cama Hospital Building, a number of senior officers and policemen had gathered at the back of the hospital. At that time, an injured policeman emerged from the back of the hospital. He told the assembled officers that Date and some other police officers were lying injured on the higher floors of the hospital. Thereupon, Kamate, Additional Commissioner of Police (East Region), Karkare, Joint Commissioner of Police (ATS) and Salaskar, Senior Police Inspector, decided to go to the front gate of Cama Hospital, anticipating that the terrorists would go out from that side. They took a Qualis police jeep of Pydhonie Division[28] that was standing there. Salaskar took the driver’s seat, Kamate occupied the front left seat and Karkare sat on the middle seat of the vehicle. Jadhav, who was attached to the Anti-Extortion Cell of which Salaskar was the chief, sat in the extreme rear of the vehicle. The driver of the vehicle, Bhosale (killed),sat alongside Jadhav. Two constables, namely Yogesh Patil (killed) and Jaywant Patil (killed), occupied the rear seat, opposite Jadhav and Bhosale. Yogesh Patil was the wireless operator on duty for that vehicle and Jaywant Patil was the wireless operator of Kamte’s vehicle.

205. As they proceeded on Badruddin Tayabji Road towards the SBI office, a message was received on wireless that the two terrorists were hiding on Rang Bhavan Lane near a red vehicle. Rang Bhavan Lane begins from the SBIoffice. Kamate directed Salaskar to slow down the vehicle and proceed cautiously. Jadhav told the court that there were bushes on the right side of the road, about five to five and a half (5-5.5) feet in height. As the Qualis came near the bushes, it was greeted by a burst of gun-fire. Jadhav looked out from the vehicle’s window and saw one lamboo and one butka firing at their vehicle with AK-47 rifles. Jadhav, Karkare, Kamate and Salaskar also fired at the lamboo and the butka from the windows of the vehicle. Jadhav sustained bullet injuries on his right elbow and left shoulder. Because of the injuries, the carbine fell from his hands on the vehicle’s floor. The terrorists continued to fire at them. By now, all the policemen had suffered gunshots and were injured. Jadhav was unable to pickup his carbine.

206. After some time, the firing stopped and the lamboo tried to open the vehicle’s rear side door. However, the door did not open. Jadhav tried to pick up his weapon once again but could not. The driver Bhosale was also badly injured and he had fallen down on Jadhav. Yogesh Patil and Jaywant Patil were also unable to move. Realising that it was not possible for him to retaliate, Jadhav pretended to be dead. At this time he heard a door of their vehicle opening and also heard the noise of the vehicle starting. He realised that the vehicle was being driven, and he then saw that the driver’s seat was occupied by the lamboo. Karkare, Salaskar and Kamate were no longer in the vehicle.

207. At the metro junction, Jadhav heard the sound of firing but he continued pretending to be dead. He realised that one of the vehicle’s wheels was punctured. After some time, he also realised that even the tube and tyre had come off the punctured wheel. He could sense this as he was himself an experienced driver.

208. The vehicle stopped on the road behind the Vidhan Bhavan. There was more firing and then he saw the two terrorists leaving the Qualis and going to a car that had stopped. They left in the other car, which looked like a Honda City. He could see them clearly in the street light.

209. After the terrorists had left, Jadhav informed the Police Control Room on the vehicle’s wireless that the two terrorists had run away in a car and that he was lying injured in the vehicle of Pydhonie division(Able) in front of the State Bank of Mysore. He was rescued by a team of policemen including Amrute, Senior Police Inspector (PW-137).

210. Jadhav went on to describe the two terrorists. He said that the lamboo was six (6) feet tall, of strong built and fair complexion, and aged twenty-two to twenty-five (22-25) years. The butka was about five feet three inches (5′ 3″) tall, of medium built and fair complexion, and aged twenty to twenty-two (20-22) years. He identified the appellant in court as the butka. He added that he had identified the appellant in the identification parade held on December 27, 2008, at Arthur Road Prison. On January 6, 2009, he had identified the dead body of the lamboo from amongst seven (7) dead bodies.

211. He also identified the carbine and the magazine (Article 444 collectively) which he had in his possession at the time of the occurrence.

212. In cross-examination on behalf of the appellant, Jadhav stated that while proceeding on Badruddin Tayabji Road he had seen one white car with are d beacon. The exchange of fire between the occupants of the police vehicle and the terrorists had taken place in front of the ATM centre. He further stated that, at the time of the exchange of fire, his carbine was on single fire mode and he had no opportunity to put it on burst fire mode. Jadhav, Salaskar, Karkare and Kamate had fired at the terrorists in retaliation. The AK-47 held by the appellant had fallen down from Jadhav’s firing. The appellant, however, picked up the gun and resumed firing at them. Jadhav also said that while the Qualis was being driven by the terrorists, Yogesh Patil was lying on his knee. At that time Patil’s mobile rang. The appellant, who was sitting on the front left seat, shot a burst of bullets with the barrel of his gun pointing backwards. The bullets pierced the middle seat and riddled the body of Yogesh Patil and he died as a result. Jadhav was not injured in that firing. Jadhav said that the appellant must have fired ten to fifteen (10-15) shots in that burst. He also stated that the lamboo had pulled Salaskar and the appellant had pulled Kamate out of the vehicle. Karkare was pulled out by the lamboo assisted by the appellant. While pulling him down from the vehicle the appellant had cursed him, using foul language, saying that he was wearing a bullet-proof (jacket). He further said that the whole incident, from the beginning of firing by the terrorists until they took the vehicle lasted three to four (3-4) minutes. THE SKODA ROBBERY[29]:

213. Sharan Arasa (PW-144), Samit Vijay Ajgaonkar (PW-147) and his wife Megha were the three occupants of the white Skoda car that Kasab and AbuIsmail snatched at gun-point, and which Arun Dada Jadhav (PW-136), lying in the back seat of the police Qualis, had thought to be a white Honda Citycar.

214. Arasa and Ajgaonkar had a common friend Siddharth Umashankar (PW-238)who worked as Sales Manager in Oberoi Hotel. When the two terrorists, namely Abdul Rehman (Chhota) and Fahadullah, entered Oberoi Hotel and started shooting there, Umashankar, along with other guests and staff members, escaped through the exit door in the lobby area. They went to Inox multiplex, which is a few minutes’ walking distance from the Oberoi. When Ajgaonkar called him on the telephone, Umashankar asked him to come to Inox and take him away from there. Ajgaonkar contacted Arasa and asked him to come with his car so that they could go to Inox to fetch Umashankar. Thus, Arasa took the Skoda Car (of which his father was the registered owner) and came to Ajgaonkar’s house at Mahim. From Mahim they proceeded to Inox with Arasa driving, Ajgaonkar occupying the front left seat and his wife Megha sitting in the back. They were going to rescue Umashankar but they themselves had a brush with death when they came across the two terroristsface-to-face.

215. They reached Rajani Patel Road, Nariman Point, at about 00.15 hours on November 27, 2008. They saw a Qualis police vehicle approaching them from the opposite direction. When the Qualis was about sixty (60) feet away, someone from the police vehicle shouted at them to stop. Simultaneously, a shot was fired in the air from that vehicle. The Qualis stopped and two persons got down from it and approached their car. The person who had got out from the left side of the police vehicle came in front of their car. He asked Arasa to get out of the vehicle. The other person, who had been driving the Qualis, pulled Arasa out of the Skoda car, holding him by his collar. In the meantime, Samit and Megha had already left the car and were sitting on the footpath. As Arasa got out of the car, he realised that he was carrying the key. He, therefore, immediately threw the key away.

216. The person who had come out of the Qualis from the left side was shorter than the other person. Aras a identified the appellant in court as the same short person who had come to him and asked for the car’s key. When Arasa had thrown away the key, it had landed near the car’s rear right wheel. Arasa picked up the key and gave it to the appellant. The two men drove away in the car: the appellant sat in the front left seat and his partner drove the car.

217. Let us now see the description of the occurrence by Ajgaonkar. He stated in his deposition before the court that, when the Qualis stopped, two persons got down from it and approached their car. One of them was taller and the other was shorter. He identified the appellant as the shorter person who approached their car along with his associate who was taller than him. The taller man approached Arasa while the appellant stood in front of the car. The appellant ordered them to get out of the car(“Gadi se bahar aao”). The taller fellow pulled Arasa out by his collar. In the meantime, Ajgaonkar and his wife got down from the car and went to the footpath on the left side of the car. The taller fellow occupied the driver’s seat and the appellant sat on the front left seat. The taller fellow, however, could not find the car keys and, hence, the appellant got down from the car and demanded the key from Arasa. Arasa picked up the key which he had thrown near the car and gave it to the appellant. Thereafter, both of them drove away in the Skoda car. The terrorists proceeded towards Inox theatre.

218. Arasa further told the court that, at about 3:00 PM on November 27,2008, he received a phone call from PSI Zende (PW-148) of Marine Drive police station, asking him to come to the police station. Accordingly, hewent and reached there at about 3:45 PM. He was taken to the spot from where the car was taken from him. A Panchnama was drawn up by the police.

219. He was finally shown his vehicle on December 25, 2008, in the premises of the office of DCB CID. There was a bullet hole on the right front door. The car was badly damaged on the right side. He told the court that the car was in proper condition when it was snatched away from hiscustody.

220. As seen above, both Arasa and Ajgaonkar identified the appellant in court. Both said that they had earlier identified him in the test identification parade. Arasa was one of the witnesses in the test identification parade held on December 28, 2008, and Ajgaonkar on January14, 2009. Both had identified him in a group of seven (7) persons of similar height and built. The identification was made in the presence of the SEO and two panchas. VINOLI CHOWPATY[30]: ONE DEAD, ONE INJURED

221. Kasab and Abu Ismail along with eight (8) others (the dead accused)were seen landing on the shore of Mumbai on November 26, 2008, between 9.15and 9.30 PM. Kasab and Abu Ismail snatched the Skoda car near Vidhan Sabhaaround 12.15 AM on November 27. They came to Mumbai armed to the teeth; they had the great advantage of complete surprise and were also aided by a lot of luck. They were thus able to have a free run for over three (3)hours, killing innocent people and policemen at will. However, their run would soon come to end as a team of policemen were waiting, determined to stop them, caring little for their own lives. Abu Ismail was killed in their last encounter with a police team, but Kasab was taken alive incustody.

222. We propose to examine here three (3) witnesses who were members of the police team that stopped Kasab and Abu Ismail travelling in the stolen Skoda car and took them in custody.

223. Bhaskar Dattatray Kadam (PW-1) was a Sub-Inspector of Police attached to DB Marg Police Station. On November 26, 2008, at about 22.00 hours, Senior Police Inspector Nagappa Mali told him that terrorists had attacked some parts of South Mumbai and directed him to go to Girgaon (Vinoli) Chowpaty along with members of the Crime Detection Branch and to do an akabandi there by putting up barricades. As directed by Mali, Kadam proceeded to Vinoli Chowpaty accompanied by six (6) members of the Detection Branch. On reaching there, he found API Hemant Bavthankar (PW-3),Peter Mobile Operator Sanjay Patil, Peter Mobile Driver Chandrakant Kamble, Girgaon Chowpaty Beat In-charge ASI Pawar, ASI Kochale, Head Constable Chavan, PN Naik and some other policemen already present there and barricades already put up. Kadam and the members of the Detection Branch joined the police team already present there. After some time, API Govilkar(PW-2; injured) and ASI Tukaram Ombale (killed), along with some other policemen, also arrived at the nakabandi.

224. The police team was receiving messages regularly through wireless on the Peter Mobile Van. They received a message that two terrorists were proceeding towards Chow paty from Vidhan Bhawan via Marine Drive in a Skodacar. At about 00.30 hours they spotted a Skoda car on Marine Drive coming from South Bombay towards Chowpaty. Having been alerted in regard to the Skoda, all the policemen, including Kadam, signalled to the driver to stop the car. The car stopped at a distance of about fifty (50) feet from the barricades. The police team shouted to tell the driver that there was an akabandi and they would check the car. They asked the driver to put off the head lights and to put on the inside lights of the car. Instead of following these directions, the driver of the car did just the opposite. Not only were the head lights kept on but the wipers and the water spray on the windscreen were also switched on. Therefore, it became difficult to see anything inside the car. Then, in a bid to escape, the driver tried to take a u-turn just before the barricades. However, the car could not climb over the road divider; it dashed against it and stopped. Kadam and six (6) other policemen rushed towards the car and surrounded it. The driver and the other person who was sitting on the front left seat raised their hands pretending surrender but, when Kadam approached the driver, he started firing at him through the lowered window. Kadam fired back from his service revolver. At that time Kadam was about ten to twelve (10-12) feet from the driver of the car. Kadam told the court that he shot the driver of the Skoda car and injured him.

225. The other occupant of the Skoda car, who was sitting on the front left seat, opened the door on his side and got out of the car. While getting out, he deliberately fell on the road. ASI Tukaram Ombale and API Sanjay Govilkar were proceeding towards the car’s front left door. The person who had got out of the car from the front left door started firing at Tukaram Ombale with an AK-47 rifle. Even as he was being fired at, Tukaram Ombale threw himself bodily upon his assailant. Tukaram Ombale and Govilkar were injured by shots from the AK-47 rifle. Other members of Ombale’s and Govilkar’s team started hitting the assailant with lathis. They succeeded in disarming him. His AK-47 rifle was snatched away from him by policemen and he was taken into custody.

226. Within ten (10) minutes of this occurrence, Senior PI Mali, PI Sawant(PW-31), PI Surulkar, API Yadav, API Gawade (PW-4), PSI Gaikwad (PW-24) and PSI Warang (PW-27) reached the spot. Two (2) ambulances also reached there within the same time.

227. Ombale and Govilkar, who had sustained injuries, were sent to hospital in the Peter Mobile Van. PI Surulkar and API Gawade took one of the two terrorists (Abu Ismail) to hospital in one of the ambulances and the other terrorist (Kasab) was taken to hospital by PSI Warang (PW-27) and some other policemen.

228. Kadam further told the court that, on reaching the DB Marg PoliceStation, he received a call from Gawade, speaking from Nair Hospital, informing him that one of the terrorists (Abu Ismail) had been declared brought dead by the hospital and that the other terrorist (Kasab) had been admitted for treatment. Gawade also informed Kadam that the terrorist who was alive had disclosed his name as Ajmal Amir Kasab, gave his age as 21years and address as Faridkot, Taluka Jipalpura, District Ukhad, Punjab State, Pakistan. He also gave the name and address of the deceased terrorist as Abu Ismail, aged 25 years, resident of Dera Ismail Khan, Punjab State, Pakistan. Station diary entries (Ext. no. 150A) were made on the basis of the information received from Gawade. After some time, API Yadav called from Harkisand as Hospital to inform that ASI Ombale had died as a result of injuries sustained by him. Station diary entry was also made in regard to this information.

229. The FIR of Kadam was recorded by PI Sawant at 2.10 hours, giving rise to CR no. 305/2008 (later converted into DCB CID CR no. 182/2008). The FIR was shown to him in the course of his deposition. He identified it and also identified his signatures on all the pages. The FIR was then marked Ext.no. 57.

230. Kadam then identified the appellant in court as the terrorist who was sitting on the Skoda’s front left seat. He also described the terrorist who was driving the car. He said that he was strongly built and about six (6)feet in height; he had shallow complexion and was clean shaven. He had black hair. He was wearing an ash-coloured T-shirt and blue cargo trousers.

231. He identified a pair of blue cargo trousers (Article 3) and an ash-coloured T-shirt (Article 5) in court as the same as those that the deceased driver of the Skoda car was wearing at the time of the occurrence.

232. He then identified the appellant as the terrorist who had fired at the deceased Ombale. He further said that the appellant was wearing green cargo pants and a blue half T-shirt. On these articles being produced in court, he identified the green cargo trousers (Article 7) and a blue T-shirt (Article 9) as those that the appellant was wearing at the time of the occurrence.

233. Kadam further said that in all four firearms (two AK-47 rifles and two pistols) were seized from the place of the occurrence. Both the pistols were found on the road, one was lying on the right side of the driver’s seat on the road and the other was lying on the left side of the car near the front left door. One of the AK-47 rifles was found in the leg space below the driver’s seat and the other was found lying on the road on the left side of the car. He claimed that he could identify the AK-47 rifle with which the appellant had fired at the deceased Tukaram Ombale.

234. Kadam identified the AK-47 rifle (Article 10) in court as being the same AK-47 rifle with which the appellant had fired at the deceased Tukaram Ombale. He also identified the other AK-47 rifle (Article 12) as the sameAK-47 rifle that was found in the leg space below the driver’s seat of the Skoda car. He added that Article 10 was found loaded with one magazine and that another magazine was attached to the first one with cellophane tape.

235. Kadam further claimed that he could identify the pistols seized from the spot. He identified the 9 mm pistol (Article 14) and another 9 mm pistol that bore the name of its maker ‘Diamond Nedi Frontiar Arms Company’ Peshawar (Article 16) as the same two pistols seized from the place of occurrence by PI Sawant (PW-31) under a Panchnama.

236. Kadam proceeded to identify another 9 mm pistol (Article 18) along with one (1) empty magazine (Article 20), five (5) live cartridges (Article21 collectively), two (2) empty cartridge cases (Article 22 collectively),and two (2) bullets (Article 23 collectively) as the service pistol Kadam was carrying and from which he had fired three rounds at the time of theoccurrence.

237. He also said that he had identified the appellant in the test identification parade held on December 27, 2008, at Arthur Road Prison. He had also identified the dead body of the deceased terrorist at the JJ Hospital mortuary on January 6, 2009. He had identified the dead body of the deceased driver from amongst seven (7) dead bodies shown to him.

238. He also said that the operation lasted for about four (4) minutes and it was over by 00:30 hours or 00:35 hours.

239. The appellant and the deceased driver (Abu Ismail) were taken to hospitals in two different ambulances.

240. Sanjay Yashwant Govilkar (PW-2) was another member of the police teamat Vinoli Chowpaty that took Kasab in custody. On the direction of Senior PI Mali, he arrived at Chow paty in front of Ideal Café for nakabandi around00.05 hours on November 27, 2008. His deposition was similar to that of Kadam (PW-1): the arrival of the Skoda car at the barricades at about 00:30 hours, the attempt by the occupants of the car to confuse the police team by keeping the headlights on and switching on the windscreen wipers and water spray, and the unsuccessful bid to escape by taking a u-turn before the barricades. Govilkar told the court that when the car stopped after dashing against the road divider, he, ASI Tukaram Ombale and other policemen proceeded towards the left side of the car. Simultaneously, API Bavthankar (PW-3), PSI Bhaskar Kadam (PW-1) and other policemen went towards the driver’s side.

241. Though Govilkar was a Police Inspector, he was not carrying any weapon at the time of the occurrence. He had come to DB Marg Police Station only a few days ago and had earlier been working in the immigration department where officers are not provided with any official firearms. He was yet to get a weapon when the occurrence took place. Tukaram Ombale was also unarmed. In short, these unarmed policemen proceeded to tackle a desperate terrorist armed with an AK-47 rifle and a pistol.

242. When Govilkar and Tukaram Ombale reached near the car’s front left door, the terrorist sitting on that side opened the door and came out holding an AK-47 rifle in his hand. Govilkar and Tukaram Ombale attempted to catch hold of the weapon. The terrorist fell down on the road and started firing at them while lying down on the road. Both Govilkar and Tukaram Ombale sustained injuries from the firing. Tukaram Ombale was seriously injured. Govilkar sustained only one injury on the right side of his waist. Both policemen were bleeding from their injuries. In the meanwhile, the other policemen hit the fallen terrorist with lathis and it was only then that he was brought under control and could be disarmed. TheAK-47 rifle was snatched away by Govilkar and other policemen. Govilkar could see the terrorist clearly in the street light. He claimed that he could identify the terrorist and he identified the appellant as the terrorist who was holding the AK-47 rifle and who had fired at him and ASI Tukaram Ombale. Govilkar was then shown AK-47 rifles (Articles 10 and 12).He identified Article 10 as the AK-47 rifle that the appellant was holding and from which he had fired at them.

243. Govilkar further stated before the court that the appellant was wearing a blue T-shirt and green cargo trousers. He was also wearing grey sports shoes. When these were produced in court, Govilkar identified the pair of shoes (Article 25 collectively) as the same that were worn by the appellant at the time of the occurrence.

244. Govilkar and Tukaram Ombale were taken to Harkisandas Hospital in Peter Mobile van. Tukaram Ombale died there. Govilkar remained admitted in the hospital till November 29, 2008.

245. Govilkar told the court that he had identified the appellant in the test identification parade held on December 27, 2008, at Arthur Road Prison. Special Executive Officer Vichare conducted the parade.

246. In cross-examination on behalf of the appellant, Govilkar said that while getting out of the car, the appellant had fallen down deliberately. Govilkar added that he continued to hold the appellant’s rifle despite sustaining injuries, and that Tukaram Ombale had thrown himself bodily over the appellant even after being shot. Replying to a question in the cross-examination, Govilkar said that he identified the AK-47 rifle (Article 10)as belonging to the appellant because it had no sling while the other AK-47rifle (Article 12) had a sling.

247. Hemant Anant Bavthankar (PW-3) was another Assistant Police Inspector present at the nakabandi at Vinoli Chowpaty on the direction of Senior Police Inspector Mali. He had arrived at the nakabandi at about 21:55 hours on November 26, 2008. His narration of events during the occurrence was similar to that of Kadam and Govilkar: the arrival of the Skoda car at the nakabandi at about 00:30 hours on November 27, 2008; the driver’s attempt to flee the barricades by trying to make a u-turn; and the car getting stuck on the road divider. Bavthankar added that he was standing on the road divider when the car hit against the divider. The divider was about two and a half (2.5) feet high and made of RCC. He was on the right side of the car at the divider. Kadam (PW-1) was about fifteen (15) feet away from him on the eastern side of the road meant for south-bound traffic.

248. Shouting at the terrorist, they tried to approach the car. The driver of the car fired from his pistol at Bavthankar, Kadam and other policemen who were trying to approach him. The bullets missed Bavthankar and he did not sustain any injury. At that time he was on the road meant for north-bound traffic. He went behind the Skoda car and fired three rounds from his service pistol at the car’s rear windscreen. Kadam (PW-1) also fired at the driver at the same time. The driver was injured due to their firing. He was taken into custody by the police officers/policemen who were present on the spot. In the meantime, Bavthankar moved to the front left door of the car. The person sitting on the front left seat had fired at ASI Tukaram Ombale, API Sanjay Govilkar and other policemen. Ombale and Govilkar had both been shot and injured by this person. The other policemen, who were with Govilkar and Ombale, disarmed and apprehended him. Bavthankar told the court that he could identify the person sitting on the left front seat of the car. He said he was present in court and he identified the appellant as the same person who had fired at Ombale and Govilkar. He further said that he saw the whole incident in the street lights.

249. Bavthankar further stated before the court that, in the course of inspecting the car, the Bomb Detection and Disposal Squad (BDDS) found one(1) hand grenade and two (2) magazines of AK-47 rifle in a jacket lying on the rear seat of the car. One AK-47 rifle was found in the leg space beneath the driver’s seat. PSI Ghodse (PW-9) of the BDDS removed the hand grenade and proceeded towards Girgaon Chowpaty. Bavthankar told the court that he could identify the AK-47 rifle found in the leg space of the car. Articles 10 and 12 were shown to the witness. He identified Article 12 as the AK-47 that was found in the leg space below the driver’s seat, and Article 10 as the AK-47 rifle which was held by the appellant.

250. He then proceeded to give a description of the driver. He said that the driver had wheatish complexion, was strongly built and was aged twenty-four to twenty-six (24-26) years. He was about six (6) feet tall and was wearing an ash-coloured half T-shirt and blue cargo trousers. Bavthankar further said that he had identified the dead body of the driver at the mortuary of JJ Hospital on January 6, 2009. He had identified the dead body from amongst seven (7) dead bodies placed for identification. He added that he had identified the appellant in the identification parade held on December 27, 2008, at Arthur Road Prison.

251. On these articles being produced in court, Bavthankar identified one(1) pistol (Article 29), one (1) magazine (Article 30), five (5) live cartridges (Article 31 collectively), two (2) empties (Article 32collectively), and two (2) bullets (Article 33 collectively), and said this was the same pistol that he had used at the time of the occurrence and which he had handed over, along with the rounds, to PI Sawant (PW-31)

252. In cross examination, Bavthankar said that bullets fired by him had hit the driver. He further said that he could not say how many bullets might have hit him. The driver also sustained injuries from firing by PSI Kadam (PW-1)[31]. The driver was removed from the seat by them. He was unconscious at that time as he was injured by the bullets. It needs to be clarified here that Article 12, the AK-47 rifle which was identified by Kadam (PW-1), Govilkar (PW-2) and Bavthankar (PW-3) as having been recovered from the leg space below the driver’s seat of the Skoda car actually belonged to the slain police officer Ashok Kamte, Additional Police Commissioner. Abu Ismail evidently picked it up while switching from the Qualis to the Skoda, leaving his own AK-47 rifle in the damaged Qualis.

253. Arun Balkrishna Jande (PW-7) who was working at Naigaon Police Armoury at the relevant time deposed before the court that Article 12, theAK-47 rifle and the magazine were issued to Ashok Kamte, Additional Commissioner of Police on August 4, 2008. He identified Article 12, the AK-47 rifle from the number on its butt (94) and the body (LY8860) on the basis of the entry (Ext. no. 76) made in the register maintained in the armoury. The empty magazine with it also bore the same number.

254. On the other hand the AK-47 rifle along with a magazine (labeled Articles 427 and 428 respectively) that was recovered from the damaged Qualis police vehicle under seizure Panchnama (Ext. no. 529) belonged to Abu Ismail and he had carried it with him from Pakistan. This becomes clear from the ballistic analysis of the bullets recovered from dead bodies which shows that one Ashrafali, who was killed at CST and Ashok Kamte, who was killed in the Qualis police vehicle were hit by bullets fired from the AK-47 rifle, Article 427.This is also in conformity with what the appellant stated in his confession before the magistrate that as they left the Qualis police vehicle, Abu Ismail left behind his AK-47, the magazines of which had emptied by then and picked up the AK-47 of one of the officers lying dead in the vehicle. VILE PARLE BLAST: TWO DEAD, THREE INJURED

255. Before concluding the narration of crimes directly committed by Kasab in the company of Abu Ismail, we must take note of another event. A taxi bearing registration number MH-01-G-7792 was blown up by a bomb blast on western express highway, Vile Parle (East), near Swan City Club at slightly after 10:45 PM on November 26, 2008. The explosion destroyed the vehicle and instantly killed its two occupants (the driver and a passenger).

256. The explosion was witnessed by Shyams under Rambharat Choudhary (PW-171), Balkrushna Ramchandra Bare (PW-490) and Sheldon Alman (PW-491). As are sult of the explosion, Choudhary suffered a bleeding injury on his right shoulder, Bare sustained injuries on his face below the eyelid, and on the forehead, nose and ear, and Alman on his left hand. Choudhary and Bare were admitted as indoor patients and treated at Cooper Hospital, and Alman at Holy Spirit Hospital.

257. The two occupants of the taxi, i.e., the driver and the passenger, who lost their lives in the explosion, were Umar Shaikh and Laxminarayan Goyal[32] respectively.

258. In the narration of this painful and gory tale, one comes across brutal and mindless killings at every step but there are some killings, like the present one, that stand out as especially sorrowful. Shaikh was a taxi driver eking out a livelihood by plying a taxi of which he was not even the owner, and Goyal was a lawyer from Hyderabad who had come to Mumbai in connection with some professional work. The only fault of the taxi driver was that he was hired by the two messengers of death to carry them from Badhwar Park to CST and of the passenger that on that chaotic night in Mumbai, when death seemed to be lurking around every corner, he had thought that a taxi would be a safer mode of transport than the localtrains.

259. As noted above, Goyal had come to Mumbai in connection with some professional work and he was due to go back to Hyderabad by a train leaving CST in the evening of November 26, 2008. He reached CST but missed the train. His sister-in-law Usha Sharad Chaudhary (PW-168) lived in Mumbai at Charkop, Kandivali (W). Goyal called her from his mobile[33] phone to tell her that there was some incident of firings at CST and he had missed his train and he was coming back to her place. On account of the city being under terrorist attack, she asked him not to travel by any local train but to take a taxi. After five (5) minutes, he called her again to tell her that he had boarded a taxi and left CST.

260. Usha Sharad Chaudhary was quite anxious and called Goyal from her mobile phone again at about 10:30 PM. He told her that he had reached Dadar. At about 11:45 PM, Usha Sharad Chaudhary received a phone call from Goyal’s daughter Diksha, who stayed at Walkeshwar, Mumbai, saying that she had last spoken to her father at about 10:45 PM and thereafter her father’s phone was not reachable. That was the last anyone spoke to or heard from Goyal. His mutilated body was later found at Cooper Hospital.

261. Umar Sheikh, too, while carrying Goyal in his taxi, was called by his friend Irshad Ahmed Shaikh (PW-169) on his mobile at about 10:00 PM on November 26, 2008. Irshad had given his driving licence for renewal to Umar(the deceased) and he was enquiring whether it had been renewed. Umar told him that the friend to whom he had given the licence for renewal had not brought it back and added that in view of all the disturbances in the city it was good that he (Irshad Ahmed Shaikh) would not be driving on that night. At this Irshad, asked him why, in that case, was he proceeding to Kandivali with a passenger in his taxi? Umar told him that it was only because the passenger seemed to be in trouble and he had made a very earnest request to take him to Kandivali by any means. In the morning of November 27, 2008, Irshad Shaikh learnt from TV news that there had been a bomb blast in a taxi at Vile Parle. He and some friends went in search of Umar Shaikh and found his dead body at Coroner’s Court at Cooper Hospital. BEYOND VINOLI:

262. The above is a broad account of the havoc wrought by Kasab and AbuIsmail over a period of slightly more than three (3) hours, beginning with their arrival at Badhwar Park and ending with their being apprehended atVinoli Chowpaty. It must, however, be made clear that the above account is based only on part of the ocular evidence led by the prosecution before the trial court. Besides the depositions referred to above, the prosecution has an enormous volume of other evidence such as: articles recovered and seized from places through which the two terrorists passed, and the places where they stopped; the vehicles they used until they were finally caught; medical and forensic reports, CCTV recordings, phone call records, Station Diary entries, police logs, etc. We see no reason, however, to refer to all that evidence since, on the basis of the ocular evidence discussed above alone, we have no doubt that the appellant, personally and jointly with AbuIsmail, is directly responsible for killing at least seventy-two (72)people[34] and causing injuries of various kinds to one hundred and thirty(130) people[35].

263. All the witnesses discussed above (except those relating to the VileParle and Mazgaon Taxi blasts) had a life and death encounter with the appellant and his associate, Abu Ismail (deceased accused no.1), at close quarters. The physical appearance of the two terrorists was etched on their minds. All the witnesses gave a detailed description of the two terrorists to the court. They described them by their complexion, age, body-built and height, stating that one of them was tall and the other was short. All of them identified the appellant in court as the shorter of the two assailants. They also identified Abu Ismail from the photograph on the fake identity card Article 61. They also stated before the court that they had identified the appellant in the test identification parades held. We accept their testimony without any hesitation.

264. From the forensic evidence it further appears that of the seventy-two(72) dead, at least six (6) persons fell to shots fired by the appellant.[36] We, therefore, see no difficulty whatsoever in holding him guilty of multiple murder, murder with common intention and abetment, attempt to murder with common intention and abetment, abducting in order to murder, robbery with attempt to cause death or grievous hurt, and several other allied offences under the Penal Code (IPC), committing terrorist act punishable under Section 16 of Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967,as well as offences under the Explosives Act, 1884, Explosive Substances Act, 1908, and Arms Act, 1959.

265. Nothing will please Mr. Raju Ramachandran, senior counsel appearing for the appellant, more than stopping at this stage. As a matter of fact, he made a fervent plea to segregate the case of the appellant from the other eight (8) dead accused. He urged that, for the purpose of this appeal, the court need not go into the offences committed by the eight (8)other dead terrorists who, though, arrived together with the appellant and Abu Ismail at Badhwar park, but went their separate ways from there. The learned Counsel submitted that the appellant’s culpability should be judged, and the commensurate punishment for him should be determined only on the basis of the offences directly attributable to him. In other words, he would like to confine the case only to acts committed by the appellant along with the dead Abu Ismail from the time the two landed at Badhwar Park until they were caught at Vinoli Chowpaty.

266. Mr. Gopal Subramanium, learned senior advocate appearing for the State of Maharashtra, was quite shocked by the suggestion made by Mr. Ramachandran. Mr. Subramanium submitted that stopping at this stage of the case would amount to shutting out the prosecution unheard. Learned Counsel submitted that the offences committed by the appellant in the company of the dead Abu Ismail can never be properly appreciated in isolation. The appellant and his companion, the dead Abu Ismail, were part of a close-knit team of ten (10) terrorists who arrived together on the soil of Mumbai in a highly organised way and attacked their various targets in furtherance of a common conspiracy. The learned Counsel submitted that the full magnitude of the case would only be clear as the prosecution unfolds the evidence relating to conspiracy. He submitted that, as the evidence relating to the other aspects of the case and the five (5) other venues of violence is setout before the court, it would become clear that a much larger and ominous conspiracy was hatched in Pakistan, the aim of which was to destabilize the country and to wage war against the Government of India. It would also be clear that all ten (10) terrorists, including Kasab and Abu Ismail, who spread out from Badhwar Park in pairs, were acting in concert and in execution of the larger conspiracy. Seen thus, the appellant would appear equally culpable for the carnage and other offences committed by the other terrorists of the team at different places, though admittedly he was not physically present at the venues of those crimes. Mr. Subramanium submitted that the course suggested by Mr. Ramachandran would do grave injustice to the prosecution, nay to the people of the country who came under a completely unprovoked attack and suffered a war waged against them that was encouraged, monitored, and guided from minute to minute from a command post based in a foreign land.

267. We are of the view that Mr. Subramanium is clearly right. The suggestion made by Mr. Ramachandran that the appellant should only be held liable for acts committed by him in the company of Abu Ismail is based on the premise that the appellant and Abu Ismail were acting independently and separately from the other terrorists who, on arriving at Mumbai, went to four different targets. It is contended that though all ten (10) terrorists arrived in Mumbai together, on the same inflatable rubber dinghy, each of the five pairs into which they divided themselves must be held liable for the actions of the pair alone and not for what the other four pairs might have done, because each pair went in a different direction from the landing site. The underlying assumption is that the five pairs were not connected to each other by a common conspiracy and that they were not acting in furtherance of a conspiracy that was keeping them bound together even after they had separated physically in order to execute their assigned roles under the conspiracy. We find no basis for such an assumption, even in light of the prosecution evidence discussed so far. Further, it would be wrong to proceed on such an assumption even without taking into account the evidence of conspiracy that the prosecution has to present with reference to the other aspects of the case and the other venues of the terroristattack.

268. We, therefore, deem it necessary to proceed with the matter further and to examine the other venues of carnage. But we propose to scrutinize the other aspects of the case and visit the other four places of terrorist violence primarily with the view to see what the prosecution has to offer by way of evidence of conspiracy and in support of the various other charges against the appellant. We do not propose to discuss the evidence relating to the offences committed by the other eight (8) dead terrorists at those places in any great detail for the simple reason that, being dead, they were not on trial.

269. After landing at Badhwar Park, the appellant and Abu Ismail, the leader of the group (deceased accused no.1), went to CST by a taxi. At the railway station they killed as many people as they could and then left via the foot-over bridge to Badruddin Tayabji Marg. They overcame any efforts by the police to stop them on the sixth floor of the Cama Hospital building, at the main front gate of the hospital and on Badruddin Tayabji Marg nearRang Bhavan Lane. In the process, they killed, among many others, three (3)senior police officers and grabbed the Qualis vehicle in which they were trying to intercept the two terrorists. They were unable to go very far in the Qualis as one of its wheels was destroyed in the gun fire. They then commandeered another vehicle, a Skoda, from its occupants at gun-point. They were driving the Skoda on Marine Drive when they were finally caughtat Vinoli Chowpaty.

270. The road on which they were travelling goes to Malabar Hill and their car was headed in that direction. In his statement before the magistrate, the appellant had said that as they sat in the Skoda after seizing it from its occupants he had asked Abu Ismail where they had to go. Abu Ismail said they had to go to Malabar Hill. The appellant further asked where exactly in Malabar Hill, but Abu Ismail said that he would tell him on reaching Malabar Hill. There is no other evidence that their destination was actually Malabar Hill. It is also not clear as to where exactly they intended to go once they reached Malabar Hill or who was/were their target(s) there. But it is worth remembering that the Governor and the Chief Minister of Maharashtra as well as the Chief Justice of Bombay High Court all reside on Malabar Hill. It is quite possible that the two desperados had anyone among them as their next target.

271. Following the appellant and Abu Ismail, Nazir Ahmad @ Abu Omair(deceased accused no.4) and Shoaib @ Abu Soheb (deceased accused no. 9)took a taxi from Badhwar Park for Leopold Café. They were followed by Abdul Rahman ‘Bada’ @ Hajazi (deceased accused no.5) and Javed @ Abu Ali(deceased accused no.8) who went to Hotel Taj by taxi. After them, Imran Babar @ Abu Aqsa (deceased accused no.2) and Nasir @ Abu Umar (deceased accused no.3) went to Nariman House on foot. After these eight (8) men had left, the remaining two, namely, Fahadullah (deceased accused no.7) and Abdul Rahman ‘Chhota’ @ Saqib (deceased accused no.6) sailed the rubber boat to Nariman Point from where they just walked into Hotel Oberoi.

272. Here it needs to be made clear that the nine (9) dead accused could only be known by their respective names after the appellant identified them through photographs of their dead bodies[37]. Later he also named them and referred to their respective roles in his confessional statement before the magistrate. Further, the fact that the four terrorists at Hotel Taj were called Abu Soheb, Omair, Rahman and Abu Ali also comes in the evidence of Sunil Rajaram Jadhav (PW-224) and Nivruti Tukaram Kadam (PW-242). Also, the names of the terrorists who went to Hotel Oberoi and Nariman House come through in the transcripts of their intercepted phone calls, in which they are talking with their collaborators and to which we shall advert in due course. Leopold Café: eleven (11) dead and twenty-eight (28) injured and the Mazgaon blast: three (3) dead and nineteen (19) injured

273. Nazir (deceased accused no.4) and Shoaib (deceased accused no.9)launched an attack on Leopold Café with grenades and gunfire from AK-47 rifles and left it within minutes, leaving behind eleven (11) dead (of whom two (2) were foreign nationals) and twenty-eight (28) injured (of whom nine(9) were foreign nationals). They walked to Hotel Taj, which is at a distance of about hundred (100) metres to join Abdul Rahman ‘Bada’ and Javed who had gone directly to the Hotel by taxi from Badhwar Park.

274. Nazir and Shoaib were carrying two RDX bombs, one of which they had planted in the taxi they took from Badhwar Park to Leopold Café.[38] The bomb in the taxi exploded at about 10:30 PM while it was going through the Wadi Bunder Road in the Mazgaon Area of the city, killing its driver, Fulchandra Ramchandra Bind, and its two passengers, Zarina Shamsuddin Shaikh and her daughter Reema Mohammad Rabiul Shaikh (the mother-in-law and wife, respectively, of Mohammad Shaikh (PW-176)) and causing injuries to nineteen (19) people on the road.

275. The other RDX bomb they planted while on way from Leopold Café to Hotel Taj, in Gokul Wine Shop Lane behind Hotel Taj, near Gokul Restaurant in front of the State Bank of Hyderabad. The bomb, however, did not explode and it was finally recovered and seized under the Panchnama Ext. no. 736.Hotel Taj: thirty-six (36) dead and thirty (30) injured

276. Abdul Rahman ‘Bada’ (deceased accused no.5) and Javed (deceased accused no.8), on reaching Hotel Taj, first put their RDX bomb near a tree at a distance of about fifty (50) metres from the porch of the New Taj Hotel. This bomb, too, did not explode and was recovered and seized along with the bomb planted by the Leopold-team under the Panchnama Ext. no. 736.They then entered the lobby of the hotel and started firing with their AK-47 rifles on burst mode. Leaving the commotion behind, they went to the upper floors of the hotel using its wide winding stairs.[39] On the fifth floor of the hotel they planted the second RDX bomb, placing it under the central dome so as to cause maximum damage to the building. Next, they proceeded to the sixth floor where they took Kuttalam Rajgopalan Ramamoorthy (PW-184) into captivity. Ramamoorthy was the non-Executive Chairman of ING Vysya Bank[40] and he had gone to Mumbai in connection with a board meeting of one of the companies. He was staying at Hotel Taj Palacein Room no.632 on the sixth floor.

277. Abdul Rahman ‘Bada’ and Javed also took four employees of the hotel as hostages, namely, Adil Rohint on Irani[41] (PW-188), Sunil Jadhav (PW-224), Rajendra Bagade and Swapnil. In room no.632, Abdul Rahman ‘Bada’ and Javed were joined by Nazir and Shoaib, coming from Leopold Café. At about2.15 AM (on November 27, 2008) all four terrorists came down to the fifth floor, bringing with them all five hostages, with their hands tied behind their backs, and went into room no.520. While they were in that room, a call came from Adil’s wife on his mobile phone. Adil was then held captive by the terrorists who had also taken away his mobile phone. The terrorists talked to his wife menacingly and asked her to stop security forces acting against them otherwise they would not only kill Adil but wreak havoc. All the while, they were engaged in a long conversation with their collaborators and handlers on a mobile phone; these handlers were constantly urging them to throw grenades and to set fire to the hotel building. While they were trying to build a fire by setting ablaze inflammable articles in the room like sofa(s), foam mattresses, curtains, bed sheets, etc., there was a major blast somewhere in the hotel building [42] and heavy smoke started to fill the room. When it became difficult to breathe inside the room, the four terrorists came out of the room and in that confusion the four hotel staff were able to escape through room’s window by tying up bed sheets and curtains into a rope for climbing down. Ramamoorthy was unable to climb down by this ‘rope’ but he too was able to escape and to reach a window from where he was finally rescued by the fire brigade personnel. Having lost their hostages, the four terrorists settled down in the hotel, taking position for a long-drawn battle with security forces and continued their attempts to set fire to the hotel and to destroy it by whatever means they could. They gave a tough fight to the security forces till they were finally killed on the morning of November 29, 2008. The last of the four terrorists at Hotel Taj (Abdul Rahman ‘Bada’) was shot by security forces at 9:00 AM on November 29, 2008. By that time, the four men had killed thirty-six (36) people (of whom nine (9)were foreign nationals) and caused injuries of various kinds to thirty (30)others (of whom five (5) were foreign nationals).Nariman House: nine (9) killed and seven (7) injured

278. Imran Babar @ Abu Aqsa (deceased accused no.2) and Nasir @ Abu Umar(deceased accused no.3) had gone to Nariman House from Badhwar Park on foot. On reaching near Nariman House they first planted an RDX bomb at the Express Petrol Pump on SBS Road, Colaba. From there they proceeded to Nariman House, where they planted the second RDX bomb near the staircase on the ground (parking level area).[43]

279. They then entered the upper floors of Nariman House without difficulty. Nariman House is a six (6) storied (ground plus five) building. It is a residential-cum-prayer house used by Israeli people for temporary accommodation. An Israeli priest called Gabriel Holtzberge lived there permanently with his wife Rivka and their two (2) year old son Moshe. They had two (2) employees. One was Kazi Zakir Hussain (PW-239), who was provided accommodation on the ground floor, and the other was a woman called Sandra. Besides these two, they had a watchman called Kesari who, however, was not present at the time of the occurrence on November 26,2008.

280. On the date of the occurrence there were four guests, two males and two females, staying with the Holtzberge couple at Nariman House.

281. Dinner, on November 26, 2008, was over by 8.00 PM. And by 9.45 PM Hussain was going down to his accommodation after he and Sandra had finished their day’s work. On the stairs he saw a person armed with a gun standing on the landing area between the first and second floors. The gunman fired a shot at Hussain but he was not hit. Hussain immediately turned to the first floor where Sandra was still in the hall. On entering the first floor hall, Hussain shut the door from inside. Gabriel, Rivka and their four guests were at that time on the second floor. Hussain and Sandrahid themselves in the store room, bolting the door from inside and putting off the lights. They came out of the store room at 11.00 AM on November 27,2008. All through the night and in the morning there had been sounds of gunshots being fired from inside the building. While they were trying to get out of the building, they heard the child Moshe crying on the second floor. They went up and found Moshe on the second floor hall. Sandra picked up the boy and brought him out with them. On coming out of Nariman House they were immediately taken to Colaba Police Station.[44]

282. It was their exemplary courage, humanity and loyalty to their employers that saved the child Moshe from certain death at the hands of the two terrorists.

283. The Nariman House episode indeed presents a shining example of good and proper human conduct in the face of grave personal danger, but there were also many tragic killings of innocent people at Nariman House. The two terrorists took Gabriel, Rivka and their guests as hostages. They first tried to use them as bargaining chips to start some sort of negotiation with the Indian authorities but, when they were unable to start any negotiation and as they came under the heat of the security forces’ operation, they simply killed all their hostages as being expendable baggage and encumbrances in their fight against the security forces.

284. Apart from the inmates of Nariman House, two other people lost their lives in the most tragic circumstances.

285. Mohammad Salim Harharwala (PW-206) lived along with his family at 73/4 Faridun Court Building, SBS Road, Colaba, which is very close to Nariman House. Apprehending danger and feeling insecure at Faridun Court because of the incident of firings in Nariman House, he shifted with his family to a flat on the fourth floor of Colaba Court, which is situated in front of Nariman House. This, unfortunately, turned out to be a fatal decision. In the Colaba flat, he and his parents were standing near a window facing Nariman House when, at about 10:30 PM, his parents were hit by bullets fired directly from Nariman House. They were taken to ST George’s hospital where they were declared dead.

286. From Nariman House the terrorists made random firings in all directions and threw hand grenades at adjoining buildings, roads and lanes that resulted in many injuries.

287. There is another aspect of the Nariman House episode to which we shall advert in greater detail in the latter part of the judgment. From Nariman House the two terrorists, Imran Babar in particular, were in regular contact on the mobile phone with their handlers and corroborators across the border. At one stage, the controllers even tried to use one of their hostages, Norma Shvarzblat Robinovich (a Mexican citizen, later killed), as an intermediary in an attempt to start some sort of’ negotiation’ with the Indian authorities. The collaborators tried to tutorher as to what she should speak to the Indian authorities on the telephone.She was told not to disclose her own position or the position of hercaptors inside the house and further not to disclose the number of hostagestaken by them but to persuade the Indian authorities to stop the operationby the security forces and to negotiate with her captors in order to savethe lives of the hostages.

288. Apart from the collaborators and handlers, Imran Babar also engagedin dialogues with India TV, a popular news channel in the country, and withone Levi from the US who apparently intervened as a self-styled mediator totry and save the lives of the Jewish hostages.

289. The two terrorists holed up in Nariman House, Imran Babar @ Abu Aqsaand Nasir @ Abu Umar, were finally killed by security forces in the nightof November 28, 2008. But, by then, they had been able to kill nine (9)people (of whom five (5) were foreign nationals) and injure seven (7)people.Hotel Oberoi: thirty-five (35) dead twenty-four (24) injured.

290. Fahadullah (deceased accused no.7) and Abdul Rahman ‘Chhota’ @ Saqib(deceased accused no.6) entered Hotel Oberoi at about 21:55 hours onNovember 26, 2008 and started burst firing in the hotel lobby. In the CCTVrecording one can clearly see a hotel-staff opening a door, coming out andgoing around the reception desk. He gets hit by shots fired by the two terrorists and slumps down to the floor. They next went to TiffinRestaurant, situated in the main lobby of the Hotel, and firedindiscriminately from their AK-47 rifles. The hotel staff in KandharRestaurant, situated on the mezzanine floor, heard and saw them firing inTiffin Restaurant. At that time there were fifty to sixty (50-60) guests inKandhar Restaurant. The staff members closed the door of Kandhar Restaurantand bolted it from inside and started taking out the guests from the rear(service) door. From Tiffin Restaurant the two terrorists proceeded towardsKandhar Restaurant but they found the restaurant’s entrance door lockedfrom inside. They fired at the closed doors. One of the shots piercedthrough the glass pane and hit Dinaj Sharma, one of the hotel staff, on herright forearm. They eventually succeeded in breaking open the door andentering Kandhar Restaurant but by that time, fortunately, all the guestsin the restaurant had been evacuated and the two terrorists found only twohotel employees, namely Jorden and Pradeep Rammurthy Bengalorkar (PW-212).They threatened them that they would kill them if they tried to run away.Then they asked Bengalorkar to pour liquor on the tables and other items offurniture from the bottles in the bar counter and handed a lighter toJorden, telling him to set fire to the furniture soaked with liquor. Thelighter did not work and they asked Jorden to make the fire withmatchsticks. Jorden took out a matchbox from his pocket and tried to setfire to the table cloth. The poor fellow was so nervous that he was unableto start the fire but, in the process, he burnt his own hands. As he waswringing his hands and crying that his hands were burnt, one of the two terrorists, evidently annoyed at his lack of efficiency as an arsonist,fired a burst of bullets, killing him on the spot. They then askedBengalorkar to set the furniture on fire. He somehow succeeded in settingfire to a table. The terrorists then asked him to take them to the floorwhere the hotel’s VIP guests were staying. Bengalorkar entered the lift, asbidden by the terrorists, but as their attention was momentarily divertedin throwing hand grenades he quickly pressed the down button of the lift.The lift door thus closed and the lift started descending even as the terrorists fired at its closed door. Bengalorkar thus gave the slip to the terrorists and saved himself by his presence of mind.

291. Fahadullah and Abdul Rahman ‘Chhota’ then went to the upper floors of the hotel in search of any VIP guests staying there. They were unable tofind any but they got holed up there and fought the security forces tillthey were finally killed at about 7.00 AM on November 28, 2008. A completeand ocular account of the final encounter of the two terrorists with theNational Security Guard (NSG) Commando may be seen in the evidence ofRajesh Ganpat Kadam (PW-215) who was the Assistant Chief Security Officer,Hotel Oberoi, and who was accompanying the NSG Commandos headed by ColonelRathi and Lt. Colonel Sharma in the final encounter with the terrorists.Before Fahadullah and Abdul Rahman ‘Chhota’ were killed, they had leftbehind thirty-five (35) people as dead (of whom ten (10) were foreignnationals) and twenty-four 24 injured (of whom seven (7) were foreignnationals).THE FIREPOWER, THE TENACITY:

292. Just to have an idea of the fire power the terrorists were carrying,we propose to take a look at the seizure Panchnamas from Hotel Taj and wenote below only some of the firearms and ammunitions seized under thosePanchnamas:

293. Exhibit No. 744 1. Seven (7) magazines of black colour. Of them, six (6) contained live rounds and one (1) was empty 2. One (1) cotton bag containing one hundred and thirty-two (132) live cartridges 3. Five (5) hand grenades 4. One (1) bullet bayonet

294. Exhibit No. 746 1) One hundred and fifty (150) pistol empties 2) Six (6) big empties 3) Twenty-eight (28) bullets 4) Ten (10) small empties 5) Twelve (12) big empties 6) Five (5) bullets 7) One (1) grenade pin 8) One (1) small empty

295. Exhibit No. 751 1. Three (3) empties

296. Exhibit No. 752 1. One (1) pistol with magazine 2. One (1) pistol with empty magazine

297. Exhibit No. 757 1. One (1) tin box of size two by four (2×4) inches of explosives 2. Seven (7) empties

298. Exhibit No. 760 1. Four (4) AK-47 (damaged) rifles – one (1) rifle was with magazine 2. Eight (8) magazines of AK 47 3. Two (2) pistols of Star make with one (1) magazine each 4. One (1) separate pistol magazine 5. Eight (8) 9 mm loose cartridges 6. Six (6) 7.62 mm cartridges 7. One (1) 7.62 mm empty

299. Exhibit No. 763 1. One (1) bayonet 2. Two (2) magazines were found in a bag lying in the debris. One of the magazines contained five (5) live rounds and another magazine contained two (2) live rounds.

300. Exhibit No. 910 1. Twenty-one (21) empty cartridges 2. Three (3) live cartridges 3. Six (6) metal pieces

301. Exhibit No. 1125 1. One (1) pistol manufactured by Khyber Arms Manufacturing Company, Peshawar 2. Five (5) magazines of AK-47 rifle, two (2) of them tied with plastic adhesive tape and the other three (3) loose and in rusted condition 3. Twelve (12) live cartridges 4. Two (2) bayonets

302. The seizure Panchnamas from the other venues of violence are no lessfull.

303. It may also be noted here that once the terrorists had taken positionat their respective targets of attack it did not prove easy to neutralisethem or to take them out. The Maharashtra police was quite unequal to thetask and, consequently, MARCOS (Naval) Commandos were called in at Hotel Taj. Finally, the whole operation at all the three places, Hotel Taj, HotelOberoi and Nariman House, was handed over to the National Security Guardswho were able to clear the sites but not before the terrorists gave them astiff resistance. The second of the two terrorists at Hotel Oberoi waskilled at about 7.00 A.M. on November 28, 2008. Nariman House was clearedin the night of November 28 and Hotel Taj, thereafter, at about 9:00 AM onNovember 29.

304. The prosecution has documented the episodes at Leopold Café, HotelTaj, Hotel Oberoi, and Nariman House, as well as the Mazgaon Taxi Blast asexhaustively as it has documented the incidents at CST, “Cama in”, “Camaout”, Skoda robbery and “Vinoli Chowpaty” relating to the appellant and hisdead companion Abu Ismail.

305. In regard to Leopold Café, the prosecution examined ten (10)witnesses besides producing other kinds of evidence. Of the ten (10)witnesses, three (3) are eye-witnesses of whom Nilesh Mahendra Gandhi (PW-478) and Prakash Bharvani (PW-479) are injured witnesses. Sudhakar DattuDeshmukh (PW-179) is a Police Sub-Inspector of Colaba Police Station whoarrived at the spot shortly after the terrorists had left the place andgone towards Hotel Taj.

306. In regard to the incidents at Hotel Taj, the prosecution examinedtwenty-seven (27) witnesses besides two (2) witnesses summoned by the trialcourt. Three of them, namely, Kuttalam Rajgopalan Ramamoorthy (PW-184),Sunil Rajaram Jadhav (PW-224) and Adil Rohintan Irani (PW-188), arewitnesses who were taken hostage by the terrorists and who also sufferedinjuries at their hands. Annie Irani (PW-255) is the wife of Adil RohintanIrani who had called Adil on his mobile while he was held captive and towhom the terrorists had talked threateningly. Prakash Sampatrao Bhoite (PW-182) is a Police Inspector who discovered the two unexploded bombs plantednear Hotel Taj. Another substantive witness is Captain Anil Jhakar (CW-3)who is an NSG Commando. The rest are formal witnesses and panch witnesses.

307. Regarding Nariman House, the prosecution examined nine (9) witnessesof whom Kazi Zakir Hussain (PW-239), Kamal Liladhar Singh (PW-201),Rambuval Chandrapati Yadav (PW-202) and Hanmant Vishnu Bhandalkar (PW-200)are substantive eye-witnesses. Another substantive witness is Mohd. SalimHarharwala (PW-206), whose parents, as we have seen above, succumbed toshots fired by the terrorists.

308. Regarding Hotel Oberoi, the prosecution examined fourteen (14)witnesses of whom Pradeep Bengalorkar (PW-212), Rajesh Kadam (PW-215) andLisa Ringner (PW-250) are substantive witnesses who had personal encounterswith the terrorists. The Police Inspector Bhagwat Kachru Bansode (PW-208)is another substantive witness. The rest are formal witnesses and panchwitnesses.

309. Having thus examined the other venues of the terrorists’ violence, wefail to see how it can even be suggested that the appellant and his deadaccomplice, Abu Ismail, were acting separately and that their actions werenot connected in any manner with the offences committed at the other placesby the other eight (8) terrorists with whom they jointly made the seajourney to Mumbai’s shore. To us it is obvious that all five (5) teams werebound together and each team was acting in execution of a commonconspiracy.

310. Earlier it was observed that the landing site for the terrorists atBadhwar Park was selected with great care. Here it must be added that theselection of the targets for attack was made with even greater care. CST isa place where people would be present in large numbers, completelydefenseless and helpless, within a relatively small and confined space. Theappellant and Abu Ismail went to CST for numbers and, according to plan,they were able to kill fifty-two (52) and wound one hundred and nine (109)people. The intention was plainly to shock and create terror.

311. From CST, the appellant and Abu Ismail were headed for Malabar Hill,presumably with the intent to take captive some very important personthere, which would put enormous pressure on the Government of Maharashtraand the Central Government.

312. Of the other two teams, one went to Leopold Café and then to the TajHotel, and the other to the Oberoi Hotel. Leopold Café is a highly populareating and drinking establishment, frequented not only by Mumbaikars butalso by domestic and international tourists in large numbers. The Café isopen to the pavement, and it is known as a place where one can sit atleisure over a cup of coffee or a glass of beer, and watch bustling Mumbaipass by on the pavement and road just outside. The attack on Leopold’s wasmeant to kill in large numbers, including foreign tourists.

313. Hotel Taj is an iconic hotel, part of the history of Mumbai[45].Hotel Oberoi is a modern, super-luxury hotel. These are places where theupper crust of the country rubs shoulders with its colleagues and peersfrom across the globe. The attack at those two hotels and at Leopold Caféhad a dual purpose. First, the killing of wealthy and powerful Indians andforeigners would not only send shock waves across this country but wouldalso attract international attention, which is the greatest prize andinducement for any terrorist group. Secondly the terrorists hoped to takesome ‘very important people’ as hostages[46] there; this would, theybelieved, enable them to negotiate with the Indian authorities regardingsome highly vague and fantastic demands.

314. The attack at Nariman House was intended to somehow involve Israel inthe matter and to further internationalize the issue by killing the Jewishand Israeli citizens living there. For a short while, the terrorists whohad taken possession of Nariman House seemed to be succeeding in theirobjective as they were able to establish contact with someone called Leviin the US, who appears to have rushed in as a self-styled intermediary,negotiating to save the lives of the people taken hostage by the terrorists.

315. Thus seen, the attacks at all five targets appear to be integrallyconnected with each other and the appellant and Abu Ismail are as much partof the offences committed at the other places as they are responsible forthe offences committed by them directly. It may even be said that even ifthe appellant was apprehended without firing a single shot and withoutpersonally committing any offence on the soil of India, he would still havebeen connected through conspiracy to the offences committed by the otherfour teams of terrorists in whose company he came to Mumbai. But the abovediscussion is meant only to reject the contention made on behalf of theappellant that, for the purpose of this appeal, there is no need to gobeyond the acts directly attributed to him and his dead associate, AbuIsmail. The real and far more tangible evidence of conspiracy is yet tounfold in the following part of the judgment.KUBER:

316. To look for evidence of conspiracy, let us go back to the beginning,i.e., the MV Kuber.

317. It is seen above that the identity of the appellant and his companionwho was killed in the encounter with the police at Vinoli Chowpaty firstcame to light when he made a statement at Nair Hospital at 01:30 hours onNovember 27, 2008, disclosing his name, age and address and those of hisaccomplice, the dead Abu Ismail.

318. In the morning of November 27, 2008, at 11:00 hours, ChandrakantJabardast Jadhav (PW- 42) came to Nair Hospital to interrogate theappellant, as directed by PI Vinod Pandurang Sawant (PW-31) who was tillthen the Investigating Officer of the case relating to the occurrence atVinoli Chowpaty. At that time, PI Prashant Kashinath Marde of CB-CID (PW-48) was also present at the hospital having gone there on the direction ofhis superiors. Jadhav obtained the necessary permission from the doctortreating the appellant and, at 13:00 hours, recorded his disclosurestatement in the presence of Marde and two panch witnesses, namely, PravinAshok Hargude and Bhavesh Mahadeo Takalkar (PW-25). The statement made bythe appellant that first led to the recovery of the Indian boat on the seaand then to the recovery of the dead body of its navigator, Amar SinghSolanki, and of the satellite phone, the GPS and the notebook is as under: “My nine Pakistani associates and I, with an intention to make Fidayeen attack in India started from Karachi Creek in one small boat on the twenty-second of this month. We got Al-Husaini boat in the sea. There were seven persons in Al-Husaini boat. Next day, in the afternoon, we caught Indian boat. We dumped four persons of Indian boat into Al-Husaini boat. My nine associates and I reached close to Mumbai about four nautical miles away in Indian boat with the ‘Nakhva’ (Navigator) of Indian boat, on the date twenty-sixth in the afternoon. There my associates Abu Soheb and Ismail and I took ‘Nakhva’ to engine room and tied his hands and legs and covered his eyes with black strip and I slit the neck of ‘Nakhva’ by a knife and killed him. I have hidden ‘Nakhva’s dead-body there only. We have kept our Satellite phone, G.P.S. and Note-Book in the very Indian boat and have left the said Indian boat in the sea. My nine associates and I with the rifles, bombs and grenades bags boarded the rubber boat and reached the shores of Mumbai. I will show the Indian boat in which dead-body of ‘Nakhva’, Satellite phone, G.P.S. and note-book are there and the place where ‘Nakhva’s dead-body is hidden and will take out Satellite phone, G.P.S. and note-book.” (Emphasis added to indicate admissibility under Section 27 of the Evidence Act)

319. The disclosure statement recorded by Jadhav was signed by him and the two panchas. The memo does not bear the signature of the appellant butthere is a certificate by Dr. Vikaskumar Kashinath Kesari (PW-13) statingthat the appellant was unable to hold the pen due to injuries in his righthand (the writing hand) and he was not, therefore, in a position to put hissignature on paper.

320. On the basis of the information received from the appellant a searchwas mounted for “the abandoned Indian boat” and it was found and brought toSassoon Dock in Mumbai with the assistance of the Coast Guard. Theabandoned boat was first sighted at 16:40 hours at a distance of six (6)nautical miles (south-west) from the Mumbai shore by Commandant Malhotra(PW-26) of the Coast Guard, who made a reconnaissance by helicopter at therequest of the Additional Commissioner of Police Jagannathan (PW-37). Hekept a watch over the abandoned boat till the Coast Guard ship “Sankalp-46″arrived there and brought the boat to Sassoon Docks in Mumbai.[47]

321. “The abandoned boat” was undeniably an Indian fishing boat called ‘MVKuber’. It was registered with the port authorities at Porbandar, Gujarat,and bore the registration no. PBR2342. Its registered owner was oneHeeralal Masani of Porbandar.[48]

322. Deepakkumar Vishwanath Dave (PW-46), who was the Superintendent ofCustoms, Porbandar, testified before the court that Creek Pass No.CH/PBR/174 was issued to the fishing vessel Kuber on August 16, 2008, forthe period August 16 to December 31, 2008. He produced the office copy of the Creek Pass bearing his signature (Exhibit 201). He further stated thatthe owner of the vessel was one Hiralal Masani and its Tandel was AmarsinghSolanki.

323. Vinod Babulal Masani (PW-43) stated that his was a fishing family andowned six (6) boats, including MV Kuber. He added that he looked after thefamily business. Masani further stated that the Kuber and another fishingboat of the family called Maa had gone out to the sea on November 14, 2008.Both boats were scheduled to return to Porbandar within ten (10) to twelve(12) days. The boat Maa returned to Porbandar on November 25 but there wasno information about the Kuber. The Tandel of Maa only said that the twoboats had separated as a result of a storm in the sea. Masani first heardof the Kuber’s fate at 5:00 PM on November 27, 2008, on getting a phonecall from a Coast Guard officer in Mumbai who made a detailed enquiry fromhim about the boat and asked him to come over to Mumbai. He went to Mumbaion December 2, 2008, and found the boat anchored at Melat Bandar, Sewree,Mumbai, and came to learn that the Nakhva of the boat, Amar Singh Solanki,had been killed by the terrorists who had captured his boat on the sea.

324. While the Kuber was being searched and brought to Sassoon Docks, theinvestigation of the case was assigned to the Crime Branch and, at 21:25hours on November 27, 2008, when the appellant was discharged from NairHospital, Marde took him in his custody. Marde brought the appellant to theoffice of the DCB-CID, Unit 3, Lower Parel, where the appellant wasformally arrested by him between 22:30 and 22:45 hours in CR No.182/2008(vide Arrest Memo Ext. no. 215). At 22:45 hours, Marde received a call fromJadhav requesting him to bring the appellant to DB Marg Police Stationwhere information was received in the meanwhile that the vessel Kuber hadbeen brought to Sassoon Docks. Marde reached DB Marg Police Station alongwith the appellant at 23:10 hours and, at 23:30 hours, Marde and Jadhav,along with the appellant and the two witnesses of the disclosure statementPanchnama, namely, Pravin Ashok Hargude and Bhavesh Mahadeo Takalkar (PW-25), left for Sassoon Docks and reached there at 00:00 hours.

325. On reaching Sassoon Dock, they went near a wooden boat brought fromthe sea that was anchored near the jetty, alongside a launch of the YellowGate Police Station called ‘Amboli’. On seeing the two, the appellantidentified the wooden boat as “the Indian boat” in which he, along with hisnine associates, had approached the Mumbai shore and on which he had killedthe ‘Nakhva’ of the boat, whose body he had kept in the engine room. Theappellant then led the police team and the panchas to the engine room andshowed them the dead body of a male that was kept in the corner near theladder. The body’s hands were tied at his back and the body was kept in asupine position. The appellant then proceeded to take out a satellitephone, a GPS and a notebook that were kept concealed under a wooden plankin the engine room on the left side of the dead body. He took out thesethree articles and handed them to the police team. The articles that weretaken out and produced by the appellant from the engine room of the Kuberand were seized under the panchnama (Ext. no. 138) may be described asfollows: 1) One satellite phone in black cover, make: HUGHES, THURAYA 7101; IMEI no.352884-00-054152-6; assembled in EU; MCN: 8008211-0006; SIM CARD-THURAYA 89882 05980 80530 6377; the battery had the words ‘Assembled in France’ inscribed on it. 2) One black colour GPS, make: GARMIN; model-GPS 12 MAP S/N 98205626; made in Taiwan. 3) One notebook with cover in faded green with writings and jottings in Urdu on various pages.

326. Another seizure Panchnama, Exhibit no. 182, in respect of all theother articles found on the boat, was drawn up in the presence of panchas.Chandrakant Jabardast Jhadhav (PW-42) deposed that nearly 145 articles wereseized and enumerated under the Panchnama Ext. no. 182. He also gave a listto the court of those articles recovered from the Kuber that are notnormally found on a fishing boat. This list of articles given by Jhadhav tothe court is as under: 1) Six (6) pieces of foam of pink colour 2) Fourteen (14) blankets 3) Two (2) shawls 4) One (1) mattress 5) One (1) empty bottle of cold drink* 6) One (1) scarf used at the time of Namaj 7) Four (4) caps 8) Six (6) T-shirts 9) Six (6) pants (one of the pants was branded with the name of a Pakistani manufacturing company, i.e., “South Pole”) 10) One (1) shirt[49] 11) Fifteen (15) jackets 12) Seven (7) tooth brushes 13) Shaving razors 14) One (1) tube of shaving cream* 15) One (1) tube of tooth paste * 16) One (1) empty sugar bag* 17) One (1) empty paper bag of wheat flour* 18) Two (2) air pumps 19) Four (4) packets of detergent powder (Brand name ‘PAK’)* 20) Empty containers of Nestle milk powder*[50] 21) Eight (8) cans of oil having a capacity of fifty-five (55) litres each (One of the cans had markings of ‘Gulf’ and ‘Karachi’) 22) Five (5) barrels of diesel (One of them was empty) 23) Five (5) containers of colour spray 24) One (1) dagger 25) One (1) knife 26) One (1) pair of scissors 27) Three (3) boat covers made of tarpaulin 28) Floor cleaning brush (made in Pakistan)*

327. Of course, the panchnama Ext. no. 182 contains a much longer list ofarticles that were recovered from the Kuber and seized under the Panchnama.The following articles listed in the Panchnama may be added to the listgiven by Jadhav (PW-42), of articles that are not expected to be found on afishing boat of Indian origin: 1) Six (6) inch steel spanner with writings thereon in Urdu, and spanners having pictures of a gun, as well as a big knife with a four (4) inch wooden hilt 2) Empty packets of fifty (50) bullets for 30 bore pistol, made in China 3) Nylon rope meant for unloading goods from the big ship to the small one, having a round knot on one side 4) Pieces of silver foil used to consume drugs 5) One match-box with the mark ‘Hockey’ of Fazal Sons match industries, Pakistan 6) One (1) white plastic container with a red lid inscribed with the words ‘National Food’, and with its contents listed in both English and Urdu 7) One (1) khaki-coloured paper cover with writing in Urdu

328. It may be added here that Vinod Babulal Masni (PW-43), on being shownthe satellite phone, the GPS and the other articles recovered from Kuberand seized under the two Panchnamas (Ext. nos. 138 and 182), told the courtthat those articles did not belong to him nor were those articles on boardwhen the boat had sailed out to sea from Porbandar on November 14, 2008.

329. One of the three articles that were produced by the appellant beforethe police after taking them out from their hiding place on the Kuber, andthat were then seized under the Panchnama Ext. no. 138, is a thin notebook,loosely stitched with a faded green cover (Ext. no. 174).

330. The first page of the notebook contains the guard duty roster underthe heading ’24 Hours – Entire Journey’. The guard roster is made in thefollowing manner: Fahadulla + Saqib + Sohaib – morning 6 to 8 Ali + Hejazi + Umer – morning 8 to 10 Ismail + Mujahid + Umar – morning 10 to 12

331. At 12:00 PM, the first team would again take over for the next two(2) hours followed by the second and third teams for two-hour shifts each,and the roster would thus go on till the next morning.

332. On the second page on the right side there is a list of the followingarticles: 1) Biscuit (Candy + Bakery) 2) Sewayyan[51] fine 3) Flour red 4) Drum (for luggage with lock)

333. On the left side there is another list of the following: 1) Phone number of this place 2) Satellite number of this place 3) Photocopies of maps 4) SIMs for mobile sets 5) T-T Pistol 2 in number 6) Mineral water Aquafina 7) Dates good (quality) 10 kilo 8) Current store charger 9) GPS or navigator 10) Satellite + Phone card

334. The third page contains a list of code words: 1) Halat theek hain (All is well) Macchli lag rahi hai (Fish are coming) 2) Civil Boat Bhai log (Brothers) 3) Navy Boat Yaar log (Friends) 4) Navy Ship Yaar logon ka group (Group of friends) 5) Engine Machine 6) Madad (help) Maal (Goods) 7) Safar (journey) Barf (Ice)

335. Below the above codes it is written that the one who gives GR wouldadd three and the taker would himself deduct three.

336. And below that there is a reminder that the satellite is to be keptopen (10:00 AM to 10:00 PM).

337. On the next page there is another list of the following articles: 1) Gun – 1 in number 2) Magazine – 8 in number 3) Grenade – 8 in number 4) GPS – Group – 1 5) Dagger – 1 in number 6) Additional rounds 7) Mobile + Batteries

338. On the next two pages there are some figures indicating degrees,minutes and seconds.

339. On the next page, there is the number 23270972879217 written on thetop and below it the names of the following places in Mumbai: Qulaba Cuff Parade Macchlimaar Nagar RajabhaiTower Regal Chowk Nathalal Marg Nariman Point WTCRegal Cinema.

340. On the last page there are once again some figures indicatingdegrees, minutes and seconds.

341. The Thuraya satellite phone and the GARMIN GPS recovered from MVKuber, along with four other GPS devices recovered from the other sites ofterrorist violence, were sent for forensic examination to the United StatesFederal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)[52] where the data stored in the GPSdevices were analyzed by Daniel Jackson (PW-152) who was working in the FBIas Electronic Engineer/Forensic Examiner. He had vast experience in hisfield of specialty, particularly mobile phones, GPS devices, I-pods, etc.,and he stated before the court that before examining the devices sent bythe Mumbai Police he had examined over a thousand electronic devices in theBureau’s laboratory. He had marked the satellite phone and the five (5) GPSdevices sent for data retrieval and analysis as Q119, Q120, Q121, Q122,Q123 and Q124. Q119 and Q120 were marks given by him to the satellite phoneand the GARMIN GPS device recovered from MV Kuber. Q123 and Q124 were theother GARMIN GPS devices that were recovered from Taj Hotel. Q121 was, inall probability, recovered from Nariman House and Q122 from Oberoi Hotel.Q121 and Q122 were Magellan GPS devices and the data in those devices wereirretrievable as the internal batteries of the two devices had discharged.

342. Jackson stated before the court that his examination of the satellitephone and the five GPS received by him from the Mumbai Police commencedfrom February 11, 2009, and was completed on February 18, 2009. Heexplained to the court that to retrieve the data from a GPS device, thedevice must be connected to a computer and the data is then copied on thecomputer. Software is then used to examine the data copied on the computer.He stated that he had made his report after examining all the devices. Hehad copied the data from the GPS devices on the computer and, from thecomputer, recorded the data on a CD. He identified the CD, Article 517, incourt. He also identified the physical copy (“Derivative 2”) that bore hissignature and was marked Ext. no. 601 collectively. He further explained tothe court that the waypoints on the GPS were locations that might belatitude and longitude and those waypoints could be saved on the GPS. Hefurther stated that he had prepared the maps with the help of the GARMINsoftware on the basis of the waypoints retrieved from the GPS Q120.

343. Jackson said that “JALA 1” and “JALA 2” were the names used by theuser of GPS Q120. The waypoints list of Q120 showed that the waypointsbetween Karachi and Mumbai were saved on the device. The route shown onpage No.36 of the annexure to his report showed the intermediate waypointsstored by the user and those waypoints were between Karachi and Mumbai. Thefirst waypoint was in the ocean of the Gulf of Karachi and the lastwaypoint was in Mumbai. He added that page No.38 of the annexure to hisreport showed the track back route from Mumbai to the Gulf of Karachi. PageNo.38 showed the waypoints of the journey of the user from ‘OCEN1′ to’OCENA’. He explained that ‘OCEN1’ was the coast of Pakistan and ‘OCENA’was the coast of Mumbai.

344. The maps prepared by Jackson (PW-152) were based on printouts ofcomputer generated images. To make the maps even more explicit, theprosecution examined Sandeep Siddhlilngappa Shivangi (PW-161). Shivangi,who had completed the course of Master Marine in the year 1998, was workingat the relevant time as Professor (Nautical Officer) in Lal Bahadur ShastriCollege for Advance Maritime Studies and Research. He stated before thecourt that, on February 24, 2009, he was called to the office of DCB CIDwhere Inspector Chavan had shown him the printouts taken from two GPSdevices. The printouts showed the waypoints. He was required to plot thosewaypoints on maps. He had brought two maps from his college and one printedmap was purchased from the market. On being shown pages No.3 & 54 of Ext.no. 601 collectively, he stated before the court that on page No.3 of theExhibit, the waypoints were described as JALA 1, JALA 2, JALA 3 and JALA 4.He was required to plot those waypoints on a printed map. He had plottedthose waypoints by means of a parallel ruler. The maps on which thosepoints were plotted by him were shown to him in court. He said that thepoints were in his handwriting and the map bore his signature. The map wasmarked as Ext. no. 651. To have a closer view of the waypoints, he had alsoplotted waypoints no. JALA 3 and JALA 4 on another map (marked Ext. no.652). The waypoints described as OCENS1, OCENS2, OCENS3 and OCENSA werealso plotted on the map Ext. no. 651. He explained that the ‘OCENS’waypoints showed the route from south of Pakistan to south Mumbai. The JALAwaypoints showed the route from Gujarat to South Mumbai.THE DNA CONNECT:

345. It is seen above that among the articles recovered from Kuber were anumber of blankets, shawls and many other items of clothing. The stains ofsweat, saliva and other bodily secretions on those articles were subjectedto DNA profiling and, excepting Imran Babar (deceased accused no.2), AbdulRahman Bada (deceased accused no.5), Fahadullah (deceased accused no.7) andShoaib (deceased accused no.9), the rest of the six accused were connectedwith various articles found and recovered from the Kuber. The appellant’sDNA matched the DNA profile from a sweat stain detected on one of thejackets (see report Ext. no. 205-F). A chart showing the matching of theDNA of the different accused with DNA profiles from stains on differentarticles found and recovered from the Kuber is annexed at the end of thejudgment as Schedule No. III.THE INFLATABLE RUBBER BOAT:

346. From Kuber, in order of sequence, we come to the inflatable rubberdinghy on which the appellant and the other nine dead accused landed onMumbai’s shore. It is seen above that Prashant Hemnath Dhanu (PW-29) hadfound the rubber dinghy abandoned at Nariman Point and had towed it back toBadhwar Park between 9:45 PM and 10:00 PM, on November 26, 2008, andinformed the Coast Guard regarding the dinghy. At 23:00 hours on the sameday, the dinghy and the articles found in it were seized by Sub-Inspectorof Police Anil Kamble in the presence of two panch witnesses, namely,Parshuram Kashinath Meher (PW-34) and Prakash Krishna Naik under PanchnamaExt. no. 162. From the seizure Panchnama it appears that fourteen (14)articles were seized along with the rubber dinghy. Of these, we may takenote of the following: 1. A Yamaha Enduro outboard motor of 40 horsepower, fitted to the dinghy. 2. Eight (8) life jackets of saffron (red) colour on which was written “Made in China, MYC 86-5 model, make year 2006” bearing serial numbers 0404663, 0404725, 0404731, 0404766, 04404847, 0404974, 0404869 and 0404996. 3. One (1) red fuel box on which was written “GASOLINE”. 4. One (1) glue tube in one (1) plastic bag, on which was written “Samad Rubber Pvt. Ltd., Ferozpur Road, Lahore, Pakistan”. 5. One (1) blue oil can with “Shell, Advance Sport HT 20 W 50 Motorcycle oil” written on it, of 0.7 litre and one (1) plastic bag containing tools for repairing a boat.The Yamaha outboard machine that was fitted to the rubber dinghy is ofspecial significance for the case.

347. Gatala (PW-30), who was a Marine Engineer and who was working asService Supervisor in George Maijo Industries (P) Ltd., stated before thecourt that his company was the authorized importer of Yamaha outboardmachines (OBMs) in India. The head office of the company maintained recordof all the OBMs imported and sold in India. He further stated before thecourt that he was called to the Crime Branch Office of the Mumbai Policeand there he had inspected one Yamaha OBM. He was shown an inflatablerubber speed boat and the OBM of Yamaha make by Inspector Kale (PW-47). Hehad inspected the OBM and on examination he had found certain numbers ondifferent parts of the engine. He had noted down the numbers in his diaryand he had brought the diary to the court and he could tell those numbersfrom his diary (Ext. no. 147). He stated before the court that the EngineBracket Number of the OBM shown to him was 67602E-3; the CDI number was 6F6-01F 8 T 411727 Y 09; and the sticker on the unit showed engine number as1020015. The size of propeller was 11×15-G. He further stated that hiscompany was the sole authorized importer and dealer of Yamaha OBMs inIndia. The verification of those numbers from the company’s head officeconfirmed that the engine examined by him was not imported and sold bytheir company. He identified in court the OBM, Article 157 that wasexamined by him.

348. The other witness in this connection was Pat Williams (PW-154), whoseevidence was recorded through audio-video linkage while he was sitting inthe office of the FBI at Los Angeles, USA. One Geoffrey Maron (PW-153) whowas working as a Special Agent of FBI identified Paul Orphanides as an FBIAgent of Los Angeles Office. Paul Orphanides, in turn, identified PatWilliams to the court. Pat Williams stated to the court that he was workingas Senior Product Specialist in Yamaha Motor Corporation. The head officeof his company was situated at Cypress California, US, and they weremanufacturers of outboard machines, motor cycles, scooters, etc. Some ofthose items were manufactured at the US manufacturing unit but outboardmachines were manufactured in Japan, not the US. He further stated that theoutboard machine could be identified on the basis of the serial numbers onthe motor bracket and the engine, and that the last seven (7) digits of thenumber identified the motor boat. There would never be more than one OBMhaving the same last seven (7) digits of serial number for the same size ofmachine. He further stated that Yamaha outboard machine Enduro 40 bearingserial number #1020015 was dispatched to ‘Business and Engineering Trend’from Japan to Karachi Sea Port in Pakistan on January 20, 2008.

349. A letter dated February 17, 2009, written on the letter head ofYamaha Customer Support Group under the signature of one Michelle Tejeras(Assistant Manager – Service Support) and addressed to the US Department ofJustice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, was shown to Williams. On beingshown the letter Williams stated to the court that he knew Ms. MichelleTejeras who was the Assistant Manager (Service) of Yamaha MotorCorporation, US, and with whom he had been working for at least six toseven (6-7) years. He could identify her signature and he proceeded toidentify the signature of Ms. Tejeras on the aforesaid letter datedFebruary 17, 2009, whereupon it was marked Ext. no. 604. The letter of MsTejeras Ext. no. 604 was as under: “February 17, 2009 U.S. Department of Justice Federal Bureau of Investigation 11000 Wilshire Blvd., 17th Floor Los Angeles, CA 90403 Attention: Special Agent Geoffrey Maron Re: File No. LA-252196 Dear Mr. Maron, This letter is to confirm the conversation on February 13, 2009 between our Yamaha representative and representatives from your location. We have contacted Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd. regarding Yamaha Outboard Enduro 40, model E40JMHL serial # 1020015 to confirm the following: Country of production: Japan Destination for export: Islamic Republic of Pakistan Distributor: Business and Engineering Trend (BET) Within the scope of my employment with Yamaha Motor Corporation, I am authorized to provide this information. Sincerely, Michelle Tejeras Asst. Manager-Service Support Cc: SR# 1-9130852.”THE PINK-COLOURED FOAM, THE TERRORISTS’ SIGNATURE:

350. From the rubber dinghy that touched Mumbai’s shore at Badhwar Park,we return to CST. We have earlier seen the absolute mayhem created by theappellant and his associate, the dead Abu Ismail, at CST railway station.We now re-visit the place looking for any evidence of conspiracy that mightbind them with the other eight terrorists who were on a similar murderousspree at other venues in the city. What we find at CST appears quiteinnocent, something as ordinary as a piece of foam, pink coloured foam. Butthat piece of foam inseparably connects the appellant to the other eightterrorists. As we proceed further, we will find the pink foam running likea thread through all the episodes and connecting them as integral pieces ofone single, horrible drama.

351. We may recall here that the pink foam first appeared among the manyarticles found and seized from MV Kuber. In Ext. no. 182, the seizurePanchnama regarding the articles found and seized from the Kuber, it islisted at serial no. 10 as “Six (6) pieces of pink colour foam of differentsizes”. Serial no.13 of the Panchnama mentions a “six (6) inch stainlesssteel pair of scissors”.

352. The pink foam is also present at CST. While dealing with the attackon CST in the earlier pages of the judgment, it was noted that beforeopening fire from his AK-47 rifle, Abu Ismail, the dead companion of theappellant Kasab, had put a bag carrying the RDX bomb among the passengers’luggage in the waiting hall. Luckily, however, the bomb did not explode.After the carnage was over, the authorities collected the passengers’unclaimed belongings, lying scattered all over CST Railway Station, and putthem all at one place. It appears that the bag containing the bomb was alsopicked up and was kept along with this collected baggage. In the process ofreturning the luggage pieces to their respective owners who came forward toclaim their belongings by-and-by, a suspicious red-and-black sack-bag wasdiscovered lying in the baggage. When the bag was inspected by policeofficials, it was found that it contained explosives which were laterdiffused by personnel of the Bomb Detection and Disposal Squad. A seizurePanchnama, Ext. no. 269, was drawn up on December 3, 2008, at 19:00 hoursin the presence of two panchas, namely, David Raj Thomas and Sham RatanDhake. From the Panchnama it appears that inside the red-and-black nylonsack bag, there was a locked square tin box containing the indigenousexplosive device (IED). The tin box was covered on all sides by a piece ofpink colour foam!

353. From CST, the appellant and his dead associate had gone to theterrace of the Cama Hospital building where they had an encounter withSadanand Vasant Date (PW-118) and his team. After the episode was over, asearch was made and a large number of articles were collected and seizedfrom the premises of the hospital and from different parts of the hospitalbuilding, particularly its terrace, from where the appellant and his deadaccomplice had battled Date and his team. The seizure of the articles foundon the building’s terrace was made under the Panchnama dated November 27,2008, Ext. no. 486. One of the articles seized from the terrace of the CamaHospital building was a blue, purple and black coloured rexine bag thatcould be carried on the back by fastening the belts around the shoulder and the waist. The bag had the words “CHANGING THE TIDE” printed on it. Insidethe bag, there were several articles including a pink foam piece “51 c.m. x193 c.m. x 1 c.m. in size”.[53]

354. It may further be noted that two (2) other bombs placed by the terrorists near and around Taj Hotel had failed to explode. One bagcontaining the explosive was picked up from near a tree near Quni TourismChowki at a distance of fifty (50) metres from the porch of New Taj Hotel;and the other was found near Gokul Restaurant in Gokul Wine Shop Lane infront of the State Bank of Hyderabad. Both the bags containing explosiveswere seized under the Panchnama dated November 27, 2008, Ext. no. 736, inthe presence of panchas Hiteshchandra Vijaykumar Awasthi and AmarnathRamvilas Yadav. In the Panchnama the description of the first explosive isgiven as follows: “One black colour carrying bag containing rectangular metal container approximately measuring 10″ -10″ 0-2, 5″ with a metal cover on the top and latch on the side, covered by pink colour foam from all sides. The firing mechanism electronic timing device, one white paper written in Urdu and English stuck upon the electronic timer, two 9-V durasale (sic.) batteries, 2 electrical detonators.”

355. The description of the second explosive is as follows: “One rectangular metal container approximately measuring 10″-10″-0- 2.5″ with a metal coveres (sic.) on the top and latch on the side. Covered by pink colour foam from all sides. The firing mechanism electronic timing device, one white paper written in Urdu and English stuck upon the electronic timer, two 9-V durasale (sic.) batteries, 23 electrical detonators”

356. The pink foam reappears in one of the bags of blue and dark-bluecolour that was found in Wasabi Harbour Bar 1933 of the Taj Mahal Hotel.This bag is one of the articles seized under the Panchnama dated November29, 2008, Ext. no. 749, in the presence of the panchas Ishwar MahadeoKolekar and Vaibhav Vilas Patil. In the Panchnama the bag is described asfollows: “One blue and dark blue colour bag, of the height of about, two and quarter feet and 1 foot in width having two belts (strips) for carrying on the back and a blue (strip) of 5 inch in width for tying around the waist bearing the words in English as “CHANGING THE TIDE” in black colour and a picture in saffron, parrot green and blue colour on the bag and light pink colour foam of the size of about 2 feet in length and 11/2 feet in width in the bag.”

357. It is obvious that the foam was used to provide padding and cushionto the IEDs and the hand grenades kept in the bags so as to prevent themexploding accidentally while the terrorists were carrying them on theirperson.

358. The foam pieces recovered from the Kuber and found in the bags thatwere picked up from CST, the terrace of the Cama Hospital building and the two bags containing unexploded IEDs found near Hotel Taj and seized underthe Panchnama, Ext. no. 736, were sent for chemical examination at theForensic Science Laboratory.

359. Rajendra Ramchandra Mavle (PW-247) is the forensic expert who deposedbefore the court that all the foam pieces tallied with each other inrespect of hue (appearance) and physico-thermal characteristics. He furtherstated to the court that the foam pieces were examined by him under’Differential Thermal Analyser’ and that they were found to be similar inthermal characteristics. Mavle concluded that the source of all the foampieces was the same. He identified his report before the court, marked asExt. no. 1013.[54]INTERCEPTED PHONE CALLS RECORDS:

360. The most clinching evidence regarding conspiracy comes from therecordings of intercepted telephone calls between the terrorists and theirco-conspirators and collaborators sitting in a foreign land that, in lightof the over all facts and circumstances of the case, can only be Pakistan.Unlike the appellant and his dead companion, Abu Ismail (deceased accusedno.1), who were constantly on the move, the other terrorists had gone toHotel Taj, Hotel Oberoi and Nariman House and were holed up there, eventaking hostages for some time. From their respective positions they were inregular contact with their collaborators and were constantly receivingmoral support, tactical advice and guidance from them by means of mobilephones.

361. The phone calls made by the terrorists from Hotel Taj, Nariman Houseand Hotel Oberoi came to be noticed and were intercepted by a watchfulmember of the Anti Terrorist Squad.

362. Nivruti Tukaram Kadam (PW-242) was an Inspector of Police attached tothe Anti Terrorist Squad (ATS), Mumbai. He was looking after the technicalwing of the ATS, which was assigned the tasks of collecting intelligence,phone interceptions and data analysis. On the night of November 26 toNovember 27, 2008, he was on duty in his office at Nagpada, Mumbai. Atmidnight of November 26, 2008, he received information that terrorists weremaking regular calls from mobile phone no.9910719424.

363. In normal circumstances, a telephone interception can only be doneafter getting sanction from the Government but in an emergency,interception is permissible with the approval of the immediate superiorwho, in this case, was the officer in-charge of the ATS.

364. Hemant Karkare, Special IG, was the chief of the ATS and, as seenabove, he was killed by the appellant and Abu Ismail around midnight ofNovember 26, 2008, when the two terrorists had snatched a Qualis policevehicle after killing him and two other officers and policemen who weretravelling in that vehicle. Following the killing of Karkare, Param BirSingh (PW-241), Additional Commissioner of Police and Karkare’s deputy, hadassumed charge in his place. Hence, Kadam (PW-242) obtained Param BirSingh’s written permission for intercepting calls from mobile phoneNo.9910719424. The permission granted by Param Bir Singh was later accordedpost-facto sanction by Chitkala Zutshi (PW-253), who was at that time theAdditional Chief Secretary, Home Department, Government of Maharashtra.

365. On the basis of the permission granted for interception, directionswere given to the service provider of the aforesaid phone number (BhartiAirtel) and to all other service providers, since the number was in’roaming’, to transfer all calls from or to that number to the policelandline number 02223053162. The calls made from or to the aforesaid mobilenumber thus diverted to the police landline could then be heard onheadphones or the speaker of a computer with the aid of appropriatesoftware. The ATS office had software called ‘Shogie’ installed in theoffice computer for that purpose.

366. Kadam stated before the court that the first conversation recorded byhim from that mobile number commenced at 01:04 hours on November 27, 2008,and the last call from that mobile number was recorded by him at 10:27hours of November 27, 2008. He further stated before the court that theconversation was being heard by him personally and being recorded on thehard disk of the computer simultaneously. The recordings from the hard discof the computer were copied on to CDs and the conversations recorded on theCDs were later transcribed on paper.

367. He further told the court that, from the conversations made frommobile phone number 9910719424, he could make out that the callers fromthat phone were speaking from Hotel Taj and that their names were Ali,Umar, Abdul Rehman and Shoeb. The two persons on the other end were calledVashibhai and Kafabhai.

368. In course of the night, Kadam came across two other mobile phonenumbers, 9820704561 and 9819464530. The first of these two was being usedby the terrorists at Hotel Oberoi and the second by those at Nariman House.After obtaining the necessary permissions in regard to those two phonenumbers following the same procedure, Kadam intercepted and recorded theconversations made from those two phone numbers also. He stated that theinterception of these calls by him commenced at 01:04 hours on November 27,2008, and the last call from one of these numbers concluded at 08:52 hourson November 28, 2008. The total recordings of intercepted phone calls werespread over twelve (12) hours and thirty-three (33) minutes.

369. The CDs recording the intercepted phone conversations were played incourt on a laptop and, on comparing the recorded voices with the writtentranscripts, Kadam told the court that, except for a very few minor errors,the transcripts were accurate. He then proceeded to identify all thedifferent CDs recording conversations from the three different mobilenumbers and the transcripts of conversations made from those CDs.

370. Significantly, Kadam told the court that all the calls from the abovethree mobile phones were made to a single number, 012012531824, which laterinvestigation revealed to be the number of private Corporation based in NewJersey, USA, with the domain name Callphonex.THE CALLPHONEX:

371. Kadam (PW-42) told the court that the collaborators of the terroristsappeared to be speaking from telephone number 012012531824. As theinternational code would indicate, the number was based in the US.Clarification about the number comes from the evidence of Nizar Al Sharif,who was examined by the prosecution as PW-156.

372. The evidence of this witness was recorded through audio-videolinkage. The witness was sitting in room no.222 of Hotel Fairfield Inn,Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, where video conference facility was available.Geoffrey Maron, the Special Agent of FBI who was earlier examined as PW-153, first identified one David Shea on the screen as the FBI Agent in LosAngeles. Shea in turn identified Nizar Al Sharif to the court on thescreen.

373. Al Sharif stated before the court that he was the owner ofInternational Connection Services (ICS) which was a Private Corporationincorporated in the year 1993 and registered in the State of Delaware. Theoffice of the Corporation was situated in New Jersey. The brand name aswell as the domain name of the Corporation was Callphonex. The Callphonextelephone number, in the month of November, 2008, until January 6, 2009,was (201)253-1824. Al Sharif further stated before the court that they wereproviding Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) Services in wholesale as wellas in retail. Any person, who wanted to avail of their services, in case hewas not in the US, could contact them through their website. The customerhad to register through email. After getting the email from the customer,they would set up services in accordance with the customer’s requirement.Pre-payment was necessary in all cases. He further stated that ordinarily,in case a customer availing their services made a call to any phone thatdisplayed caller ID, the screen would display the Callphonex number (which,as noted above, was (201)253-1824 in November, 2008). He explained that thecarrier could suppress the number but the user had no control over theirnumber [(201)253-1824]. He further said that they had numbers fromdifferent countries. Some of them were US-based and their customers couldmake calls to mobile numbers through VoIP.

374. He further said before the court that one person calling himselfKharak Singh (wanted accused No. 21) had contacted them through email andhad told them that he was a reseller of VoIP services. Kharak Singh hadcontacted them on October 20, 2008, by email. After correspondence withKharak Singh on email they had provided him fifteen (15) PC2Phone accounts,ten (10) Common Client accounts and five (5) DID Austrian phone numbers.The email ID of Kharak Singh was Kharak-telco@yahoo.com. No specificaddress was provided by Kharak Singh. He had only said that he was fromIndia. The mails received from Kharak Singh were replied to by Nizar AlSharif personally. The first payment made by Kharak Singh was of 250 USdollars and it was received through Moneygram from Pakistan. The paymentwas made by some Mohammed Isfaq. On being shown a copy of the receipt of the Moneygram, Al Sharif identified it and it was then taken in evidence asArticle 530. The second payment of 229 US dollars was received throughWestern Union. He identified the receipt of this payment as well, which wasmarked Article 531.

375. More importantly, Al Sharif stated to the court that the servicesprovided by him to Kharak Singh were used most heavily from November 24 to 27, 2008. The initial use was only for testing. He further informed thecourt that he had supplied the following details to the FBI along with hisletter of February 13, 2009 (Ext. No. 614). “1) Call Detail Records for sub-account 310000xx and 400000xx for client Mr. Kharak Singh; 2) Callphonex Call Detail Records for calls to 5 DID numbers; 3) Voxbone Call Detail Records to DID numbers (that Callphonex has access to and obtained on its own); 4) Three (3) chat logs between a representative of Callphonex and Mr. Kharak Singh; 5) Copy of MoneyGram receipt dt. 27th October, 2008, and copy of Western Union receipt dt. 25th November, 2008. 6) E-mails between Mr. Kharak Singh and Callphonex.

376. “376. He further deposed before the court that the last mail received byhim from Kharak Singh was on November 25, 2008, at 12:08 PM and thereafterthere was no contact between him and Kharak Singh. The account of KharakSingh was closed after December 25, 2008.

377. It does not require much imagination to see that “Kharak Singh”,claiming to be from India, was a fake identity created for the sole purposeof obtaining the VoIP services from Callphonex. But this was made veryclear by the investigation made by the FBI as would appear from acommunication dated February 18, 2009, from the Special Agent of the Bureau(PW-153) in response to the letter-o-gatory issued by the Court of theAdditional Chief Metropolitan Magistrate, Esplanade, Mumbai, onMiscellaneous Application No.1/2009. The communication from the FBI datedFebruary 18, 2009, is Ext. no. 617-A and it states the following withregard to the two payments made to Callphonex from Kharak Singh’s account: “Two payments were made to Callphonex for Singh’s accounts. On October 27, 2008, the initial payment of $250.00 was wired to Callphonex via MoneyGram, receipt number 80700471903880005473. The sender for this payment was Muhammad Ishfaq. The sender used MoneyGram agent Paracha International Exchange located at Road Anarkali Fayazuddin in Lahore, Pakistan. According to MoneyGram records, Ishfaq provided an address of Postoffice Mall Awn Teh Gujar K, Peshawer, Pakistan and telephone number 03455698566. Copies of the MoneyGram receipts are attached. On November 25, 2008, the second payment of $229.00 was wired to Callphonex via Western Union, receipt number 8364307716-0. The sender of this payment was Javaid Iqbal. The sender used Western Union agent Madina Trading, located in Bescia, Italy, to make the payment to Callphonex. For identification, Iqbal provided Madina Trading with Pakistani passport number KC092481. The owner of Callphonex noticed that neither of the wire transfers were sent from India. On November 25, 2008, he emailed Singh and asked why the transfers were not coming from India, however, he received no response.

378. “378. As to Kharak Singh being an Indian in the aforesaid communication,the FBI Agent made the following observations:- “The FBI determined that the kharak_telco@yahoo.com account was created on October 20, 2008, via Internet Protocol (IP) address 66.90.73.125. Between October 20, 2008, and November 28, 2008, a user with access to this account logged in from the following IP addresses, which, according to open-source information, resolve to the corresponding geographic locations: IP Addresses Location 58.27.167.153 (Pakistan) 66.90.73.125 (U.S. – apparent proxy) 67.159.44.63 (U.S. – apparent proxy) 80.78.132.155 (Kuwait) 82.114.138.18 (Russia – apparent proxy) 82.114.141.99 (Russia – apparent proxy) 118.107.140.138 (Pakistan) 203.81.224.201 (Pakistan) 203.81.224.202 (Pakistan) 203.81.224.203 (Pakistan) Singh’s Callphonex account has been inactive since November 28, 2008. Callphonex closed Singh’s account because there has been no payment, no activity and no communication from him since November 28, 2008.

379. “379. It is noted above that among the documents furnished by Nizar AlSharif to the FBI there were three chat logs between a representative ofCallphonex and Kharak Singh and the e-mails between Kharak Singh andCallphonex.

380. Mr. Gopal Subramanium, in his meticulous and painstaking way, took usthrough the three chat logs and the e-mails exchanged between Kharak Singhand Callphonex. We have no doubt that even in the three chat logs it is notthe same person who is chatting under the fictitious name of Kharak Singh.That the persons chatting as Kharak Singh are different persons is evidentfrom the different styles of language and their use of slang.

381. Perhaps Nizar Al Sharif’s commercial interest got the better of hissense of discretion, or perhaps he was too naïve to see through the cleardeception. His services were thus used by a bunch of terrorists for themass killing of innocent people. According to him, he realized that a falseaccount was opened with him for unlawful purposes only after the massacrein Mumbai.MOBILE NUMBERS 9910719424, 9820704561 AND 9819464530 AND THE MOBILE PHONESUSING THOSE NUMBERS:

382. We have seen how the collaborators of the terrorists killing innocentpeople in India hid behind the phone number of Callphonex and tried toconceal the locations from which they were making calls. We shall now takea brief look at the three numbers from which the terrorists holed up in atHotel Taj, Hotel Oberoi and Nariman House were calling or receiving callsfrom their collaborators.

383. A great many mobile phones were collected and seized from the variousplaces through which the terrorists had passed as also from the vehiclesused by the appellant and his dead companion, Abu Ismail, for movingthrough the city. But of interest to us are only five (5) mobile phones,two (2) of which were recovered from Hotel Taj, two (2) from Nariman Houseand one (1) from Hotel Oberoi. The two phones that were recovered fromHotel Taj are mentioned in Exhibit nos. 749 and 760. Both were Nokia 1200and silver-and-black in colour. One of them had the IMEI No.353526024049451and an Airtel’s Sim No.8991310000200898887842. This phone was never used bythe terrorists. The other Nokia 1200 phone had the IMEI No.353526025840890. It had a Sim card purchased from Delhi in the name of oneSuresh Prasad and, on calls being made from this phone, the number that wasdisplayed on the receiving phone would be 9910719424, the first number thathad come to the notice of Kadam (PW-242). The investigation later revealedthat the Sim card for this phone was purchased from Gurvinder Singh Bakshi(PW-259), a retailer in Delhi, by producing fake identity documents. SureshPrasad was a fictitious person.

384. Two Nokia 1200 phones were also recovered from Nariman House and theyfound mention in Exhibit no. 771. One of the phones had the IMEINo.353526025828739. The phone was without a Sim card and it was never used.The other Nokia 1200 phone had the IMEI No.353526025842235. It had a Simcard belonging to Gabriel Holtzberg, who was first taken hostage and waslater killed by the terrorists. It appears that the terrorists had takenaway the mobile phone of Gabriel Holtzberg, took out the Sim card from hismobile and put it in their own mobile phone. A call made through the Simcard of Gabriel Holtzberg would display this number on the receiving phone:9819464530. This was one of the two numbers that later came to the noticeof Kadam (PW-242).

385. The fifth Nokia 1200 of silver-and-black colour was recovered fromHotel Oberoi vide Ext. no. 790. Its IMEI number was 353526025933620. Thismobile phone had a Sim card issued in the name of one Rita Agarwal. She wasamong those killed by the terrorists at Hotel Oberoi. It appears that, aswith Gabriel Holtzberg, Rita Agarwal’s mobile phone was also taken away bythe terrorists at Hotel Oberoi, who took out the Sim card from her mobileand used it to make calls from their own mobile. Any call made through theSim card of Rita Agarwal would display the number 9820704561 on thereceiving phone. This was the third number that had come to the notice ofKadam (PW-242).

386. It is thus clear that the terrorists at Hotel Taj were using a Simcard that was obtained in India under a fictitious name Suresh Praad on thebasis of fake identity documents. The terrorists at Nariman House and HotelOberoi used Sim cards snatched from their respective victims, which theyused to make calls from their own mobile phones.

387. From the materials brought on record, it is evident that all theaforementioned five Nokia 1200 mobile phones were manufactured in DongGuan,China, and were shipped to Pakistan. Exhibit no. 606 is a communicationdated February 12, 2009, from Mary Lozano, ACP, Enforcement Manager /Americas Nokia Inc. (PW-155) addressed to SA Geoffrey Maron of the FederalBureau of Investigation (PW-153). In the aforesaid communication it isstated as follows:-“February 12, 2009.SA Geoffrey MaronFederal Bureau of Investigation11000 Wilshire BlvdLos Angeles, CA 90024 In response to the FBI’s request via United States legal authority,Nokia provides information from our records concerning the followingspecific Nokia devices:1. Nokia 1200, IMEI # 353526024049451 2. Nokia 1200, IMEI #353526025828739Manufactured: DongGuan, China Manufactured: DongGuan, ChinaDate shipped: June 28, 2008 Date shipped: June 26, 2008Country shipped to: Pakistan Country shipped to: PakistanVendor product sold to: United Mobile Vendor product sold to: I2Pakistan (Pvt.) Ltd.3. Nokia 1200, IMEI # 353526025842235 4. Nokia 1200, IMEI #353526025840890Manufactured: DongGuan, China Manufactured: DongGuan, ChinaDate shipped: June 26, 2008 Date shipped: June 26, 2008Country shipped to: Pakistan Country shipped to: PakistanVendor product sold to: I2 Pakistan (Pvt.) Ltd. Vendor product sold to:I2 Pakistan (Pvt.) Ltd.5. Nokia 1200, IMEI # 353526025933620Manufactured: DongGuan, ChinaDate shipped: June 28, 2008Country shipped to: PakistanVendor product sold to: United MobileFurther, our records reflect that at the time of shipment, I2 Pakistan(Pvt.) Limited’s address was: I2 Pakistan (Pvt.) Limited 2nd Typical Floor, Executive Tower Dolmen City, Block 4, Clifton Karachi Pakistan Within the scope of my employment with Nokia, and in compliance withUnited States law, I am authorized to provide the above listed informationderived from Nokia’s records.Sincerely,Mary Lozano, ACPEnforcement Manager/ AmericasNokia Inc.6021 Connection Drive, MS 2-5-520Irving, Texas

388. “388. We have seen the mobile phones and the SIM cards by means of whichthe terrorists holed up in the places targeted by them were calling theircollaborators across the border and also the medium through which the exactlocation of the collaborators was hidden. Now we come to the substance of the conversations between the terrorists and their collaborators.THE TALKS:

389. The attack on Mumbai killing and wounding scores of innocent peoplewas a wicked act, and the conversations between the terrorists and theircollaborators while the attack was underway appear to be its ugliest andmost hateful part. Those conversations unveil warped minds conceivingperverted objectives and trying to realize those objectives through viciousand dastardly means.

390. In an early talk[55] that took place between 01:15:01 to 01:16:42hrs. on November 27, 2008, between one of the terrorists from Hotel Taj and the collaborators, the latter appear quite anxious that the hotel buildingshould be set on fire. They constantly urge the terrorist to start the firebut this man seems to be a little nervous as he finds himself alone holdinga hostage (Ramamoorthy) while his other partners, who had gone onreconnaissance and in search of more hostages, are delayed in returning.Every time the collaborators ask him to start the fire and throw grenadeshe complains that his partners have not come back even though he had toldthem to come back quickly. The collaborators ask him many questions aboutthe sea journey and get answers that would not have made them very happy aseverything did not go as per instructions. The terrorist in Hotel Taj toldthem that the Indian boat was not sunk in the sea but was left afloat. Whatis more, Abu Ismail’s satellite phone and a GPS too were left in the boat.The only information that seems to have pleased the collaborators was thatthe navigator of the Indian boat was killed by cutting his neck. [But onthat score also the happiness was not complete because his body was notthrown into the sea but left on the boat itself.] In the midst of gettingall this information the collaborators keep pressing the terrorist to startthe fire but this man appears unequal to the task.

391. In another conversation between the terrorists at Nariman House and the collaborators, one of the hostages, a Mexican citizen called NormaShvarzblat Robinovich, is brought to the phone and is threatened by thecollaborators that if she wanted to remain alive she must do their biddingand talk to the Indian authorities as dictated by them. The poor womanagreed to do all that they demanded and yet she was killed at the endwithout the slightest qulams. As noted above, the recording of theintercepted conversation extend over twelve and a half (12.5) hours. Thetranscripts of the recorded conversations are accordingly long. We proposeto take a look at a few excerpts as samples under the following heads. 1. Exhortation to fight in the name of Islam against heresy, and the allurement of martyrdom. 2. Deception that the terrorists were Indians and were venting the grievance of the Indian Muslims; also an attempt to involve Israel. 3. Rejoicing over the killing of the high police officers. 4. Advising the terrorists on tactics to deal with the security forces, who were called in to neutralize them. 5. Killing of the hostagesExhortation to fight in the name of Islam against heresy, and theallurement of martyrdom

392. 392. (1) TRANSCRIPTS FROM HOTEL TAJ Talk No. 3 (Ext. no. 970 Collectively)(The collaborator talking from across the border is marked as ‘UK’ and the terrorists holed up in Hotel Taj are marked as ‘T’)UK 2: Allah yaar aapka kaam kabool kare. Bahot saare logon ke zakhm par marham rakha gaya hai. Jo dua aapko batayee thee na wo bhoolni nahi hai. Jahan bhi baitho teen baar dua zaroor padhni hai. [My friend, may Allah accept your deed. Balm has been put on the wounds of many people. Do not forget the prayer that we made you learn; wherever you sit recite the prayer three times.]UK 2: Baaki bhaiyon ko salaam kehna. Mazboot rehna apni baaton mein, apni baaton mein mazbooti paida karo. Aapne duniya ko chhoda hai. Jannat Insha-allah iss se bahut behtar hai. Apne vaade zaroor poore karna jo sachhe vaade hain. Hamare liye bhi dua karna. [Tell my ‘Salaam’ to the rest of the brothers. Be strong in your actions; in your actions instill strength. You have left this world. Paradise is far better than this world. You must fulfil your promises, which are true promises. Pray for us too.] TRANSCRIPTS FROM HOTEL OBEROI Talk No. 4 (Ext. no. 979)(The collaborator talking from across the border has been marked as ‘UK’and the terrorists holed up in the Hotel Oberoi are marked as ‘T’)UK: Insha-allah, pata matlab yeh hai ki iss waqt Islam aur Kufr ka mamla hai. Hum woh bande hain jisko Allah ne apne deen ke jahaan ke liye bheja hai. Matlab shahadat ki maut toh badi hai. Lekin hai shahadat ka andaaz hai ki dushmanon ke dil mein khauf bitha dein. Aur sahi andaaz hai matlab shahadat. Matlab, na darne ki baat hai, shaheed ka paigaam aage rakhna hai. [God willing, you know, what I mean is at this time the issue is between Islam and heresy. We are the slaves of God whom he has sent for expansion of the true faith. I mean, death as a martyr is a big thing. But the style of martyrdom should be such as to put fright in the heart of the enemies and that is the style of martyrdom. What I mean is there is nothing to fear, the message of the martyr must be put forward.]UK: Dua karo, dua ka waqt hai. Sahi Allah ke saath kiye vaade poore karein. Theek hai. [Pray. It is time for prayer and keep your promise to Allah. All right!]UK: Aisa ladna hai ki unhein maloom pade ki Allah ka sher mere peechey pada hai. [Fight in such a way, they should feel that Allah’s lion is after them.]T-II: Insha-allah. [God willing.]UK: Insha-allah. Matlab Shaheed. [God willing. What I mean is martyr.]T-II: Insha-allah. Dua karo. [God willing. Pray for me.]UK-II: Unko bada maan hai Hindu bhai ko, unka maan khaak mein miladein. [They have great pride those Hindu bhais. Let their pride be trampled in mud.]T: Insha-allah. [God willing.]UK-II: Sahi hai. Zikr karo Insha-allah kaamyaabi har taraf se aapki hai. Aapki yeh kaamyaabi Allah kabool karle, theek hai. Sahi Insha-allah, Allah-tala ne Jannat bilkul clear kar di. Aapke liye shareer mahi hai. Insha-allah sabne jaana wahin par hai. Jis raste se aap chal rahe ho woh himmatwala rasta hai. Insha- allah, himmatwala kaam karna hai. [Remember Him and God willing success will be of yours. May God accept your success. That is right. Right, God willing. Allah has completely cleared paradise for you. Everyone has to go there. The path on which you are treading that is the path of strength. God willing. You have to do the courageous deed.]T: Insha-allah. [God willing.] Talk No. 11 (Ext. no. 981)(This is towards the conclusion perhaps the last minutes of Fahadullah).T: Assalaam-Valeykum. [Assalaam-Valeykum.]UK: Valeykum Salaam, kya haal hai Fahadullah, mere yaar khairiyathai? [Valeykum Salaam. How are you Fahadullah, my friend are you all right?]T: Abdul Rahman Bhaiyya Allah ko pyaare ho gaye. [Abdul Rahman Bhaiyya has been taken away by God.]UK: Achha, aapke paas hi hain? [Well, is he near you?]T: Haan jee; paas hi hain. [Yes. He is near me.]UK: Allah kabool kare. Mere veer sabr karna hai, himmat karni hai aur muquabla karna hai datt ke. [May Allah accept him. My brother have forbearance. Be brave, you have to fight unrelentingly.]T: Insha-allah. [God willing.]UK: Haan. Allah madad karega. [Yes. Allah will help you.]UK: Theek hai mere yaar, himmat karo. Muquabla karo, josh se lado. Theek hai. Dua karo, iss waqt karo, iss waqt ki dua badi kabool hoti hai. [All right my friend. Be brave. Fight, fight with passion. Alright. Pray, pray. Prayer at this time is very readily accepted.] Talk No. 12 (Ext. no. 982)UK: Giraftaari waali shakl nahin hone deni. Yeh baat yaad rakhnihai. (There cannot be the eventuality of arrest. You have to remember this.)T: Nahin. Insha-allah, Insha-allah. (No. God willing, god willing.)UK: Himmat karni hai mere veer, ghabraana nahin hai, Insha-allah; goli lage toh kaamyaabi hai. Allah intezaar kar raha hai. (My brother you have to be strong. Do not be afraid. God willing. If you are hit by a bullet, in that is your success. God is waiting for you.)T: Haan jee. Insha-allah. (All right. God willing.)Deception that the terrorists were Indians and were killing people to ventthe grievance of the Indian Muslims; also the attempt to involve Israel

393. 393. (2) TRANSCRIPTS FROM NARIMAN HOUSE Talk No. 7 (Ext. no. 984)(The collaborator talking from across the border has been marked as ‘UK’and the terrorists holed up in the Nariman House are marked as ‘T’)UK-III: Aap woh poochhenge aap kahan ke hain. Kehna mein Hyderabad Deccan ka hoon. [Now they will ask where do you belong to? Say, I am from Hyderabad Deccan.]T: Jee. [Yes.]UK-III: Hyderabad city ka theek hai. [City of Hyderabad, understand.]T: Hyderabad Deccan.UK-III: Hyderabad city ka Hyderabad city ka hoon aur chowki ka mera area hai. [Hyderabad city, I am from Hyderabad city, from the Chowki area]T: ChowkiUK-III: Tolee Chowki. Tolee Chowki.T: Tolee Chowki theek hai. [Tolee Chowki, all right.]UK-III: Aur phir poochhey toh kehna Mujahedeen Hyderabad Deccan se mera talluk hai. Theek hai. [And if they ask further, say that you are associated with Mujahedeen Hyderabad Deccan.]T: Theek hai. [All right]UK-III: Mujahedeen Hyderabad Deccan ise hasi sangeen (sic tanzeem) se mera taluk hai. Aur agar weh kehte hain ye action kyon ki hai. Hum hukumat ki doshi policy hukumat ki dohri policy hukumat peeth thapthapati hai. Aur prashasan sar pe tole marti hai. [Mujahedden Hyderabad Deccan is the organization to which I belong. And if they say why did you do this action. (say) against the wrong policy of the Government, the dual policy of the Government. The Government pats the back and the administration knocks on the head.]T: Hukumat ki doshi policy. Hukumat peeth thapthapati hai. [The wrong policy of the Government. The Government pats the back.]UK-III: Hukumat peeth thapthapati hai. [The Government pats the back.]T: Peeth thapthapati hai. [Pats the back.]UK-III: Aur prashasan jo hai sar par tole maarta hai. [And the administration, such as it is, knocks on the head.]T: Aur prashasan. [And administration.]UK-III: Sar par tole maarta hai. Uski taaza misaal Sachhar Committee ki shifarishein, uski taaza misaal. [Knocks on the head. Its recent example (is) the recommendations of the Sachhar Committee.]T: Uski taaza misaal. [Its recent example.]UK-III: Sachhar Committee shifarish. Jis taraf hukumat jo ye ailaan karti hai aur darasal vajah prashasan Muslim yuvkon ko pakad pakad kar giraftaar karti hai. [Sachhar Committee recommendations. On the one hand the Government makes this announcement and in reality in order to harass them, the administration pursues Muslim youths and arrests them.]T: Hukumat koi aur insaan karti hai. [The Government makes another announcement.]UK-III: Prashasan uska amal Muslim yuvkon ko giraftaar karke deta hai. Saabit karta hai. [(And) the administration implements it by arresting the Muslim youth. This just shows.]T: Muslim.UK-III: Muslim yuvkon ko, Muslim jawaanon ko. [The Muslim youth, the young Muslim.]T: Nau jawaanon ko. [The youngsters.]UK-III: Giraftaar karke sabit karta hai. [Makes it clear by arresting them.]T: Haan. [Yes.]UK-III: Unka future barbaad karti hai. Unko ye ultimatum de denge hamra abhi toh trailor hai abhi asal film to baaki hai. Hukumat ye jaan le yeh trailor hai, asal film to baaki hai. [Destroys their future. Give them the ultimatum that this is only the trailor and the main film is yet to come. The Government should know that this is only the trailor and the main film still remains.]T: Hukumat ye jaan le sarkaar ye jaan le yeh trailor hai asal film to baaki hai. [The Government should know, the Government should know that this is the trailor and the real film is still remaining.]UK-III: Yeh to abhi trailor hai. [This is only the trialor.]T: Yeh to abhi trailor hai. [This is only the trialor.]UK-III: Yeh to chhotta sa udaharan hai mein. Chhota sa example hai. Trailor hai. [This is only a small example, is a small example, is only the trailor.]T: Yeh trailor hai. [This is only the trialor.]UK-III: Yeh chhotta sa humne aapko dikhaya hai. [We have shown you only this little thing.]T: Film to abhi saara pada hai. [The whole film is still there.]UK-III: Unko kaho ye chhota sa namoona hai. Abhi hukumat ko dekhna hai. Aage aur kya kya hota hai. [Tell them this is only a small sample. The Government is yet to see what happens in the time to come.]T: Abhi hukumat dekhegi kya hota hai. [The Government will see what happens now.]UK-III: Theek hai. [Alright.]T: Theek hai. Theek hai. [Alright. Alright.]UK-III: Woh kahenge na aapka demand kaya hai. Hello. [They will say what is your demand. Hello.]T: Haan jee, haan jee. [Yes jee, yes jee.]UK-III: Jitne bhi jailon mein musalman qaid hain unko riha kiya jaaye. Ek number. [All the Musalmans who are languishing in jails should be released. Number one.]T: Saare musalman riha. [All the Musalmans released.]UK-III: Jitne bhi jailon mein band musalman hain unko riha kiya jaaye. [All the Musalmans who are locked up in jails should be released.]T: Theek hai. [Alright.]UK-III: Theek hai. Number do. [Alright. Number two.]T: Jee. [Yes.]UK-III: Muslim state, Muslmanon ke hawaale kiya jaaye. [Muslim state should be handed over to the Musalmans.]T: State Musalmanon ke hawaale kiya jaaye. [State should be handed over to the Musalmans.]UK-III: Number teen. Kashmir se fauj bulayee jaaye. Unko unka haq diya jaaye. Kashmiriyon ko unke haq diya haaye (jaaye). [Number three. The Army should be withdrawn from Kashmir. They should be given their rights. Kashmiris should be given their rights.]T: Theek hai. [Alright.]UK-III: Babri Masjid ki jagah par fauran masjid ka kaam shuru kiya jaaye. Uss Jagah ko musalmanon ke hawaale kiya jaaye. [At the site of Babri Masjid, work should immediately commence for construction of the mosque. That spot should be handed over to the Musalmans.]T: Theek hai. Theek hai. [Alright. Alright.]UK-III: Uss jagah ko musalmanon ke hawaale kiya jaaye. Israel ke saath gathbandhan na kiya jaaye. [That spot should be handed over to the Musalmans. There should be no collaboration with Israel.]T: Israel ke saath gathbandhan na kiya jaaye. [There should be no collaboration with Israel.]UK-III: Israel ke saath gathbandhan na kiya jaaye. [There should be no collaboration with Israel.]T: Jee [Jee.]UK-III: Hello [Hello.]T: Haan jee. [Yes jee.]UK-III: Israel ko ye ultimatum diya jaaye ya bawar [beware] kiya jaaye ki woh musalmanon par zulm na kare. Philippines udhar zulm jaati bandh kare. [An ultimatum should be given to Israel; it should be made to realize not to oppress the Musalmans and Philippines too should stop oppressing and harassing.]T: Israel ko. [To Israel.]UK-III: Philippines ki musalmanon ke upar jaatati [jyadati] bandh kiyajaaye. [The harassment of the Musalmans of Philippines should stop.]T: Israel musalman ke khoon se khelna chhod dein. [Israel should stop playing with the blood of Musalmans.]UK-III: Ha. (Whispers: Oberoi mein dhamakon ki awwaz) Theek hai. [Ha. (Whispers to the colleagues with him: Sound of explosion in Oberoi. Alright.]T: Jee, Jee. [Jee, Jee.]UK-III: Agar Israel uss tarah nahin karegaa toh poore. Yahi hai bustheek hai. [If Israel does not do like this then all this. That is it andalright.]T: Jee, Jee. [Jee, Jee.]UK-III: Yahi kehna hai. Bus yahi kehna hai. [This is to be said. Only this is to be said.]T: Jee, Jee. [Jee, Jee.]UK-III: Israel jo yeh bharat ke musalmanon ke beech mein dakhal andaazi nahin karein. [Israel should not interfere with the Musalmans of Bharat.]T: Theek hai. [Alright.]UK-III: Theek. [Right.]T: Salaam-Valeykum.UK-II: Valeykum-assalaam.

394. And it was exactly on these lines that the terrorists from NarimanHouse talked to India TV as the transcripts of those interviews wouldindicate.

395. The deception, the falsehood that the terrorists were Indian Muslimscoming from Hyderabad and were connected with some fictitious organizationcalled Mujaheddin, Hyderabad Deccan, is one of the most ominous anddistressing parts of the conspiracy. If the appellant had not been caughtalive and the investigating agencies had not been able to unravel theconspiracy fully and in all its devious ways, the terrorists might havepassed as Indian Muslims and that would have led to devastating short-termand equally debilitating long-term consequences. It would have caused acleavage of distrust and suspicion between communities and disturbed thecommunal peace and harmony of the country. It is not impossible thatconflagrations would have erupted in different parts of the country whichthe governments would have found difficult to contain.

396. In this regard, the selection of CST as one of the targets forcarnage assumes great importance. Trains leave for many parts of thecountry from CST. Thus, as news of the carnage spread across the countrythrough the media, travelers would start arriving in different parts of thecountry, some having lost their near and dear ones at CST, some with awounded companion and others shell-shocked by the experience of a terroristattack on the railway station. Their first-hand, eye-witness accounts of the carnage added to reports in the print media and visuals in theelectronic media could be highly inflammable and could easily evokecommunal violence that would be difficult to contain.

397. The deception was ominous because it aimed at destabilising Indiansociety and its governments. But it was equally distressing for being sodeeply untruthful. Indian Muslims may have a long list of grievancesagainst the establishment. Some of the grievances may be fanciful, some maybe of their own making and some may be substantive. Nevertheless, no IndianMuslim would even think of venting his grievance like an animal, killing,maiming and wounding innocent people; his own countrymen. This is becausehe is not only loyal to his faith and community but equally loves hiscountry and fellow countrymen.Rejoicing over the killing of high police officials

398. 398. (3) TRANSCRIPTS FROM HOTEL TAJ Talk No. 3 (Ext. no. 970)(The collaborator talking from across the border has been marked as ‘UK’and the terrorists holed up in the Hotel Taj are marked as ‘T’)UK: Koi masla nahin mere yaar, pareshaan nahin hona mere yaar. Aap kaam karo, Allah ki dua se saari Bombay mein tabahi mach gayi hai. 260 bandhe zakhmi hain aur kayee officer mare gayee hain, pachaas fidayeen ghusey hain. Har terah choudah jagah firing ho rahi hai. Sahi Allah ke dua se mahaul bana raha hai. Koyee pareshaani ki baat nahin. [There is no problem my friend, don’t get worried my friend. You do your work. By the blessing of God there is destruction all around in the whole of Bombay. Two hundred and sixty (260) people are wounded and many officers are killed. Fifty (50) fidayeens have entered. Firing is going on at thirteen-fourteen (13-14) places. By the blessing of God the right atmosphere is developing. There is nothing to worry.]T: Pareshaani wah bass hai. Do bhai gaye hain. Who jaldi aa jaayein. Unko mein baar baar kehta hoon. Jaldi aa jaao, jaldi aa jaana. [The only worry is two brothers have gone. They should come quickly. I told them repeatedly:Come quickly, come quickly.]UK: Aapke yahan shayad koyee helicopter aayega. Kyonki aapke yahan koyi wazeer fansey hain hotel mein? Hotel mein bhi media bata rahe hain ki wazeer fansey hain. [A helicopter may come to your place. Because there is some Minister trapped in the hotel? The media too informs that some Minister is caught in the hotel.]T: Achha. [Very well.]UK: Ab wazeer alam ye kaha hai. Helicopter bhejkar woh wazeer logon nikalo. To aap aag laga do darwaza nahin khol rahe hain. Parde nikalkar aag lagao. Kamron ko aag lagao to wazeer jale. Aur unki jaan jaayen. [Now the Prime Minister has asked for sending a helicopter to get that Minister (those Ministers?) out. Then you set fire (if) they are not opening the doors. Take the curtains and set them on fire. Set the rooms on fire so that the Minister should burn. And get killed.]T: Chalo koshish karte hain. Woh aa jaaye na yaar to yeh masla hai. Hum donon rumaaliyon ke paas bethe hain, woh aa jaate hain to hum ikattha koshish karte hain. [Very well, we’ll try. The problem is that they’re not coming. I am sitting with the two hostages. When they come back, we shall try (to start the fire) together.]UK: Aur ek Commissioner maara gaya hai Allah ki dua se. Aapko kaha hai ek hathoda opener dhoondo. [And one commissioner is killed by the blessing of God. I told you to find a hammer or an opener.]T: Nahin, nahin mila. [It is not found.]UK: Mere bhai jahan bhi deewaron par cylinder aag bujhane ko lagaayein hain, udhar hathoda latkaay rehtey hain. Har hotel mein rehta hai. Har manzil pe rehta hai, har gali mein hota hai. [My brother at all the points where cylinders are fixed for extinguishing fire a hammer would also be hanging. It is there in every hotel. It is there on each floor, it is in every corridor.]T: Woh kis liye hota hai. (Whisper) Sabse zyada zulm karnewala Commissioner maara gaya. [What is its purpose.] [(Whisper) The Commissioner who oppressed most is killed.]UK: Achha mere veer mere bhai jaldi se aag lagao jaise maahol banega. Aur log ghabra jaayengein, aag ke sholey bahar nazar aa jaayengein. [Alright my veer, my brother, please start the fire quickly. That would set the scene and people will panic, the flames would be visible from outside.]UK: Haa, Maine kaha yahan ka Bombay ka police. [Yes I said of this place, of Bombay police.]T: Haa haa Pathan hai. [Yes yes, he is pathan.]UK: Yeh Bombay ka Chief maara gaya. [The Bambay Chief is killed.]T: Whisper (to the handler): Maharashtrya hai. (to the hostage) Tu kidhar ka hai. Kis ilake ka hai tu kidhar ka hai. [Whisper (to the handler): He is Maharashtrian. (To the hostage) Where do you belong? From which region, which place?]UK: Chief maara gaya hai. ATS chief maara gaya hai. [The chief is killed. The ATS chief is killed.] TRANSCRIPTS FROM NARIMAN HOUSE Talk No. 18 (Ext. no. 988)(The collaborator talking from across the border has been marked as ‘UK’and the terrorists holed up in the Nariman House are marked as ‘T’)T: Woh toh keh raha tha do bhai surrender ho gaye. [He was saying two brothers have surrendered.]UK: Nahi bakwaas kar rahe hain. [No they are talking nonsense.]T: Jee [Jee]UK: Surrender ho gaya. Bakwaas kar raha hai. Kal se lekar aaj tak unse koyi bhi jagah clear nahin hui hai. [Surrendered! He is talking rubbish. From yesterday till today no place has been cleared by them.]T: Aur kya naam lete hain. Uska. Baaki bhai kahan tak pahunch gaye hain. [And what other names do they take. His. Till where the rest of the brothers have reached.]UK: Sab jahaan jahaan apni apni jagah par gaye they na. [They all went where they were meant to go.]T: Haan jee. [Yes jee.]UK: Udhar hain. Allam Dulla woh toh sahi behtreen ladh rahe hain. Kaam jaari hai. Insey ab tak koyi bhi jagah clear nahin hui. Yeh koyi na kahe rahe humne yeh jagah chudwa lee hai. [They are there. Allah be praised they are fighting excellently. The work is in progress. They have not been able to clear any place. No one is saying that they have got this place freed.] T: Achha Achha dua karein, shahadat kee maut kubool karein. Dua [Well well pray for me, the martyr’s death may be accepted. Pray ]Advising the terrorists on the tactics to deal with the security forces whowere called in to neutralize them

399. 399. (4) TRANSCRIPTS FROM HOTEL TAJ Talk No. 3 (Ext. no. 970)(The collaborator talking from across the border has been marked as ‘UK’and the terrorists holed up in the Hotel Taj are marked as ‘T’)UK2: Baat suno. [Listen.]T3: Haan jee. [Yes jee.]UK2: Jahan se aap mudhkar aaye ho, aapka munh samudr ke baaju hua. [The spot from where you have returned, you should be facing the sea.]T3: Haan haan. [Yes yes.]UK2: Hello. [Hello.]T3: Haan jee. Mein sun raha hoon. [Yes jee. I am listening.]UK2: Jis taraf aap mude ho aapka munh samudr ke paas hua. Wahan mod ke road ke upar ek building hai civil logon ki. Woh asal mein Navy ki hai. Woh civil ko di hai. Uskey taraf do jagah police waale khade hain. Woh position lekar aapke upar shisht lekar firing kar rahe hain. Jis tarah aap gaye hain. Uske peechey se aakar aapko fire karna padhega. Theek hai. [The way you have turned, you should be facing the sea. There, at the corner of the road, there is a building of civilian people. In reality that belongs to the Navy. It is given to the civilians. Over there, policemen are standing at two places. They have taken position and, taking aim at you, they are firing at you. The way you have gone you would have to come from behind and fire at them. You understand?]T3: Theek hai. [All right.] Talk No. 8 (Ext. no. 972)UK: Kyaa haal mere yaar? Shift ho gaye neechey. [How are you, my friend? Have you shifted below?]T: Haan ji shift ho gaye hein aur doosare kamron mein chale hain clear karne ke liye. [Yes jee, we have shifted and are moving to clear the other rooms.]UK: Upar aag laga di hai? [Have you set fire upstairs?]T: Grenade fenka hai. Grenade. [We have thrown a grenade. Grenade.]UK: Grenade ki awaaz aa gayi hai. Grenade unhone dikha diya hai. Dhamaka hua hai. Aadmi zakhmi hue hain. [The sound of the grenade has come. They have shown the grenade. The explosion has taken place. People are wounded.]T: Toh aag lagane lagey hain. [So, (you) have started to lit the fire.]UK: Jis kamre se nikal kar aaye ho upar waali manzil hai na? [The room from where you’ve come (is) on the upper floor?]T: Haan jee, haan jee. [Yes jee, yes jee.]UK: Usko mere yaar jaakar aag lagao. [My friend, go and set fire to it]T: Haan jee bhai. [Yes jee, bhai.]UK: Kamron ke beech pardey hain gadde hain unko ikathha karke aag laga do. [In the rooms there are curtains and cushions, Put them together and set them on fire.]T: Asal aag lagane mein bhi utni der lagati hai aur rumaali dhondhne ko utni der lagati hai. Bataao ki hum kya karein. Aage ki toh mauj laga denge masha-allah. [Actually it takes some time to start a fire, and it takes as long to find hostages. Tell us what to do. We’ll create real fun, presently.]UK: Aag laga do, aag laga do mere yaar, kamra koyi naya clear karne lage ho. [Set fire, set fire my friend; are you clearing any new rooms?]T: Haan jee. [Yes jee]UK: Pehle chalo aag lagao mere yaar upar ek banda bas ho gaya. Aag lagake neechey aa jaao. Ek banda hai na. [First go and set a fire, my friend. One fellow (is caught) upstairs, that is enough. Set fire and come down. You have one fellow, don’t you?]T: Nahin do bandey hain. [No there are two men.]UK: Nahin do bandey toh upar, party poori bhej do unke paas phone hai na doosra. [No, two men are upstairs. Send the whole party to them. You have the other phone?]T: Haan jee. [Yes jee.]UK: Dono ikkatha karke aag lagake aao. [Put them together and set the fire and come.]T: Asal mein hum seediyon ke paas ek kamra liya hai bada jabardast, ek banda seediyon ke paas ek banda andar mein baitha hai roomali ke saath aur do bande baahar khyal rakhenge. [Actually, we have taken a room near the stairs that is great. One man is near the stairs, one man is sitting inside with the hostage, and two men are keeping watch outside.] ———-UK2: Fire hua hai. [There has been a fire]T2: Haan fire hua. Abhi apna darwaaza band rakhein? [Yes, there has been a fire. Should we keep our door closed?]UK: Nahin aap chaaron ek kamre mein nahin ikkatha hongein. Woh yaad rakhein aapke kareeb koyi pahunchega toh aapke hain na jo aapke paas baithey hue. [No, all four of you should not be together in one room. Keep in mind, if anyone comes close to you then those (hostages) who are sitting with you ]T2: Haan. [Yes]UK: Jab aapko lage koyi hamarey kareeb pahunch gaye hain aur hamare liye mushkil ho rahi hai. Tab unko aapne khadka dena hai. [When you feel someone has reached close to you and its getting difficult for you, then you have to kill them (the hostages).]T2: Haan haan. Insha-allah. Khadka denge. Insha-allah chaaron hum ek hi kamre mein hain hum log. [Yes yes. God-willing, we shall kill them. God-willing all four of us are in the same room.]UK: Haan yeh baat suno. Chaaron ek kamrey na hon. Do kamron mein aapne intezaam karna hai. [Yes, listen to this. All four of you, don’t be in one room. Make arrangements in two rooms.] ———-UK2: Yeh aap kis manzil par hain aap. [On which floor are you?]T2: Hum sabse upar waali chhodkar neecheywale pe. [On the topmost but one.]UK2: Sabse ooperwali chhodkar neechey wale pe. Bande kitne hain aapke paas. [On the topmost but one. How many hostages are with you?]T2: Ek minute jee. Sohaib ko fire maara hai unhon ne toh pehle band karte hain phir aapse raafta (baat kartey hain) kartey hain. [One minute jee. Sohaib has been fired at by them so we stop this talk and get connected with you later on.]UK2: Line mat kato hum sun rahe hain. [Don’t cut the line, we are listening.]T2: Ek minute. [One minute.]UK2: Position badlo. Position badlo. [Change your position. Change your position.]T2: Achha achha. Sohaib ne maara hai un bandon ko fire. [All right, all right. Sohaib has shot at those men.]UK2: Allam Dulla jagah badlo, position badlo, ikkattha mat baitho. Jahan se aa rahe hain wahan grenade fenko. Teesri manzil pe baithe hain. [Allah be praised, changed your place, change your position, don’t sit together. Throw a grenade at (the direction from) where they are coming. They are on the third floor.] TRANSCRIPTS FROM HOTEL OBEROI Talk No. 4 (Ext. no. 979)(The collaborator talking from across the border has been marked as ‘UK’and the terrorists holed up in the Hotel Oberoi are marked as ‘T’)UK: Aapki building ke upar fauji apni position bahut mazboot kar rahi hain. Number ek. [On the top of your building the soldiers are making their position very strong. Number one (1).]T: Jee, Jee. [Jee, Jee.]UK: Agar aapko manzil pe aawaaz aa rahi ho toh chhupo andar. [If noises are coming on your floor then hide inside.]T: Haan jee. [Yes jee.]UK: Aapko aawaaz nahin aa rahi ho to aap nikal kar jahah aapko movement nazar aati hai wahan par fire karo. [If there are no noises coming to you then come out and fire at the spot where you see any movements.]T: Aawaaz to khair aa rahi hai bahut jyaada balki dhamaka bhi kiyahai. [Definitely, there is a lot of noise, and there has also been an explosion.]UK: Pehli manzil par aa rahi hai aawaaz. Dhamaka, dhamaka, kaun sa hua hai? [The noise is coming on the first floor? Explosion, explosion, what explosion happened?]T: Pata nahin kaun sa hai. [I don’t know what (explosion) is this.]UK: Army ne kiya na? [Is it by the Army?]T: Haan jee. [Yes jee.]UK: Saamne aapke manzil par se aa rahi hain kya aawaazein? [Are noises coming from the front side of your floor?]T: Haan jee, aa rahin hain. [Yes jee, (noises) are coming.]UK: Haa, phir aap mazboot hokar dono iss tarah se position lekar agar do – teen bande andar ikkathha aate hain toh aapke paas magazine kitni hai? [Ha, then be strong and the two of you should take positions in a manner that in case two or three men come inside together then how many magazines do you have?]T: Char – paanch hain. [Four-five (4-5) are there.]UK: Aapki magazine ko burst pe kar lo. Char char hain naa? [Put your magazine on ‘burst’ mode. Each of you have four (4), right?]T: Haan jee. [Yes jee.]UK: Aap magazine ko load kar, aap apni gun ko burst par kar lo. Jab bhi fire karna hai. [You load the magazine and put your gun on burst when you have to fire.]T: Sahi. [Right.]UK: Phir control karke chhota karna hai kyonki jab entry hogi toh ek ke baad doosra, doosre ke baad teesra, aisa aana hai unhonein. Tab burst fire karna hai. Zarase bhi nazdeek aayenge to grenade fenko aur jaise grenade fenkoge tab aapne bahar nikal kar saamne daayein baayein firing karni hai toh phir Fadullah. [Then you have to control and make it smaller because when they enter, the second would come after first and the third after the second. They would come like this. Then you have to fire the ‘burst’. If they come any closer, then throw the grenade and as soon as you throw the grenade come out and fire in the front and to the right and left and then Fadullah!] ———-UK: Theek hai naa, hausle dena. Mere dost gun burst par karlo. Matlab bilkul position set karke baitho. Aap kissi aad se baithe ho ya khule baithe ho? [Is it all right, give courage. My friend put the gun on ‘burst’. I mean sit in perfect position. Are you sitting behind some cover or are you exposed?]T: Side par baithe hain. [We are sitting at one side.]UK: Aise baithen ke andar aate hain, aapke upar nazar nahin pade. Aap kissi sofe ke peechhey bairal gun ki nikaal kar baitho. Yeh ek andaaza hai. Khada banda nazar aa jaata hai. Aaap aise position leke baitho, unko andar aate hi unhein nazar ghumani pade, unko clear karna pade, woh kamre clear kar rahe hain. Sabse pehle unhone clear karna hai. Aapke kamre mein bed aur saamaan kitna hai? [Sit in a manner that you may not be within the sight of someone coming inside. Sit behind some sofa with the barrel of the gun sticking out. This is only a suggestion. A standing man is easily sighted. Sit at a position that on coming inside they may have to look around, they may have to make clear. They are clearing the rooms. First of all they have to clear. How many beds and other articles are there in your room?]T: Haan jee hai. [Yes jee it is there.]UK: Aapke kamre mein bed saamaan hai na unki aad leke baitho toh aap uske peechhey dekhkar baithna. Bahar jab aap grenade fenkna hai toh aap ek bandene peechhey ho jaana hai. Achha, jaise grenade khatam hoti hai bahar nikal ke dono taraf se fire shuru karna. Jitna dushman marna ya bhaagna, poora floor kaabu kar lena, Insha-allah. Uske baad ladhai chaalu hogi. [In your room there is bed and other articles. Make sure that you sit behind them. When you are throwing grenade outside, then one of you should stand behind the other. And as the grenade’s explosion dies down, go out and start firing on both sides. Kill as many of the enemy as possible or make them flee, control the entire floor, God-willing and then the battle will begin.]T: Insha-Allah, theek hai. [God-willing alright.]UK: Matlab position safe rakho, agar aapke aage bed hai na foam wagaira kaa, lakkad ka foam ka sofa hai. Aisi cheez se aadh milegi agar aapko grenade fenkna padta hai to fenko. Matlab aisa darwaza kholkar fenko apne pairon mein nahin fenk lena. Lekin yeh option hai. Magazine laga ke sab tarah se taiyar rakho. Insha-allah jo ek banda milta hai Insha-allah chhodna nahin hai. [I mean keep your position safe. If you have a bed in front of you of foam etc. or a sofa of foam or wood. Such things will provide you cover, if you have to throw the grenade then throw. I mean open the door and throw it and don’t throw it on your own feet. But there is an option. Fix the magazine and be ready in all ways. God-willing, if you get hold of a person God-willing he is not to be spared.] Talk No. 12 (Ext. no. 982)UK: Salaam vaaleykum. Fahadullah mere veer; ladayee ki koyi shikast banti nahin ki aap bahar aakar ladain. Grenade fenk kar wahan se nikalne ki koshish karein, kahin aur jaa sakein. [Salaam vaaleykum Fahadullah my brother. You should come out and fight. Throw the grenade and try to come out so that you may change your position.]T: Grenade fenk diye hain donon. [I have thrown both the grenades.]UK: Grenade fenk diye hain? [Have you thrown the grenades.]T: Haan jee. [Yes jee.]UK: Ab kalashan magazine kitni hain tumhare paas? [How many kalashan magazines do you have?]T: Mere paas do hi hain. [I have only two.]UK: Giraftaari waali shakl nahin hone deni. Yeh baat yaad rakhnihai. [There should be no situation of arrest. You must remember that.]T: Nahin. Insha-alla, Insha-allah. [No. God-willing, God-willing]UK: Aur ladhna padhega toh hi maamla seedha hoga, aisa na ho ki woh dhooein ka bomb fenk kar aap behosh kar dein aur jaayein aur aapko uthalein. [And it is only by fighting that the situation will be straightened out. There should not be a situation that they make you unconscious by throwing a smoke bomb and later take you (alive).]T: Nahin. [No.]UK: Woh badha nuksaan hai. Aap aagey badhkar ladhein, aapko kaheen se bhi nazar aa jaate hain. Khidkiyon se aap nahin dekh sakte, nazar aate hi aap fire karo. Fire karo, burst maaro. Uske saath halchal mach jayeegi toh aap nikalne ki koshish karo. [That would be a great loss. You come forward and fight if you see (them) from anywhere. Cannot you see from the window? Fire as soon as you see (them). Fire, shoot a burst. That would cause a commotion and then you can try to get out.]T: Chalo, try karte hain, Insha-allah. [Very well, I will try, God-willing.]UK: Haan mere veer; gun ki barrel nikalein, burst nikalein, ussi burst ke saath dono side nikale aur aap nikal kar jagah badalne ki koshish karo. [Yes my brother, put the barrel of the gun outside and fire a burst and with the firing of the burst come out and fire on both sides and try to change your place.]T: Theek hai jee. [All right jee.]UK: Jahaan baithe hain aapko pata hai ki fire aata hai udhar dono taraf se? Pandrah-bees goli nikal jaaye, poori magazine khaali ho jaaye aur doosari magazine aapke haath mein hai woh laga do aur aap wahan se nikal jaao. [From where you are sitting do you know that shots are coming (at you) from both sides? Fire 15-20 bullets, empty your whole magazine, load the other magazine that is in your hand, and get away from that spot.]T: Theek hai, Insha-allah. [All right, God-willing]UK: Himmat karni hai mere veer, ghabraana nahin hai, Insha-allah; goli lagey toh kaamyaabi hai Allah intezaar kar raha hai. [Be brave, my bother, don’t worry. God-willing, getting shot by a bullet is to be successful. Allah is waiting for you.]Killing of hostages

400. (5) TRANSCRIPTS FROM NARIMAN HOUSE Talk No. 26 (Ext. no. 990)(The collaborator talking from across the border has been marked as ‘UK’and the terrorists holed up in the Nariman House are marked as ‘T’)UK.II : Achha, aap yeh khyaal rakhna; jo bandhi hain naa, yeh jab tak aapke paas hain tab tak yeh aapke upar fire nahin karenge. Samjha meri baat? [Well keep this in mind, that as long as these hostages are with you, they will not fire at you. You understand me?]T: Jee jee. [Yes, yes]UK.II: Inka faayda tabtak hai jabtak aapke upar fire aane se rok rahahai. [They are useful only until they are stopping any firing at you.]T: Fire jab open ho jaayga. [When the firing starts.]UK.II: Fire jab open ho jaayga toh aap unko khatm kar do. [When the firing starts, finish them.]T: Jee Jee [Yes, yes]UK.II: Baat samajh aayi aapko? Fire jab open ho jaayga to aap unko khatm kar do. Theek hai. [Do you understand? When the firing starts, then finish them. All right.]T: Insha-allah. [God-willing]UK.II : Jab aapne dekha ke aapke upar dabaav aa raha hai sabse pehleinhein khatm karo. [When you feel that you are coming under pressure, then first of all finish them]T: Insha-allah. [God-willing]UK.II: Kisi army ka yeh daava hota hai ki koyi bhi bande ko taqleef na hote hue kaam karna hota hai. [Every army has this commitment to do their job without causing any harm to anyone.]T: Insha-allah. Insha-allah. [God-willing, God-willing]UK.II: Abhi baat yeh hai ki inn logon ko bachane ke liye approach aa rahi hai. Agar yeh log maare jaate hain toh unke desh ke saath taalukaat kharab ho sakte hain. Shor bhi mach jaayga. [Now the fact is that approaches are being made to save those people (hostages). If they are killed the relationship with their countries is likely to get strained. There may be a lot of noise too.]T. Insha-allah. Insha-allah. [God-willing, God-willing.]

401. In view of the enormous evidence of all possible kinds it is clearthat the terrorist attack on Mumbai was in pursuance of a larger conspiracyof which the appellant was as much part as the nine dead accused and theother wanted accused. It will be futile even to suggest that the appellantwhile he was shooting at CST and at the other places along with Abu Ismailhad no connection with the attacks taking place at the other targets by theother eight (8) members of the terrorist group. From the evidence on recordit is further clear that the conspiracy did not stop with the group of 10terrorists leaving the Pakistani shore. It continued developing and growingeven while the larger conspiracy was under execution. In course ofexecution of the larger conspiracy by the ten terrorists in Mumbai, theywere being advised and guided to meet the contingencies arising at thosethree different places. In other words, newer conspiracies were beinghatched even in course of execution of the larger conspiracy and theconspiracies came to an end only when all the remaining eight terroristswere killed at the three places where they were holding up.AN OBITER:Role of the media:

402. Before parting with the transcripts, we feel compelled to say a fewwords about the way the terrorist attacks on Taj Hotel, Hotel Oberoi andNariman House were covered by the mainstream, electronic media and shownlive on the TV screen. From the transcripts, especially those from TajHotel and Nariman House, it is evident that the terrorists who wereentrenched at those places and more than them, their collaborators acrossthe border were watching the full show on TV. In the transcripts there aremany references to the media reports and the visuals being shown on the TVscreen. The collaborators sitting in their hideouts across the border cameto know about the appellant being caught alive from Indian TV: they came toknow about the killing of high ranking police officers also from Indian TV.At one place in the transcript, the collaborators and the terrorists appearto be making fun of the speculative report in the media that the personwhose dead body was found in Kuber was the leader of the terrorist groupwhom his colleagues had killed for some reason before leaving the boat[56].At another place in the transcript the collaborators tell the terrorists inTaj Hotel that the dome at the top (of the building) had caught fire. The terrorists holed up in some room were not aware of this. The collaboratorsfurther advise the terrorists that the stronger they make the fire thebetter it would be for them[57]. At yet another place the terrorists at Hotel Taj tell the collaborators that they had thrown a grenade. TheCollaborators reply, “the sound of the grenade has come, they have shownthe grenade, the explosion has taken place, people are wounded”[58]. At yetanother place the collaborators tell the terrorists at Hotel Oberoi thatthe troops were making their position very strong on the roof of thebuilding[59]. At yet another place the collaborators tell the terrorists atTaj Hotel the exact position taken by the policemen (close to a buildingthat belonged to the navy but was given to the civilians) and from wherethey were taking aim and firing at them (the terrorists) and advised themthe best position for them to hit back at those policemen.[60] There arecountless such instances to show that the collaborators were watchingpractically every movement of the security forces that were trying totackle the terrorists under relentless gun fire and throwing of grenadesfrom their end.

403. Apart from the transcripts, we can take judicial notice of the factthat the terrorists attacks at all the places, in the goriest details, wereshown live on the Indian TV from beginning to end almost non-stop. All thechannels were competing with each other in showing the latest developmentson a minute to minute basis, including the positions and the movements of the security forces engaged in flushing out the terrorists. The recklesscoverage of the terrorist attack by the channels thus gave rise to asituation where on the one hand the terrorists were completely hidden fromthe security forces and they had no means to know their exact position oreven the kind of firearms and explosives they possessed and on the otherhand the positions of the security forces, their weapons and all theiroperational movements were being watched by the collaborators across theborder on TV screens and being communicated to the terrorists.

404. In these appeals, it is not possible to find out whether the securityforces actually suffered any casualty or injuries on account of the waytheir operations were being displayed on the TV screen. But it is beyonddoubt that the way their operations were freely shown made the task of thesecurity forces not only exceedingly difficult but also dangerous andrisky.

405. Any attempt to justify the conduct of the TV channels by citing theright to freedom of speech and expression would be totally wrong andunacceptable in such a situation. The freedom of expression, like all otherfreedoms under Article 19, is subject to reasonable restrictions. An actiontending to violate another person’s right to life guaranteed under Article 21 or putting the national security in jeopardy can never be justified bytaking the plea of freedom of speech and expression.

406. The shots and visuals that were shown live by the TV channels couldhave also been shown after all the terrorists were neutralized and thesecurity operations were over. But, in that case the TV programmes wouldnot have had the same shrill, scintillating and chilling effect and wouldnot have shot up the TRP ratings of the channels. It must, therefore, beheld that by covering live the terrorists attack on Mumbai in the way itwas done, the Indian TV channels were not serving any national interest orsocial cause. On the contrary they were acting in their own commercialinterests putting the national security in jeopardy.

407. It is in such extreme cases that the credibility of an institution istested. The coverage of the Mumbai terror attack by the mainstreamelectronic media has done much harm to the argument that any regulatorymechanism for the media must only come from within.ARGUMENTS I. Denial of Due ProcessMr. Raju Ramachandran:

408. In the face of the evidence stacked against the appellant,overwhelming both in volume and in weight, Mr. Ramachandran took a coursethat would neatly side-step everything. He struck at the root. Mr.Ramachandran submitted that the appellant did not get a fair trial andadded that the denial of fair trial, for any reason, wittingly orunwittingly, would have the same result: it would render the trial anullity and no conviction or sentence based on such a trial would be legalor enforceable. Mr. Ramachandran prefaced his submissions by gentlyreminding the court that, having taken the path of the rule of law, we mustwalk the full mile; we cannot stop halfway and fall short of the standardswe have set for ourselves.

409. The learned Counsel submitted that the right to fair trial is anintegral part of the right to life and personal liberty guaranteed underArticle 21 of the Constitution of India, and that the fundamental rightunder Article 21 was inalienable and there can be no question of any waiverof the right by any person. In support of the first limb of his submission,he referred to the decisions in Zahira Habibullah Sheikh (5) v. State ofGujarat[61], T. Nagappa v. Y.R. Muralidhar[62], Noor Aga v. State ofPunjab[63], NHRC v. State of Gujarat[64] , Jayendra Vishnu Thakur v. Stateof Maharashtra[65] and G. Someshwar Rao v. Samineni Nageshwar Rao[66]; andin support of the second limb he relied upon the decisions in BehramKhursheed v. State of Bombay[67] and Olga Tellis v. Bombay MunicipalCorp.[68].

410. Proceeding from the premise that fair trial is an inalienable rightof every person, Mr. Ramachandran submitted that in case of the appellantthe Constitutional guarantee remained unsatisfied because of denial to himof two valuable Constitutional rights/protections: first, the right tocounsel at the earliest, as provided under Article 22 (1) of theConstitution; and secondly, the right to protection against self-incrimination as stipulated by Article 20(3) of the Constitution.

411. Elaborating the first submission regarding the right to counsel atthe earliest, Mr. Ramachandran said that the appellant was not made awareof his Constitutional right to counsel under Article 22(1) of theConstitution at the time of his arrest and production before the JudicialMagistrate in remand proceedings. Mr. Ramachandran submitted that a mereoffer of legal aid is not the same as being made aware that one has theConstitutional right to consult, and to be defended by, a legalpractitioner, and that simply the offer of legal aid does not satisfy theConstitutional requirement. He stated that until the appellant was producedbefore the Additional Chief Metropolitan Magistrate on February 17, 2009,for recording his confession, he was not informed of such a right.[69]Thelearned magistrate also did not tell him that under the Constitution he hadthe fundamental and inalienable right to consult and be represented by alawyer, but simply asked him whether he wanted a lawyer. This, according to Mr. Ramachandran, resulted in the confession being recorded without theappellant being made aware of his Constitutional right against self-incrimination under Article 20(3). Mr. Ramachandran further submitted thatthe repeated cautioning administered by the learned magistrate to theappellant and her admonitions to him about making the confessionundoubtedly satisfied the requirements under Section 164 of the Code ofCriminal Procedure, but they fell far short of higher Constitutionalstandards. The learned Counsel maintained that telling the appellant thathe was not bound to make the confession and that it could be used againsthim did not amount to Constitutional compliance. The magistrate wasrequired to inform him of his rights under Article 22(1) and 20(3) of theConstitution. It is only if an accused is so informed that he can be saidto have made a Constitutionally acceptable choice either to have or not tohave a lawyer or to make or not to make a confession.

412. The learned Counsel sought to buttress his submission by referring tothe decision in Nandini Satpathy v. P. L. Dani[70] and through NandiniSatpathy to the decision of the US Supreme Court in Miranda v. Arizona[71].He referred to paragraphs 42 to 44 of the judgment that contain thediscussion regarding the stage at which the right under Article 20(3) comesinto operation; paragraphs 62 to 65 that deal with the stage at which theaccused gets the right to have the assistance of a lawyer; and putparticular stress on paragraphs 21 to 34 of the judgment, where the rightunder Article 20(3) of the Constitution and the provisions of Section161(2) of the Code of Criminal Procedure (said to be the parliamentarygloss on the constitutional clause!) are seen through the Miranda prism.

413. Apart from Nandini Satpathy, Mr. Ramachandran relied upon thedecision of this Court in Khatri (II) v. State of Bihar[72] relating to theinfamous case of blinding of prisoners in Bihar. In Khatri, this Courtreiterated that the right to free legal aid is an essential ingredient ofdue process that is implicit in the guarantee of Article 21 of theConstitution.

414. Mr. Ramachandran also relied upon the decision of this Court in State(NCT of Delhi) v. Navjot Sandhu[73]. He referred to paragraphs 159 to 164of the judgment where the Court discussed the decision in Nandini Satpathyand the US decision in Miranda and found that the safeguards andprotections provided to the accused under Sections 32 and 52 of thePrevention of Terrorism Act, 2002 (POTA), apart from stemming directly fromthe guarantees enshrined in Articles 21 and 22 (1) of the Constitution andembodying the guidelines spelt out in the earlier decisions of this Courtin Kartar Singh v. State of Punjab[74] and D.K. Basu v State of WestBengal[75], were in complete harmony with the observations of this Court inNandini Satpathy as well as the Miranda rule enunciated by the U.S. SupremeCourt. Mr. Ramachandran also referred to paragraphs 181, 182 and 185 of thejudgment, where the Court eschewed the confessional statement of theaccused from consideration on the grounds that they were not apprised of the right to consult a legal practitioner either when they were initiallyarrested or after POTA was introduced in the case. The learned Counselcontended that the reasons for which the Court held that strict compliancewith the Constitutional safeguards was necessary in Navjot Sandhu wouldhold equally good in the present case as well. As observed in that case,the protections under Sections 32 and 52 of the POTA ultimately flow fromArticles 20(3), 21 and 22(1) of the Constitution. It would, therefore, beincorrect to contend that the magistrate recording a confession underSection 164 of CrPC had no obligation to comply with the Miranda rule orthe requirements of Sections 32 and 52 of the POTA only because Miranda andNavjot Sandhu are cases in which confessions to police officers wereadmissible while, under the normal law of the land, confession to policeofficers are not admissible in evidence. It is precisely because the policecannot be expected to inform the accused of his Constitutional rights thatthe magistrate must be required to do so when the accused is brought forrecording his/her confession. Mr. Ramachandran submitted that in NavjotSandhu the Court actually implanted the right to information withinarticles 20(3), 21 and 22(1) and submitted that in order to give anymeaningful content to those three articles it was necessary to read themalong with Article 19(1) (a) of the Constitution. He submitted that unlessa person is informed, in clear terms, that it is his basic right to bedefended by a lawyer he would not be in a position to exercise the rightunder Article 22(1) in any informed and effective manner. He contended thatit should be obligatory for every authority responsible for deprivation ofliberty of a person to inform him of his rights. It, thus, followed that amagistrate, at the stage of recording a confession under Section 164 CrPC,should mandatorily make the accused aware of his rights under Articles20(3) and 22(1). Mr. Ramachandran submitted that in this case, though themagistrate (PW-218) asked the appellant whether he required a lawyer, shewas also bound to find out whether he was made this offer earlier. Hefurther submitted that even strict compliance with Section 164 CrPC wouldnot fulfil the Constitutional requirements in the absence of a’Constitutional’ choice by the accused to avail or not to avail of adefence lawyer. He pointed out that Section 304 of the CrPC makes itmandatory to provide a defence lawyer at the trial stage and thisrequirement of law cannot be waived by the accused. In the same way, heargued, the administration of justice mandates the provision of a defencelawyer at the earliest because a lawyer provided at the trial stage wouldbe disabled from offering any effective defence if he is presented with afait accompli in the form of a confession in which the accused condemnshimself. It is, therefore, imperative that a Constitutionally acceptablechoice is made by the accused before a point of no return is reached. Hefurther submitted that a statutory caution administered by a magistrate,howsoever carefully done in letter and spirit, cannot be a substitute for alawyer’s advice. By the very nature of their differing professions, a judgeand a lawyer perform different roles in this context. A judge is requiredto be detached and can therefore only administer cautions. The nature oflegal advice is entirely different.

415. Mr. Ramachandran further submitted that the omission to make theappellant aware of his Constitutional right to consult, and be defended by,a legal practitioner resulted in the denial of protection against self-incrimination guaranteed under Article 20(3) of the Constitution. Insupport of the submission, he relied upon a recent decision of this Courtin Selvi and others v. State of Karnataka[76]. He referred to paragraphs92 to 101 under the marginal heading “Historical origins of ‘the rightagainst self-incrimination'”; paragraphs 102 to 112 under the marginalheading “Underlying rationale of the right against self-incrimination”;paragraphs 113 to 119 under the marginal heading “Applicability of Article20(3) to the stage of investigation”; and paragraphs 120 to 144 under themarginal heading “Who can invoke the protection under Article 20(3)?”.Mr. Gopal Subramanium:

416. In reply to the submissions made on behalf of the appellant, Mr.Subramanium submitted that all Constitutional rights of the appellant,including the right to be defended by a lawyer and protection against self-incrimination, were fully secured and up-held and it is incorrect to saythat the trial of the appellant was vitiated by denial of anyConstitutional right or privilege to him. Mr. Subramanium agreed that theConstitution of India indeed accorded a primary status to the rights of aperson accused of committing any offences. Article 21 of the Constitutionguaranteed the right to life and personal liberty in the widest amplitude,and other related provisions in the Constitution provided for thesafeguards essential to preserve the presumption of innocence of theaccused, as well as for the trial of the accused in an adversarial system.He further pointed out that the rights, privileges and protections accordedby the Constitution to a person accused of committing a criminal offencewere comprehensively translated into the statutory scheme framed byParliament; and that the relevant provisions of the Criminal ProcedureCode, 1973, and the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, were crafted in such a wayas to translate the Constitutional promises to the accused into reality andto ensure that the rights, privileges and protections given to the accusedare, in fact, available to him in actual practice.

417. The Constitutional rights and protection referred to by Mr.Ramachandran are to be found in Articles 20(3), 21 and 22(1) which are asfollows: “20. Protection in respect of conviction for offences. (3) No person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself. 21 – Protection of life and personal liberty.- No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law. 22. Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases.-(1) No person who is arrested shall be detained in custody without being informed, as soon as may be, of the grounds for such arrest nor shall he be denied the right to consult, and to be defended by, a legal practitioner of his choice.”

418. Mr. Subramanium submitted that the Constitution prescribed values andnorms and set out standards of socio-political life, but for actualenforcement those norms and standards were manifested in the provisions of the CrPC. He submitted that in order to understand the true import andcontents of the provisions of the CrPC, one must look for theConstitutional norms and standards incorporated in those provisions. Thusviewed, the provisions of the CrPC would appear to be the Constitutionalguarantees at work.

419. He referred to Section 161 of CrPC that provides as follows: 161. Examination of witnesses by police.- (1) Any police officer making an investigation under this Chapter, or any police officer not below such rank as the State Government may, by general or special order, prescribe in this behalf, acting on the requisition of such officer, may examine orally any person supposed to be acquainted with the facts and circumstances of the case. (2) Such person shall be bound to answer truly all questions relating to such case put to him by such officer, other than questions the answers to which would have a tendency to expose him to a criminal charge or to a penalty or forfeiture. (3) The police officer may reduce into writing any statement made to him in the course of an examination under this section; and if he does so, he shall make a separate and true record of the statement of each such person whose statement he records: Provided that statement made under this sub-section may also be recorded by audio-video electronic means. (Emphasis supplied)

420. He pointed out that the provisions of sub-section (2) of Section 161that disallow incriminating answers to police interrogations, are clearlyan extension and application of the principle enshrined in Article 20(3).

421. A similar position obtains from the provisions of Section 162, whichreads as follows: “162. Statements to police not to be signed: Use of statements in evidence.- (1) No statement made by any person to a police officer in the course of an investigation under this Chapter, shall, if reduced to writing, be signed by the person making it; nor shall any such statement or any record thereof, whether in a police diary or otherwise, or any part of such statement or record, be used for any purpose, save as hereinafter provided, at any inquiry or trial in respect of any offence under investigation at the time when such statement was made: Provided that when any witness is called for the prosecution in such inquiry or trial whose statement has been reduced into writing as aforesaid, any part of his statement, if duly proved, may be used by the accused, and with the permission of the Court, by the prosecution, to contradict such witness in the manner provided by Section 145 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (1 of 1872); and when any part of such statement is so used, any part thereof may also be used in the re- examination of such witness, but for the purpose only of explaining any matter referred to in his cross-examination. (2) Nothing in this section shall be deemed to apply to any statement falling within the provisions of clause (1) of Section 32 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (1 of 1872), or to affect the provisions of Section 27 of that Act. Explanation.-An omission to state a fact or circumstance in the statement referred to in sub-section (1) may amount to contradiction if the same appears to be significant and otherwise relevant having regard to the context in which such omission occurs and whether any omission amounts to a contradiction in the particular context shall be a question of fact.” (Emphasis supplied)

422. Mr. Subramanium stated that sub-section (1) of Section 162, insofaras it makes any statement, in any form, made to police officersinadmissible, is a mirror reflection of the right against self-incrimination contained in Article 20(3). He pointed out that sub-section(2) of Section 162 carves out only limited exceptions to sub-section (1),to the extent of statements falling under the provisions of Sections 32(1)and 27 of the Evidence Act, 1872.

423. Section 163 of CrPC is also significant in its import: “163. No inducement to be offered.- (1) No police officer or other person in authority shall offer or make, or cause to be offered or made, any such inducement, threat or promise as is mentioned in Section 24 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (1 of 1872). (2) But no police officer or other person shall prevent, by any caution or otherwise, any person from making in the course of any investigation under this Chapter any statement which he may be disposed to make of his own free will: Provided that nothing in this sub-section shall affect the provisions of sub-section (4) of Section 164” (Emphasis supplied)

424. Mr. Subramanium submitted that sub-section (1) of Section 163contains the universally accepted principle, enjoining against inducementor coercion etc.; but it is sub-section (2) that rounds off and completesthe provision by introducing the distinction between a statement obtainedby inducement, coercion etc., and another made freely and voluntarily andseparating the one from the other; sub-section (2) upholds the individualvolition of an accused person to confess to an offence, as an attribute ofhis free will.

425. Mr. Subramanium further submitted that the scheme of Sections 161 to163 needs to be understood in the context of the investigation process inIndia. He stated that the inadmissibility of statements by the accused tothe police and the resultant distancing of the police from the accused aremeant to adequately protect and uphold the rights and liberty of theaccused. Though primarily providing a procedural framework, the Code alsocontained provisions meant to be substantive safeguards for an accusedperson. Under Indian law, there is no concept of incriminatory statementswhilst in the course of police investigation (except as contemplated underSection 162(2)). The law contemplates only judicial confession, recorded inaccordance with Section 164 CrPC, to be admissible as evidence.

426. Section 164 CrPC is another statutory incorporation of theConstitutional privilege against self-incrimination and it reads asfollows: “164. Recording of confessions and statements.- (1) Any Metropolitan Magistrate or Judicial Magistrate may, whether or not he has jurisdiction in the case, record any confession or statement made to him in the course of an investigation under this Chapter or under any other law for the time being in force, or at any time afterwards before the commencement of the inquiry or trial: 1[Provided that any confession or statement made under this sub-section may also be recorded by audio-video electronic means in the presence of the advocate of the person accused of an offence: Provided further that no confession shall be recorded by a police officer on whom any power of a Magistrate has been conferred under any law for the time being in force.] (2) The Magistrate shall, before recording any such confession, explain to the person making it that he is not bound to make a confession and that, if he does so, it may be used as evidence against him; and the Magistrate shall not record any such confession unless, upon questioning the person making it, he has reason to believe that it is being made voluntarily. (3) If at any time before the confession is recorded, the person appearing before the Magistrate states that he is not willing to make the confession, the Magistrate shall not authorise the detention of such person in police custody. (4) Any such confession shall be recorded in the manner provided in Section 281 for recording the examination of an accused person and shall be signed by the person making the confession; and the Magistrate shall make a memorandum at the foot of such record to the following effect:- “I have explained to (name) that he is not bound to make a confession and that, if he does so, any confession he may make may be used as evidence against him and I believe that this confession was voluntarily made. It was taken in my presence and hearing, and was read over to the person making it and admitted by him to be correct, and it contains a full and true account of the statement made by him. (Signed) A.B. Magistrate.” (5) Any statement (other than a confession) made under sub-section (1) shall be recorded in such manner hereinafter provided for the recording of evidence as is, in the opinion of the Magistrate, best fitted to the circumstances of the case; and the Magistrate shall have power to administer oath to the person whose statement is so recorded. (6) The Magistrate recording a confession or statement under this section shall forward it to the Magistrate by whom the case is to be inquired into or tried.” (Emphasis supplied)

427. Mr. Subramanium pointed out that sub-section (1) of Section 164provides for the recording of a confession during the course of aninvestigation under Chapter XII of CrPC; sub-section (2) of Section 164mandates the magistrate to administer the pre-confession caution to theaccused and also requires the magistrate to be satisfied, as a judicialauthority, about the confession being made voluntarily. Further, sub-section (2) has to be read with sub-section (3), wherein it is providedthat if, at any time before the confession is recorded, the personappearing before the magistrate states that he is not willing to make theconfession, the magistrate shall not authorise the detention of such personin police custody. The post-confession safeguard is incorporated under sub-section (4), wherein the magistrate is required to make a memorandum at thefoot of the confession regarding the caution administered to the accusedperson and a certificate to the effect that the confession as recorded is afull and true account of the statement made.

428. The protection of the privilege of the accused against self-incrimination is thus cast as a mandatory duty upon the magistrate, ajudicial authority, under sub-sections (2), (3) and (4) of Section 164.

429. Mr. Subramanian further submitted that the confession of the accusedunder Section 164 CrPC is not a statement recorded under oath and,therefore, the proceedings retain their adversarial character and do nottake any inquisitorial colour. He contrasted the recording of a confessionunder Section 164 with the examination of the accused as a witness insupport of his own case (under Section 315 CrPC), wherein the accused isexamined on oath, and pointed out that the voluntary character of thejudicial confession is, thus, ascertained at three stages: i) Under Section 164(2), by the magistrate prior to the recording of the confession;ii) Under Section 164(4), by the magistrate subsequent to the recording of the confession; andiii) Upon the examination of the magistrate, who recorded the confession, on oath in course of the trial.

430. Mr. Subramanium argued that Indian law, in regard to theinvestigation of crimes, recognised and put into application the extremelyimportant distinction between an involuntary statement obtained byinducement or coercion and a voluntary statement. The former was condemnedand completely excluded from consideration as a piece of evidence but thelatter was accepted as a sign of respect for the expression of free will.Thus, on the one hand, a confession or a statement cannot be obtained bymeans of inducement, threat or promise, as prohibited by sub-section (1) ofSection 163, but, on the other hand, a confession made voluntarily as anexpression of free will and volition cannot be disallowed as provided insub-section (2) of Section 163 and Section 164.

431. Here Mr. Subramanium referred to the decision of this Court in Stateof Bombay v. Kathi Kalu Oghad[77], in which an eleven-Judge Bench of thisCourt examined the true import of Article 20(3) and held that “an accusedperson cannot be said to have been compelled to be a witness againsthimself simply because he made a statement while in police custody withoutanything more”; and that “the mere questioning of an accused person by apolice officer, resulting in a voluntary statement, which may ultimatelyturn out to be incriminatory, is not ‘compulsion'”.

432. In light of the decision in Kathi Kalu Oghad, Mr. Subramaniumsubmitted that voluntary statements are not proscribed by Article 20(3) anddo not amount to violation of the privilege against self-incrimination.

433. Having thus established the connections between the provisions of theCrPC and the relevant Articles of the Constitution, Mr. Subramaniumcontended that the provisions of Section 161, 162, 163 and 164 CrPC aremirror images of the Constitutional safeguards provided under Articles20(3) and 21, and that compliance with the statutory provisions wouldamount to effective compliance with the Constitutional provisions. Theprovisions of the CrPC could naturally be tested against theseConstitutional safeguards, and the manner in which the CrPC provisions areto be interpreted would be informed by the Constitutional safeguards inArticles 20 to 22, but once the CrPC provisions stand complied with, thereis no scope for a separate and distinct species of Constitutionalcompliance. Thus, the provisions of the CrPC would be amenable to be testedon the grounds of ‘due process’, but having passed such a test, compliancewith the CrPC would entail compliance with the various Constitutionalsafeguards. The purpose of placing such safeguards in the Constitution isnot to create a separate level of compliance, but to emphasize theimportance and enduring nature of these protections by giving themConstitutional status.

434. Dealing with the right to legal assistance, Mr. Subramanium submittedthat the right to legal aid and the stage when the right comes into effectare to be found in Article 22(1) of the Constitution, which states that “noperson who is arrested shall be denied the right to consult, and to bedefended by, a legal practitioner of his choice”. According to Mr.Subramanium, Article 22(1) has thus two significant facets: i) The enablement of an arrested person to consult a legal practitioner of his choice; ii) The right of an arrested person to be represented by a legal practitioner of his choice.

435. He submitted that the phrase “to be defended” made it clear that thecharacter of the right guaranteed under Article 22(1) transforms from anenablement to a positive right only when an arrested person is put ontrial.

436. In this regard, he made a reference to the provisions of Section 304CrPC. He called the provisions of Section 304 CrPC as the statutoryenablement of the right to legal aid and pointed out that the Sectionprovides that, in a trial before the Court of Session, a pleader may beassigned to the accused for his defence if the accused is not representedby a pleader and it appears to the court that he may not have sufficientmeans to engage a pleader. The effectiveness of the right to legal aid atthe stage of trial is also buttressed by the provisions of Section 169CrPC, wherein an accused may be discharged upon the completion of theprocess of investigation if there is insufficient evidence or no reasonableground of suspicion to justify the forwarding of the accused to amagistrate.

437. He added that the rationale behind the provision of the right tolegal aid must be understood in the context of the Indian system ofinvestigation. Unlike certain foreign jurisdictions, Indian procedural andevidence laws do not permit statements made to the police to be admissible,and only judicial confessions made to a magistrate in compliance with theprovisions of Section 164 are admissible. The same position does not obtainin certain other jurisdictions, for example, the United States of Americaand the United Kingdom, where statements made to police officers are fullyadmissible and used as evidence against the accused. There are, therefore,consequences attached to statements made whilst in custody of the police insuch jurisdictions; however, the same consequences do not attach under theIndian scheme of investigation of crimes.

438. Dealing with the Miranda decision, Mr. Subramanium submitted that theUS decision was rendered in the context of a system in which statementsmade to police officers are admissible and it has, therefore, noapplication insofar as the Indian criminal process is concerned. UnderIndian law, vide chapter XII of the CrPC, read with Sections 24 and 25 of the Evidence Act, 1872, statements made before the police are per seinadmissible and a confession is considered as admissible only if made to amagistrate, in accordance with the provisions of Section 164 of the CrPC.Indian law, therefore, completely excludes the possibility of an extra-judicial confession extracted by the police in the course of incommunicadointerrogation in which the accused is subjected to threat, inducement orcoercion.

439. The learned Counsel further submitted that the Miranda rule wassubstantially diluted even in the US and the Miranda decision has not beenconsistently and uniformly followed in the United States itself. In supportof this submission, he referred to the judgment of the US Supreme Court inDavis v. United States[78], in which it was held by that Court that thesuspect must unambiguously request for counsel and that the police were notprohibited from continuing with the interrogation if the request forcounsel by the suspect did not meet the requisite level of clarity.Significantly, it was observed by the US Supreme Court that “a suspect whoknowingly and voluntarily waives his right to counsel after having thatright explained to him has indicated his willingness to deal with thepolice unassisted.

440. “440. Mr. Subramanium further submitted that the principle of waiver of theprivilege against self-incrimination and the right to counsel was furtherelaborated upon by the US Supreme Court in its recent judgment in thematter of Berghuis, Warden v. Thompkins[79]. In the said judgment, the USSupreme Court reiterated the requirement of an unambiguous invocation of the Miranda rights by an accused person in order to avoid difficulties ofproof and to provide guidance to officers.[80] The US Supreme Court hastherefore developed a parallel jurisprudence with respect to the assessmentof the waiver by the accused of his Miranda rights and has stated inBerghuis that a waiver must be voluntary, i.e. the product of a free anddeliberate choice rather than of intimidation, coercion or deception, andmade with full awareness of both the nature of the right being abandonedand the consequences of the decision to abandon it.

441. Mr. Subramanium also submitted that the Miranda principles that gavethe accused the right to silence and an absolute right to counsel at thestage of police interrogation have not been uniformly followed in severalother jurisdictions. He pointed out that the Miranda principle has beenheld to be inapplicable in Australia in a judgment of the High Court ofAustralia in Dietrich v. R.[81]. In this regard, he also referred to thejudgment of the Supreme Court of Canada in R. v. Sinclair[82]. He alsoreferred to a decision of the European Court in Salduz v. Turkey[83], andtwo decisions of the UK Supreme Court in Ambrose v. Harris (ProcuratorFiscal, Oban) (Scotland)[84] and McGowan, (Procurator Fiscal, Edinburgh) v.B (Scotland)[85].

442. Mr. Subramanium also referred to a number of academic articles andpapers to contend that, in the United States itself, the Miranda principleshave been considerably eroded by later case laws.

443. Next, dealing with the issue of the right to counsel, as claimed onbehalf of the appellant in light of the decision in Nandini Satpathy, Mr.Subramanium pointed out that at least in two cases, namely, Poolpandi v.Superintendent, Central Excise[86] and Directorate of Revenue Intelligencev. Jugal Kishore Samra[87], this Court had expressly declined to followNandini Satpathy.

444. Miranda and Nandini Satpathy, which draws heavily upon the former,are, of course, referred with approval in D.K. Basu and in Navjot Sandhu,but those decisions were in completely different contexts. In D.K. Basu,the Court was dealing with the use of compulsion during investigation and the need to insulate the accused from any coercive measures. It was in thatconnection that this Court issued guidelines incorporating the requirementsthat “the arrestee may be permitted to meet his lawyer duringinterrogation, though not throughout the interrogation”. Mr. Subramaniumsubmitted that the decision in D.K. Basu has construed Article 22(1) as anenablement and not as a mandatory right.

445. Navjot Sandhu was the case of a terrorist attack on the Parliament ofIndia and, in that case, this Court considered the import of the right tocounsel in the context of the provisions of the Prevention of TerrorismAct, 2002. Mr. Subramanium submitted that a comparison of the provisionsof the POTA with the Miranda principle was quite apt, in that the statutoryscheme of the POTA, like US law, allowed confessions made to police to beadmissible. With respect to the right to counsel, this Court made thefollowing observation in paragraph 160 of the judgment, after analyzing thejudgments in Miranda and Nandini Satpathy: “Based on the observations in Nandini Satpathy case it is possible to agree that the constitutional guarantee under Article 22(1) only implies that the suspect in the police custody shall not be denied the right to meet and consult his lawyer even at the stage of interrogation. In other words, if he wishes to have the presence of the lawyer, he shall not be denied that opportunity. Perhaps, Nandini Satpathy does not go so far as Miranda in establishing access to a lawyer at the interrogation stage.

446. “446. Mr. Subramanium submitted that the Miranda principle has noapplication to normal criminal procedure in India because similarsafeguards and precautions with respect to the rights of the accused areexpressly recognized in India under the law. He emphasized that the rightsof the accused (including the right against self-incrimination and theright to legal representation) have been placed on a much higher pedestalin Indian law, even prior to such judicial developments in the UnitedStates. The learned Counsel submitted that the Constitutional provisionsof Article 20(3) and Article 22(1), read with the statutory protectionsunder Sections 161, 162, 163 and 164 CrPC as well as Sections 24 and 25 of the Evidence Act, 1872, make the rights of an accused sacrosanct.

447. He also referred to the decision in Selvi, relied upon on behalf of the appellant, and submitted that in Selvi this Court made the followingobservations:- “In Indian law, there is no automatic presumption that the custodial statements have been extracted through compulsion. In short, there is no requirement of additional diligence akin to the administration of Miranda warnings.

448. “448. Summing up his submissions, Mr. Subramanium formulated them into thefollowing points:- i) The right to legal assistance under Article 22(1) is not a mandatory right upon arrest, but an enablement to be exercised by the person arrested. ii) The right against self-incrimination under Article 20(3) does not proscribe voluntary statements made in exercise of free will and volition. iii) The right against self-incrimination under Article 20(3) has been statutorily incorporated in the provisions of CrPC (i.e. Sections 161, 162, 163 and 164) and the Evidence Act, 1872, as manifestations of enforceable due process, and thus compliance with statutory provisions is also compliance with Constitutional requirements. iv) The right to counsel as contemplated in the judgment of Miranda has not been followed in either the United States or in other jurisdictions, particularly due to the qualification of intelligent and voluntary waiver.THE COURT:

449. Let us first put aside the Miranda decision that seems to haveentered into the discussions of this case as a red herring. The Mirandadecision was rendered under a system of law in which an utterance made by asuspect before the police could lead to his conviction and even theimposition of the death penalty. From the judgment in the Miranda case itfurther appears that the police would subject the suspect to incommunicadointerrogation in a terribly oppressive atmosphere. The interrogator wouldemploy all the intimidation tactics and interrogations skills at hiscommand, not to find out the truth but to somehow crack the suspect andmake him ‘confess’ to his guilt. It was in such a situation that the USSupreme Court evolved the Miranda rules, in order to provide necessaryprotection to the accused against self-accusation and to ensure thevoluntary nature of any statement made before the police, and came to holdand direct as under: “To summarize, we hold that when an individual is taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom by the authorities in any significant way and is subjected to questioning, the privilege against self- incrimination is jeopardized. Procedural safeguards must be employed to protect the privilege, and unless other fully effective means are adopted to notify the person of his right of silence and to assure that the exercise of the right will be scrupulously honored, the following measures are required. He must be warned prior to any questioning that he has the right to remain silent; that anything he says can be used against him in a court of law, that he has the right to the presence of an attorney, and that if he cannot afford an attorney one will be appointed for him prior to any questioning if he so desires. Opportunity to exercise these rights must be afforded to him throughout the interrogation. After such warnings have been given, and such opportunity afforded him, the individual may knowingly and intelligently waive these rights and agree to answer questions or make a statement. But unless and until such warnings and waiver are demonstrated by the prosecution at trial, no evidence obtained as a result of interrogation can be used against him.” (Emphasis Added)

450. We have not the slightest doubt that the right to silence and theright to the presence of an attorney granted by the Miranda decision to anaccused as a measure of protection against self-incrimination have noapplication under the Indian system of law. Interestingly, an indication tothis effect is to be found in the Miranda judgment itself. Having set downthe principle, extracted above, that Court proceeded in the next part (PartIV) of the judgment to repel the arguments advanced against its view and tofind support for its view in other jurisdictions. Part IV of the judgmentbegins as under: “A recurrent argument made in these cases is that society’s need for interrogation outweighs the privilege. This argument is not unfamiliar to this Court

451. “451. Rejecting the argument, the Court pointed out that very firmprotections against self-incrimination were available to the accused inseveral other jurisdictions, in which connection it also made a referenceto Indian laws. The Court observed: “The experience in some other countries also suggests that the danger to law enforcement in curbs on interrogation is overplayed. In India, confessions made to police not in the presence of a magistrate have been excluded by rule of evidence since 1872, at a time when it operated under British law.

452. “452. The Court then noticed Sections 25 and 26 of the Indian Evidence Actand then referred to the decision of the Indian Supreme Court in SarwanSingh v. State of Punjab[88] in the following words: “To avoid any continuing effect of police pressure or inducement, the Indian Supreme Court has invalidated a confession made shortly after police brought a suspect before a magistrate, suggesting: “[I]t would, we think, be reasonable to insist upon giving an accused person at least 24 hours to decide whether or not he should make a confession.

453. “453. The US Supreme Court, thus, clearly acknowledged and pointed out thatthe measures to protect the accused against self-incrimination evolved byit under the Miranda rules were already part of the Indian statutoryscheme.

454. Moreover, a bare reference to the provisions of the CrPC would showthat those provisions are designed to afford complete protection to theaccused against self-incrimination. Section 161(2) of the CrPC disallowsincriminating answers to police interrogations. Section 162(1) makes anystatements, in any form, made to police officers inadmissible exceptingthose that may lead to discovery of any fact (vide Section 27 of theEvidence Act) and that may constitute a dying declaration (vide Section 32of the Evidence Act). Coupled with these provisions of the CrPC is Section 25 of the Evidence Act that makes any confession by an accused made to apolice officer completely inadmissible. Section 163 of the CrPC prohibitsthe use of any inducement, threat or promise by a police officer. And thencomes Section 164 CrPC, dealing with the recording of confessions andstatements made before a magistrate. Sub-section (1) of Section 164 provides for recording any confession or statement in the course of aninvestigation, or at any time before the commencement of the inquiry ortrial; sub-section (2) mandates the magistrate to administer the pre-confession caution to the accused and also requires him to be satisfied, asa judicial authority, about the confession being made voluntarily; sub-section (3) provides one of the most important protections to the accusedby stipulating that in case the accused produced before the magistratedeclines to make the confession, the magistrate shall not authorize hisdetention in police custody; sub-section (4) incorporates the post-confession safeguard and requires the magistrate to make a memorandum atthe foot of the confession regarding the caution administered to theaccused and a certificate to the effect that the confession as recorded isa full and true account of the statement made. Section 164 of the CrPC isto be read along with Section 26 of the Evidence Act, which provides thatno confession made by any person whilst he is in the custody of a policeofficer, unless it be made in the immediate presence of a magistrate, shallbe proved as against such person.

455. It is thus clear to us that the protection to the accused against anyself-incrimination guaranteed by the Constitution is very strongly builtinto the Indian statutory framework and we see absolutely no reason to drawany help from the Miranda principles for providing protection against self-incrimination to the accused.

456. Here it will be instructive to see how the Miranda decision has beenviewed by this Court; in what ways it has been referred to in this Court’sdecisions and where this Court has declined to follow the Miranda rules.

457. Significant notice of the Miranda decision was first taken by a three-Judge bench of this Court in Nandini Satpathy. The appellant in that case,a former Chief Minister of Orissa, was summoned to the police station inconnection with a case registered against her under Section 5(1) and (2),Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947, and Sections 161/165, 120-B and 109 of the Penal Code, and was interrogated with reference to a long string ofquestions given to her in writing. On her refusal to answer, a complaintwas filed against her under Section 179 of the Penal Code and themagistrate took cognizance of the offence. She challenged the validity of the proceedings before the High Court. The High Court dismissed thepetition following which the Chief Minister came to this Court in appealagainst the order passed by the High Court. It was in that context thatthis Court made a glowing reference to the Miranda decision; however, inthe end, this Court refrained from entirely transplanting the Miranda rulesinto the Indian criminal process and, with regard to the Indian realities,”suggested” certain guidelines that may be enumerated as under: “(a) Under Article 22(1), the right to consult an advocate of his choice shall not be denied to any person who is arrested. Articles 20(3) and 22(1) may be telescoped by making it prudent for the police to permit the advocate of the accused to be present at the time he is examined. Over-reaching Article 20(3) and Section 161(2) will be obviated by this requirement. But it is not as if the police must secure the services of a lawyer, for, that will lead to ‘police station- lawyer’ system with all its attendant vices. If however an accused expresses the wish to have his lawyer by his side at the time of examination, this facility shall not be denied, because, by denying the facility, the police will be exposed to the serious reproof that they are trying to secure in secrecy and by coercing the will an involuntary self-incrimination. It is not as if a lawyer’s presence is a panacea for all problems of self-incrimination, because, he cannot supply answers or whisper hints or otherwise interfere with the course of questioning except to intercept where intimidatory tactics are tried and to caution his client where incrimination is attempted and to insist on questions and answers being noted where objections are not otherwise fully appreciated. The lawyer cannot harangue the police, but may help his client and complain on his behalf. The police also need not wait for more than a reasonable time for the advocate’s arrival. (b) Where a lawyer of his choice is not available, after the examination of the accused, the police officer must take him to a magistrate, a doctor or other willing and responsible non-partisan official or non-official and allow a secluded audience where he may unburden himself beyond the view of the police and tell whether he has suffered duress, in which case he should be transferred to judicial or other custody where the police cannot reach him. The collocutor communicate the relevant conversation to the nearest magistrate.

458. “458. In later decisions, Nandini Satpathy guidelines and the Miranda ruleare referred to, approved and followed in an ancillary way when this Courtmoved to protect or expand the rights of the accused against investigationby lawless means, but we are not aware of any decision in which the Courtmight have followed the core of the Nandini Satpathy guidelines or theMiranda rule.

459. In Poolpandi, the appellants before this Court, who were called forinterrogation in course of investigation under the provisions of theCustoms Act, 1963, and the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1973, claimedthe right of presence of their lawyer during interrogation, relyingstrongly on Nandini Satpathy. The question before the Court was thusdirectly whether a person summoned for interrogation is entitled to thepresence of his lawyer during questioning. But a three-judge bench of thisCourt rejected the appeal, tersely observing in paragraph 4 of the judgmentas under: “Both Mr. Salve and Mr. Lalit strongly relied on the observations in Nandini Satpathy v. P.L. Dani. We are afraid, in view of two judgments of the Constitution Bench of this Court in Ramesh Chandra Mehta v. State of W.B. and Illias v. Collector of Customs, Madras, the stand of the appellants cannot be accepted. The learned counsel urged that since Nandini Satpathy case was decided later, the observations therein must be given effect to by this Court now. There is no force in this argument.

460. “460. More recently in Directorate of Revenue Intelligence, (to which oneof us, Aftab Alam J., is a party) the question before the Court was, onceagain, whether a person summoned for interrogation by the officers of theDirectorate of Revenue Intelligence in a case under the Narcotic Drugs andPsychotropic Substances Act, 1985, had the right of the presence of hislawyer at the time of interrogation. The Court, after discussing thedecision in Nandini Satpathy and relying upon the decision in Poolpandi,rejected the claim; but, in light of the decision in D.K. Basu and withregard to the special facts and circumstances of the case, directed thatthe interrogation of the respondent may be held within sight of hisadvocate or any person duly authorized by him, with the condition that theadvocate or person authorized by the respondent might watch the proceedingsfrom a distance or from beyond a glass partition but he would not be withinhearing distance, and the respondent would not be allowed to haveconsultations with him in the course of the interrogation.

461. But, as has been said earlier, Nandini Satpathy and Miranda may alsobe found referred quite positively, though in a more general way, inseveral decisions of this Court. In D.K. Basu, this Court, while dealingwith the menace of custodial violence, including torture and death in thepolice lock-up, condemned the use of violence and third-degree methods ofinterrogation of the accused, and described custodial death as one of theworst crimes against the society. In paragraph 22 of its judgment, theCourt observed: “Any form of torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment would fall within the inhibition of Article 21 of the Constitution, whether it occurs during investigation, interrogation or otherwise. The precious right guaranteed by Article 21 of the Constitution of India cannot be denied to convicts, under-trials, detenus and other prisoners in custody, except according to the procedure established by law by placing such reasonable restrictions as are permitted by law.

462. “462. In that connection, the Court examined international conventions anddeclarations on the subject and visited other jurisdictions, besidesrelying upon earlier decisions of this Court, and laid down a set ofguidelines to be strictly followed in all cases of arrest or detention aspreventive measures. While dealing with the question of striking a balancebetween the fundamental rights of the suspect-accused and the necessity ofa thorough investigation in serious cases that may threaten the very fabricof society, such as acts of terrorism and communal riots etc. this Court,in paragraph 32 of the judgment, referred to the opening lines of Part IVof the judgment in Miranda. “A recurrent argument, made in these cases is that society’s need for interrogation outweighs the privilege. This argument is not unfamiliar to this Court. [See e.g., Chambers v. Florida[89], US at pp. 240-41: L Ed at p. 724: 60 S Ct 472 (1940)]. The whole thrust of our foregoing discussion demonstrates that the Constitution has prescribed the rights of the individual when confronted with the power of Government when it provided in the Fifth Amendment that an individual cannot be compelled to be a witness against himself. That right cannot be abridged.” (Emphasis Original)

463. Navjot Sandhu is a case under the Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002(in short “POTA”). The law of the POTA is a major departure from theordinary mainstream criminal law of the country. Under Section 32 of thePrevention of Terrorism Act, 2002, contrary to the provisions of the CrPCand the Evidence Act, as noted above in detail, a confession made by anaccused before a police officer, not lower in rank than a Superintendent ofPolice, is admissible in evidence though subject, of course, to thesafeguards stipulated in sub-sections (2) to (5) of Section 32 and Section52 that lay down the requirements to be complied with at the time of thearrest of a person. Insisting on a strict compliance with thosesafeguards, the Court in Navjot Sandhu pointed out that those safeguardsand protections provided to the accused were directly relatable to Articles21 and 22(1) of the Constitution and incorporated the guidelines spelledout by this Court in Kartar Singh and D.K. Basu. In that regard, the Courtalso referred in paragraph 55 of the judgment to the decision in NandiniSatpathy, and in paragraph 63 to the Miranda decision, observing asfollows:- “In the United States, according to the decisions of the Supreme Court viz., Miranda v. Arizona[90]; Escobedo v. Illinois[91] the prosecution cannot make use of the statements stemming from custodial interrogation unless it demonstrates the use of procedural safeguards to secure the right against self-incrimination and these safeguards include a right to counsel during such interrogation and warnings to the suspect/accused of his right to counsel and to remain silent. In Miranda case (decided in 1966), it was held that the right to have counsel present at the interrogation was indispensable to the protection of the Vth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination and to ensure that the right to choose between silence and speech remains unfettered throughout the interrogation process. However, this rule is subject to the conscious waiver of right after the individual was warned of his right.

464. “464. As we see Navjot Sandhu, it is difficult to sustain Mr.Ramachandran’s submission made on that basis. To say that the safeguardsbuilt into Section 32 of the POTA have their source in Articles 20(3), 21and 22(1) is one thing, but to say that the right to be represented by alawyer and the right against self-incrimination would remain incomplete andunsatisfied unless those rights are read out to the accused and further tocontend that the omission to read out those rights to the accused wouldresult in vitiating the trial and the conviction of the accused in thattrial is something entirely different . As we shall see presently, theobligation to provide legal aid to the accused as soon as he is broughtbefore the magistrate is very much part of our criminal law procedure, butfor reasons very different from the Miranda rule, aimed at protecting theaccused against self-incrimination. And to say that any failure to providelegal aid to the accused at the beginning, or before his confession isrecorded under Section 164 CrPC, would inevitably render the trial illegalis stretching the point to unacceptable extremes.

465. What seems to be overlooked in Mr. Ramachandran’s submission is thatthe law of the POTA is a major departure from the common criminal lawprocess in this country. One can almost call the POTA and a few other Actsof its ilk as exceptions to the general rule. Now, in the severe frameworkof the POTA, certain constitutional safeguards are built into Section 32,and to some extent in Section 52, of the Act. But the mainstream criminallaw procedure in India, which is governed by the CrPC and the IndianEvidence Act, has a fundamentally different and far more liberal framework,in which the rights of the individual are protected, in a better and moreeffective manner, in different ways. It is, therefore, wrong to argue thatwhat is said in context of the POTA should also apply to the mainstreamcriminal law procedure.

466. We are also not impressed by Mr. Ramachandran’s submission thatproviding a lawyer at the stage of trial would provide only incompleteprotection to the accused because, in case the accused had already made aconfession under Section 164 CrPC, the lawyer would be faced with a faitaccompli and would be defending the accused with his hands tied.

467. The object of the criminal law process is to find out the truth andnot to shield the accused from the consequences of his wrongdoing. Adefense lawyer has to conduct the trial on the basis of the materialslawfully collected in the course of investigation. The test to judge theConstitutional and legal acceptability of a confession recorded underSection 164 CrPC is not whether the accused would have made the statementhad he been sufficiently scared by the lawyer regarding the consequences of the confession. The true test is whether or not the confession isvoluntary. If a doubt is created regarding the voluntariness of theconfession, notwithstanding the safeguards stipulated in Section 164 it hasto be trashed; but if a confession is established as voluntary it must betaken into account, not only constitutionally and legally but also morally.

468. In light of the above discussion, we are in agreement with thesubmissions of Mr. Subramanium as formulated in paragraphs II and III ofhis summing up. We accept that the right against self-incrimination underArticle 20(3) does not exclude any voluntary statements made in exercise offree will and volition. We also accept that the right against self-incrimination under Article 20(3) is fully incorporated in the provisionsof the CrPC (Sections 161, 162, 163 and 164) and the Evidence Act, 1872, asmanifestations of enforceable due process, and thus compliance with thesestatutory provisions is also equal compliance with the Constitutionalguarantees.

469. But on the issue of the right of the suspect or the accused to berepresented by a lawyer, we find Mr. Subramanium’s submissions equallyunacceptable. Mr. Subramanium contends that Article 22(1) merely allows anarrested person to consult a legal practitioner of his choice and the rightto be defended by a legal practitioner crystallizes only at the stage ofcommencement of the trial in terms of Section 304 of the CrPC. We feelthat such a view is quite incorrect and insupportable for two reasons.First, such a view is based on an unreasonably restricted construction of the Constitutional and statutory provisions; and second, it overlooks thesocio-economic realities of the country.

470. Article 22(1) was part of the Constitution as it came into force onJanuary 26, 1950. The Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 (Act 2 of 1974), thatsubstituted the earlier Code of 1898, came into force on April 1, 1974.The CrPC, as correctly explained by Mr. Subramanium in his submissions,incorporated the Constitutional provisions regarding the protection of theaccused against self-accusation. The CrPC also had a provision in Section304 regarding access to a lawyer, to which Mr. Subramanium alluded insupport of his submission that the right to be defended by a legalpractitioner would crystallize only on the commencement of the trial.

471. But the Constitution and the body of laws are not frozen in time.They comprise an organic structure developing and growing like a livingorganism. We cannot put it better than in the vibrant words of JusticeVivian Bose, who, dealing with the incipient Constitution in State of WestBengal v. Anwar Ali Sarkar[92] made the following observations:- “I find it impossible to read these portions of the Constitution without regard to the background out of which they arose. I cannot blot out their history and omit from consideration the brooding spirit of our times. They are not just dull, lifeless words static and hide-bound as in some mummified manuscript, but, living flames intended to give life to a great nation and order its being, tongues of dynamic fire, potent to mould the future as well as guide the present. The Constitution must, in my judgment, be left elastic enough to meet from time to time the altering conditions of a changing world with its shifting emphasis and differing needs. I feel therefore that in each case Judges must look straight into the heart of things and regard the facts of each case concretely much as a jury would do; and yet, not quite as a jury, for we are considering here a matter of law and not just one of fact: Do these ‘laws’ which have been called in question offend a still greater law before which even they must bow?”

472. In the more than four decades that have passed since, true to theexhortation of Justice Bose, the law, in order to serve the evolving needsof the Indian people, has made massive progress through Constitutionalamendments, legislative action and, not least, through the pronouncementsby this Court. Article 39-A came to be inserted in the Constitution by theConstitution (42nd Amendment Act, 1976) with effect from 3.1.1977 as partof the ‘Directive Principles of the State Policy’. The Article reads asunder:- “Article 39-A. Equal justice and free legal aid: The State shall secure that the operation of the legal system promotes justice, on a basis of equal opportunity, and shall, in particular, provide free legal aid, by suitable legislation or schemes or in any other way, to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of economic or other disabilities.

473. “473. In furtherance to the ideal of Article 39-A, Parliament enacted theLegal Services Authorities Act, 1987, that came into force from 9.11.1995.The Statement of Objects and Reasons of the Act, insofar as relevant forthe present, reads as under:- “Article 39A of the Constitution provides that the State shall secure that the operation of the legal system promotes justice on a basis of equal opportunity, and shall, in particular, provide free legal aid, by suitable legislation or schemes or in any other way, to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of economic or other disabilities. (Emphasis Added)

474. Sections 12 and 13 in Chapter IV of the Act deal with entitlement tolegal services, and provide for legal services under the Act to a verylarge class of people, including members of Scheduled Castes and ScheduledTribes, women and children and persons in receipt of annual income lessthan Rupees nine thousand (Rs 9,000/-) if the case is before a court otherthan the Supreme Court, and less than Rupees twelve thousand (Rs 12,000) ifthe case is before the Supreme Court. As regards income, an affidavit madeby the concerned person would be regarded as sufficient to make himeligible for entitlement to legal services under the Act. In the pastseventeen (17) years since the Act came into force, the programme of legalaid had assumed the proportions of a national movement.

475. All this development clearly indicates the direction in which the lawrelating to access to lawyers/legal aid has developed and continues todevelop. It is now rather late in the day to contend that Article 22(1) ismerely an enabling provision and that the right to be defended by a legalpractitioner comes into force only on the commencement of trial as providedunder Section 304 of the CrPC.

476. And this leads us to the second ground for not accepting Mr.Subramanium’s submission on this issue. Mr. Subramanium is quite right andwe are one with him in holding that the provisions of the CrPC and theEvidence Act fully incorporate the Constitutional guarantees, and that thestatutory framework for the criminal process in India affords the fullestprotection to personal liberty and dignity of an individual. We find noflaws in the provisions in the statutes books, but the devil lurks in thefaithful application and enforcement of those provisions. It is commonknowledge, of which we take judicial notice, that there is a great hiatusbetween what the law stipulates and the realities on the ground in theenforcement of the law. The abuses of the provisions of the CrPC areperhaps the most subversive of the right to life and personal liberty, themost precious right under the Constitution, and the human rights of anindividual. Access to a lawyer is, therefore, imperative to ensurecompliance with statutory provisions, which are of high standards inthemselves and which, if duly complied with, will leave no room for anyviolation of Constitutional provisions or human rights abuses.

477. In any case, we find that the issue stands settled long ago and is nolonger open to a debate. More than three decades ago, in Hussainara Khatoon(IV) v. Home Secretary, State of Bihar[93], this Court referring to Article39-A, then newly added to the Constitution, said that the articleemphasised that free legal aid was an unalienable element of a “reasonable,fair and just” procedure, for without it a person suffering from economicor other disabilities would be deprived from securing justice. In paragraph7 of the judgment the Court observed and directed as under: “The right to free legal services is, therefore, clearly an essential ingredient of “reasonable, fair and just”, procedure for a person accused of an offence and it must be held implicit in the guarantee of Article 21. This is a constitutional right of every accused person who is unable to engage a lawyer and secure legal services on account of reasons such as poverty, indigence or incommunicado situation and the State is under a mandate to provide a lawyer to an accused person if the circumstances of the case and the needs of justice so require, provided of course the accused person does not object to the provision of such lawyer. We would, therefore, direct that on the next remand dates, when the under-trial prisoners, charged with bailable offences, are produced before the Magistrates, the State Government should provide them a lawyer at its own cost for the purpose of making an application for bail, provided that no objection is raised to such lawyer on behalf of such under-trial prisoners and if any application for bail is made, the Magistrates should dispose of the same in accordance with the broad outlines set out by us in our judgment dated February 12, 1979. The State Government will report to the High Court of Patna its compliance with this direction within a period of six weeks from today.

478. “478. Two years later, in Khatri (II) relating to the infamous case ofblinding of prisoners in Bihar, this Court reiterated that the right tofree legal aid is an essential ingredient of due process, which is implicitin the guarantee of Article 21 of the Constitution. In paragraph 5 of thejudgment, the Court said: “This Court has pointed out in Hussainara Khatoon (IV) case[94] which was decided as far back as March 9, 1979 that the right to free legal services is clearly an essential ingredient of reasonable, fair and just procedure for a person accused of an offence and it must be held implicit in the guarantee of Article 21 and the State is under a constitutional mandate to provide a lawyer to an accused person if the circumstances of the case and the needs of justice so require, provided of course the accused person does not object to the provision of such lawyer.

479. “479. Then, brushing aside the plea of financial constraint in providinglegal aid to an indigent, the Court went on to say: “Moreover, this constitutional obligation to provide free legal services to an indigent accused does not arise only when the trial commences but also attaches when the accused is for the first time produced before the magistrate. It is elementary that the jeopardy to his personal liberty arises as soon as a person is arrested and produced before a magistrate, for it is at that stage that he gets the first opportunity to apply for bail and obtain his release as also to resist remand to police or jail custody. That is the stage at which an accused person needs competent legal advice and representation and no procedure can be said to be reasonable, fair and just which denies legal advice and representation to him at this stage. We must, therefore, hold that the State is under a constitutional obligation to provide free legal services to an indigent accused not only at the stage of trial but also at the stage when he is first produced before the magistrate as also when he is remanded from time to time.

480. “480. In paragraph 6 of the judgment, this Court further said: “But even this right to free legal services would be illusory for an indigent accused unless the Magistrate or the Sessions Judge before whom he is produced informs him of such right. The Magistrate or the Sessions Judge before whom the accused appears must be held to be under an obligation to inform the accused that if he is unable to engage the services of a lawyer on account of poverty or indigence, he is entitled to obtain free legal services at the cost of the State. We would, therefore, direct the Magistrates and Sessions Judges in the country to inform every accused who appears before them and who is not represented by a lawyer on account of his poverty or indigence that he is entitled to free legal services at the cost of the State. Unless he is not willing to take advantage of the free legal services provided by the State, he must be provided legal representation at the cost of the State” (Emphasis Added)

481. The resounding words of the Court in Khatri (II) are equally, if notmore, relevant today than when they were first pronounced. In Khatri (II)the Court also alluded to the reasons for the urgent need of the accused toaccess a lawyer, these being the indigence and illiteracy of the vastmajority of Indians accused of crimes.

482. As noted in Khatri (II) as far back as in 1981, a person arrestedneeds a lawyer at the stage of his first production before the magistrate,to resist remand to police or jail custody and to apply for bail. He wouldneed a lawyer when the chargesheet is submitted and the magistrate applieshis mind to the chargesheet with a view to determine the future course ofproceedings. He would need a lawyer at the stage of framing of chargesagainst him and he would, of course, need a lawyer to defend him in trial.

483. To deal with one terrorist, we cannot take away the right given tothe indigent and under-privileged people of this country by this Courtthirty one (31) years ago.

484. We, therefore, have no hesitation in holding that the right to accessto legal aid, to consult and to be defended by a legal practitioner, ariseswhen a person arrested in connection with a cognizable offence is firstproduced before a magistrate. We, accordingly, hold that it is the duty andobligation of the magistrate before whom a person accused of committing acognizable offence is first produced to make him fully aware that it is hisright to consult and be defended by a legal practitioner and, in case hehas no means to engage a lawyer of his choice, that one would be providedto him from legal aid at the expense of the State. The right flows fromArticles 21 and 22(1) of the Constitution and needs to be strictlyenforced. We, accordingly, direct all the magistrates in the country tofaithfully discharge the aforesaid duty and obligation and further make itclear that any failure to fully discharge the duty would amount todereliction in duty and would make the concerned magistrate liable todepartmental proceedings.

485. It needs to be clarified here that the right to consult and bedefended by a legal practitioner is not to be construed as sanctioning orpermitting the presence of a lawyer during police interrogation. Accordingto our system of law, the role of a lawyer is mainly focused on courtproceedings. The accused would need a lawyer to resist remand to police orjudicial custody and for granting of bail; to clearly explain to him thelegal consequences in case he intended to make a confessional statement interms of Section 164 CrPC; to represent him when the court examines thechargesheet submitted by the police and decides upon the future course ofproceedings and at the stage of the framing of charges; and beyond that, ofcourse, for the trial. It is thus to be seen that the right to access to alawyer in this country is not based on the Miranda principles, asprotection against self-incrimination, for which there are more thanadequate safeguards in Indian laws. The right to access to a lawyer is forvery Indian reasons; it flows from the provisions of the Constitution and the statutes, and is only intended to ensure that those provisions arefaithfully adhered to in practice.

486. At this stage the question arises, what would be the legalconsequence of failure to provide legal aid to an indigent who is not in aposition, on account of indigence or any other similar reasons, to engage alawyer of his own choice?

487. Every accused unrepresented by a lawyer has to be provided a lawyerat the commencement of the trial, engaged to represent him during theentire course of the trial. Even if the accused does not ask for a lawyeror he remains silent, it is the Constitutional duty of the court to providehim with a lawyer before commencing the trial. Unless the accusedvoluntarily makes an informed decision and tells the court, in clear andunambiguous words, that he does not want the assistance of any lawyer andwould rather defend himself personally, the obligation to provide him witha lawyer at the commencement of the trial is absolute, and failure to do sowould vitiate the trial and the resultant conviction and sentence, if any,given to the accused (see Suk Das v. UT of Arunachal Pradesh[95]).

488. But the failure to provide a lawyer to the accused at the pre-trialstage may not have the same consequence of vitiating the trial. It may haveother consequences like making the delinquent magistrate liable todisciplinary proceedings, or giving the accused a right to claimcompensation against the State for failing to provide him legal aid. But itwould not vitiate the trial unless it is shown that failure to providelegal assistance at the pre-trial stage had resulted in some materialprejudice to the accused in the course of the trial. That would have to bejudged on the facts of each case.

489. Having thus enunciated the legal position, we may examine the factsof the appellant’s case. As noted in the earlier part of the judgment(under the marginal heading “Kuber”), the appellant was arrested by Marde(PW-48) at DCB-CID, Unit III, on November 27, 2008, at 10.45PM. At the timeof his arrest the appellant stated that he was a Pakistani national and hedid not have any friend or relative in India. Marde, accordingly, made anote in “the Record of Formalities to be Followed at the time ofArrest”[96] that intimation of his arrest could not be given to anyone inIndia but information about his relatives was being procured for givingintimation to them (in Pakistan). He added that information about hisarrest was duly given to the Crime Branch, the Control Room and thesuperior officers. He also noted in the Arrest Panchnama that the appellantbelonged to an economically weaker section, with an annual income of underRupees twenty thousand (Rs.20,000/-) per annum. What is importantfor the present, however, is the note in “the Record of Formalities”that the appellant refused the offer of legal aid made to him.

490. We were also shown an undated letter written by the appellant to thePakistani Consulate/High Commission (“Pakistani Wakalat”), New Delhi. Theletter is in broken Urdu and is written in half-literate handwriting. Theappellant handed over the letter to Marde on December 10, 2008. Mardepassed the letter to his superiors, and the ACP (Crime), Mumbai, forwardedit to the Joint Secretary (Foreigners), Ministry of Home Affairs,Government of India, on December 11, 2008, with a request to arrangeConsular access for the appellant. In this letter, the appellant assertshis Pakistani identity and nationality, and states that after havingreceived armed training at different places in Pakistan, he and hisassociates made an attack on India. In the exchange of firing with thepolice, Ismail was killed and he received gun-shot injuries. He requestedlegal aid and asked that the Pakistani authorities should make arrangementsto take the dead body of Ismail to his home. He signed the letter as “YoursPatriotic” (“Aapka Watan Parast”) Mohammad Ajmal.

491. Further, on December 26, 2008, on being produced before theAdditional Chief Metropolitan Magistrate, he handed a similar letter,written by him in Urdu, to the magistrate. In this letter, he once againasserted his Pakistani identity and nationality, and requested a Pakistanilawyer. In this letter, he clearly said that he did not want any Indianlawyer for his defence. He also said that he had already written a letterto the Pakistani Consulate/High Commission, requesting a lawyer, but hefailed to get any reply from there. He requested the magistrate to make arequest on his behalf to the Pakistani Consulate/High Commission forproviding him legal aid. On that date, the court remanded him tomagisterial custody for the purposes of an identification parade, recordingin the order sheet that the appellant had requested a Pakistani lawyer. OnDecember 29, 2008, the Additional Chief Metropolitan Magistrate 37th Court,Esplanade, Mumbai, took the rather unusual step of directly forwarding theappellant’s letter to the “Hon’ble Ambassador, Pakistan”, with a coveringletter under his seal and signature. Unfortunately for the appellant, thecountry of his nationality was in a mode of complete denial at that stage,and there does not seem to be even an acknowledgement of his lettersrequesting a Pakistani lawyer. On February 17, 2009, the appellant wasproduced before the Additional Chief Metropolitan Magistrate for recordinghis confession under Section 164 of the CrPC, and we have already seen ingreat detail the proceedings of the next four dates till February 21, 2009.On February 25, 2009, a chargesheet was submitted in the case, and on March23, 2009, the appellant was produced before the Sessions Court throughelectronic video linkage for the first time. He then made a request to begiven a lawyer at the expense of the State. On March 30, 2009, the courtappointed Ms. Anjali Waghmare to represent the appellant from the panel oflawyers maintained by the court. Moreover, since the appellant was chargedwith offences carrying the death penalty, under legal-aid rules he wasentitled to be defended by a senior lawyer assisted by a junior. The court,therefore, appointed Mr. Pawar as the junior counsel to represent theappellant on April 1, 2009. At this stage, one Kaikhushru Lam, who had beenclamouring for some time to be allowed to represent Kasab, filed a petitionagainst the appointment of Ms. Anjali Waghmare, stating that she wasrepresenting a victim of the terrorist attack and a potential witness inthe trial for compensation for the victim, in a separate civil proceeding.When this fact came to light, the trial judge revoked the appointment ofMs. Anjali Waghmare by a reasoned order passed on April 15, 2009, observingthat there was a possibility of conflict of interests. Then, after carefulconsideration and consultations with a number of senior advocates, thecourt finally chose Mr. Abbas Kazmi, advocate, to represent the appellant.The court selected Mr. Kazmi in consultation with the President of the Bar,and taking into account the magnitude of the case and the competence andexperience of Mr. Kazmi. Mr.Kazmi was then provided a chamber on the firstfloor of the court building and was given all the facilities to conduct thecase properly and without any difficulty (including round-the-clock armedsecurity!).

492. On April 17, 2009, the confession of the appellant recorded by theJudicial Magistrate was opened before the court and copies were given tothe Special Public Prosecutor and Mr. Kazmi. On that very day, Mr. Kazmisubmitted an application (Exhibit 18) stating that the appellant retractedfrom the confession recorded before the magistrate. On the same day, theprosecution opened its case. It is another matter that, towards the end of the trial, Mr. Kazmi picked repeated quarrels with the court. From theorders passed by the court in that regard, it is clear that Mr. Kazmi wasbent upon delaying the trial proceedings and was raising groundlessobjections at every step, trying to make it impossible for the court toproceed with the trial. As a result, the court was eventually forced toremove Mr. Kazmi from the trial. Mr. Kazmi challenged the court’s orderremoving him from the trial before the High Court, but the High Courtaffirmed the order of the trial court. It may be noted here that even Mr.Ramachandran did not find any fault with the decision of the court toremove Mr. Kazmi from the court proceedings. From that stage, the appellantwas represented by Mr. Pawar, who seems to have handled the case as well asanyone could have done in face of the evidence against the appellant.

493. On the basis of the appellant’s two letters in which he sought thehelp of the Pakistani Consulate/High Commission to provide him with aPakistani lawyer, Mr. Ramachandran submitted that it is clear that theappellant wanted a lawyer but he wanted a lawyer who should be Pakistani.He contended that it was, therefore, the duty of the court either to makearrangements for him to be represented by a Pakistani lawyer or to tell himclearly that his request could not be acceded to, but that under theConstitution of India he had the right to be defended by a lawyer and, incase he so wished, he would be given adequate legal representation. Heargued that apart from the Constitutional and legal principles, the rulesof natural justice demanded that the appellant be so informed.

494. We feel that Mr. Ramachandran is taking the matter to unacceptableextremes. It is seen above that the appellant was offered a lawyer at thetime of his arrest by the police officer making the arrest. He declined theoffer. He then wrote a letter to the Pakistani High Commission asking to beprovided with a lawyer. He made a similar request in a second letter thatwas handed over to the Additional Chief Metropolitan Magistrate. In thesecond letter, there is an assertion that he did not want to be representedby an Indian lawyer. It is thus clear that, in his mind, the appellant wasstill at war with India, and he had no use for a lawyer from the enemycountry. Moreover, the negative assertion that he did not want an Indianlawyer itself implies that he had received offers of legal counsel. Butthose offers were not acceptable to him.

495. The appellant’s refusal to accept the services of an Indian lawyerand his demand for a lawyer from his country cannot be anything but his ownindependent decision. The demand for a Pakistani lawyer in thosecircumstances, and especially when Pakistan was denying that the appellantwas even a Pakistani citizen, might have been impractical, even foolish,but the man certainly did not need any advice from an Indian court orauthority as to his rights under the Indian Constitution. He was actingquite independently and, in his mind, he was a “patriotic” Pakistani at warwith this country.

496. On March 23, 2009, the appellant finally asked for a lawyer,apparently convinced by then that no help would come from Pakistan oranywhere else. He was then immediately provided with a set of two lawyers.

497. In the aforesaid facts we are firmly of the view that there is noquestion of any violation of any of the rights of the appellant under theIndian Constitution. He was offered the services of a lawyer at the time ofhis arrest and at all relevant stages in the proceedings. We are also clearin our view that the absence of a lawyer at the pre-trial stage was notonly as per the wishes of the appellant himself, but that this absence alsodid not cause him any prejudice in the trial.Too little time allowed to the lawyer for preparation:

498. Mr. Ramachandran submitted that after Mr. Kazmi was appointed by thecourt to represent the appellant, he filed an application on April 21,2009, requesting for grant of four weeks’ time to prepare a reply to thesubmissions made by the Special PP under Section 226 CrPC. His applicationwas only partly allowed and he was given only eight days’ time, till May 2,2009, to prepare a reply to the address of the Special PP. On that date,Mr. Kazmi submitted an application raising the issue of the juvenility of the appellant, which was rejected by the court after it held an enquiryinto the matter. Mr. Ramachandran submitted that the time of eight daysgiven by the trial court to the court-appointed lawyer was unreasonablyshort, considering that Mr. Kazmi had made a reasonable request for fourweeks’ time. The learned Counsel submitted that justice is not only to bedone but also to be seen to be done, and the short time granted to thedefence counsel fell foul of this principle and thus affected fair trial.He pointed out that while appointing Mr. Kazmi the court itself recognizedthat he was a lawyer of some standard and would be required to adjust hisother commitments. Mr. Ramachandran, therefore, submitted that the trialprocedure was also vitiated and that it cannot be said to be just, fair andreasonable because of the denial of sufficient time to the defence lawyerto prepare his case.

499. In support of the submission, Mr. Ramachandran relied upon anunreported decision of this Court in Owais Alam v. State of U.P.[97], inwhich this Court observed that an Amicus may feel hesitation in asking fortime but the court itself must allow adequate time to him for preparing thecase. He also relied upon the decision of this Court in Bashira v. Stateof U.P.[98]. In that case, the court had proceeded with the trial on thesame day on which it appointed the Amicus to represent the accused. ThisCourt held that the defence was not given sufficient time and, accordingly,set aside the judgments of the courts below and remanded the case for re-trial. Mr. Ramachandran relied upon yet another decision of this Court inRanchod Mathur Wasawa v. State of Gujarat[99]. In this case, though thisCourt held that sufficient time was given to the counsel representing theaccused, it observed that the courts should adopt a sensitive approach tosee that the accused felt confident that the counsel chosen for him by thecourt has had adequate time and material to defend him properly.

500. Mr. Kazmi was appointed to represent the appellant on April 16, 2009,and he made an application for time on April 21, 2009. The court allowedhim eight (8) days’ time, which cannot be said to be unreasonable. It istrue that during those eight (8) days some very brief hearings were held on2-3 days on the issue of the juvenility of the appellant. But that does notmean that the counsel for the appellant was not given sufficient time toprepare for the case.

501. Mr. Subramanium gave us a chart showing not only the day-to-daydevelopments in the trial but also giving details of the hours of thecourt proceedings on each day, and from this chart we are satisfied thatMr. Kazmi was allowed ample time for preparation.

502. It would be pertinent to note here that Mr. Kazmi himself nevercomplained about not being given sufficient time. We may further note that,from the record of proceedings of the trial court, Mr. Kazmi does notappear to be the non-complaining type, one who would suffer silently ortake things lying down. In the later stages of the trial, Mr. Kazmi raisedall kinds of objections and left no opportunity to noisily protest againstthe procedural decisions of the trial court, yet he never complained thathe was given insufficient time for preparation.

503. We further find that, in the course of the trial, when Mr. Kazmirequested for adjournment for cross-examination of some importantwitnesses, the court accommodated him on most occasions. We are, therefore,unable to agree with Mr. Ramachandran that the defence was not allowedsufficient time for preparation of the case and that denial of sufficienttime vitiated the trial.II. The charges not established

504. Mr. Ramachandran feebly submitted that the evidence adduced by theprosecution did not fully establish all the charges against the appellant.But finding us not inclined to even listen to this he moved on to his othersubmissions trying to chip away at the prosecution case in different ways.III. Confession Not Voluntary and Liable to be Eschewed from Consideration

505. Mr. Raju Ramachandran submitted that the confession by the appellantwas not voluntary but that it was a tutored statement to suit theprosecution’s case. The very language, tone and tenor of the confessionshowed that it was not voluntary in nature. There were many indicators inthe confession itself showing that it was made at the instance of theinvestigating agency. Mr. Ramachandran submitted that the confession wasinordinately long and it was full of unnecessary details that werecompletely out of place, as those had no connection or relevance to theoffences in regard to which the confession was being made. The learnedCounsel pointed out that the confession started by giving the address of the village where the appellant was born and where he spent his childhood.The appellant then gave the names of his parents and the mobile phonenumber of his father; the names of his younger siblings who lived with hisparents and those of his elder brother and sister who were married andlived at different places, along with their addresses. After the names of the immediate family, he went on to give the names and addresses of hisuncles and aunts and cousins, both on the paternal and maternal sides.Those were people whom the appellant had left long before joining theLashkar-e-Toiba and taking on the mantel of a Jihadi. Mr. Ramachandransubmitted that there was no reason to mention all of them in a confessionregarding the terrorist attack on Mumbai. He further pointed out that theappellant seems to exhibit a phenomenal memory in the confessionalstatement, naming a large number of persons with their aliases and theirhome towns, with street names as well as the names given to them by theJihadi group, along with the Hindu names assigned to them for the purposeof the attack on Mumbai. In regard to his visits to the different officesof the Lashkar-e-Toiba at different places, the appellant would mention notonly the mode of transport but also the time taken in travelling from oneplace to another. He would give the name of the person whom he met at thegate of the office and then of the person whom he met inside the office. Hewould say what was written on the slips of paper given by one office whilesending him to the other office or training camp. According to Mr.Ramachandran, all those details were quite unnecessary in a confession anda person making a confession with regard to the Mumbai attack wouldnormally not go into all those particulars on his own unless prompted bysome external agency.

506. He further submitted that the confession as recorded by themagistrate was too tightly organized, well-structured and properlysequenced to be the true and honest narrative of the appellant, who wasmerely a semi-literate rustic. The confession started with the childhooddays of the appellant at his village Faridkot, tehsil Dipalpur, districtOkara, Punjab Province, Pakistan, and ended with his arrest at VinoliChowpaty in Mumbai, and all the intervening circumstances were detailed oneafter the other in a highly structured and properly sequenced manner. Hesubmitted that a person of the appellant’s education, when making an oralconfessional statement, was bound to slightly ramble and many parts in thenarrative would be out of sequence, but that was not so in the appellant’sconfessional statement as produced before the court.

507. Mr. Ramachandran next pointed out that there were certain wordsoccurring in the confessional statement which could not possibly have beenused by the appellant and which show that the confessional statement wasnot in his own words. For instance, he referred to the record ofproceedings dated February 18, 2009, before the learned magistrate, Mrs.Sawant-Wagule (PW-218), who recorded his confessional statement. Themagistrate asked (vide question number 14) him the offence about which hewanted to make a confessional statement. In reply, the appellant is shownto have said that he wanted to make the confessional statement inconnection with the Fidayeen attack on Bombay by him along with hisassociates on November 26, 2008, as well as the “Sahzish” behind theattack. Mr. Ramachandran said that “Sahzish” is an Urdu word which would beroughly translated into English as “conspiracy” but that it has negativeconnotations. To the appellant, the preparation and the training forlaunching the attack on India were a patriotic duty and not “Sahzish”. Healso referred to the passage in the confession about the training camp atMuzzaffarabad. In the confessional statement the appellant is shown tohave described Muzaffarabad as being situated in “POK”. Mr. Ramachandransubmitted that for the appellant, unlike for an Indian, this region was not”POK” (Pakistan Occupied Kashmir) but rather it was “Azad Kashmir”, andcontended that the appellant could not have used the words “Sahzish” or”POK” and several other similar words that occur in his confessionalstatement.

508. Mr. Ramachandran further submitted that operations of the kind inwhich the appellant was involved work strictly on a “need to know basis”,such that individual operatives are given information limited to what isessential for execution of the role assigned to them. This is for theirown safety and for the safety of the larger group, as also for the successof the conspiracy. But in this case it would appear that, in the course ofhis training, the appellant was being freely introduced to all and sundryin the organization and was also told about their respective positions inthe hierarchy of the organization and their special skills. As an instance,Mr. Ramachandran referred to the passage in the confessional statementwhere the appellant is taken to the media room of the organization and Kafatells him about Zarar Shah being the head of the media wing of theorganization.

509. Mr. Ramachandran pointed out that the appellant describes a number ofevents in the course of his training in Pakistan in the minutest detail. Henot only recalls what someone said at that time but actually reproduceslong statements made by someone else in direct speech, which is recorded bythe magistrate within inverted commas. The learned Counsel submitted thatthis feature of the confessional statement was itself sufficient todiscredit it.

510. He further pointed out that, at several places, in course of somediscussion in a group, the appellant asks a question to elicit an answerthat would fit exactly into the prosecution’s case. Mr. Ramachandransubmitted that, if viewed objectively, those parts of the confession wouldappear quite out of place and contrived. He also referred to some otherpassages in the confessional statement, like the one where the members of the terrorist squad are told that the SIM cards for their mobile phoneswere procured from India by fooling some people there, and characterisedthese passages as quite contrived and out of place.

511. Mr. Ramachandran further submitted that the introduction of Fahim andSabauddin (accused 2 and 3) with the maps allegedly prepared by them, inthe confessional statement, was clearly fabricated. He said that the othertwo accused were mentioned in the confession at three places and at eachplace the reference appeared to be more incongruous than at the other.

512. Mr. Ramachandran submitted that, beginning from the Kuber right up tohis being taken into custody at Vinoli Chowpaty, the appellant seems to benarrating events so as to confirm all the findings of the investigation.Mr. Ramachandran referred to the passage where Abu Ismail and the appellantproceed in the Skoda car, having snatched the vehicle from its owner at gun-point. At this point, the appellant asks Abu Ismail where they are goingand Abu Ismail vaguely replies that they are going to Malabar Hill and, onbeing asked again, tells the appellant that he would tell him the exactdestination only after reaching Malabar Hill. And then, as they passthrough the road by the sea, the appellant recalls that this was the sameroad as was shown in the maps prepared by the other two accused, as goingtowards Malabar Hill. Mr. Ramachandran said that if Malabar Hill wasactually the area they were headed for, it is impossible to believe that hewould not know their exact target there, or that Abu Ismail would hold itback from him till they reached there. The learned Counsel contended thatthe whole passage was clearly an untrue insertion for filling up the blanksin the prosecution case.

513. Mr. Ramachandran also referred to two other passages in theconfession, one relating to the terrorists’ encounter with two persons asthey came ashore at Badhwar Park, and the other regarding the appellant’splanting of an RDX bomb in the taxi by which the appellant and Abu Ismailcame to CST. Mr. Ramachandran submitted that the first passage was intendedto prop up the evidence of Bharat Dattatrya Tamore (PW-28), who was just achance witness and whose credibility was otherwise wholly unsupported; and the other passage was to foist the killings in the taxi blast at Vile Parleon the appellant, for which also there was otherwise no evidence.

514. Mr. Ramachandran further submitted that the appellant had wanted tomake a confession as soon as he was apprehended (see his answer to questionno. 9 by the magistrate in the record of proceedings dated February 18,2009, before Mrs. Sawant-Wagule, PW-218). Even Ramesh Padmanabh Mahale, theChief Investigating Officer (PW-607), said in his deposition in court thathe realised in the first week of December 2008 that the appellant waswilling to give a confession before a magistrate (vide Paragraph 25 of hisdeposition before the court). And yet, he was brought before the magistratefor making the confession as late as February 17, 2009. That the appellantwas produced before the magistrate only after the investigation wascomplete is evident from the fact that the recording of the confession wascompleted on February 21, 2009, and the chargesheet was filed on February25, 2009. Mr. Ramachandran submitted that after the investigation was over,the police wanted the appellant to confirm all the findings made in courseof the investigation and that the appellant was produced before themagistrate with that objective.

515. Mr. Ramachandran submitted that for the reasons pointed out by him,this Court should keep the appellant’s confessional statement completelyout of consideration. And if the confessional statement is put aside thenhis conviction, at least for the murder committed on the Kuber and thekillings in the Vile Parle taxi blast, cannot be sustained.

516. We have read the appellant’s confession a number of times in light ofits denunciation by Mr. Ramachandran as not being a voluntary statement.But we find it impossible to hold that the confession is not voluntary andis liable to be thrown out for that reason. Indeed, some of the criticismsby Mr. Ramachandran appear, at first sight, quite convincing, but a littlereflection would show that there is not much force in any of thosecriticisms. Before proceeding further, however, we may state that hiscensure regarding the mentions of the other two accused in the confessionalstatement is quite justified, and we too find the references to accused 2 and 3 at three (3) places in the confessional statement highlyunsatisfactory. We are also of the view that the reference to theirdestination being Malabar Hills when Abu Ismail and the appellant werecaught at Vinoli Chowpaty is equally vague, and that also is perhapsmentioned to establish a connection with the alleged maps prepared byaccused 2 and 3. But so far as the rest of the very detailed confession isconcerned, there is absolutely no reason to doubt that it was madevoluntarily and without any influence or duress from any external agency.

517. Taking Mr. Ramachandran’s criticisms one by one, the detailedreferences by the appellant to his parents and a larger number of hisrelatives, their addresses and the mobile phone numbers of some of them,and his references to the different places in Pakistan, appears to us to bedirected against the Pakistani authorities. It is the appellant’sassertion, made consciously or subconsciously, of his Pakistani identityand nationality. It is noted above that, shortly after his arrest, he hadsent two letters (one undated, handed over to Marde; the other datedDecember 26, 2008, and handed over to the Additional Chief MetropolitanMagistrate; both addressed to the Pakistani High Commission asking for aPakistani lawyer). Those two letters were not even acknowledged and, forall intents and purposes, he was disowned by the country to which hebelongs. Thus, in the statement that he made before the magistrate onFebruary 20, 2009, the appellant was making it clear that he was aPakistani by birth and by citizenship, and was making assertions that noone could deny.

518. Proceeding to the structure of the statement the sequence of eventsnarrated therein and the use of some words that prima facie seem unnaturalin his mouth. It needs to be kept in mind that the appellant was making thestatement after being in police custody for several months. The police, inthe course of countless sessions of interrogations, would have turned himinside out, and he would have earlier made the very same statements in thesame sequence before the police many a times. Under relentless policeinterrogations, he would have recalled the smallest details of his pastlife, specially relating to the preparation and training for the attack onMumbai. (The statements made before the police were not, however,admissible in evidence as being barred by the various provisions of theCrPC and the Evidence Act, as discussed in detail above.) But when theappellant went to the magistrate to make his confession, everything wouldbe completely fresh in his mind. He would also have unconsciously pickedup those words pointed out by Mr. Ramachandran from his interrogators, and these would have become part of his own vocabulary. We, therefore, findnothing surprising in his uttering words like “Sahzish” or “POK”.

519. As to his knowing the names of many people in Lashkar-e-Toiba, theirrespective positions in the hierarchy and their roles in the organization,again there is nothing unusual about it. It is to be noted that theappellant was not a mercenary hired for the operation. He was a highlycommitted and devoted member of the organization and, therefore, there isnothing strange or wrong in his coming to know many people in theorganization during the course of his training. Further, it is to be keptin mind that his being caught alive was not part of the plan of thehandlers. According to the plan, he, like the other nine terrorists in theteam, was supposed to die in the course of the attack, and with his deatheverything would have remained unknown.[100] It was only thanks to thefact of his being caught alive (which, as the phone transcripts indicate,made his handlers quite anxious) that the Indian authorities were able tolearn the names of the other people in the organization, their specificroles and their positions in the organization. As to the recording ofcertain statements within quotes by the learned magistrate, that is only amanner of how the appellant spoke. The appellant would say a long sentenceand then add that this was what so-and-so said. The magistrate would thenrecord the statement within inverted commas even though the sentences wouldbe made by the appellant himself, paraphrasing the words of others.Further, to say that the confessional statement was intended to confirm thefindings of the police investigation is actually to blame the police for anexcellent investigation. If the confessional statement confirms thefindings of the investigation that should go to the credit of theinvestigation, and it cannot be said that the confessional statement wasrecorded to confirm the police investigation.

520. Finally, the production of the accused before the magistrate onFebruary 17, 2009, even though he had expressed his willingness to make theconfessional statement in early December, 2008, is equally legitimate andunderstandable. The police could not afford to lose custody of theappellant at that stage, as it was essential in connection with theirinvestigation, which was still incomplete to a very large extent at thattime. Once the appellant was produced for recording of the confession underSection 164 of the CrPC, the law ordained the magistrate to send him tojudicial custody and not back on police remand. In those circumstances,the police was fully justified in producing the appellant for confessiononly after completing its own investigation, when it no longer needed theappellant in its custody.

521. Leaving aside Mr. Ramachandran’s criticisms, the proof of thevoluntariness and the truthfulness of the confessional statement comesdirectly from the appellant’s own statements. It is noted in the earlierpart of the judgment that, on February 18, 2009, when the appellant wasbrought before the magistrate, she asked him when he first felt like makinga confession, to which he had replied that the thought of making theconfession came to him when he was arrested by the police; he then addedthat he had absolutely no regret for whatever he had done. At another stagein the proceedings, the magistrate once again asked why he wished to makethe confessional statement, to which he replied that he wanted to set anexample for others to follow and to become Fidayeen like him. It is thusclear that he was not making a confessional statement from any position ofweakness or resignation, or out of remorse. He was a hero in his own eyes,and in those circumstances it is not possible to hold that the confessionwas not voluntary. It may further be noted that, though Mr. Ramachandranquestioned the voluntariness of the confession, he did not say that thestatements made therein were untrue in any manner.

522. It needs to be noted here that, in the course of the trial, afterfifty-eight (58) prosecution witnesses had been examined and the nextwitness, Police Sub-Inspector Chavan was about to enter the witness box onJuly 20, 2009, the appellant in the dock expressed a desire to have a wordwith his Counsel. After a brief consultation that lasted for about half aminute, Mr. Kazmi informed the court that the appellant wanted to saysomething to the court directly. On being asked to speak by the court, theappellant said that he was accepting his guilt. The Special PublicProsecutor objected to entertaining any plea of guilty at that stage, onthe grounds that the stage of Section 229 CrPC was already over. Thecourt, however, rightly overruling the objection, allowed the appellant tomake a statement, which was recorded after giving him due caution.

523. This is once again a long statement but it does not have theorganized structure that Mr. Ramachandran pointed out in respect of theconfessional statement recorded by the magistrate. In his statement beforethe court the appellant began the story from CST station, where both he andAbu Ismail fired from AK-47 rifles and Abu Ismail threw hand grenades at acrowd of passengers. Starting from CST he went up to Vinoli Chowpaty, wherehe and Abu Ismail were finally caught. From there, he went back to thepoint when they had started their sea journey from Karachi for Mumbai,recounting their journey first on the small boat, then on the largervessels Al-Hussaini and Kuber, until he came to the landing at Badhwar Parkon the inflatable rubber boat. He then went back again to the variouskinds of trainings that he had received at different places in Pakistan.However, what is of importance is that, though structurally andsequentially the statement made in the court is completely different fromthe confessional statement made before the magistrate, it has broadly thesame contents. It is true that in the confessional statement he presentshimself as the central figure in almost all the episodes while in thestatement before the court he appears to be perceptibly retreating to thebackground. The lead role in and the overt acts are attributed to othersrather than to himself. In all the offences that he committed in Mumbaialong with Abu Ismail, it is now the latter who is in the lead and hehimself is simply following behind him. The killing of Amarchand Solanki onthe boat Kuber that he owned up to almost with pride before the magistrateis now assigned to Abu Soheb with Kasab not even present in the engineroom. Significantly, however, as regards his joining of Lashkar-e-Toiba,the formation of the conspiracy, the preparation and training for theattack on Mumbai, as well as the identities of the men in the organisation,there is hardly any omission in the appellant’s statement made in thecourt.

524. Further, in the statement to the court, though there is mention of the hand-prepared maps, there is no mention of their source. There is noreference to Fahim and Sabauddin (accused nos. 2 and 3) as the maker and the deliverer (respectively) of those maps.

525. In the appellant’s statement before the court there is no referenceat all to his family but the reason for this is not far to seek. Inparagraph 40 of the statement recorded by the court the appellant said asfollows: “I wanted to confess the offence. Since Pakistan had been disowning, I was not confessing. I have now learnt that Pakistan has accepted that I am Pakistani National and that they are ready to prosecute the offenders. Therefore, I am voluntarily confessing to the charges framed against me. I have made the statement voluntarily without being influenced by any extraneous source or reason.

526. “526. His Pakistani identity and nationality having been acknowledged[101]there was no need for the appellant to remind the Pakistani establishmentof his nationality by giving details of his family and their addresses.

527. The court, of course, did not accept the statement that was sought tobe made as the plea of guilty because it was a very diluted and partialadmission of only some of the charges. It, accordingly, proceeded with thetrial.

528. While dealing with the statements made by the appellant, it may alsobe noted that, finally, in the statement recorded under Section 313 of theCrPC, he denied the entire prosecution case and also retracted his twoprevious statements. It is evident that by the time the statement underSection 313 was recorded towards the end of December 2009, the Jihadi sheenhad worn off and the desire to live was again exerting its pull on theappellant.

529. In light of the discussions made above, we are unable to accept Mr.Ramachandran’s submission to eschew the appellant’s confessional statementmade before the magistrate completely from consideration. We are clearlyof the view that the confessional statement recorded by the magistrate isvoluntary and truthful, except insofar as it relates to the other twoaccused, namely, Fahim and Sabauddin.IV. Conspiracy

530. Mr. Ramachandran submitted that the charge of conspiracy cannot besaid to have been fully established against the appellant. He pointed outthat the appellant was charged with a larger conspiracy and he was allegedto have:- 1) Attempted to destabilize the Government of India by engineering violence in different parts in India; 2) Attempted to create instability in India by the aforesaid subversive activities; 3) Terrorized the people in different parts of India by indulging in wanton killings and destruction of properties through bomb attacks and use of fire-arms and lethal weapons; 4) Conspired to weaken India’s economic might; 5) Conspired to kill foreign nationals with a view to cause serious damage to tourism business of India; 6) Conspired to adversely affect harmony between various communities and religions in India.

531. The learned Counsel submitted that if the appellant’s confession isexcluded from consideration there is not enough evidence brought by theprosecution to prove the aforesaid allegations beyond all reasonabledoubts. He further submitted that the transcripts of the telephonicconversation which have been pressed by the prosecution to prove thecharges relating to conspiracy cannot be used against the appellant.

532. We find no force in the submission. Earlier it is found that theconfession by the appellant was quite voluntary and there was no violationof any Constitutional or legal right of the appellant in the recording of the confession. Hence, there is no reason for not taking the confessioninto consideration to judge the charges against the appellant. Moreover, inthe earlier pages of this judgment we had examined the evidence ofconspiracy in considerable detail, which may be broadly classified underthree heads: (i) the confessional statement by the appellant; (ii) theobjective findings in the vessel Kuber, the inflatable rubber dinghy, thedifferent places of attack by the other groups of terrorists and thelocations of bomb explosion in the two taxis; and (iii) the transcripts of the phone conversations between the terrorists and their collaborators andhandlers from across the border. In our view, evidence under any of thesethree heads is sufficient to bring home the charges relating to conspiracyagainst the appellant.

533. At this stage, however, we must address Mr. Ramachandran’s pointregarding the admissibility of the transcripts in evidence against theappellant. Mr. Ramachandran submitted that the transcripts begin from 01.04AM on November 27, 2008, whereas the appellant was taken into custody at 00:30 hours on that date. In other words, the transcripts begin after theappellant was in police custody. He contended that with the arrest of theappellant his link with the other alleged conspirators was snapped, and itcould no longer be said that he continued to be a part of the conspiracy.In that situation, the conversation among the alleged co-conspiratorscannot be used against the appellant. In support of the submission, heplaced reliance on a three-Judge Bench of this Court in State v.Nalini[102]. We find no force or substance in the submission, and thereliance placed on the decision in Nalini is quite misconceived. InNalini, the Court was examining the question whether a confession made byan accused and recorded under Section 32 of TADA, though a substantiveevidence against the maker thereof, could be used with the same forceagainst a co-accused being tried in the same case. The Court consideredthe question first in light of the amendment of TADA by Act 43 of 1993, andcame to hold and find that while a confession is substantive evidenceagainst its maker, it cannot be used as substantive evidence againstanother person, even if the latter is a co-accused, and can only be used asa piece of corroborative material to support other substantive evidence.The State then fell back on Section 10 of the Evidence Act, arguing thatthe width of the provision is so large as to render any statement made by aconspirator as substantive evidence if it satisfies the other conditions of the Section. Rejecting the State’s submission, the Court pointed out that aconfession can normally be made when an accused is under arrest and hiscontact with the other conspirators has snapped, and it was in that contextthat the Court held and observed in paragraph 111 of the judgment as under:- “Whether a particular accused had ceased to be a conspirator or not, at any point of time, is a matter which can be decided on the facts of that particular case. Normally a conspirator’s connection with the conspiracy would get snapped after he is nabbed by the police and kept in their custody because he would thereby cease to be the agent of the other conspirators. Of course we are not unmindful of rare cases in which a conspirator would continue to confabulate with the other conspirators and persist with the conspiracy even after his arrest. That is precisely the reason why we said that it may not be possible to lay down a proposition of law that one conspirator’s connection with the conspiracy would necessarily be cut off with his arrest.”534. In the case in hand the situation is entirely different. The phase ofplanning the attack and training for it, which form the core of theconspiracy, took place in Pakistan, and the terrorists, including theappellant, came to Mumbai in execution of the main objects of theconspiracy. The appellant was apprehended while he was on a killing spreein execution of the objects of the conspiracy and the transcripts of thephone conversation of the other terrorists, associates of the appellant and their foreign collaborators, relate to a time when the speakers were notonly free but were actively involved in trying to fulfil the objects of theconspiracy. The transcripts are by no means any confessional statementsmade under arrest and they are fully covered by the provisions of Section10 of the Indian Evidence Act. There is no reason not to take them intoconsideration in support of the charge of conspiracy against the appellant.V. Waging War Against the Government of India

534. The appellant has been convicted on the charge of waging war againstthe Government of India and is awarded the death penalty under Section 121of the Penal Code. In addition, he is separately convicted, under Section121A, for conspiracy to commit offences punishable by Section 121 of theCode and Section 122 for collecting arms with intention of waging waragainst the Government of India, and given life sentences under these twoSections. Mr. Ramachandran stated that the conviction under Section 121Apertains to the incidents at venues where the appellant was not present,and in that regard he has already made his submissions while dealing withthe question of conspiracy. In regard to the conviction under Section 121,therefore, he would confine his submissions to the offences directlyattributable to the appellant.

535. Mr. Ramachandran was anxious to somehow rescue the appellant from thegrave charge of waging war against the Government of India. His anxiety inregard to this particular charge stems from the fact that the convictionfor the offence of “waging war” has been viewed by the High Court as themost aggravating factor for awarding the death sentence to the appellant.Mr. Ramachandran evidently hoped that if he succeeded in getting theappellant acquitted of the charge of “waging war” he would be in a betterposition to plead before the Court for mitigation of the punishment andcommutation of his sentence to life imprisonment.

536. Mr. Ramachandran argued that killing of people, even though in largenumbers, within the precincts of CST, or the other offences committed bythe appellant, earlier described under the heads “Cama in”, “Cama out”,”Skoda robbery” and “Vinoli Chowpaty”, by no means amount to “waging war”within the meaning of Section 121 of the Penal Code. To constitute theoffence of “waging war”, there must be a challenge to the sovereignauthority of the Government of India, which is completely absent in thepresent case. The learned Counsel submitted that the acts said to havebeen committed by the appellant may constitute a terrorist act within themeaning of Section 15 of the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967,but not “waging war”. He further submitted that if the views of the trialcourt and the High Court were to be upheld, it would amount to equatingevery terrorist act with waging war.

537. Mr. Ramachandran submitted that even assuming that the words”Government of India” in Section 121 of the Penal Code are to be read assynonymous with the Indian State, that would not make the attack on CSTStation “waging war” within the meaning of that Section. The attack on CSTwas not an attack directly targeting any important symbol of the State orany vital establishment of the State or any important functionaries of theState. The intent to weaken or terrorize the State may render such an act a’terrorist act’ but it would still not satisfy the ingredients of Section121 of the Penal Code. The learned Counsel went on to contend that, in anyevent, after the enactment of the very comprehensive provisions in ChapterIV of the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967, the provisions ofSection 121 of the Penal Code would cease to apply to terrorist attack onthe Indian State on principles analogous to those governing the impliedrepeal of statute.

538. Mr. Ramachandran further submitted that, similarly, the mindlesskilling of persons in a public place would not constitute the offence of”waging war” against the Indian State. Any argument that an attack on aplace which is no more than the hub of a public transportation systemamounts to an attack on the State is, according to Mr. Ramachandran, quitefallacious in the context of a criminal statute. The learned Counselsubmitted that to say that an attack on a very important and busy railwaystation or an attack on India’s financial capital or economic might wouldbe an attack on the State would amount to giving a greatly extended,expansive and liberal meaning to a criminal statute, which is notpermissible.

539. Mr. Ramachandran further submitted that on the question of “wagingwar” the present case was not comparable to the cases of Navjot Sandhu andMohd. Arif v. State of Delhi[103]. In Navjot Sandhu and Mohd. Arif, thetargets of attack were the Parliament building and the Red Fort, which thisCourt held were clearly symbols of the Indian State and its sovereignty.According to Mr. Ramachandran, the same could not be said of CST, which isonly a public building.

540. The offences concerning “waging war” are in Chapter VI of the PenalCode under the heading “of offences against the State”. Section 121 usesthe phrase ‘Government of India’ and it provides as follows:- “121. Waging, or attempting to wage war, or abetting waging of war, against the Government of India. – Whoever, wages war against the Government of India, or attempts to wage such war, or abets the waging of such war, shall be punished with death, or imprisonment for life and shall also be liable to fine.

541. “541. Section 121A makes a conspiracy to commit offences punishable bySection 121 per se an offence punishable with imprisonment for life or fora period that may extend to ten (10) years. The explanation to the Sectionmakes it clear that the offence is complete even without any act or illegalomission occurring in pursuance of the conspiracy. This Section uses theexpression ‘the Central Government or any State Government’. The Sectionreads as under:- “121A. Conspiracy to commit offences punishable by Section 121. – Whoever within or without India conspires to commit any of the offences punishable by Section 121, or conspires to overawe, by means of criminal force or the show of criminal force, the Central Government or any State Government, shall be punished with imprisonment for life, or with imprisonment of either description which may extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine. Explanation.- To constitute a conspiracy under this section, it is not necessary that any act or illegal omission shall take place in pursuance thereof.

542. “542. Section 122 similarly makes collection of arms with intention of”waging war” per se an offence, regardless of whether or not the arms wereput to actual use. This Section again uses the expression “Government ofIndia” and it reads as under:- “122. Collecting arms, etc., with intention of waging war against the Government of India. – Whoever collects men, arms or ammunition or otherwise prepares to wage war with the intention of either waging or being prepared to wage war against the Government of India, shall be punished with imprisonment for life or imprisonment of either description for a term not exceeding ten years, and shall also be liable to fine.

543. “543. Section 123 deals with ‘Concealing with intent to facilitate designto wage war against the Government of India’. Section 125 deals with’Waging war against any Asiatic Power in alliance with the Government ofIndia’, and Section 126 deals with ‘Committing depredation on territoriesof Power at peace with the Government of India’.

544. Here it may also be noted that Section 39 CrPC read with Section 176of the Penal Code makes it an offence for any person who is aware of thecommission of, or of the intention of any person to commit, an offenceunder Sections 121 to 126, both inclusive (that is, offences against theState specified in Chapter VI of the Code), to omit giving any notice orfurnishing any information to any public servant. Moreover, Section 123 of the Penal Code makes it an offence to conceal, whether by act or omission,the existence of a design to “wage war” against the Government of India,when intending by such concealment to facilitate, or knowing it to belikely that such concealing will facilitate, the waging of such war.

545. The question that arises for consideration, therefore, is what is thetrue import of the expression “Government of India”? In its narrower sense,Government of India is only the executive limb of the State. It comprises agroup of people, the administrative bureaucracy that controls the executivefunctions and powers of the State at a given time. Different governments,in continuous succession, serve the State and provide the means throughwhich the executive power of the State is employed. The expression”Government of India” is surely not used in this narrow and restrictedsense in Section 121. In our considered view, the expression “Government ofIndia” is used in Section 121 to imply the Indian State, the juristicembodiment of the sovereignty of the country that derives its legitimacyfrom the collective will and consent of its people. The use of the phrase”Government of India” to signify the notion of sovereignty is consistentwith the principles of Public International Law, wherein sovereignty of aterritorial unit is deemed to vest in the people of the territory andexercised by a representative government.

546. It is important to note here that earlier the word used in Section121 (as well as all the other Sections referred to above) was “Queen”.After the formation of the republic under the Constitution it wassubstituted by the expression “Government of India” by the Adaption of LawsOrder of 1950. In a republic, sovereignty vests in the people of thecountry and the lawfully elected government is simply the representativeand a manifestation of the sovereign, that is, the people. Thus, theexpression “Government of India”, as appearing in Section 121, must be heldto mean the State or interchangeably the people of the country as therepository of the sovereignty of India which is manifested and expressedthrough the elected Government.

547. An illuminating discussion on the issue of “Waging war against theGovernment of India” is to be found in this Court’s decision in NavjotSandhu. In paragraph 272 of the judgment P. Venkatarama Reddi, J., speakingfor the Court, referred to the report of the Indian Law Commission thatexamined the draft Penal Code in 1847 and quoted the following passage fromthe report: “We conceive the term ‘ wages war against the Government’ naturally to import a person arraying himself in defiance of the Government in like manner and by like means as a foreign enemy would do, and it seems to us, we presume it did to the authors of the Code that any definition of the term so unambiguous would be superfluous.

548. “548. To us, the expression, “in like manner and by like means as a foreignenemy” (highlighted by us in the above quotation), is very significant tounderstand the nature of the violent acts that would amount to waging war.In “waging war”, the intent of the foreign enemy is not only to disturbpublic peace or law and order or to kill many people. A foreign enemystrikes at the sovereignty of the State, and his conspiracy and actions aremotivated by that animus.

549. In Navjot Sandhu, the issue of “waging war” against the Government ofIndia has also been considered in relation to terrorist acts and in thatregard the Court observed and held as follows: “275. War, terrorism and violent acts to overawe the established Government have many things in common. It is not too easy to distinguish them 276. It has been aptly said by Sir J.F. Stephen: “Unlawful assemblies, riots, insurrections, rebellions, levying of war are offences which run into each other and not capable of being marked off by perfectly definite boundaries. All of them have in common one feature, namely, that the normal tranquility of a civilized society is, in each of the cases mentioned, disturbed either by actual force or at least by the show and threat of it.” 277. To this list has to be added “terrorist acts” which are so conspicuous now-a-days. Though every terrorist act does not amount to waging war, certain terrorist acts can also constitute the offence of waging war and there is no dichotomy between the two. Terrorist acts can manifest themselves into acts of war. According to the learned Senior Counsel for the State, terrorist acts prompted by an intention to strike at the sovereign authority of the State/Government, tantamount to waging war irrespective of the number involved or the force employed. 278. It is seen that the first limb of Section 3(1) of POTA- “with intent to threaten the unity, integrity, security or sovereignty of India or to strike terror in the people or any section of the people does any act or thing by using bombs, dynamite or other explosive substances or inflammable substances or firearms or other lethal weapons or poisons or noxious gases or other chemicals or by any other substances (whether biological or otherwise) of a hazardous nature or by any other means whatsoever”. and the acts of waging war have overlapping features. However, the degree of animus or intent and the magnitude of the acts done or attempted to be done would assume some relevance in order to consider whether the terrorist acts give rise to a state of war. Yet, the demarcating line is by no means clear, much less transparent. It is often a difference in degree. The distinction gets thinner if a comparison is made of terrorist acts with the acts aimed at overawing the Government by means of criminal force. Conspiracy to commit the latter offence is covered by Section 121-A.

550. “550. This answers Mr. Ramachandran’s submissions to the effect that if anoffence comes within the definition of “terrorist act” under Section 15 of the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, it would automatically fall outof Section 121 of the Penal Code, as also his rather extreme submissionthat the incorporation of Chapter IV of the Unlawful Activities(Prevention) Act, 1967, should be viewed as deemed repeal of Section 121 of the Penal Code. As explained in Navjot Sandhu, a “terrorist act” and an actof “waging war against the Government of India” may have some overlappingfeatures, but a terrorist act may not always be an act of waging waragainst the Government of India, and vice-versa. The provisions of ChapterIV of the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act and those of Chapter VI of the Penal Code, including Section 121, basically cover different areas.

551. Coming back to the facts of the case in hand, we find that theprimary and the first offence that the appellant and his co-conspiratorscommitted was the offence of waging war against the Government of India. Itdoes not matter that the target assigned to the appellant and Abu Ismailwas CST Station (according to Mr. Ramachandran, no more than a publicbuilding) where they killed a large number of people or that they killedmany others on Badruddin Tayabji Marg and in Cama Hospital. What matters isthat the attack was aimed at India and Indians. It was by foreignnationals. People were killed for no other reason than they were Indians;in case of foreigners, they were killed because their killing on Indiansoil would embarrass India. The conspiracy, in furtherance of which theattack was made, was, inter alia, to hit at India; to hit at its financialcentre; to try to give rise to communal tensions and create internal strifeand insurgency; to demand that India should withdraw from Kashmir; and todictate its relations with other countries. It was in furtherance of thoseobjectives that the attack was made, causing the loss of a large number ofpeople and injury to an even greater number of people. Nothing could havebeen more “in like manner and by like means as a foreign enemy would do”.

552. In this connection Mr. Gopal Subramanium has referred to thetranscripts of the conversations between the terrorists and theircollaborators across the border. The learned Counsel referred from theappellant’s confessional statement made before the magistrate to thepassages where instructions are given by Amir Hafiz Sayeed (wanted accusedno. 1), Zaki-ur-Rehman Lakhvi (wanted accused no. 2), and others inconnection with the main purpose of the attack. He also referred to anumber of passages from the transcripts of conversations between the terrorists and their collaborators across the border (which we have alreadyreferred to in the earlier part of the judgment), to show that the attackwas clearly an enemy action. We are of the view that the submission of Mr.Subramanium is well-founded and fit to be accepted.

553. On a careful consideration of the submissions of the two sides and the materials on record we have no hesitation in holding that the appellanthas been rightly held guilty of waging war against the Government of Indiaand rightly convicted under Sections 121, 121A and 122 of the Penal Code.VI. The Question of Sentence

554. The trial court has awarded five (5) death sentences to the appellantfor the offences punishable under: i) Section 120B IPC read with Section 302 IPC for conspiracy to commit murder; ii) Section 121 IPC for waging war against the Government of India; iii) Section 16 of the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967; iv) Section 302 IPC for committing murder of 7 persons; v) Section 302 IPC read with Section 34 and Section 302 IPC read with Sections 109 and 120-B IPC.

555. The High Court confirmed the death sentences given to the appellantby the trial court.

556. Mr. Ramachandran, however, submitted that in no case should theappellant be given the death penalty. The learned Counsel submitted that noperson can be deprived of his life except according to procedureestablished by law. It is now well-established that the “procedure” must befair, just and reasonable, in other words following the “due process oflaw”. Hence, the Court must refrain from awarding the extreme penalty ofdeath, irrevocable and irreversible in nature, in a case where there is theslightest doubt regarding the complete fairness of the trial. The learnedCounsel submitted that the appellant’s trial was compromised on due processand, therefore, he should not be given the death sentence.

557. Mr. Ramachandran’s contention that the trial of the appellant wasless than completely fair is based on the same grounds that he earlieradvanced to suggest that the trial was vitiated and nullified. He submittedthat the appellant’s confession was recorded without adhering to theconstitutional safeguards and that the lawyer nominated to represent himwas not given a reasonable time to prepare the case. The learned Counselsubmitted that an unhappy compromise was struck between the demands ofspeedy trial and the requirements of a fair trial in this case, and in thatsituation, prudence would demand that this Court should not confirm thedeath penalty given to the appellant but change it to life sentence.

558. In the earlier parts of the judgment we have already considered indetail both the submissions and found them not worthy of acceptance. Wehave held that there was no lowering of the standard of fairness andreasonableness in the appellant’s trial and it, therefore, follows that nomitigation in punishment can be asked for on that score.

559. Mr. Ramachandran next submitted that the High Court has committed aserious error in balancing the aggravating and the mitigating circumstancesagainst the appellant. The High Court has viewed the appellant’s convictionfor “waging war” as the most aggravating circumstance for awarding him thedeath penalty after wrongly holding him guilty of the charge relating towaging war against the Government of India. Further, the High Court wronglyheld the appellant “individually responsible” for the murder of seven (7)persons, including Amarchand Solanki. The High Court erroneously reliedupon the testimony of a single witness (PW-52) who said that while firingat the crowd of passengers at CST the appellant was in a “joyous mood” ( afact which the witness did not mention in his statement before the police)

560. As to the charge of waging war against the Government of India and the appellant being personally responsible for the killing of seven (7)people, including Amarchand Solanki, those are fully in accord with our ownfindings, arrived at independently, and hence, the High Court was quitejustified in taking those facts into account for determining the punishmentfor the appellant. As regards the statement of PW-52 that the appellant wasin “joyous mood”, nothing depends on that and we asked Mr. Ramachandran toaddress us on the issue of sentence keeping that statement by PW-52 completely aside.

561. Mr. Ramachandran submitted that the strongest reason for not givingthe death penalty to the appellant was his young age; the appellant wasbarely twenty-one (21) years old at the time of the commission of theoffences. And now he would be twenty-five (25) years of age. It is indeedcorrect that the appellant is quite young, but having said that one wouldthink that nothing was left to be said for him. Mr. Ramachandran, however,thinks otherwise and he has many more things to say in the appellant’sfavour. Mr. Ramachandran submitted that the Court cannot ignore the familyand educational background and the economic circumstances of the appellant,and in determining the just punishment to him the Court must take those,too, into account. The learned Counsel submitted that here is a boy who, asa child, loved to watch Indian movies. But he hardly had a childhood likeother children. He dropped out of school after class IV and was forced tostart earning by hard manual labour. Soon thereafter, he had a quarrel withhis father over his earnings and that led to his leaving his home. At thatimmature age, living away from home and family and earning his livelihoodby manual labour, he was allured by a group of fanatic murderers seeminglyengaged in social work. He thought that he too should contribute towardshelping the Kashmiris, who he was led to believe were oppressed by theIndian Government. Mr. Ramachandran submitted that, seen from his point ofview, the appellant may appear completely and dangerously wayward but hismotivation was good and patriotic. Mr. Ramachandran further submitted thatonce trapped by Lashkar-e-Toiba he was completely brain-washed and became atool in their hand. While executing the attack on Mumbai, along with nine(9) other terrorists, the appellant was hardly in control of his own mind.He was almost like an automaton working under remote control, a mereextension of the deadly weapon in his hands.

562. Mr. Ramachandran submitted that, viewed thus, it would appear whollyunjust to give the death penalty to the appellant. The death penalty shouldbe kept reserved for his handlers, who, unfortunately, are not before acourt till now. If the submission of Mr. Ramachandran is taken one stepfurther it would almost appear as if it was a conspiracy by destiny thatpushed the appellant to commit all his terrible deeds, and all those whowere killed or injured in Mumbai were predestined to be visited by hisviolence. We have no absolute belief in the philosophical doctrine ofpredetermination and, therefore, we are completely unable to accept Mr.Ramachandran’s submission. In this proceeding before this Court we mustjudge the actions of the appellant and the offences committed by him asexpressions of his free will, for which he alone is responsible and mustface the punishment.

563. We are unable to accept the submission that the appellant was a meretool in the hands of the Lashkar-e-Toiba. He joined the Lashkar-e-Toibaaround December 2007 and continued as its member till the end, despite anumber of opportunities to leave it. This shows his clear and unmistakableintention to be a part of the organization and participate in its designs.Even after his arrest he regarded himself as a “watan parast”, a patrioticPakistani at war with this country. Where is the question of his beingbrain-washed or acting under remote control? We completely disagree thatthe appellant was acting like an automaton. During the past months while welived through this case we have been able to make a fair assessment of theappellant’s personality. It is true that he is not educated but he is avery good and quick learner, has a tough mind and strong determination. Heis also quite clever and shrewd.[104] Unfortunately, he is whollyremorseless and any feeling of pity is unknown to him. He kills without theslightest twinge of conscience. Leaving aside all the massacre, we may hererefer only to the casualness with which the appellant and his associate AbuIsmail shot down Gupta Bhelwala and the shanty dwellers Thakur Waghela andBhagan Shinde at Badruddin Tayabji Marg; the attempt to break into thewards of Cama Hospital to kill the women and children who were crying andwailing inside; and the nonchalance with which he and Abu Ismail gunneddown the police officer Durgude on coming out of Cama Hospital.

564. The saddest and the most disturbing part of the case is that theappellant never showed any remorse for the terrible things he did. As seenearlier, in the initial weeks after his arrest he continued to regardhimself as a “watan parast”, a patriotic Pakistani who considered himselfto be at war with this country, who had no use for an Indian lawyer butneeded a Pakistani lawyer to defend him in the court. He made theconfessional statement before the magistrate on February 17, 2009, not outof any sense of guilt or sorrow or grief but to present himself as a hero.He told the magistrate that he had absolutely no regret for whatever he haddone and he wanted to make the confession to set an example for others tobecome Fidayeen like him and follow him in his deeds. Even in the course of the trial he was never repentant and did not show any sign of contrition.The judge trying him had occasion to watch him closely and has repeatedlyobserved about the lack of any remorse on the part of the appellant. TheHigh Court, too, has noticed that the appellant never showed any remorsefor the large-scale murder committed by him. This, to our mind, foreclosesthe possibility of any reform or rehabilitation of the appellant. Thealternative option of life sentence is thus unquestionably excluded in thecase of the appellant and death remains the only punishment that can begiven to him.

565. Coming back to the legalese of the matter: The Constitutional validity of death penalty was tested in Bachan Singhv. State of Punjab[105] and in that case a Constitution Bench of thisCourt, while upholding the Constitutional validity of death sentence,observed that the death penalty may be invoked only in the rarest of rarecases. This Court stated that: “For persons convicted of murder life imprisonment is the rule and death sentence an exception. A real and abiding concern for the dignity of human life postulates resistance to taking a life through law’s instrumentality. That ought not to be done save in the rarest of rare cases when the alternative option is unquestionably foreclosed.” (Emphasis Supplied)

566. The Bachan Singh principle of the ‘rarest of rare cases’ came up forconsideration and elaboration in Machhi Singh v. State of Punjab[106]. Itwas a case of extraordinary brutality (from normal standards but nothingcompared to this case!). On account of a family feud Machhi Singh, themain accused in the case along with eleven (11) accomplices, in the courseof a single night, conducted raids on a number of villages killingseventeen (17) people, men, women and children, for no reason other thanthey were related to one Amar Singh and his sister Piyaro Bai. The deathsentence awarded to Machhi Singh and two other accused by the trial courtand affirmed by the High Court was also confirmed by this Court.

567. In Machhi Singh this Court observed that though the “community”revered and protected life because “the very humanistic edifice isconstructed on the foundation of reverence for life principle” it may yetwithdraw the protection and demand death penalty. The kind of cases inwhich protection to life may be withdrawn and there may be the demand fordeath penalty were then enumerated in the following paragraphs: “It may do so “in rarest of rare cases” when its collective conscience is so shocked that it will expect the holders of the judicial power centre to inflict death penalty irrespective of their personal opinion as regards desirability or otherwise of retaining death penalty. The community may entertain such a sentiment when the crime is viewed from the platform of the motive for, or the manner of commission of the crime, or the anti-social or abhorrent nature of the crime, such as for instance: 1. Manner of commission of murder 33. When the murder is committed in an extremely brutal, grotesque, diabolical, revolting or dastardly manner so as to arouse intense and extreme indignation of the community. For instance, (i) when the house of the victim is set aflame with the end in view to roast him alive in the house. (ii) when the victim is subjected to inhuman acts of torture or cruelty in order to bring about his or her death. (iii) when the body of the victim is cut into pieces or his body is dismembered in a fiendish manner. II. Motive for commission of murder 34. When the murder is committed for a motive which evinces total depravity and meanness. For instance when (a) a hired assassin commits murder for the sake of money or reward (b) a cold-blooded murder is committed with a deliberate design in order to inherit property or to gain control over property of a ward or a person under the control of the murderer or vis-Ã -vis whom the murderer is in a dominating position or in a position of trust, or (c) a murder is committed in the course for betrayal of the motherland. III. Anti-social or socially abhorrent nature of the crime 35. (a) When murder of a member of a Scheduled Caste or minority community, etc., is committed not for personal reasons but in circumstances which arouse social wrath. For instance when such a crime is committed in order to terrorise such persons and frighten them into fleeing from a place or in order to deprive them of, or make them surrender, lands or benefits conferred on them with a view to reverse past injustices and in order to restore the social balance. (b) In cases of “bride burning” and what are known as “dowry deaths” or when murder is committed in order to remarry for the sake of extracting dowry once again or to marry another woman on account of infatuation. IV. Magnitude of crime 36. When the crime is enormous in proportion. For instance when multiple murders say of all or almost all the members of a family or a large number of persons of a particular caste, community, or locality, are committed. V. Personality of victim of murder 37. When the victim of murder is (a) an innocent child who could not have or has not provided even an excuse, much less a provocation, for murder (b) a helpless woman or a person rendered helpless by old age or infirmity (c) when the victim is a person vis-Ã -vis whom the murderer is in a position of domination or trust (d) when the victim is a public figure generally loved and respected by the community for the services rendered by him and the murder is committed for political or similar reasons other than personal reasons.

568. “568. The above principles are generally regarded by this Court as thebroad guidelines for imposition of death sentence and have been followed bythe Court in many subsequent decisions.

569. If we examine the present case in light of the Machhi Singh decision,it would not only satisfy all the conditions laid down in that decision forimposition of death sentence but also present several other features thatcould not have been conceived of by the Court in Machhi Singh. We can evensay that every single reason that this Court might have assigned forconfirming a death sentence in the past is to be found in this case in amore magnified way.

570. This case has the element of conspiracy as no other case. Theappellant was part of a conspiracy hatched across the border to wage waragainst the Government of India and lethal arms and explosives werecollected with the intention of waging war against the Government of India.The conspiracy was to launch a murderous attack on Mumbai regarding it asthe financial centre of the country; to kill as many Indians and foreignnationals as possible; to take Indians and foreign nationals as hostagesfor using them as bargaining chips in regard to the terrorists’ demands;and to try to incite communal strife and insurgency; all with the intent toweaken the country from within.

571. The case presents the element of previous planning and preparation asno other case. For execution of the conspiracy, the appellant and the nine(9) other dead accused, his accomplices, were given rigorous and extensivetraining as combatants. The planning for the attack was meticulous andgreatly detailed. The route from Karachi to Mumbai, the landing site atMumbai, the different targets at Mumbai were all predetermined. The natureof the attack by the different teams of terrorists was planned and everyonewas given clear instructions as to what they were supposed to do at theirrespective targets. All the terrorists, including the appellant, actuallyacted according to the previous planning. A channel of communicationbetween the attacking terrorists and their handlers and collaborators fromacross the border, based on advanced computer technology and procuredthrough deception, was already arranged and put in place before the attackwas launched.

572. This case has the element of waging war against the Government ofIndia and the magnitude of the war is of a degree as in no other case. And the appellant is convicted on the charge, among others, of waging waragainst the Government of India.

573. This case has shocked the collective conscience of the Indian peopleas few other cases have.

574. The number of persons killed and injured is not only staggeringlyhigh but also as in no other or in extremely few cases. The terroristskilled one hundred and sixty-six (166) people and injured, oftengrievously, two hundred and thirty-eight (238) people. The dead includedeighteen (18) policemen and other security personnel and twenty-six (26)foreign nationals. The injured included thirty-seven (37) policemen andother security personnel and twenty-one (21) foreign nationals. Of thosedead, at least seven (7) were killed by the appellant personally, aboutseventy-two (72) were killed by him in furtherance of the common intentionhe shared with one Abu Ismail (deceased accused no. 1), and the rest werevictims of the conspiracy to which he was a party along with the nine (9)dead accused and thirty-five (35) other accused who remain to beapprehended and brought to court.

575. The number of policemen and members of security forces killed andinjured in course of their duty by the appellant and his accomplice AbuIsmail and the eight (8) other co-conspirators would hardly find a match inany other cases. Tukaram Ombale was killed by the appellant personally atVinoli Chowpaty. Durgude, Hemant Karkare, Ashok Kamte, Vijay Salaskar and the other policemen in the Qualis van were killed jointly by the appellantand Abu Ismail. The policemen at Cama Hospital were injured, several of them grievously, jointly by the appellant and Abu Ismail. The rest of thepolicemen and law enforcement officers, including the NSG Commando MajorSandeep Unnikrihsnan, were killed as part of the larger conspiracy to whichthe appellant was a party.

576. The loss of property caused by the attack is colossal, over Rupeesone hundred and fifty crores (Rs. 150Cr.), again of a scale as in no othercase.

577. The offences committed by the appellant show a degree of cruelty,brutality and depravity as in very few other cases.

578. The appellant, as also the other nine (9) terrorists, his co-conspirators, used highly lethal weapons such as AK-47 rifles, 9 mmpistols, and grenades and RDX bombs.

579. As to the personality of the victims, all the persons killed/injuredat CST, Badruddin Tayabji Marg and Cama Hospital were harmless, defencelesspeople. What is more, they did not even know the appellant and theappellant too had no personal animus against them. He killed/injured themsimply because they happened to be Indians.

580. It is already seen above that the appellant never showed anyrepentance or remorse, which is the first sign of any possibility of reformand rehabilitation.

581. In short, this is a case of terrorist attack from across the border.It has a magnitude of unprecedented enormity on all scales. The conspiracybehind the attack was as deep and large as it was vicious. The preparationand training for the execution was as thorough as the execution wasruthless. In terms of loss of life and property, and more importantly inits traumatizing effect, this case stands alone, or it is at least the veryrarest of rare to come before this Court since the birth of the Republic.Therefore, it should also attract the rarest of rare punishment.

582. Against all this, the only mitigating factor is the appellant’s youngage, but that is completely offset by the absence of any remorse on hispart, and the resultant finding that in his case there is no possibility ofany reformation or rehabilitation.

583. In the effort to have the appellant spared of the death penalty Mr.Ramachandran also relied upon several observations and remarks made by thisCourt in a number of judgments. He cited before the Court: (i) Mohd. MannanV State of Bihar[107]; (ii) Swamy Shraddananda (2) v. State ofKarnataka[108]; (iii) Santosh Kumar Satishbhushan Bariyar v. State ofMaharashtra[109]; (iv) Mohd. Farooq Abdul Gafur v. State ofMaharashtra[110]; (v) Rameshbhai Chandubhai Rathod v. State ofGujarat[111]; (vi) Rameshbhai Chandubhai Rathod (2) v. State ofGujarat[112]; (vii) Mulla and another v. State of Uttar Pradesh[113];(viii) Dilip Premnarayan Tiwari v. State of Maharashtra[114]; (ix) R SBudhwar v UOI[115]; and (x) State of Maharashtra v. Bharat ChaganlalRaghani[116].

584. The observations relied upon by Mr. Ramachandran were made in thefacts of those cases. As a matter of fact, in some of the cases relied uponby Mr. Ramachandran, the Court actually confirmed the death penalty givento the accused. Moreover, the facts of those cases are totally incomparableto the facts of the case in hand, and those decisions are of no help to theappellant.

585. Putting the matter once again quite simply, in this country death asa penalty has been held to be Constitutionally valid, though it is indeedto be awarded in the “rarest of rare cases when the alternative option (oflife sentence) is unquestionably foreclosed”. Now, as long as the deathpenalty remains on the statute book as punishment for certain offences,including “waging war” and murder, it logically follows that there must besome cases, howsoever rare or one in a million, that would call forinflicting that penalty. That being the position we fail to see what casewould attract the death penalty, if not the case of the appellant. To holdback the death penalty in this case would amount to obdurately declaringthat this Court rejects death as lawful penalty even though it is on thestatute book and held valid by Constitutional benches of this Court.

586. We are thus left with no option but to hold that in the facts of thecase the death penalty is the only sentence that can be given to theappellant. We hold accordingly and affirm the convictions and sentences of the appellant passed by the trial court and affirmed by the High Court.

587. The appeals are accordingly dismissed.CRIMINAL APPEAL NO.1961 OF 2011

588. This appeal is filed at the instance of the State of Maharashtraagainst the acquittal of Fahim Ansari and Sabauddin Ahamed (accused Nos. 2and 3 respectively) recorded by the trial court and affirmed by the HighCourt. As noted, in the judgment in Criminal Appeal Nos.1899-1900 of 2011,these two accused faced the trial along with and on the same charges asKasab.

589. Their connection with the other accused in the case, according to theprosecution, was through conspiracy. Fahim Ansari is said to have prepared,by hand, maps of various places of Mumbai to facilitate the attack by the terrorists who landed in the city. One such map was recovered from thetrouser pocket of Abu Ismail (deceased accused no.1) during inquest and wasseized under the seizure panchnama (Ext. no. 99).

590. According to the prosecution case, Fahim Ansari handed over the mapsprepared by him to Sabauddin Ahamed in Kathmandu, Nepal and the latter sentor delivered those maps to the perpetrators of the crime in Pakistan.

591. This part of the prosecution case is based on the testimony ofNaruddin Shaikh (PW-160).

592. It is further alleged that in order to provide ancillary logisticalsupport to the terrorists landing in Mumbai, Fahim Ansari had madearrangements for his stay in Colaba area of South Mumbai. In order to stayin close proximity to Badhwar Park he was searching for a place ofresidence in fishermen’s colony there and he had taken admission in aComputer Institute viz., “Softpro Computer Education” situated at Fort,Mumbai, as an excuse for staying in that area.

593. However, when the attack took place on November 26, 2008, neitherFahim Ansari nor Sabauddin Ahamed were present in Mumbai. They were in thecustody of U.P. Police, having been arrested earlier in connection with aterrorist attack on the RPF Camp at Rampur.

594. In support of the second part of its case, the prosecution hasexamined a number of witnesses, namely, Police Inspector Prashant Marde (PW-48), Jivan Gulabkar (PW-35), Rajendra Bhosale (PW-38), Ms. ShantabaiBhosale (PW-40), Police Inspector Shripad Kale (PW-47), Jayant Bhosale (PW-146), Sharad Vichare (PW-265), Shivaji Shivekar (PW-14), API Subhash Warang(PW-27), Ashok Kumar Raghav (PW-213), Manpreet Vohra (PW-254), KrantikumarVarma (PW-61) and Dr. Shailesh Mohite (PW-23).

595. We have gone through the evidence of Naruddin Shaikh and the otherwitnesses very carefully. We are of the view that the evidence of NaruddinShaikh is completely unacceptable. The evidences of the other witnessesalso do not inspire confidence insofar as these two accused are concerned.

596. The trial court and the High Court have considered the evidencesrelating to these two accused in far greater detail. Both the courts haveanalysed the prosecution evidence in regard to the two accused at greatlength and have given very good reasons to hold the prosecution evidenceunworthy of reliance to hold such grave charges against the two accused. Weare in full agreement with the reasons assigned by the trial court and theHigh Court for acquitting the two accused of all the charges. The viewtaken by the trial court and the High Court is not only correct but on thefacts of the case, that is the only possible view.

597. We find no merit in the appeal and it is, accordingly, dismissed.

TRANSFER PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO.30 OF 2012

598. In view of the judgment in Criminal Appeal Nos. 1899-1900 of 2011,the Transfer Petition does not survive and it is, accordingly, dismissed.

THE POSTSCRIPT

599. The decision in the appeal is over. But there are still a few things for us to say before we finally close this matter.

600. At the beginning of the hearing of the appeal, Mr. Gopal Subramaniumavowed that, though appearing for the prosecution, he would like the bestfor the appellant. He wished that the case of the appellant be presentedbefore the Court at the highest level and that it should receive the mostcareful scrutiny by the Court. The solemnity and sincerity of hisdeclaration set the tone for the proceedings before the Court. Thediscourses were luminous, warm and stimulating but completely free fromheat, rancour or anger, leave alone any vengefulness. Mr. Subramanium,erudite and sensitive, was full of restraint; always down-playing theprosecution case a notch or two and never making a statement of fact unlessabsolutely certain of its correctness. Mr. Ramachandran, cool and clinical,gently tried to persuade the Court to his point of view. In the course of the hearing of the case, which was spread over 13 weeks, not once were thevoices raised, not once was the Counsel of the other side interrupted andcontradicted on a statement of fact. In my twenty years on the bench I havenot heard a serious case debated in such a congenial atmosphere as createdby Mr. Subramanium and Mr. Ramachandran in this case.

601. Mr. Ramachandran, appearing for the appellant, was assisted by Mr.Gaurav Agrawal and a small team of juniors. Mr. Subramanium, representingthe State of Maharashtra, was assisted by Mr. Ujjawal Nikkam, the Spl. PPwho conducted the trial and a team of juniors. The juniors’ teams alsoshowed remarkable preparation and resourcefulness. Any query on facts wasanswered in no time with reference to volume number and page number fromthe records that appeared like a small mountain. We are indebted to Mr.Subramanium and Mr. Ramachandran and their respective teams and we put ourgratitude on record.

602. In this case we came across heroes like Tukaram Ombale, HemantKarkare, Ashok Kamte, Vijay Salaskar and Sandeep Unnikrishnan, who losttheir lives in the fight against terrorism. We salute every policeman,every member of the security forces and others who laid down their livessaving others and helping to catch or neutralise the ten terrorists. Wehave great admiration for the courage and sense of duty shown by thepolicemen and the members of the security forces who received injuries indischarge of their duties and we extend our deepest sympathies to them fortheir injuries. We compliment all those who showed great presence of mindand professionalism and, caring little for their own safety, savedcountless lives or photographed the terrorists on their killing spree thusproviding unimpeachable evidence for the court. We mourn the death of 148civilians, both Indians and foreign nationals, who fell victim to the orgyof terror unleashed on the city, and extend our heart-felt condolences totheir families. We also extend our deepest sympathies to all the 238 peoplewho suffered injuries at the hands of the terrorists. We also greatlycomplement the resilient spirit of Mumbai that, to all outward appearances,recovered from the blow very quickly and was back to business as usual inno time.

603. In the course of hearing of the appeal we also came to know the trial Judge Shri Tahiliani. From the records of the case he appears to be astern, no-nonsense person. But he is a true flag bearer of the rule of law in this country. The manner in which he conducted the trial proceedings and maintained the record is exemplary. We seriously recommend that the trial court records of this case be included in the curriculum of the National Judicial Authority and the Judicial Authorities of the different States as a model for criminal trial proceedings.

604. We direct the Maharashtra Government to pay a sum of Rupees eleven lakh (Rs.11 Lakhs) to Mr. Raju Ramachandran and Rupees three lakh fifty thousand to Mr. Gaurav Agrawal (Rs 3.5 Lakhs) as token remuneration for their very valuable assistance to the Court. The payments should be made within two months from today.

605. With this we come to the close of the matter and we end here.

J. (Aftab Alam)
J. (Chandramauli Kr. Prasad)

New Delhi,
August 29, 2012

SCHEDULE I
LIST OF PERSONS KILLED

Sr. No.	NAME	POLICE/ SECURITY FORCE/ CIVILIAN	NATIONALITY
KUBER
1	Amarchand Naran Solanki	Civilian	Indian
CST
2	Shashank Chandrasen Shinde	Police (Inspector)	Indian
3	Hamina Begum Hamid Shaikh	Civilian	Indian
4	Ashraf Ali Allahrakha	Civilian	Indian
5	Ajij Nabilal Rampure	Civilian	Indian
6	Aakash Akhilesh Yadav	Civilian	Indian
7	Mukesh Bhikaji Jadhav	Home Guard	Indian
8	Sitaram Mallapa Sakhare	Civilian	Indian
9	Rahamtulla Ibrahim	Civilian	Indian
10	Mishrilal Mourya Shri	Civilian	Indian
11	Vinod Madanlal Gupta	Civilian	Indian
12	Sunil Ashok Thackare	Civilian	Indian
13	Haji Ejaj Bhai Imamsaheb	Civilian	Indian
14	Mira Narayan Chattarji	Civilian	Indian
15	Shirish Sawla Chari	Civilian	Indian
16	Sushilkumar Vishwambhar	Civilian	Indian
17	Murlidhar Laxman Choudhary	Railway Protection Force (Constable)	Indian
18	Ambadas Ramchandra Pawar	Police (Constable)	Indian
19	Jaikumar Durairaj Nadar	Civilian	Indian
20	Deepali Janardhan Chitekar	Civilian	Indian
21	Raju Janardhan Chitekar	Civilian	Indian
22	Aditya Ashok Yadav	Civilian	Indian
23	Isibul Raheman Faizuddin	Civilian	Indian
24	Prakash Janath Mandal	Civilian	Indian
25	Harakha Lalji Solanki	Civilian	Indian
26	Mohamed Amanat Mohamad Ali	Civilian	Indian
27	Sarafraz Sallauddin Ansari	Civilian	Indian
28	Ayub Yakub Qureshi	Civilian	Indian
29	Afarin Shahadab Qureshi	Civilian	Indian
30	Avadesh Sudama Pandit	Civilian	Indian
31	Chandulal Kashinath Tandel	Civilian	Indian
32	Manohar Sohani	Civilian	Indian
33	Mohamad Hussain Mohamad	Civilian	Indian
34	Murtaza Ansari Sallauddin	Civilian	Indian
35	Mohamad Arif Mohamed Islam	Civilian	Indian
36	Mohamad Mukhtar Malik	Civilian	Indian
37	Abbas Rajjab Ansari	Civilian	Indian
38	Unknown Male person	Civilian	Indian
39	Mrs.Gangabai Baburao	Civilian	Indian
40	Narul Islam Ajahar Mulla	Civilian	Indian
41	Murgan Palaniya Pillai	Civilian	Indian
42	Rakhila Abbas Ansari	Civilian	Indian
43	Nitesh Vijaykumar Sharma	Civilian	Indian
44	Fatmabi Rehaman Shaikh	Civilian	Indian
45	Meenu Arjun Ansari	Civilian	Indian
46	Mohamad Itihas Ansari	Civilian	Indian
47	Mastan Munir Qureshi	Civilian	Indian
48	M.V. Anish	Civilian	Indian
49	Upendra Birju Yadav	Civilian	Indian
50	Unknown Male person	Civilian	Indian
51	Poonam Bharat Navadia	Civilian	Indian
52	Baichan Ramprasad Gupta	Civilian	Indian
53	Nathuni Parshuram Yadav	Civilian	Indian
CAMA-IN
54	Prakash Pandurang More	Police (Sub-Inspector)	Indian
55	Vijay Madhukar Khandekar	Police (Constable)	Indian
56	Baban Balu Ughade	Civilian	Indian
57	Bhanu Devu Narkar	Civilian	Indian
58	Thakur Budha Waghela	Civilian	Indian
59	Bhagan Gangaram Shinde	Civilian	Indian
60	Shivashankar Nirant Gupta	Civilian	Indian
CAMA-OUT
61	Hemant Kamlakar Karkare	Police (Joint Commissioner, ATS)	Indian
62	Ashok Marutirao Kamate	Police (Additional Commissioner-East Region)	Indian
63	Vijay Sahadev Salaskar	Police (Inspector)	Indian
64	Bapurao Sahebrao Durgude	Police (Sub-Inspector)	Indian
65	Balasaheb @ Nana Chandrakant Bhosale	Police (Assistant Sub-Inspector)	Indian
66	Arun Raghunath Chite	Police (Constable)	Indian
67	Jayawant Hanumant Patil	Police (Constable)	Indian
68	Yogesh Shivaji Patil	Police (Constable)	Indian
69	Surendrakumar Bindu Rama	Civilian	Indian
VINOLI CHOWPATY
70	Tukaram Gopal Ombale	Police (Assistant Sub-Inspector)	Indian
VILE PARLE BLAST
71	Mohabbat Umer Abdul Khalid	Civilian	Indian
72	Laxminarayan Goyal	Civilian	Indian
LEOPOLD CAFE
73	Subhash Vanmali Vaghela	Civilian	Indian
74	Pirpashi Mehboobali Shaikh	Civilian	Indian
75	Shahabuddin Sirajuddin	Civilian	Indian
76	Harishbhai Durlabbhai	Civilian	Indian
77	Hidayatullah Anwarali Kazi	Civilian	Indian
78	Malyesh Manvendra Banarjee	Civilian	Indian
79	Gourav Balchand Jain	Civilian	Indian
80	P.K. Gopalkrishnan	Civilian	Indian
81	Kamal Nanakram Motwani	Civilian	Indian
82	Jurgen Hienrich Rudolf	Civilian	German
83	Daphne Hilary Schmidt	Civilian	German
MAZGAON BLAST
84	Mrs. Jarina Samsuddin	Civilian	Indian
85	Fulchandra Ramchandra Bind	Civilian	Indian
86	Mrs. Reema Mohamad Rabiul	Civilian	Indian
HOTEL TAJ
87	Major Sandip Unnikrishnan	Security Force	Indian
88	Rahul Subhash Shinde	Police (Constable)	Indian
89	Zaheen Sayyed Nisar Ali	Civilian	Indian
90	Andres Don Livera	Civilian	British
91	Gunjan Vishandas Narang	Civilian	Indian
92	Vishandas Giridharidas	Civilian	Indian
93	Vijayrao Anandrao Banja	Civilian	Indian
94	Sadanand Ratan Patil	Civilian	Indian
95	Thomas Verghese	Civilian	Indian
96	Ravi Jagan Kunwar	Civilian	Indian
97	Boris Mario Do Rego	Civilian	Indian
98	Satpakkam Rahmatulla	Civilian	Indian
99	Faustine Basil Martis	Civilian	Indian
100	Kaizad Naushir Kamdin	Civilian	Indian
101	Neelam Vishandas Narang	Civilian	Indian
102	Rupinder Devenersing	Civilian	Indian
103	Eklak Ahmed Mustak Ahmed	Civilian	Indian
104	Maksud Tabarakali Shaikh	Civilian	Indian
105	Feroz Jamil Ahmed Khan	Civilian	Indian
106	Teitelbaum Aryeh Levish	Civilian	Israeli
107	Duglas Justin Markell	Civilian	Australian
108	Chaitilal Gunish	Civilian	Mauritius
109	Willem Jan Berbaers	Civilian	Belgium
110	Nitisingh Karamveer Kang	Civilian	Indian
111	Samarveer Singh Karamveer Singh Kang	Civilian	Indian
112	Udaysingh Karamveer Singh Kang	Civilian	Indian
113	Sabina Saigal Saikia	Civilian	Indian
114	Hemlata Kashi Pillai	Civilian	Malaysian
115	Rajiv Omprakash Sarswat	Civilian	Indian
116	Gutam Devsingh Gosai	Civilian	Indian
117	Rajan Eshwar Kamble	Civilian	Indian
118	Burki Ralph Rainer Jachim	Civilian	German
119	Hemant Pravin Talim	Civilian	Indian
120	Shoeb Ahmed Shaikh	Civilian	Indian
121	Michael Stuart Moss	Civilian	British
122	Elizabeth Russell	Civilian	Canadian
NARIMAN HOUSE
123	Salim Hussain Harharwala	Civilian	Indian
124	Mehzabin @ Maria Salim Harharwala	Civilian	Indian
125	Rivka Gavriel Holtzberg	Civilian	Israeli
126	Rabbi Gavriel Noach	Civilian	Israeli
127	Gajendra Singh	Security Force	Indian
128	Ben Zion Chroman	Civilian	Israeli
129	Norma Shvarzblat	Civilian	Mexican
130	Rajendrakumar Baburam	Civilian	Indian
131	Yokevet Mosho Orpaz	Civilian	Israeli
HOTEL OBEROI
132	T. Suda Hisashi	Civilian	Japanese
133	Murad Amarsi	Civilian	French
134	Loumiya Hiridaji Amarsi	Civilian	French
135	Scherr Alan Michael	Civilian	American
136	Neomi Leiya Sher	Civilian	American
137	Sandeep Kisan Jeswani	Civilian	American
138	Lo Hawei Yen	Civilian	Singapore
139	Jhirachant Kanmani @ Jina	Civilian	Thailand
140	Altino D’ Lorenjo	Civilian	Italian
141	Brett Gilbert Tailor	Civilian	Australian
142	Farukh Dinshaw	Civilian	Indian
143	Reshama Sunil Parikh	Civilian	Indian
144	Sunil Shevantilal Parekh	Civilian	Indian
145	Ajit Shrichand Chabriya	Civilian	Indian
146	Sanjay Vijay Agarwal	Civilian	Indian
147	Rita Sanjay Agarwal	Civilian	Indian
148	Mohit Kanhaiyalal Harjani	Civilian	Indian
149	Monika Ajit Chabriya	Civilian	Indian
150	Harsha Mohit Harjani	Civilian	Indian
151	Ravi Dara	Civilian	Indian
152	Uma Vinod Gark	Civilian	Indian
153	Pankaj Somchand Shah	Civilian	Indian
154	Ashok Kapoor	Civilian	Indian
155	Anand Suryadatta Bhatt	Civilian	Indian
156	Rohington Bajji Mallu	Civilian	Indian
157	Kannubhai Zaverbhai Patel	Civilian	Indian
158	Ami Bipinichandra Thaker	Civilian	Indian
159	Jordan Geigy Fernandise	Civilian	Indian
160	Neeta Prakash Gaikwad	Civilian	Indian
161	Shaunak Jayawant	Civilian	Indian
162	Wilson Baburao Mandalik	Civilian	Indian
163	Sarjerao Sadashiv Bhosale	Civilian	Indian
164	JasminMahendrasingh Burji	Civilian	Indian
165	Sanjy Sambhajirao Surve	Civilian	Indian
166	Bimolchand Maibam	Civilian	Indian

List of Injured People

Sr. No.	NAME	POLICE/ SECURITY FORCE/ CIVILIAN	NATIONALITY
CST
1	Mukesh Bhagwatprakash Agarwal	Civilian	Indian
2	Nisha Anilkumar Yadav	Civilian	Indian
3	JangamVithalrao Bokade	Civilian	Indian
4	Parasnath Ramsoman Giri	Railway Protection Force (Head Constable)	Indian
5	Firoz Khan Khushnur Khan Ghouri	Railway Protection Force (Constable)	Indian
6	Raziyabegum Noor Qureshi	Civilian	Indian
7	Sarita Shantaram	Civilian	Indian
8	Neeta Gajanan Kurhade	Civilian	Indian
9	Ajamat Ali Narhu Sha	Civilian	Indian
10	Maltidevi Madan Gupta	Civilian	Indian
11	Sulochana Chandrakant Lokhande	Civilian	Indian
12	Vijay Ramchandra Khote	Civilian	Indian
13	Mumtaz Mohd. Yusuf Khan	Civilian	Indian
14	Pappu Laldev Jawahar	Civilian	Indian
15	Shabir Abdul Salam Dalal	Civilian	Indian
16	Laxman Shivaji Hundkeri	Civilian	Indian
17	Akshay Tanaji Supekar	Civilian	Indian
18	Nimba Shampuri Gosavi	Civilian	Indian
19	Mahadev Datta Petkar	Civilian	Indian
20	Santoshkumar Faujdarsing Yadav	Civilian	Indian
21	Miraj Alam Ali Mulla	Civilian	Indian
22	Abdul Rashid Abdul Aziz	Civilian	Indian
23	Abdul Salam Shaikh S.	Civilian	Indian
24	Akhilesh Dyanu Yadav	Civilian	Indian
25	Ramzan Sahrif Kadar	Civilian	Indian
26	Mohd. Siddiqu Mohd. Sagir Alam	Civilian	Indian
27	Sachinkumar Singh Santoshkumar Singh	Civilian	Indian
28	Tejas Arjungi	Civilian	Indian
29	Shamshad Dalal	Civilian	Indian
30	Baby Ashok Yadav	Civilian	Indian
31	Shital Upendra Yadav	Civilian	Indian
32	Asha Shridhar Borde	Civilian	Indian
33	Vatsala Sahadev Kurhade	Civilian	Indian
34	Chandrakant Ganpatirao Lokhande	Civilian	Indian
35	Abdul Razak Farukh	Civilian	Indian
36	Afroz Abbas Ansari	Civilian	Indian
37	Dadarao Rambhoji Jadhav	Civilian	Indian
38	Suryabhan Sampat Gupta	Civilian	Indian
39	Jagendrakumar Kailashkumar Mishra	Civilian	Indian
40	Gopal Julena Prajapati	Civilian	Indian
41	P. Nirmala	Civilian	Indian
42	P. Ponuraj	Civilian	Indian
43	Mohan Bharti	Civilian	Indian
44	Sushant Nityanand Panda	Civilian	Indian
45	Annasaheb Ambu Waghmode	Civilian	Indian
46	T. Thavasi Parnal	Civilian	Indian
47	Anand Bhimrao Arjun	Civilian	Indian
48	Kanhayya Kedarnath Sahani	Civilian	Indian
49	Vibha Ashokkumar Singh	Civilian	Indian
50	Beti Alfonso	Civilian	Indian
51	Indraraj Luise	Civilian	Indian
52	Jayram Harilal Chawan	Civilian	Indian
53	Sunita Upendra Yadav	Civilian	Indian
54	Sushama Akhilesh Yadav	Civilian	Indian
55	Raviranjan Shriram	Civilian	Indian
56	Priyanka Chitaranjan Giri	Civilian	Indian
57	Imran Shakur Bhagwan	Civilian	Indian
58	Rekha Shyam Rathod	Civilian	Indian
59	Barjrang Jaykaran	Civilian	Indian
60	Satyanand Karunakaro	Civilian	Indian
61	Manoj Prafulchandra	Civilian	Indian
62	Balaji Baburao Kharatmol	Civilian	Indian
63	Mehboob Abbas Ansari	Civilian	Indian
64	Asif Abdul Rafik Shaikh	Civilian	Indian
65	Raghvendra Banvasi Singh	Civilian	Indian
66	Ashok Keshwanand Singh	Civilian	Indian
67	Radhadevi Bodhiram Sahani	Civilian	Indian
68	Tapasi Taramniggam Nadar	Civilian	Indian
69	Sayyed Shahnavaz Sayyed Salim Mujawar	Civilian	Indian
70	Arvind Gopinath Bhalekar	Civilian	Indian
71	Shivram Vijay Sawant	Civilian	Indian
72	Ashok Shivram Patil	Civilian	Indian
73	Bharat Ramchandra Bhosale	Government Railway Police (Assistant Inspector)	Indian
74	Devika Natvarlal Rotawan	Civilian	Indian
75	Farukh Nasiruddin	Civilian	Indian
76	Nafisa Sadaf Qureshi	Civilian	Indian
77	Kishor Vinayak Kale	Civilian	Indian
78	Sudama Aba Pandarkar	Government Railway Police (Assistant Sub-Inspector)	Indian
79	Pandurang Subrao Patil	Government Railway Police (Assistant Sub-Inspector)	Indian
80	Punamsingh Santosh Singh	Civilian	Indian
81	Vishal Prakash Kardak	Civilian	Indian
82	Sangita Niranjan Sardar	Civilian	Indian
83	Niranjan Sadashiv Sardar	Civilian	Indian
84	Ansarallh Saudaarallh Baksh Mohd. Hanif	Civilian	Indian
85	Harshada Suhas Salaskar	Civilian	Indian
86	Pappusing Mannusingh	Civilian	Indian
87	Habibul Mohd. Sukurddin	Civilian	Indian
88	Anilkumar Rajendra Yadav	Civilian	Indian
89	Laji Jagganath Pandye	Civilian	Indian
90	Sanjay Nemchandra Yadav	Civilian	Indian
91	Ratankumarji Kanhayaprasad Yadav	Civilian	Indian
92	Shambunath Munai Yadav	Civilian	Indian
93	Ganesh Sitaram Sakhare	Civilian	Indian
94	Ashok Bhimappa Renetala	Civilian	Indian
95	Alok Harilal Gupta	Civilian	Indian
96	Ganpat Gangaram Shigwan	Civilian	Indian
97	Fakir Mohd. Abdul Gafoor	Civilian	Indian
98	Murlidhar Chintu Jhole	Police (Head Constable)	Indian
99	Balu Bandu More	Police (Constable)	Indian
100	Prakash Sohanlal Phalore	Civilian	Indian
101	Ramji Yabad Napit	Railway Protection Force (Assistant Sub-Inspector)	Indian
102	Vishveshwar Shishupal Pacharane	Home Guard	Indian
103	Adhikrao Gyanu Kale	Government Railway Police (Head Constable)	Indian
104	Uttam Vishnu Sasulkar	Home Guard	Indian
105	Vijaya Ramkomal Kushwah	Civilian	Indian
106	Bharat Shyam Nawadia	Civilian	Indian
107	Anilkumar Dyanoji	Civilian	Indian
108	Sadahiv Chandrakant Kolke	Civilian	Indian
109	Prashant Purnachandra Das	Civilian	Indian
CAMA-IN
110	Harischandra Sonu Shrivardhankar	Civilian	Indian
111	Chandrakant Gyandev Tikhe	Civilian	Indian
112	Kailash Chandrabhan Ghegadmal	Civilian	Indian
113	Vijay Abaji Shinde	Police (Assistant Inspector)	Indian
114	Sadanand Vasant Date	Police (Additional Commissioner)	Indian
115	Vijay Tukaram Powar	Police (Assistant Inspector)	Indian
116	Sachin Dadasaheb Tilekar	Police (Constable)	Indian
117	Mohan Gyanoba Shinde	Police (Head Constable)	Indian
118	Hirabai Vilas Jadhav	Civilian	Indian
119	Vinayak Chintaman Dandgawhal	Police (Constable)	Indian
CAMA-OUT
120	Arun Dada Jadhav	Police (Naik)	Indian
121	Maruti Mahdevrao Phad	Civilian	Indian
122	Anil Mahadev Nirmal	Civilian	Indian
123	Shankar Bhausaheb Vhande	Police (Constable)	Indian
124	Prashant Sadashiv Koshti	Civilian	Indian
125	Mohd. Asif Abdul Gani	Civilian	Indian
126	Kalpanth Jitai Singh	Civilian	Indian
VINOLI CHOWPATY
127	Sanjay Yeshwant Govilkar	Police (Assistant Inspector)	Indian
VILE PARLE BLAST
128	Roldan Glandson Ayman	Civilian	Indian
129	Shyam Sunder Choudhary	Civilian	Indian
130	Balkrishna Ramchandra Bore	Civilian	Indian
LEOPOLD CAFE
131	Munira-ul Rayesi	Civilian	Oman
132	Faizal Miran Sabil-ul Gidgali	Civilian	Oman
133	Asma-un Rayesi	Civilian	Oman
134	David John Kokar	Civilian	Australian
135	Harnish Patel	Civilian	British
136	Micheal Charles Murphy	Civilian	British
137	Riyan Michael Murphy	Civilian	British
138	Anamika Bholanath Gupta	Civilian	Indian
139	Minakshi Raghubhai	Civilian	Indian
140	Bhaskar Paddu Dewadiga	Civilian	Indian
141	Benjamin Jerold Methis	Civilian	German
142	Pravin Pandurang Sawant	Police (Naik)	Indian
143	Kunal Prakash Jaiswani	Civilian	Indian
144	Ransale Gilbert	Civilian	Indian
145	Ijas Abdul Karupadan	Civilian	Indian
146	Nilesh Mahendra Gandhi	Civilian	Indian
147	Prakash Satan Bharwani	Civilian	Indian
148	Ramchandra Selumadhav	Civilian	Indian
149	Bharat Sasuprasad Gujar	Civilian	Indian
150	Rasika Krushna Sawant	Civilian	Indian
151	Mohd. Parvez Aslam Ansari	Civilian	Indian
152	Mohd. Ayub Mohd. Abdul Ansari	Civilian	Indian
153	Manoj Bahadur Thakur	Civilian	Indian
154	Fanishang Misha Bhishum	Civilian	Indian
155	Naresh Mulchand Jumani	Civilian	Indian
156	Prashant Vasant Tambe	Civilian	Indian
157	Nivrutti Baburao Gavhane	Police (Naik)	Indian
158	Katherin Austin	Civilian	Australian
MAZGAON BLAST
159	Rajendraprasad Ramchandra Maurya	Civilian	Indian
160	Abdul Salim Shaikh	Civilian	Indian
161	Shahbaz Juber Khan	Civilian	Indian
162	Sabira Majid Khan	Civilian	Indian
163	Sohel Abdul Shaikh	Civilian	Indian
164	Kabir Bablu Shaikh	Civilian	Indian
165	Kulsum Babu Shaikh	Civilian	Indian
166	Jasmin Babu Shaikh	Civilian	Indian
167	Imran Mohd. Shafi Pathari	Civilian	Indian
168	Manoharabegum Ali Ahmed Shaikh	Civilian	Indian
169	Hawa Abdul Salim Shaikh	Civilian	Indian
170	Sanju Kurshna Ghorpade	Civilian	Indian
171	Manorabagum Ali Akbar	Civilian	Indian
172	Saiddiqui Firoz Shaikh	Civilian	Indian
173	Shamin Rauf Shaikh	Civilian	Indian
174	Rahaman Ali Akbar Shaikh	Civilian	Indian
175	Heena China Shaikh	Civilian	Indian
176	Mukhtar Shriniwas Shaikh	Civilian	Indian
177	Kanhaikumar Harikishor Paswan	Civilian	Indian
HOTEL TAJ
178	Deepak Narsu Dhole	Police (Inspector)	Indian
179	Samadhan Shankar More	State Reserve Force	Indian
180	Sanjay Uttam Gomase	State Reserve Force	Indian
181	Rafal Godas	Civilian	Spanish
182	Maria Roza Romero	Civilian	Spanish
183	Simond Helis	Civilian	British
184	Eyujin Tan Jhonsi	Civilian	Philippines
185	Hanifa Bilakiya	Civilian	Indian
186	Anjum Gaful Bilakiya	Civilian	Indian
187	U.T Bernad	Civilian	German
188	Vinay Keshavaji Kuntawala	Civilian	Indian
189	Deepak Pramod Gupta	Civilian	Indian
190	Pragati Deepak Gupta	Civilian	Indian
191	Mohanlal Pratap Taware	Civilian	Indian
192	Sunil Kumar Jodha	Security Force	Indian
193	Vishvanath Maruti Gaikwad	State Reserve Force	Indian
194	K.R. Rammurthi	Civilian	Indian
195	Adil Rohengtan Irani	Civilian	Indian
196	Ashish Ankush Patil	Civilian	Indian
197	Nitin Digamber Kakade	Police (Sub-Inspector)	Indian
198	Naushir Firoz Sanjana	Civilian	Indian
199	Jagdish Waman Gujran	Civilian	Indian
200	Nitin Satishkumar Minocha	Civilian	Indian
201	Sajesh Narayan Nair	Civilian	Indian
202	Rakesh Harischandra	Civilian	Indian
203	Amit Raghnuath Khetle	Police (Constable)	Indian
204	Ashok Laxman Pawar	Police (Naik)	Indian
205	Arun Sarjerao Mane	Police (Naik)	Indian
206	Saudagar Nivrutti Shinde	Police (Constable)	Indian
207	Shankar Shamrao Pawar	Police (Constable)	Indian
NARIMAN HOUSE
208	Prakash Rawji Surve	Civilian	Indian
209	Bablu Rajsing Yallam	Civilian	Indian
210	Sanjay Laxman Katar	Civilian	Indian
211	Vijay Ankush Falke	Civilian	Indian
212	Ashok Babu Sunnap	Civilian	Indian
213	Pradosh Prakash Perekar	Civilian	Indian
214	Anil Sakharam Varal	Civilian	Indian
HOTEL OBEROI & HOTEL TRIDENT
215	Shabbir Tahirna Naruddin	Civilian	Indian
216	Amardeep Harkisan Sethi	Civilian	Indian
217	Sidharth Rajkumar Tyagi	Civilian	Indian
218	Drrissuz Sobizutski	Civilian	Poland
219	Linda Oricistala Rangsdel	Civilian	American
220	Alisa Micheal	Civilian	Canadian
221	Andolina Waokta	Civilian	American
222	Helan Connolly	Civilian	Canadian
223	Jahid Jibad Mebyar	Civilian	Jordanian
224	Shi Fung Chen	Civilian	Japanese
225	Reshma Sanjay Khiyani	Civilian	Indian
226	C.M. Puri	Civilian	Indian
227	Capt. A.K. Singh	Security Force	Indian
228	Camando Manish	Security Force	Indian
229	Apurva Natwarlal Parekh	Civilian	Indian
230	Dinaj Puranchand Sharma	Civilian	Indian
231	Chandresh Harjiwandas	Civilian	Indian
232	Imran Jan Mohd. Merchant	Civilian	Indian
233	Appasaheb Maruti Patil	Civilian	Indian
234	Anil Bhaskar Kolhe	State Reserve Force	Indian
235	Gangaram Suryabhan Borde	Civilian	Indian
236	Ranjit Jagganath Jadhav	State Reserve Force	Indian
237	Joseph Joy Pultara	Civilian	Indian

SCHEDULE II

List of Accused Persons

Accused on Trial

SR. No.	NAME
1	Mohammad Ajmal Mohammad Amir Kasab @ Abu Mujahid
2	Fahim Arshad Mohammad Yusuf Ansari @ Abu Jarar @ Sakib @ Pawaskar @ Sameer Shaikh@ Ahmed Hasan Sahil
3	Sabauddin Ahmed Shabbir Ahmed Shaikh @ Saba @ Farhan @ Mubbashir @ Babar @ Sameer Singh @ Sanjiv @ Abu-Al-Kasim @ Iftikhar @ Murshad @ Mohammad Shafik@Ajmal Ali

Accused who died in Commission of Offence

SR. No.	NAME
1	Ismail Khan @Abu Ismail
2	Imran Babar @ Abu Aqsa
3	Nasir @ Abu Umar
4	Nazir @ Abu Omair
5	Hafiz Arshad @ Abdul Rehaman Bada @ Hayaji
6	Abadul Reheman Chhota @ Saqib
7	Fahad Ullah
8	Javed @ Abu Ali
9	Shoaib @ Abu Soheb

Wanted Accused

SR. No.	NAME
1	Hafeez Mohammad Saeed @ Hafiz @ Hafiz Saab
2	Zaki-Ur-Rehaman Lakhvi
3	Abu Hamza
4	Abu Al Kama @ Amjid
5	Abu Kaahfa
6	Mujjamil @ Yusuf
7	Zarar Shah
8	Abu Fahad Ullah
9	Abu Abdul Rehman
10	Abu Anas
11	Abu Bashir
12	Abu Imran
13	Abu Mufti Saeed
14	Hakim Saab
15	Yusuf
16	Mursheed
17	Aakib
18	Abu Umar Saeed
19	Usman
20	Major General Sahab – Name not known
21	Kharak Singh
22	Mohammad Ishfak
23	Javid Iqbal
24	Sajid Iftikhar
25	Col. R. Saadat Ullah
26	Khurram Shahdad
27	Abu Abdur Rehaman
28	Abu Muavia
29	Abu Anis
30	Abu Bashir
31	Abu Hanjla Pathan
32	Abu Saria
33	Abu Saif Ur Rehman
34	Abu Imran
35	Hakim Saheb

Schedule III

DNA Evidence

SR. NO.	NAME OF THE TERRORIST	FORWARDING LETTER TO FSL FOR DNA PROFILING	ARTICLES SEIZED DURING INVESTIGATION IN M.V. KUBER	OPINION
1	Kasab	Exhibit No. 658	Jacket (Art. 186 Colly.)	The DNA profile from the control sample matched with the DNA profile from sweat detected in jacket – report is Exhibit No. 205-F
2	Abu Ismail	Exhibit No. 216	Blanket (Art. 184 Colly.)	The DNA profile from the control sample matched with the DNA profile from sweat detected on blanket – report is Exhibit No. 205-B
3	Imran Babar	Exhibit No. 683	–	–
4	Abu Umar	Exhibit No. 683	Monkey Cap (Art. 187 Colly.)	The DNA profile from the control sample matched with the DNA profile from sweat detected on Monkey cap – report is Exhibit No. 205-E
5	Abu Omair	Exhibit No. 671 Colly	Jacket (Art. 186 Colly.)	The DNA profile from the control sample matched with the DNA profile from sweat detected on jacket – report is Exhibit No. 205-G
6	Abdul Rehman Bada	–	–	–
7	Abdul Rehman Chhota	Exhibit No. 665	Israeli Cap (Art. 187 Colly.)	The DNA profile from the control sample matched with the DNA profile from sweat detected on Israeli cap – report is Exhibit No. 205-D
8	Fahadullah	Exhibit No. 666	–	–
9	Abu Ali	Exhibit No. 671 Colly.	Handkerchief (Art. 206)	The DNA profile from the control sample matched with the DNA profile from sweat detected on handkerchief – report is Exhibit No. 205-C
10	Abu Soheb	Exhibit No. 671 Colly.	–	–

Mohammed Ajmal Mohammadamir Kasab @ Abu Mujahid Vs. State of Maharashtra

[Criminal Appeal Nos.1899-1900 of 2011]

State of Maharashtra Vs. Famhim Harshad Mohammad Yusufansari & another

[Criminal Appeal No. 1961 of 2011]

Radhakant Yadav Vs. Union of India & Others

[Transfer Petition (Criminal) No. 30 of 2012]

JUDGMENT

CHANDRAMAULI KR. PRASAD,J.

I agree. However, I wish to add few words of my own. In all human affairs absolute certainty is myth. Prof. Brett puts it,” all exactness is fake”. Ordinarily, E.L.Dorado theory of “absolute proof” being unattainable, the law accepts for it probability as a workingsubstitute. Hardly one come across a case, where Court does not resort to”certain probability” as working substitute for proof beyond all reasonabledoubt. However, in the case in hand, from the evidence, oral anddocumentary, reference of which have copiously been made in the judgment bymy noble and learned Brother Aftab Alam, J. make me believe that “absolutecertainty” may not necessarily be a myth or fake in all cases and can be areality. The present case is an exception. Here, I am more than certain thatthe planning and conspiracy to commit the crime were hatched in Pakistan,the perpetrators of crime were Pakistani trained at different centres inthat country, and the devastation which took place at various places in thecity of Mumbai, were executed by the appellant in furtherance thereof.

…………………………….J. (CHANDRAMAULI KR. PRASAD)

NEW DELHI,

AUGUST 29,2012.

1. A complete list of people killed and injured is appended at thebottom of the judgment as Schedule No. I, forming part of the judgment.

2. A complete list of the accused in three categories, i.e., (i) thethree who faced the trial, (ii) the nine who died in course of commissionof the crimes and (iii) the thirty five (35) who remain to be apprehendedis appended at the bottom of this judgment as Schedule No. II, forming partof the judgment.

3. A term used by the appellant; vernacular adaptation of buddy.

4. To reconstruct the events at the CST the prosecution has examinefifty-three (53) witnesses. Leaving aside the forensic experts and otherwitnesses of a formal nature such as panch witness, the number of eyewitnesses who gave ocular accounts of the events is not less than twenty-five (25). Out of these, ten (10) are policemen and members of RailwayProtection Force (RPF) and Home Guard; among them three (3) are injuredwitnesses. Of the remaining fifteen(15), nine (9) are passengers, of whomeight (8) are injured witnesses. Of the remaining six (6), four (4) arerailway employees, of whom two (2) are injured. The remaining two (2) arephotographers from the Times of India, one of the prime English dailies of the country.

5. According to the appellant’s confessional statement before themagistrate, before lobbing the hand grand at the crowd of passengers, AbuIsmail had placed the bag containing the RDX bomb, with the timer set forblast, among the passengers’ luggage. Fortunately, however, the bomb failedto explode. The bomb along with the bag was later seized after it wasdiffused by the bomb disposal squad, but that forms part of the forensicevidence to which we will advert in due course.

6. The fake identity card with Hindu name given to each member of thegroup of terrorists by Abu Kafa before leaving for Mumbai

7. Independently established through mobile phone call records

8. As we shall see presently this was Assistant Sub-Inspector SudamaAba Pandarkar (PW-62)

9. As we shall see presently this was Police Constable Ambadas Pawar(one of the policemen falling down to the terrorists’ bullets)

10. All the three pictures clearly show Kasab, carrying a haversack onhis back and an AK-47 in his hands. In the first picture he is shown movingforward, with the left hand raised and the right hand holding the AK-47with the barrel pointing downwards. In the second picture he is raising thegun with the right hand and the left hand is coming down towards the gunfor providing support. In the third picture he is stepping forward withboth hands holding AK-47 at waist level in firing position.

11. As we shall see presently these two were Police Inspector ShashankShinde and Police Constable Ambadas Pawar (who fell down to the terrorists’bullets).

12. Ext. nos. 410-A, 410-B and 410-C are pictures taken when Kasab andAbu Ismail were at CST. All the three pictures appear to be taken from thefront. In the pictures they appear behind what appears to be the frames ofa set of two metal detectors. In Ext. no. 410-A Kasab and Abu Ismail arestanding about three ft. apart peering ahead; in Ext. no. 410-B they appearstanding close together in the frame of the metal detector looking ahead.In Ext. no. 410-C Abu Ismail is hidden behind a pillar but Kasab is clearlyshown carrying a haversack on his back and an AK-47 in both hands.

13. Ext. no. 410-D clearly shows Kasab coming down form the foot-over-bridge. The picture was taken with a flash and, therefore, it shows Kasabboth startled and angry with the haversack hanging from the shoulder and the AK-47 held in both hands ready to fire.

14. PW-62, Injured: shown in photograph Ext. no. 245

15. Ambadas Pawar, killed; shown lying down with Shashank Shinde inphotograph Ext. no. 242

16. PW-61, D’souza

17. Though Devika was not examined by the police earlier and she wasonly a child aged 10 years, on an application made by the prosecution thetrial court by order dated June 10, 2009 allowed her to be examined as oneof the prosecution witnesses under oath after being satisfied that she wascapable of understanding the meaning of oath. We feel that the trial courtwas quite justified in examining Devika as one of the witnesses of theoccurrence.

18. For this part of the case the prosecution examined thirty-two (32)witnesses. Leaving aside the doctors, forensic experts and other witnessesof a formal nature, such as panch witnesses, the number of eye witnesseswho gave an ocular account of the events is not less than eleven (11). Of the eleven (11), two are policemen both of whom received injuries at thehands of Kasab and Abu Ismail, five (5) are from the public of whom one (1)is injured, and four (4) are hospital staff of whom two (2) are injured.

19. The number relates to the persons killed and injured by Kasab andAbu Ismail both in the lane before they entered Cama hospital and insidethe hospital.

20. They were 1.Timesh Narsing Chinnekar (PW-123) whose wife Gracy wasadmitted in the hospital on November 22, 2008, for delivery; 2. ThomasSidhappa Uledhar (PW-108), brother-in-law of Chinnekar; and 3. Soman, afriend of Uledhar

21. The only issue on which the two judges hearing the case were unableto agree completely was what would be the witnesses’ feelings towards thesaint. The author of these lines felt that he would never again go to theshrine holding him responsible for getting nearly killed on November 26.The other judge, on the other hand, maintained that the occurrence wouldhave greatly enhanced his devotion for the saint, whom the witness wouldsee as his savior.

22. The New Hospital building of Cama Hospital had two lifts, apart fromthe stairs, for going to the upper floors. The lifts could take one up tothe sixth floor but the stairs would go beyond, right up to the terrace of the building.

23. For this part of the case the prosecution examined eighteen (18)witnesses. Leaving aside the doctor, forensic expert and other witnesses ofa formal nature, such as panch witnesses, the number of eye witnesses whogave an ocular account of the events is not less than seven (7). Out of theseven (7), six (6) are policemen one (1) of whom received injuries at thehands of Kasab and Abu Ismail and one (1) is the driver of a car whoreceived gunshot injuries when his car was fired upon by the terrorists.

24. The number relates to the persons killed and injured by Kasab andAbu Ismail from the point they came out of Cama hospital and until theysnatched the Skoda car.

25. Thorawade (PW-128) was earlier examined on July 14, 2009, beforeKadam (PW-138) who was examined on July 27, 2009. But on July 14, 2009, heonly stated before the court that, from November 28, 2008, he was handlingthe investigation of Crime No.245-08 till it was taken over by DCB, CID, onDecember 2, 2008. Later, Kadam, in his deposition before the court, statedthat Thorawade was also among the policemen stationed in front of theentrance to Cama Hospital when Kasab and Abu Ismail came out of theHospital, and he too had witnessed the whole incident. Thereupon, the courtrecalled Thorawade and he was re-examined by the court on November 23,2009.

26. Peter Mobile is the name given to a vehicle fitted with a wirelesssystem. One such Peter Mobile is provided to each police station under thedirect control of the Sr. PI in charge of the police station.

27. Abu Ismail was firing at the crowd assembled at the Metro junctionwhile driving the Qualis police vehicle which the two terrorists hadsnatched after killing all but one of its occupants. Actually both the twopersons, namely, police constable driver Chitte and a civilian Surendra Bindu Ram, were killed, vide PW-654 (Ashok Dattatraya Khedkar, AssistantPolice Inspector)

28. Pydhonie Division Jeep was assigned to Shantilal Arjun Bhamre,Assistant Commissioner of Police, Pydhonie Division (PW-133) and he hadcome there on that Jeep.

29. For this part of the case the prosecution examined six (6)witnesses. Of these three (3) are policemen. One of them is formal, theother recorded the statement of the person from whom the car was taken awayat gun-point and, since he was not the jurisdictional policeman, he handedover the recorded statement to the jurisdictional policeman who is thethird police witness. Of the remaining three (3), two (2) are the occupantsof the car and the third is the person whom they were going to rescue afterhe was evacuated from Oberoi Hotel.

30. For this part of the case the prosecution has examined ten (10)witnesses. Leaving aside two (2) panch witnesses and a formal policewitness, there are seven (7) police witnesses of whom three (3) are membersof the team that overpowered Kasab and Abu Ismail and took them in custody(one of them is injured), two (2) reached the spot after Kasab wasapprehended and had taken him and Abu Ismail to hospital, one (1)maintained the police logs and the last secured the area after theincident.

31. According to the Post-Mortem of Abu Ismai (Ext. no. 97) there weresix (6) bullet wounds on his person; among the other parts of the body, hewas hit on the right eye and on the rear side of head, the front portion of the arm of the right hand shoulder and also at a distance of seven (7) cmdown from the right hand shoulder. It would thus appear that he was hit byshots fired by both, Kadam and Bavthankar.

32. Their identity was established by DNA profiling of the remains of the bodies found in the destroyed taxi.

33. All calls established through mobile call records.

34. One (1) the “Nakhva” on the Kuber; fifty-two (52) at CST; seven (7),”Cama in”; nine (9), “Cama out”; one (1) at Vinoli Chowpaty; and two (2) inthe Vile Parle taxi blast.

35. One hundred and nine (109) at CST; ten (10), “Cama in”; seven (7),”Cama out”; one (1) at Vinoli Chowpaty; and three (3) at Vile Parle taxiblast.

36. From the ballistic analysis of the AK-47 bullets recovered from deadbodies, (only such that were not fragmented and were capable ofidentification), it came to be established that at least six (6) persons,namely, Sitaram Sakhare, Rahamtulla Ibrahim, Vinod Madanlal Gupta, AmbadasRamchandra Pawar, Abbas Rajab Ansari (at CST) and Tukaram Gopal Ombale (atVinoli Chaupaty) were hit by shots from the AK-47 rifle, Article 10, heldby the appellant. Ashok Kamte, according to the forensic evidence, was hitby shots fired from Article 427, the AK-47 rifle used by Abu Ismail.

37. See letter dated January 5, 2009 from the Chief InvestigatingOfficer to the Police Surgeon, Mumbai, Article 991

38. See Wasim Ahmed Bashiruddin Shaikh (PW-225) and Mohammad RabiulMohammad Kiramal Shaikh (PW-176)

39. All this can be witnessed in the CCTV recordings of the Hotel.

40. After having taken Ramamoorthy captive, the terrorists were talkingwith their handlers and collaborators from across the border on a mobilephone. The collaborators asked them to find out Ramamoorthy’s identity soas to ascertain whether he was sufficiently important to be used for anybargains or negotiations with the Indian authorities. Ramamoorthy firstsaid that he was a teacher at which the terrorists mocked him, saying howcould he stay at the Taj on a salary of Rupees twenty thousand a month.They sarcastically asked him whether he was a smuggler and whether he wasteaching his pupils how to kill Muslims. Ramamoorthy finally disclosed histrue identity. Before he was able to escape, Ramamoorthy had a most harrowing timewith his captors, and one may appreciate his plight by recalling a fewverses from a contemporary poem reflecting the feelings of a person takenas one of the hostages by the terrorists. “I feel entrapped Just like you do. You by your acts and I by you. “You target me yet you are blind product of an imprisoned mind. Your freedom comes with your last breath for me, when I escape from death. No questions asked when you will die those mourning me will question why.” (from ‘Retaliate’ by Kapil Sibal, in My World Within)

41. On being questioned by the terrorists, Adil Rohinton Irani gave hisname as Adil, and said that he was a Muslim, in the hope that this wouldendear him to his captors. On the contrary, it only provoked the ire of the terrorists, who were particularly rough with him, calling him a “traitorMusalman”

42. This was in all probability the explosion of the RDX bomb placed bythe terrorists themselves on the fifth floor of the hotel.

43. Both the bombs planted by the terrorists exploded causingconsiderable damage; see Rambuval Chandrapati Yadav (PW-202).

44. See the evidence of Kazi Zakir Hussain (PW-239).

45. It is reported that it was at the Taj Mahal Hotel ballroom that, onFebruary 20, 1918, at her eighteenth birthday party, Ruttie had accepted MrJinnah’s hand in marriage while the band was playing the Chopin tune, SoDeep is the Night. It is also reported that both Mr. Jinnah, the creator ofPakistan, and Mrs. Sarojini Naidu, the President of the Indian NationalCongress, often held court at Taj Mahal Hotel. Mr. Jinnah also had an intimate connection with Mazgaon, where thebomb planted by two terrorists in a taxi exploded, killing three (3) andwounding nineteen (19) people. It is reported that Mr. Jinnah devotedThursday afternoons to visiting the grave of his wife Ruttie at the KhojaShiite Isna’ashri Cemetry, situated at Mazgaon, Mumbai. One wonders what Quaied-e-Azam would have thought of the terroristattack on his favourite city in the subcontinent and especially on TajMahal Hotel, with which he had a personal relationship of a very intimatekind.

46. In conversations (Talks no.3 and 4) on mobile phones between the terrorists at Hotel Taj and their collaborators from across the border, thelatter gleefully tell the former that a minister was trapped inside thehotel and that, on the orders of the Prime Minister, a helicopter waslikely to come to his rescue, and further that the terrorists should findand catch him and not allow him to flee.

47. See the evidence of Additional Commissioner of Police SaravanaswamyJagannathan (PW-37) and Commandant Prabhdeep Singh Malhotra (PW-26), andExhibits no. 172A and 140.

48. See Exhibit no. 160, the office copy of the original registrationcertificate.

49. It may be stated here that the witness was giving the list of thearticles from his memory. At this stage, in answer to a court question, hesought permission to refer to the Panchnama Ext. no. 182 and, on referringto the Panchnama, he said that there were fourteen (14) to fifteen (15)shirts.

50. * A reference to the panchnama, Ext. no. 182 would show that each of these articles had markings/writings that unmistakably indicated that allthe articles originated in Pakistan.

51. Vermicelli[

52. It may be noted here that among the one hundred and sixty-six (166)persons killed in the terrorist attack, six (6) were US citizens.Consequently, FBI case no.LA252196 was instituted and investigations werealso made in America. This facilitated some coordination between theinvestigating agencies in the two countries. The FBI rendered some forensicassistance to investigators in India and also responded to someletterogatories sent by the Indian court (See PW-153, Geoffrey Maron,Special Agent, FBI).

53. The full description of the pink foam piece is given at Exhibit no.32, in the Panchnama dated November 27, 2008, Ext. no. 486.

54. See Ext. no. 182 and PW-41 Gorakh Nalawade (for seizure of the foampieces on Kuber), Ext. no. 269 and PW-74 Pandharinath Yeram (for seizure of the foam pieces from CST), Ext. no. 486 and PW-115 Nazimuddin Sheikh (forseizure of the foam pieces from Cama Hospital) & Ext. no. 736 and PW-182Prakash Bhoite (for seizure of the foam pieces from Hotel Taj): The foampieces were numbered in the forensic science laboratory as Ext. no. 75 ofDNA-443B-08 in Ext. no. 1011 (on Kuber), Ext. no. 1 M.494-08 in Ext. no.1012 (from CST), Ext. no. 53 of BL No. 990/C/08 in Ext. no. 1009 (from CamaHospital) and Ext. no. 1 of M.516-08 & Ext. no. 3 of M.516-08 in Ext. no.1010 (from Hotel Taj): And finally see the deposition of the ForensicExaminer Ramchandra Mavle (PW-247) and his report Ext. no. 1013

55. Described in the transcripts of intercepted calls from Hotel Taj:Talk no.2

56. Nariman House, Talk No. 26 (Ext. no. 990)

57. Hotel Taj, Talk No. 4 (Ext. no. 971)

58. Hotel Taj, Talk No. 8 (Ext. No. 972)

59. Hotel Oberoi, Talk No. 4 (Ext. no. 979)

60. Hotel Taj, Talk No. 3 (Ext. No. 970)

61. (2006) 3 SCC 374 (paragraphs 33-39 with special reference toparagraph 38

62. (2008) 5 SCC 633 (paragraph 8, page 636)

63. (2008) 16 SCC 417 (paragraphs 71, 113, 114)

64. (2008) 16 SCC 497 (paragraph 5, page 499)

65. (2009) 7 SCC 104 (paragraph 53, page 127)

66. (2009) 14 SCC 677 (paragraph 10, page 680)

67. (1955) 1 SCR 613 (page 653, 2nd paragraph, 654)

68. (1985) 3 SCC 545 (paragraph 28 and 29, page 569, 570)

69. This statement is factually inaccurate but in fairness to Mr.Ramachandran it must be stated that, as the facts unfolded and the correctpicture emerged, he immediately corrected himself and adapted hissubmissions, as we shall see in due course, to the correct facts.

70. (1978) 2 SCC 424

71. 384 US 436 (1966)

72. (1981) 1 SCC 627

73. (2005) 11 SCC 600

74. (1994) 3 SCC 569

75. (1997) 1 SCC 416

76. (2010) 7 SCC 263

77. [1962] 3 SCR 10

78. 512 US 452 (1993)

79. 130 S.Ct. 2250 (2010) [State Compilation 1, pg. 138]

80. 130 S.Ct. 2250 at 2260 (2010) [State Compilation 1, pg. 151]

81. [1992] 177 CLR 292

82. [2010] 2 S.C.R. 310

83. (2009) 49 EHRR 19

84. [2011] UKSC 43

85. [2011] UKSC 54

86. (1992) 3 SCC 259

87. (2011) 12 SCC 362

88. AIR 1957 SC 637 (644)

89. 309 US 227: 84 L Ed 716: 60 S Ct 472 (1940)

90. 384 US 436: 16 L Ed 2d 694 (1966)

91. 378 US 478: 12 L Ed 2d 977 (1964)

92. AIR 1952 SC 75

93. (1980) 1 SCC 98

94. Hussainara Khatoon (IV) v. Home Secretary, State of Bihar, (1980) 1SCC 98

95. (1986) 2 SCC 401

96. A detailed form prescribed after this Court’s decision in D.K. Basu,which every police officer in Maharashtra is required to fill up at thetime of making arrest in compliance with the directions of this Court.

97. Criminal Appeal No.284 of 1968, decided on December 17, 1968

98. (1969) 1 SCR 32

99. (1974) 3 SCC 581 (para 1)

100. We may recall here the injunction by the collaborators to the terrorists against being caught alive as appearing in the transcripts of their phone calls.

101. On an enquiry made by the court as to how the appellant, being underjudicial remand, came to learn that Pakistan had acknowledged him to be hisnational, it came to light that the appellant learnt about the fact fromthe guards on duty. Actually, on February 12, 2009, the Interior Minister of Pakistanacknowledged that the appellant is a citizen of Pakistan in a pressconference. But the appellant came to know about it much later and used itas an excuse to make a statement before the court.

102. (1999) 5 SCC 253 (para 111)

103. 2011 (8) SCALE 328

104. Recall here the “plea of guilty” statement made by him in the midstof his trial. In this statement he artfully and very subtly changed hisearlier statement, recorded under Section 164 CrPC, thus cleverly offeringhimself for conviction but trying to escape the extreme penalty.

105. (1980) 2 SCC 684

106. (1983) 3 SCC 470

107. (2011) 5 SCC 317, paras 23-24

108. (2008) 13 SCC 767, para 43, 48-53

109. (2009) 6 SCC 498, para 64-66, 71-72, 80-89

110. (2009) 11 SCALE 327, para 11-23: (2010) 14 SCC 641

111. (2009) 5 SCC 740, para 83-84, 107-110

112. (2011) 2 SCC 764

113. (2010) 3 SCC 508, para 80

114. (2010) 1 SCC 775, para 66-67

115. (1996) 9 SCC 502, para 15

116. (2001) 9 SCC 1, para 1, 63

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