Statement of Sergey Lavrov of Russia (80th Session UNGA) Debate
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Russian Federation
His Excellency Sergey Lavrov
Minister for Foreign Affairs
80th Session of the United Nations General Assembly

Statement by S.V. Lavrov
at the General Political Debate
of the 80th Session of the UN General Assembly
(New York, September 27, 2025)
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Mr. President,
Distinguished ladies and gentlemen,
Eighty years ago, the most terrible war in human history ended: more than 70 million people became victims of hostilities, hunger, and disease. In 1945, the course of world history changed forever. The triumph over German Nazism, under whose banners the greater part of Europe had rallied, and Japanese militarism opened the way to peace, reconstruction, and prosperity.
This year, celebrations were held in Moscow and Beijing on May 9 and September 3 in honor of Victory in the Great Patriotic War and in the Second World War. The world saw grand military parades โ commemorating the decisive contribution of my people to the crushing of Nazi Germany and the special role of the Chinese people in the defeat of militarist Japan. We sacredly honor the memory of the combat brotherhood with all allies who then stood on the side of truth in the struggle against the forces of evil.
One of the enduring results of that war was the creation of the United Nations. The principles of its Charter, agreed upon by the founding fathers of our Organization, continue to this day to serve as a shining beacon of international cooperation. They embody centuries of experience of coexistence among states and retain their full relevance in the era of multipolarity. What remains is only for all Member States, without exception, to comply with these principles โ in their entirety, their totality, and their interconnection.
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In practice, however, things look different. Widespread, gross violations of the principle of sovereign equality of states undermine faith in justice itself, leading to crises and conflicts. The root of the problem lies in the persistent attempts to divide the world into โfriendsโ and โfoes,โ into โdemocraciesโ and โautocracies,โ into a โblooming gardenโ and โjungle,โ into those who sit โat the tableโ and those who are โon the menu.โ Into the chosen, who are allowed everything, and the rest, who for some reason are obliged to serve the interests of the โgolden billion.โ We stand for unwavering adherence to the principle of equality: it is the guarantee that all countries will be able to take their rightful place in world order โ regardless of their military might, population size, territory, or economy.
The principle of the non-use of force and the threat of force has also been repeatedly trampled upon by the West. Tragedies came from NATOโs bombings of Yugoslavia, the invasion of Iraq by the โU.S.-led coalition,โ NATOโs military operation of โregime changeโ in Libya. Today, Israelโs illegal use of force against Palestinians, aggressive actions against Iran, Qatar, Yemen, Lebanon, Syria, and Iraq threaten to engulf the entire Middle East in flames.
Russia condemned the attack by Hamas militants on peaceful Israelis on October 7, 2023. But there is no justification for the brutal killings of Palestinian civilians, just as there is no justification for terrorist acts. There is no justification for the collective punishment of Palestinians in the Gaza Strip, where Palestinian children are dying under bombings and from hunger, hospitals and schools are being destroyed, and hundreds of thousands of people are left homeless. There is no justification for plans to annex the West Bank of the Jordan River. In fact, we are witnessing an attempt at a kind of coup dโรฉtat aimed at burying UN decisions on the creation of a Palestinian state.
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Just recently, a number of Western governments announced their recognition of the State of Palestine. What is more, they had announced their intention to do so several months earlier. The question arises: why did they wait so long? Apparently, they hoped that soon there would be nothing left to recognize. The situation demands urgent action to prevent such a scenario โ as was firmly expressed by participants of the International High-Level Conference on the Question of Palestine.
The strikes on Iranian facilities under IAEA safeguards, and later on the capital of Qatar at the very moment when negotiations with Hamas were underway there โ including with the participation of American mediators โ also deserve condemnation. Yesterday in the Security Council, the West rejected the rational proposal of China and Russia to extend the 2015 agreement on the Iranian nuclear program in order to give diplomacy time. This finally exposed the Westโs policy of sabotaging the search for constructive solutions in the Security Council and its desire to extract unilateral concessions from Tehran through blackmail and pressure. We consider such a policy unacceptable, and all Western manipulations to restore UN anti-Iranian sanctions โ like the sanctions themselves โ illegal.
The West has also long abandoned the principle of non-interference in internal affairs. โColor revolutionsโ have become a sad phenomenon of our time, while illegal unilateral sanctions have long been turned into the main instrument of Western diplomacy. No matter what pretexts are used to justify them, the essence of such sanctions is the same โ to suppress and intimidate competitors in the global economy and politics.
Russia, together with the overwhelming majority of UN members, calls for the immediate, unconditional lifting of the trade blockade of Cuba โ which has lasted for more than 60 years โ and for its removal from the notorious list of state sponsors of terrorism. We express solidarity with the people of Venezuela in the face of external sanctions pressure and threats. We stand for preserving Latin America and the Caribbean as a zone of peace and cooperation.
A flagrant example of undermining sovereignty and crude interference in internal affairs are the actions of the West in the Balkans, where another Charter principle โ that all UN members must comply with Security Council resolutions โ is being trampled upon. The unilateral recognition of Kosovoโs independence, contrary to Resolution 1244, was in essence an attempt on the state structure of Serbia. Now the West is aiming at dismantling the statehood of Bosnia and Herzegovina, sabotaging the Dayton Peace Agreement. In both Kosovo and Bosnia, an attack is unfolding on the vital interests of the Serbian people, including the historic rights of Serbian Orthodoxy.
The same applies to the Kiev regime, which seized power as a result of the unconstitutional coup dโรฉtat organized by the West in 2014. It has taken a course toward the elimination of the canonical Ukrainian Orthodox Church, the legislative eradication of the Russian language in all spheres โ education, culture, media. Ukraine is the only country in the world that has legally banned the use of the native language of almost half of its population. The Arabic language is not banned in Israel, nor Hebrew in Arab countries and Iran. Yet Russian is banned in Ukraine. I remind you that Article 1 of the UN Charter speaks of the need for โrespect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion.โ
Europe is silent about this, being obsessed with the utopian goal of inflicting a strategic defeat on Russia. For this, everything is permitted to the Ukrainian regime โ including terrorist attacks against politicians and journalists, torture and extrajudicial executions, indiscriminate bombings of civilian facilities, reckless sabotage against nuclear power plants.
Russia, as President V.V. Putin has repeatedly stressed, from the very beginning was and remains open to negotiations to eliminate the root causes of the conflict. Russiaโs security, its vital interests, must be reliably guaranteed. The rights of Russians and Russian-speaking people in the territories still under the control of the Kiev regime must be restored and fully respected. On this basis, we are also ready to discuss security guarantees for Ukraine.
So far, neither Kiev nor its European sponsors show any awareness of the gravity of the moment or readiness to negotiate honestly. The North Atlantic Alliance continues its expansion right up to our borders โ despite assurances once given to Soviet leaders not to move โan inch eastward.โ Despite the commitments undertaken by NATO members within the OSCE to respect the principle of indivisible security, not to strengthen their own security at the expense of others, not to claim dominance.
We have repeatedly proposed to NATO capitals to honor their obligations and agree on legally binding security guarantees. Our proposals were ignored โ and continue to be ignored to this day. What is more, threats of the use of force against Russia are increasingly being voiced, while Russia is accused of allegedly planning to attack NATO and EU countries. President V.V. Putin has repeatedly debunked such provocations. Russia had no such intentions and has none today. However, any aggression against my country will be met with a decisive response. There should be no doubt about this among those in NATO and the EU who not only convince their voters of the inevitability of war with Russia and force them to tighten their belts, but openly declare preparations to attack our Kaliningrad region and other Russian territories.
We pin certain hopes on the continuation of the Russian-American dialogue, especially after the summit in Alaska. In the approaches of the current U.S. administration, we see a desire not only to facilitate the search for realistic ways to resolve the Ukrainian crisis, but also a willingness to develop pragmatic interaction without taking an ideological stance.
Russia and the United States bear special responsibility for the state of world affairs, for avoiding risks capable of plunging humanity into a new war. The maintenance of strategic stability should be aided by the new initiative of the Russian Federation, put forward by President V.V. Putin on September 22, on readiness to adhere to the central quantitative limits of the START Treaty for one year after its expiration on February 5, 2026 โ provided that the United States acts in the same way and does not take steps that would undermine the existing balance of deterrence capabilities. We believe that the implementation of our proposal would help create the conditions necessary to avoid an arms race, to preserve an acceptable level of predictability in the missile-nuclear sphere, and to improve the overall atmosphere in Russian-American relations.
Distinguished colleagues,
In December of this year we will mark the 65th anniversary of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples adopted by the General Assembly. The decolonization process, in which the Soviet Union played a leading role, was a direct consequence of the realization of the right of nations to self-determination. The peoples of Africa and Asia refused to live under colonial oppression โ just as after the 2014 coup dโรฉtat Crimea, Donbass, and Novorossiya refused to submit to the illegally seized Kiev neo-Nazi regime, which not only does not represent the interests of their population, but waged war against it.
In both cases, the principle was implemented that was enshrined in 1776 in the Declaration of Independence and subsequently repeatedly reaffirmed by U.S. Presidents: โGovernments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed.โ Neither the colonizers nor the Kiev regime had any such consent from the peoples they tried to rule. This principle was unanimously reaffirmed in the 1970 UN Declaration, which clearly stated: all must respect the territorial integrity of those states whose governments represent the entire people residing in the relevant territory.
Today Africa and the entire Global South are experiencing a new awakening, striving for full independence, and the UN must not remain on the sidelines. In December of last year, the General Assembly adopted a resolution on โEradication of colonialism in all its forms and manifestations.โ We call, as the next step, for the adoption of a decision to declare December 14 as the International Day for the Struggle Against Colonialism. We welcome the role of the Group of Friends in Defense of the UN Charter in consolidating efforts to counter neo-colonial and other discriminatory practices against the World Majority, and invite all independent states to join its ranks.
The current balance of power in the world is fundamentally different from that established 80 years ago. Decolonization and other large-scale upheavals have changed the political map of the planet. The World Majority is loudly declaring its rights. The SCO and BRICS play a special role as mechanisms for reconciling the interests of the countries of the Global South and East. The influence of the African Union, CELAC, and other regional associations is growing.
These new realities have not yet found adequate reflection in the institutional system of our Organization. Particularly important is the question of reforming the Security Council. Russia supports its democratization exclusively through expanding the representation of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. We support the candidacies of Brazil and India for permanent membership in the Council, while at the same time correcting the historical injustice towards Africa โ in parameters agreed upon by the continentโs countries themselves.
Recently, Secretary-General A. Guterres proposed a comprehensive UN reform. We are not opposed to open discussion of this initiative. The benchmark should be the return of the UN to the fundamental principles enshrined in its Charter, which the West has long sought to replace with its own โrules-based order.โ It is important that this work be carried out transparently, with the participation and consideration of the interests of all Member States.
We call upon the Secretary-General and all Secretariat staff to strictly follow the principles of impartiality and equidistance in accordance with Article 100 of the Charter. It is unacceptable to allow attempts at a โpalace coupโ in the Secretariat, its privatization by a small group of countries. The composition of the Secretariat must reflect the new realities and ensure fair representation of the countries of the World Majority. We count on constructive discussion of the development of the Organization at a special meeting of the Security Council, which Russia, as President, plans to organize on UN Day, October 24 of this year.
UN reform is only part of the broader task of transforming the entire system of global governance, including genuine democratization of the IMF, the World Bank, and the WTO โ in proportion to the weight and role of the Global South and East in the world economy, trade, and finance.
In discussions about global reforms, we cannot ignore the fact that the situation in the field of international security is deteriorating. I have already spoken about the reasons. The main one is the drive to preserve hegemony through reliance on military force. More and more countries and regions are being drawn into confrontational schemes. NATO has grown too tight in Europe, and is now penetrating into the Pacific Ocean, the South China Sea, the Taiwan Strait, undermining the universal mechanisms of ASEAN and creating threats not only to China and Russia, but also to other countries of the region. NATO leadership justifies this new stage of expansion by โthe indivisibility of Euro-Atlantic and Indo-Pacific securityโ and under this slogan is trying to encircle all of Eurasia militarily.
Russia, together with like-minded states, offers a constructive alternative to this dangerous course: to build in Eurasia an architecture of equal and indivisible security โ not only for NATO members and their allies, but for all without exception, including the SCO, CIS, ASEAN, EAEU, CSTO, GCC. To this end, Belarus and Russia propose developing a Eurasian Charter of Diversity and Multipolarity in the 21st century. A truly pan-continental process is inevitable, since the Westโs behavior has rendered meaningless the Euro-Atlantic model of security based on NATO, the EU, and the OSCE. We see no prospects for restoring this model in Europe in its former form, as some European capitals have begun to muse โ โwe will think about it after the end of the Ukrainian conflict.โ
When speaking of the future, we must not forget the lessons of the past โ especially in a situation where Nazism is again raising its head in Europe and militarization is gaining momentum, under the same anti-Russian slogans.
This is all the more alarming as a number of political figures who have come to power in Brussels and in some EU and NATO capitals are seriously discussing the possibility of a Third World War as a likely scenario. These figures undermine any efforts to seek an honest balance of interests of all members of the international community, attempting to impose their unilateral approaches on everyone else, blatantly violating the key Charter requirement of respect for the sovereign equality of states. And it is precisely this equality that forms the foundation of the objectively emerging multipolarity.
Russia does not agitate for revolution against anyone. Our country has suffered from revolutions more than any other. We simply call upon Member States and the leadership of the Secretariat to strictly follow all principles of the UN Charter without double standards. Only then will the legacy of the UNโs founding fathers not be squandered in vain.
Thank you for your attention.
General Debate of the 80th Session (General Assembly) UNO
Statement in Russian
ะขะตะทะธัั ะฒััััะฟะปะตะฝะธั ะก.ะ.ะะฐะฒัะพะฒะฐ
ะฝะฐ ะพะฑัะตะฟะพะปะธัะธัะตัะบะพะน ะดะธัะบัััะธะธ
80-ะน ัะตััะธะธ ะะตะฝะฐััะฐะผะฑะปะตะธ ะะะ
(ะัั-ะะพัะบ, 27 ัะตะฝััะฑัั 2025 ะณะพะดะฐ)
ะฃะฒะฐะถะฐะตะผัะน ะณะพัะฟะพะดะธะฝ ะัะตะดัะตะดะฐัะตะปั,
ะฃะฒะฐะถะฐะตะผัะต ะดะฐะผั ะธ ะณะพัะฟะพะดะฐ,
80 ะปะตั ะฝะฐะทะฐะด ะพะบะพะฝัะธะปะฐัั ัะฐะผะฐั ัััะฐัะฝะฐั ะฒะพะนะฝะฐ ะฒ ะธััะพัะธะธ ัะตะปะพะฒะตัะตััะฒะฐ:
ะฑะพะปะตะต 70 ะผะธะปะปะธะพะฝะพะฒ ัะตะปะพะฒะตะบ ััะฐะปะธ ะถะตััะฒะฐะผะธ ะฒะพะตะฝะฝัั
ะดะตะนััะฒะธะน, ะณะพะปะพะดะฐ ะธ
ะฑะพะปะตะทะฝะตะน. ะ 1945 ะณะพะดั ะฝะฐะฒัะตะณะดะฐ ะธะทะผะตะฝะธะปัั ั
ะพะด ะฒัะตะผะธัะฝะพะน ะธััะพัะธะธ. ะขัะธัะผั ะฝะฐะด
ะณะตัะผะฐะฝัะบะธะผ ะฝะฐัะธะทะผะพะผ, ะฟะพะด ััะธ ะทะฝะฐะผะตะฝะฐ ะฒััะฐะปะฐ ะฑแฝนะปััะฐั ัะฐััั ะะฒัะพะฟั, ะธ
ัะฟะพะฝัะบะธะผ ะผะธะปะธัะฐัะธะทะผะพะผ ะพัะบััะป ะฟััั ะบ ะผะธัั, ะฒะพัััะฐะฝะพะฒะปะตะฝะธั ะธ ะฟัะพัะฒะตัะฐะฝะธั.
ะ ััะพะผ ะณะพะดั ะฒ ะะพัะบะฒะต ะธ ะะตะบะธะฝะต ะฟัะพัะปะธ ัะพัะถะตััะฒะฐ, ะฟัะธััะพัะตะฝะฝัะต ะบ
ะฟัะฐะทะดะฝะธัะฝัะผ ะดะฝัะผ 9 ะผะฐั ะธ 3 ัะตะฝััะฑัั ะฒ ัะตััั ะะพะฑะตะดั ะฒ ะะตะปะธะบะพะน ะัะตัะตััะฒะตะฝะฝะพะน
ะธ ะัะพัะพะน ะผะธัะพะฒะพะน ะฒะพะนะฝะฐั
. ะะธั ัะฒะธะดะตะป ะณัะฐะฝะดะธะพะทะฝัะต ะฒะพะตะฝะฝัะต ะฟะฐัะฐะดั โ ะฒ
ะพะทะฝะฐะผะตะฝะพะฒะฐะฝะธะต ัะตัะฐััะตะณะพ ะฒะบะปะฐะดะฐ ะผะพะตะณะพ ะฝะฐัะพะดะฐ ะฒ ัะพะบัััะตะฝะธะต ะฝะฐัะธัััะบะพะน
ะะตัะผะฐะฝะธะธ ะธ ะพัะพะฑะพะน ัะพะปะธ ะฝะฐัะพะดะฐ ะะธัะฐั ะฒ ัะฐะทะณัะพะผะต ะผะธะปะธัะฐัะธัััะบะพะน ะฏะฟะพะฝะธะธ. ะั
ัะฒััะพ ััะธะผ ะฟะฐะผััั ะพ ะฑะพะตะฒะพะผ ะฑัะฐัััะฒะต ัะพ ะฒัะตะผะธ ัะพัะทะฝะธะบะฐะผะธ, ะบัะพ ัะพะณะดะฐ ะฑัะป ะฝะฐ
ััะพัะพะฝะต ะฟัะฐะฒะดั ะฒ ะฑะพััะฑะต ั ัะธะปะฐะผะธ ะทะปะฐ.
ะะดะฝะธะผ ะธะท ะฝะตะฟัะตั
ะพะดััะธั
ะธัะพะณะพะฒ ัะพะน ะฒะพะนะฝั ััะฐะปะพ ัะพะทะดะฐะฝะธะต ะะฑัะตะดะธะฝะตะฝะฝัั
ะะฐัะธะน. ะกะพะณะปะฐัะพะฒะฐะฝะฝัะต ะพััะฐะผะธ-ะพัะฝะพะฒะฐัะตะปัะผะธ ะฝะฐัะตะน ะพัะณะฐะฝะธะทะฐัะธะธ ะฟัะธะฝัะธะฟั ะตะต
ะฃััะฐะฒะฐ ะฟะพ ัะตะน ะดะตะฝั ัะปัะถะฐั ััะบะธะผ ะผะฐัะบะพะผ ะผะตะถะดัะฝะฐัะพะดะฝะพะณะพ ัะพัััะดะฝะธัะตััะฒะฐ. ะะฝะธ
ะฒะพะฟะปะพัะฐัั ะผะฝะพะณะพะฒะตะบะพะฒะพะน ะพะฟัั ัะพัััะตััะฒะพะฒะฐะฝะธั ะณะพััะดะฐัััะฒ ะธ ะฟะพะปะฝะพัััั
ัะพั
ัะฐะฝััั ัะฒะพะต ะทะฝะฐัะตะฝะธะต ะฒ ัะฟะพั
ั ะผะฝะพะณะพะฟะพะปััะฝะพััะธ. ะะตะปะพ ะปะธัั ะทะฐ ัะตะผ, ััะพะฑั ะฒัะต
ะฑะตะท ะธัะบะปััะตะฝะธั ะณะพััะดะฐัััะฒะฐ-ัะปะตะฝั ัะพะฑะปัะดะฐะปะธ ััะธ ะฟัะธะฝัะธะฟั โ ะฒะพ ะฒัะตะน ะธั
ะฟะพะปะฝะพัะต, ัะพะฒะพะบัะฟะฝะพััะธ ะธ ะฒะทะฐะธะผะพัะฒัะทะธ.
ะะฐ ะฟัะฐะบัะธะบะต, ะพะดะฝะฐะบะพ, ะฒัะต ะฒัะณะปัะดะธั ะธะฝะฐัะต. ะะพะฒัะตะผะตััะฝัะต ะณััะฑัะต
ะฝะฐัััะตะฝะธั ะฟัะธะฝัะธะฟะฐ ััะฒะตัะตะฝะฝะพะณะพ ัะฐะฒะตะฝััะฒะฐ ะณะพััะดะฐัััะฒ ะฟะพะดััะฒะฐัั ัะฐะผั ะฒะตัั ะฒ
ัะฟัะฐะฒะตะดะปะธะฒะพััั, ะฒะตะดัั ะบ ะบัะธะทะธัะฐะผ ะธ ะบะพะฝัะปะธะบัะฐะผ. ะะพัะตะฝั ะฟัะพะฑะปะตะผ โ
ะฝะตะฟัะตะบัะฐัะฐััะธะตัั ะฟะพะฟััะบะธ ัะฐะทะดะตะปะธัั ะผะธั ะฝะฐ ยซัะฒะพะธั
ยป ะธ ยซััะถะธั
ยป, ะฝะฐ
ยซะดะตะผะพะบัะฐัะธะธยป ะธ ยซะฐะฒัะพะบัะฐัะธะธยป, ะฝะฐ ยซัะฒะตัััะธะน ัะฐะดยป ะธ ยซะดะถัะฝะณะปะธยป, ะฝะฐ ัะตั
, ะบัะพ ยซะทะฐ
ััะพะปะพะผยป ะธ ะบัะพ ยซะฒ ะผะตะฝัยป. ะะฐ ะธะทะฑัะฐะฝะฝัั
, ะบะพัะพััะผ ะดะพะทะฒะพะปะตะฝะพ ะฒัะต, ะธ ะพััะฐะปัะฝัั
, ะบัะพ
ะฟะพัะตะผั-ัะพ ะพะฑัะทะฐะฝ ะพะฑัะปัะถะธะฒะฐัั ะธะฝัะตัะตัั ยซะทะพะปะพัะพะณะพ ะผะธะปะปะธะฐัะดะฐยป. ะั ะฒััััะฟะฐะตะผ
ะทะฐ ะฑะตัะฟัะตะบะพัะปะพะฒะฝะพะต ัะปะตะดะพะฒะฐะฝะธะต ะฟัะธะฝัะธะฟั ัะฐะฒะตะฝััะฒะฐ: ะฒ ะฝะตะผ ะทะฐะปะพะณ ัะพะณะพ, ััะพ ะฒัะต
ัััะฐะฝั ัะผะพะณัั ะทะฐะฝััั ัะฒะพะต ะดะพััะพะนะฝะพะต ะผะตััะพ ะฒ ะผะธัะพััััะพะนััะฒะต โ ะฝะตะทะฐะฒะธัะธะผะพ ะพั
ะธั
ะฒะพะตะฝะฝะพะน ะผะพัะธ, ะบะพะปะธัะตััะฒะฐ ะฝะฐัะตะปะตะฝะธั, ัะฐะทะผะตัะฐ ัะตััะธัะพัะธะธ ะธ ัะบะพะฝะพะผะธะบะธ.
ะัะธะฝัะธะฟ ะฝะตะฟัะธะผะตะฝะตะฝะธั ัะธะปั ะธ ัะณัะพะทั ัะธะปะพะน ัะฐะบะถะต ะผะฝะพะณะพะบัะฐัะฝะพ
ะฟะพะฟะธัะฐะปัั ะะฐะฟะฐะดะพะผ. ะขัะฐะณะตะดะธัะผะธ ะพะฑะตัะฝัะปะธัั ะฝะฐัะพะฒัะบะธะต ะฑะพะผะฑะฐัะดะธัะพะฒะบะธ
ะฎะณะพัะปะฐะฒะธะธ, ะฒัะพัะถะตะฝะธะต ยซะฒะตะดะพะผะพะน ะกะจะ ะบะพะฐะปะธัะธะธยป ะฒ ะัะฐะบ, ะฒะพะตะฝะฝะฐั ะพะฟะตัะฐัะธั
ะะะขะ ะฟะพ ยซัะผะตะฝะต ัะตะถะธะผะฐยป ะฒ ะะธะฒะธะธ. ะกะตะณะพะดะฝั ะฝะตะทะฐะบะพะฝะฝะพะต ะฟัะธะผะตะฝะตะฝะธะต ัะธะปั
ะะทัะฐะธะปะตะผ ะฒ ะพัะฝะพัะตะฝะธะธ ะฟะฐะปะตััะธะฝัะตะฒ, ะฐะณัะตััะธะฒะฝัะต ะดะตะนััะฒะธั ะฟัะพัะธะฒ ะัะฐะฝะฐ,
ะะฐัะฐัะฐ, ะะตะผะตะฝะฐ, ะะธะฒะฐะฝะฐ, ะกะธัะธะธ, ะัะฐะบะฐ ะณัะพะทัั ะฒะทะพัะฒะฐัั ะฒะตัั ะะปะธะถะฝะธะน ะะพััะพะบ.
ะ ะพััะธั ะพััะดะธะปะฐ ะฝะฐะฟะฐะดะตะฝะธะต ะฑะพะตะฒะธะบะพะฒ ะฅะะะะก ะฝะฐ ะผะธัะฝัั
ะธะทัะฐะธะปัััะฝ
7 ะพะบััะฑัั 2023 ะณ. ะะดะฝะฐะบะพ ะถะตััะพะบะธะผ ัะฑะธะนััะฒะฐะผ ะณัะฐะถะดะฐะฝัะบะพะณะพ ะฝะฐัะตะปะตะฝะธั
ะะฐะปะตััะธะฝั, ะบะฐะบ ะธ ัะตัะฐะบัะฐะผ, ะฝะตั ะฝะธะบะฐะบะพะณะพ ะพะฟัะฐะฒะดะฐะฝะธั. ะะตั ะฝะธะบะฐะบะพะณะพ ะพะฟัะฐะฒะดะฐะฝะธั
ะบะพะปะปะตะบัะธะฒะฝะพะผั ะฝะฐะบะฐะทะฐะฝะธั ะฟะฐะปะตััะธะฝัะตะฒ ะฒ ัะตะบัะพัะต ะะฐะทะฐ, ะณะดะต ะฟะพะด ะฑะพะผะฑะฐัะดะธัะพะฒะบะฐะผะธ
ะธ ะพั ะณะพะปะพะดะฐ ะณะธะฑะฝัั ะฟะฐะปะตััะธะฝัะบะธะต ะดะตัะธ, ัะฐะทัััะฐัััั ะฑะพะปัะฝะธัั ะธ ัะบะพะปั, ัะพัะฝะธ
ััััั ะปัะดะตะน ะปะธัะฐัััั ะบัะพะฒะฐ. ะะตั ะพะฟัะฐะฒะดะฐะฝะธั ะฟะปะฐะฝะฐะผ ะฟะพ ะฐะฝะฝะตะบัะธะธ ะะฐะฟะฐะดะฝะพะณะพ
ะฑะตัะตะณะฐ ัะตะบะธ ะะพัะดะฐะฝ. ะคะฐะบัะธัะตัะบะธ ะผั ะธะผะตะตะผ ะดะตะปะพ ั ะฟะพะฟััะบะพะน ัะฒะพะตะณะพ ัะพะดะฐ
ะณะพััะดะฐัััะฒะตะฝะฝะพะณะพ ะฟะตัะตะฒะพัะพัะฐ ั ัะตะปัั ะฟะพั
ะพัะพะฝะธัั ัะตัะตะฝะธั ะะะ ะพ ัะพะทะดะฐะฝะธะธ
ะฟะฐะปะตััะธะฝัะบะพะณะพ ะณะพััะดะฐัััะฒะฐ. ะะฐ ะดะฝัั
ััะด ะทะฐะฟะฐะดะฝัั
ะฟัะฐะฒะธัะตะปัััะฒ ะพะฑััะฒะธะปะธ ะพ
ะฟัะธะทะฝะฐะฝะธะธ ะณะพััะดะฐัััะฒะฐ ะะฐะปะตััะธะฝั. ะัะธัะตะผ ัะฒะพะต ะฝะฐะผะตัะตะฝะธะต ัะดะตะปะฐัั ััะพ ะพะฝะธ
ะฐะฝะพะฝัะธัะพะฒะฐะปะธ ะตัะต ะฝะตัะบะพะปัะบะพ ะผะตัััะตะฒ ะฝะฐะทะฐะด. ะะพะทะฝะธะบะฐะตั ะฒะพะฟัะพั: ะฟะพัะตะผั ะถะดะฐะปะธ
ัะฐะบ ะดะพะปะณะพ? ะะธะดะธะผะพ, ะฝะฐะดะตัะปะธัั, ััะพ ัะบะพัะพ ะธ ะฟัะธะทะฝะฐะฒะฐัั ะฑัะดะตั ะฝะตัะตะณะพ. ะกะธััะฐัะธั
ััะตะฑัะตั ััะพัะฝัั
ะดะตะนััะฒะธะน ะฟะพ ะฝะตะดะพะฟััะตะฝะธั ัะฐะบะพะณะพ ััะตะฝะฐัะธั, ะฒ ะฟะพะปัะทั ัะตะณะพ
ัะฒะตัะดะพ ะฒััะบะฐะทะฐะปะธัั ััะฐััะฝะธะบะธ ะะตะถะดัะฝะฐัะพะดะฝะพะน ะบะพะฝัะตัะตะฝัะธะธ ะฒััะพะบะพะณะพ ััะพะฒะฝั
ะฟะพ ะฒะพะฟัะพัั ะพ ะะฐะปะตััะธะฝะต.
ะะฐัะปัะถะธะฒะฐัั ะพััะถะดะตะฝะธั ัะดะฐัั ะฟะพ ะธัะฐะฝัะบะธะผ ะพะฑัะตะบัะฐะผ, ะฝะฐั
ะพะดััะธะผัั ะฟะพะด
ะณะฐัะฐะฝัะธัะผะธ ะะะะะขะญ, ะฐ ะทะฐัะตะผ ะธ ะฟะพ ััะพะปะธัะต ะะฐัะฐัะฐ ะฒ ัะพั ะผะพะผะตะฝั, ะบะพะณะดะฐ ัะฐะผ
ะฒะตะปะธัั ะฟะตัะตะณะพะฒะพัั ั ะฅะะะะก ั ััะฐััะธะตะผ ะฒ ัะพะผ ัะธัะปะต ะฐะผะตัะธะบะฐะฝัะบะธั
ะฟะพััะตะดะฝะธะบะพะฒ.
ะัะตัะฐ ะฒ ะกะพะฒะตัะต ะะตะทะพะฟะฐัะฝะพััะธ ะะฐะฟะฐะด ะพัะฒะตัะณ ัะฐัะธะพะฝะฐะปัะฝะพะต ะฟัะตะดะปะพะถะตะฝะธะต
ะะธัะฐั ะธ ะ ะพััะธะธ ะฟัะพะดะปะธัั ััะพะบ ะดะตะนััะฒะธั ะดะพะณะพะฒะพัะตะฝะฝะพััะธ 2015 ะณะพะดะฐ ะฟะพ ะธัะฐะฝัะบะพะน
ัะดะตัะฝะพะน ะฟัะพะณัะฐะผะผะต, ััะพะฑั ะดะฐัั ะฒัะตะผั ะดะธะฟะปะพะผะฐัะธะธ. ะญัะพ ะพะบะพะฝัะฐัะตะปัะฝะพ
ัะฐะทะพะฑะปะฐัะธะปะพ ะบััั ะะฐะฟะฐะดะฐ ะฝะฐ ัะฐะฑะพัะฐะถ ะฟะพะธัะบะฐ ะบะพะฝััััะบัะธะฒะฝัั
ัะตัะตะฝะธะน ะฒ ะกะ ะะะ
ะธ ะตะณะพ ัััะตะผะปะตะฝะธะต ะดะพะฑะธะฒะฐัััั ะพั ะขะตะณะตัะฐะฝะฐ ะพะดะฝะพััะพัะพะฝะฝะธั
ััััะฟะพะบ ะฟััะตะผ ัะฐะฝัะฐะถะฐ
ะธ ะดะฐะฒะปะตะฝะธั. ะกัะธัะฐะตะผ ัะฐะบัั ะฟะพะปะธัะธะบั ะฝะตะฟัะธะตะผะปะตะผะพะน, ะฐ ะฒัะต ะผะฐะฝะธะฟัะปััะธะธ ะะฐะฟะฐะดะฐ
ะดะปั ะฒะพัััะฐะฝะพะฒะปะตะฝะธั ะฐะฝัะธะธัะฐะฝัะบะธั
ัะฐะฝะบัะธะน ะะะ, ะบะฐะบ ะธ ัะฐะผะธ ััะธ ัะฐะฝะบัะธะธ,
ะฝะตะทะฐะบะพะฝะฝัะผะธ.
ะะฐะฟะฐะด ะฝะต ะฟัะธะฒัะบ ัะพะฑะปัะดะฐัั ะธ ะฟัะธะฝัะธะฟ ะฝะตะฒะผะตัะฐัะตะปัััะฒะฐ ะฒะพ ะฒะฝัััะตะฝะฝะธะต
ะดะตะปะฐ. ะะตัะฐะปัะฝัะผ ัะตะฝะพะผะตะฝะพะผ ะฝะฐัะตะณะพ ะฒัะตะผะตะฝะธ ััะฐะปะธ ยซัะฒะตัะฝัะต ัะตะฒะพะปััะธะธยป, ะฐ
ะฝะตะทะฐะบะพะฝะฝัะต ะพะดะฝะพััะพัะพะฝะฝะธะต ัะฐะฝะบัะธะธ ัะถะต ะดะฐะฒะฝะพ ะฟัะตะฒัะฐัะธะปะธัั ะฒ ะณะปะฐะฒะฝัะน
ะธะฝััััะผะตะฝั ะทะฐะฟะฐะดะฝะพะน ะดะธะฟะปะพะผะฐัะธะธ. ะัะธัะตะผ ะบะฐะบะธะผะธ ะฑั ะฟัะตะดะปะพะณะฐะผะธ ะธั
ะฝะธ
ะพะฟัะฐะฒะดัะฒะฐะปะธ, ัััั ัะฐะบะธั
ัะฐะฝะบัะธะน ะพะดะฝะฐ โ ะฟะพะดะฐะฒะธัั ะธ ะทะฐะฟัะณะฐัั ะบะพะฝะบััะตะฝัะพะฒ ะฒ
ะผะธัะพะฒะพะน ัะบะพะฝะพะผะธะบะต ะธ ะฟะพะปะธัะธะบะต.
ะ ะพััะธั ะฒะผะตััะต ั ะฐะฑัะพะปััะฝัะผ ะฑะพะปััะธะฝััะฒะพะผ ัะปะตะฝะพะฒ ะะะ ะฒััััะฟะฐะตั ะทะฐ
ะฝะตะทะฐะผะตะดะปะธัะตะปัะฝัั ะพัะผะตะฝั ะฑะตะท ะฟัะตะดะฒะฐัะธัะตะปัะฝัั
ััะปะพะฒะธะน ัะพั
ัะฐะฝัััะตะนัั ะฑะพะปะตะต
60 ะปะตั ัะพัะณะพะฒะพะน ะฑะปะพะบะฐะดั ะัะฑั ะธ ะตะต ะธัะบะปััะตะฝะธะต ะธะท ะฟัะตัะปะพะฒััะพะณะพ ัะฟะธัะบะฐ ัััะฐะฝัะฟะพะฝัะพัะพะฒ ัะตััะพัะธะทะผะฐ. ะััะฐะถะฐะตะผ ัะพะปะธะดะฐัะฝะพััั ั ะฝะฐัะพะดะพะผ ะะตะฝะตัััะปั ะฒ
ััะปะพะฒะธัั
ะฒะฝะตัะฝะตะณะพ ัะฐะฝะบัะธะพะฝะฝะพะณะพ ะดะฐะฒะปะตะฝะธั ะธ ัะณัะพะท. ะััััะฟะฐะตะผ ะทะฐ ัะพั
ัะฐะฝะตะฝะธะต
ะะฐัะธะฝัะบะพะน ะะผะตัะธะบะธ ะธ ะะฐัะธะฑัะบะพะณะพ ะฑะฐััะตะนะฝะฐ ะฒ ะบะฐัะตััะฒะต ะทะพะฝั ะผะธัะฐ ะธ
ัะพัััะดะฝะธัะตััะฒะฐ.
ะะพะฟะธััะธะน ะฟัะธะผะตั ะฟะพะดััะฒะฐ ััะฒะตัะตะฝะธัะตัะฐ ะธ ะณััะฑะพะณะพ ะฒะผะตัะฐัะตะปัััะฒะฐ ะฒะพ
ะฒะฝัััะตะฝะฝะธะต ะดะตะปะฐ โ ะดะตะนััะฒะธั ะะฐะฟะฐะดะฐ ะฝะฐ ะะฐะปะบะฐะฝะฐั
, ะณะดะต ะฟะพะฟะธัะฐะตััั ะธ ัะฐะบะพะน ัััะฐะฒะฝะพะน
ะฟัะธะฝัะธะฟ, ะบะฐะบ ะฝะตะพะฑั
ะพะดะธะผะพััั ะดะปั ะฒัะตั
ัะปะตะฝะพะฒ ะะะ ะฒัะฟะพะปะฝััั ัะตัะตะฝะธั ะกะพะฒะตัะฐ
ะะตะทะพะฟะฐัะฝะพััะธ. ะะดะฝะพััะพัะพะฝะฝะตะต ะฟัะธะทะฝะฐะฝะธะต ะฝะตะทะฐะฒะธัะธะผะพััะธ ะะพัะพะฒะพ ะฒัะฐะทัะตะท ั
ัะตะทะพะปััะธะตะน 1244 ะฟะพ ัััะธ ััะฐะปะพ ะฟะพะบััะตะฝะธะตะผ ะฝะฐ ะณะพััะดะฐัััะฒะตะฝะฝะพะต ััััะพะนััะฒะพ
ะกะตัะฑะธะธ. ะกะตะนัะฐั ะะฐะฟะฐะด ะฒะทัะป ะบััั ะธ ะฝะฐ ัะฐะทะฒะฐะป ะณะพััะดะฐัััะฒะตะฝะฝะพััะธ ะะพัะฝะธะธ ะธ
ะะตััะตะณะพะฒะธะฝั, ัะฐะฑะพัะธััั ะะตะนัะพะฝัะบะพะต ะผะธัะฝะพะต ัะพะณะปะฐัะตะฝะธะต. ะ ะฒ ะะพัะพะฒะพ, ะธ ะฒ ะะพัะฝะธะธ
ัะฐะทะฒะตัะฝััะฐ ะฐัะฐะบะฐ ะฝะฐ ะถะธะทะฝะตะฝะฝัะต ะธะฝัะตัะตัั ัะตัะฑัะบะพะณะพ ะฝะฐัะพะดะฐ, ะฒะบะปััะฐั ะธัะบะพะฝะฝัะต
ะฟัะฐะฒะฐ ัะตัะฑัะบะพะณะพ ะฟัะฐะฒะพัะปะฐะฒะธั.
ะขะพัะฝะพ ัะฐะบ ะถะต ะบะธะตะฒัะบะธะน ัะตะถะธะผ, ะทะฐั
ะฒะฐัะธะฒัะธะน ะฒะปะฐััั ะฒ ัะตะทัะปััะฐัะต
ะพัะณะฐะฝะธะทะพะฒะฐะฝะฝะพะณะพ ะะฐะฟะฐะดะพะผ ะฐะฝัะธะบะพะฝััะธัััะธะพะฝะฝะพะณะพ ะฟะตัะตะฒะพัะพัะฐ ะฒ 2014 ะณะพะดั, ะฒะทัะป
ะบััั ะฝะฐ ะปะธะบะฒะธะดะฐัะธั ะบะฐะฝะพะฝะธัะตัะบะพะน ะฃะะฆ, ะทะฐะบะพะฝะพะดะฐัะตะปัะฝะพะต ะธัััะตะฑะปะตะฝะธะต ััััะบะพะณะพ
ัะทัะบะฐ ะฒะพ ะฒัะตั
ััะตัะฐั
โ ะพะฑัะฐะทะพะฒะฐะฝะธะธ, ะบัะปััััะต, ะกะะ. ะฃะบัะฐะธะฝะฐ โ ะตะดะธะฝััะฒะตะฝะฝะฐั
ัััะฐะฝะฐ ะฒ ะผะธัะต, ะทะฐะบะพะฝะพะดะฐัะตะปัะฝะพ ะทะฐะฟัะตัะธะฒัะฐั ะธัะฟะพะปัะทะพะฒะฐะฝะธะต ัะพะดะฝะพะณะพ ัะทัะบะฐ ะฟะพััะธ
ะฟะพะปะพะฒะธะฝั ัะฒะพะตะณะพ ะฝะฐัะตะปะตะฝะธั. ะัะฐะฑัะบะธะน ัะทัะบ ะฝะต ะทะฐะฟัะตัะตะฝ ะฒ ะะทัะฐะธะปะต, ะฐ ะธะฒัะธั โ ะฒ
ะฐัะฐะฑัะบะธั
ัััะฐะฝะฐั
ะธ ะัะฐะฝะต. ะ ััััะบะธะน ะฝะฐ ะฃะบัะฐะธะฝะต ะทะฐะฟัะตัะตะฝ. ะะฐะฟะพะผะฝั, ััะพ ะฒ
ััะฐััะต 1 ะฃััะฐะฒะฐ ะะะ ะณะพะฒะพัะธััั ะพ ะฝะตะพะฑั
ะพะดะธะผะพััะธ ยซัะฒะฐะถะตะฝะธั ะบ ะฟัะฐะฒะฐะผ ัะตะปะพะฒะตะบะฐ
ะธ ะพัะฝะพะฒะฝัะผ ัะฒะพะฑะพะดะฐะผ ะดะปั ะฒัะตั
, ะฑะตะท ัะฐะทะปะธัะธั ัะฐัั, ะฟะพะปะฐ, ัะทัะบะฐ ะธ ัะตะปะธะณะธะธยป.
ะะฒัะพะฟะฐ ะพะฑ ััะพะผ ะผะพะปัะธั, ะฑัะดััะธ ะพะดะตัะถะธะผะฐ ััะพะฟะธัะตัะบะพะน ัะตะปัั ะฝะฐะฝะตััะธ
ะ ะพััะธะธ ัััะฐัะตะณะธัะตัะบะพะต ะฟะพัะฐะถะตะฝะธะต. ะ ะฐะดะธ ััะพะณะพ ัะบัะฐะธะฝัะบะพะผั ัะตะถะธะผั ะดะพะทะฒะพะปะตะฝะพ
ะฒัะต, ะฒะบะปััะฐั ัะตัะฐะบัั ะฟัะพัะธะฒ ะฟะพะปะธัะธะบะพะฒ ะธ ะถััะฝะฐะปะธััะพะฒ, ะฟััะบะธ ะธ ะฒะฝะตััะดะตะฑะฝัะต
ะบะฐะทะฝะธ, ะฝะตะธะทะฑะธัะฐัะตะปัะฝัะต ะฑะพะผะฑะฐัะดะธัะพะฒะบะธ ะณัะฐะถะดะฐะฝัะบะธั
ะพะฑัะตะบัะพะฒ, ะฑะตะทัะฐัััะดะฝัะต
ะดะธะฒะตััะธะธ ะฟัะพัะธะฒ ะฐัะพะผะฝัั
ัะปะตะบััะพััะฐะฝัะธะน.
ะ ะพััะธั, ะบะฐะบ ะฝะต ัะฐะท ะฟะพะดัะตัะบะธะฒะฐะป ะัะตะทะธะดะตะฝั ะ.ะ.ะััะธะฝ, ั ัะฐะผะพะณะพ ะฝะฐัะฐะปะฐ
ะฑัะปะฐ ะธ ะพััะฐะตััั ะพัะบัััะพะน ะบ ะฟะตัะตะณะพะฒะพัะฐะผ ะฟะพ ััััะฐะฝะตะฝะธั ะฟะตัะฒะพะฟัะธัะธะฝ
ะบะพะฝัะปะธะบัะฐ. ะะตะทะพะฟะฐัะฝะพััั ะ ะพััะธะธ, ะตะต ะถะธะทะฝะตะฝะฝัะต ะธะฝัะตัะตัั ะดะพะปะถะฝั ะฑััั ะฝะฐะดะตะถะฝะพ
ะณะฐัะฐะฝัะธัะพะฒะฐะฝั. ะัะฐะฒะฐ ััััะบะธั
ะธ ััััะบะพัะทััะฝัั
ะปัะดะตะน ะฝะฐ ัะตััะธัะพัะธัั
,
ะพััะฐััะธั
ัั ะฟะพะด ะบะพะฝััะพะปะตะผ ะบะธะตะฒัะบะพะณะพ ัะตะถะธะผะฐ, ะดะพะปะถะฝั ะฑััั ะฒะพัััะฐะฝะพะฒะปะตะฝั ะธ
ัะพะฑะปัะดะฐัััั ะฒ ะฟะพะปะฝะพะผ ะพะฑัะตะผะต. ะะฐ ััะพะน ะพัะฝะพะฒะต ะณะพัะพะฒั ะฒะตััะธ ัะตัั ะธ ะพ ะณะฐัะฐะฝัะธัั
ะฑะตะทะพะฟะฐัะฝะพััะธ ะฃะบัะฐะธะฝั.
ะะพะบะฐ ะฝะธ ั ะะธะตะฒะฐ, ะฝะธ ั ะตะณะพ ะตะฒัะพะฟะตะนัะบะธั
ัะฟะพะฝัะพัะพะฒ ะฝะต ะฟัะพัะผะฐััะธะฒะฐะตััั
ะพัะพะทะฝะฐะฝะธั ะพัััะพัั ะผะพะผะตะฝัะฐ ะธ ะณะพัะพะฒะฝะพััะธ ะดะพะณะพะฒะฐัะธะฒะฐัััั ะฟะพ-ัะตััะฝะพะผั.
ะกะตะฒะตัะพะฐัะปะฐะฝัะธัะตัะบะธะน ะฐะปััะฝั ะฟัะพะดะพะปะถะฐะตั ัะบัะฟะฐะฝัะธั ะฒะฟะปะพัะฝัั ะบ ะฝะฐัะธะผ
ะณัะฐะฝะธัะฐะผโ ะฒะพะฟัะตะบะธ ะดะฐะฝะฝัะผ ะตัะต ัะพะฒะตััะบะธะผ ะปะธะดะตัะฐะผ ะทะฐะฒะตัะตะฝะธัะผ ะฝะต ะฟัะพะดะฒะธะณะฐัััั
ยซะฝะธ ะฝะฐ ะดัะนะผยป ะฝะฐ ะะพััะพะบ. ะะพะฟัะตะบะธ ะฟัะธะฝัััะผ ัะปะตะฝะฐะผะธ ะะะขะ ะฒ ะะะกะ
ะพะฑัะทะฐัะตะปัััะฒะฐะผ ัะพะฑะปัะดะฐัั ะฟัะธะฝัะธะฟ ะฝะตะดะตะปะธะผะพััะธ ะฑะตะทะพะฟะฐัะฝะพััะธ, ะฝะต ัะบัะตะฟะปััั
ัะพะฑััะฒะตะฝะฝัั ะฑะตะทะพะฟะฐัะฝะพััั ะทะฐ ััะตั ะดััะณะธั
, ะฝะต ะฟัะตัะตะฝะดะพะฒะฐัั ะฝะฐ ะดะพะผะธะฝะธัะพะฒะฐะฝะธะต.
ะั ะฝะตะพะดะฝะพะบัะฐัะฝะพ ะฟัะตะดะปะฐะณะฐะปะธ ะฝะฐัะพะฒัะบะธะผ ััะพะปะธัะฐะผ ัะฒะฐะถะฐัั ัะฒะพะธ
ะพะฑัะทะฐัะตะปัััะฒะฐ ะธ ะดะพะณะพะฒะพัะธัััั ะพ ััะธะดะธัะตัะบะธ ะพะฑัะทัะฒะฐััะธั
ะณะฐัะฐะฝัะธัั
ะฑะตะทะพะฟะฐัะฝะพััะธ. ะะฐัะธ ะฟัะตะดะปะพะถะตะฝะธั ะฑัะปะธ ะฟัะพะธะณะฝะพัะธัะพะฒะฐะฝั ะธ ะธะณะฝะพัะธัััััั ะฟะพ
ัะตะน ะดะตะฝั. ะะพะปะตะต ัะพะณะพ, ะฒัะต ัะฐัะต ะทะฒััะฐั ัะณัะพะทั ะฟัะธะผะตะฝะตะฝะธั ัะธะปั ะฟัะพัะธะฒ ะ ะพััะธะธ,
ะบะพัะพััั ะพะฑะฒะธะฝััั ะฒ ัะพะผ, ััะพ ะพะฝะฐ ัััั ะปะธ ะฝะต ะฟะปะฐะฝะธััะตั ะฝะฐะฟะฐััั ะฝะฐ ัััะฐะฝั ะะะขะ
ะธ ะะฒัะพัะพัะทะฐ. ะัะตะทะธะดะตะฝั ะ.ะ.ะััะธะฝ ะฝะต ัะฐะท ัะฐะทะฒะตะฝัะธะฒะฐะป ะฟะพะดะพะฑะฝัะต ะฟัะพะฒะพะบะฐัะธะธ. ะฃ
ะ ะพััะธะธ ะฝะต ะฑัะปะพ ะธ ะฝะตั ะฟะพะดะพะฑะฝัั
ะฝะฐะผะตัะตะฝะธะน. ะะดะฝะฐะบะพ ะปัะฑะฐั ะฐะณัะตััะธั ะฟัะพัะธะฒ ะผะพะตะน
ัััะฐะฝั ะฟะพะปััะธั ัะตัะธัะตะปัะฝัะน ะพัะฟะพั. ะะฐ ััะพั ััะตั ะฝะต ะดะพะปะถะฝะพ ะฑััั ะฝะธะบะฐะบะธั
ัะพะผะฝะตะฝะธะน ั ัะตั
ะฒ ะะะขะ ะธ ะะก, ะบัะพ ะฝะต ัะพะปัะบะพ ัะฑะตะถะดะฐะตั ัะฒะพะธั
ะธะทะฑะธัะฐัะตะปะตะน ะฒ
ะฝะตะธะทะฑะตะถะฝะพััะธ ะฒะพะนะฝั ั ะ ะพััะธะตะน ะธ ะทะฐััะฐะฒะปัะตั ะธั
ะทะฐััะณะธะฒะฐัั ะฟะพััะฐ, ะฝะพ ะธ ะฒ ะพัะบััััั
ะทะฐัะฒะปัะตั ะพ ะฟะพะดะณะพัะพะฒะบะต ะบ ะฝะฐะฟะฐะดะตะฝะธั ะฝะฐ ะฝะฐัั ะะฐะปะธะฝะธะฝะณัะฐะดัะบัั ะพะฑะปะฐััั ะธ ะดััะณะธะต
ัะพััะธะนัะบะธะต ัะตััะธัะพัะธะธ.
ะะฟัะตะดะตะปะตะฝะฝัะต ะฝะฐะดะตะถะดั ัะฒัะทัะฒะฐะตะผ ั ะฟัะพะดะพะปะถะตะฝะธะตะผ ัะพััะธะนัะบะพะฐะผะตัะธะบะฐะฝัะบะพะณะพ ะดะธะฐะปะพะณะฐ, ะพัะพะฑะตะฝะฝะพ ะฟะพัะปะต ัะฐะผะผะธัะฐ ะฝะฐ ะะปััะบะต. ะ ะฟะพะดั
ะพะดะฐั
ะฝัะฝะตัะฝะตะน ะฐะดะผะธะฝะธัััะฐัะธะธ ะกะจะ ะฒะธะดะธะผ ัััะตะผะปะตะฝะธะต ะฝะต ัะพะปัะบะพ ัะฟะพัะพะฑััะฒะพะฒะฐัั
ะฟะพะธัะบั ัะตะฐะปะธััะธัะฝัั
ะฟััะตะน ััะตะณัะปะธัะพะฒะฐะฝะธั ัะบัะฐะธะฝัะบะพะณะพ ะบัะธะทะธัะฐ, ะฝะพ ะธ ะถะตะปะฐะฝะธะต
ัะฐะทะฒะธะฒะฐัั ะฟัะฐะณะผะฐัะธัะฝะพะต ะฒะทะฐะธะผะพะดะตะนััะฒะธะต, ะฝะต ะฒััะฐะฒะฐั ะฒ ะธะดะตะพะปะพะณะธัะตัะบัั ะฟะพะทั.
ะะฐ ะ ะพััะธะธ ะธ ะกะจะ ะปะตะถะธั ะพัะพะฑะฐั ะพัะฒะตัััะฒะตะฝะฝะพััั ะทะฐ ะฟะพะปะพะถะตะฝะธะต ะดะตะป ะฒ ะผะธัะต,
ะทะฐ ะธะทะฑะตะถะฐะฝะธะต ัะธัะบะพะฒ, ัะฟะพัะพะฑะฝัั
ะฒะฒะตัะณะฝััั ัะตะปะพะฒะตัะตััะฒะพ ะฒ ะฝะพะฒัั ะฒะพะนะฝั.
ะะพะดะดะตัะถะฐะฝะธั ัััะฐัะตะณะธัะตัะบะพะน ััะฐะฑะธะปัะฝะพััะธ ะฟัะธะทะฒะฐะฝะฐ ัะฟะพัะพะฑััะฒะพะฒะฐัั ะฝะพะฒะฐั
ะธะฝะธัะธะฐัะธะฒะฐ ะ ะพััะธะนัะบะพะน ะคะตะดะตัะฐัะธะธ, ะฒัะดะฒะธะฝััะฐั ะัะตะทะธะดะตะฝัะพะผ ะ.ะ.ะััะธะฝัะผ 22
ัะตะฝััะฑัั, ะพ ะณะพัะพะฒะฝะพััะธ ะฟัะธะดะตัะถะธะฒะฐัััั ัะตะฝััะฐะปัะฝัั
ะบะพะปะธัะตััะฒะตะฝะฝัั
ะพะณัะฐะฝะธัะตะฝะธะน ะฟะพ ะดะพะณะพะฒะพัั ะพ ะกะะ ะฒ ัะตัะตะฝะธะต ะพะดะฝะพะณะพ ะณะพะดะฐ ะฟะพัะปะต ะธััะตัะตะฝะธั ััะพะบะฐ
ะตะณะพ ะดะตะนััะฒะธั 5 ัะตะฒัะฐะปั 2026 ะณ. โ ะฟัะธ ััะปะพะฒะธะธ, ััะพ ะกะจะ ะฑัะดัั ะดะตะนััะฒะพะฒะฐัั
ะฐะฝะฐะปะพะณะธัะฝัะผ ะพะฑัะฐะทะพะผ ะธ ะฝะต ะฟัะตะดะฟัะธะผัั ัะฐะณะพะฒ, ะฝะฐัััะฐััะธั
ัััะตััะฒัััะตะต
ัะพะพัะฝะพัะตะฝะธะต ะฟะพัะตะฝัะธะฐะปะพะฒ ัะดะตัะถะธะฒะฐะฝะธั. ะกัะธัะฐะตะผ, ััะพ ัะตะฐะปะธะทะฐัะธั ะฝะฐัะตะณะพ
ะฟัะตะดะปะพะถะตะฝะธั ะฟะพะทะฒะพะปะธั ัะพะทะดะฐัั ััะปะพะฒะธั, ะฝะตะพะฑั
ะพะดะธะผัะต ะดะปั ะธะทะฑะตะถะฐะฝะธั ะณะพะฝะบะธ
ัััะฐัะตะณะธัะตัะบะธั
ะฒะพะพััะถะตะฝะธะน, ัะพั
ัะฐะฝะตะฝะธั ะฟัะธะตะผะปะตะผะพะณะพ ััะพะฒะฝั ะฟัะตะดัะบะฐะทัะตะผะพััะธ
ะฒ ัะฐะบะตัะฝะพ-ัะดะตัะฝะพะน ััะตัะต ะธ ัะปัััะตะฝะธั ะพะฑัะตะน ะฐัะผะพััะตัั ะฒ ัะพััะธะนัะบะพะฐะผะตัะธะบะฐะฝัะบะธั
ะพัะฝะพัะตะฝะธัั
.
ะฃะฒะฐะถะฐะตะผัะต ะบะพะปะปะตะณะธ,
ะ ะดะตะบะฐะฑัะต ััะพะณะพ ะณะพะดะฐ ะผั ะพัะผะตัะธะผ 65-ะปะตัะธะต ะฟัะธะฝััะธั ะะตะฝะฐััะฐะผะฑะปะตะน
ะะตะบะปะฐัะฐัะธะธ ะพ ะฟัะตะดะพััะฐะฒะปะตะฝะธะธ ะฝะตะทะฐะฒะธัะธะผะพััะธ ะบะพะปะพะฝะธะฐะปัะฝัะผ ะฝะฐัะพะดะฐะผ. ะัะพัะตัั
ะดะตะบะพะปะพะฝะธะทะฐัะธะธ ะฟัะธ ะฒะตะดััะตะน ัะพะปะธ ะกะพะฒะตััะบะพะณะพ ะกะพัะทะฐ ััะฐะป ะฟััะผัะผ ัะปะตะดััะฒะธะตะผ
ัะตะฐะปะธะทะฐัะธะธ ะฟัะฐะฒะฐ ะฝะฐัะธะน ะฝะฐ ัะฐะผะพะพะฟัะตะดะตะปะตะฝะธะต. ะะฐัะพะดั ะััะธะบะธ ะธ ะะทะธะธ ะพัะบะฐะทะฐะปะธัั
ะถะธัั ะฟะพะด ะณะฝะตัะพะผ ะบะพะปะพะฝะธะทะฐัะพัะพะฒ โ ัะพัะฝะพ ัะฐะบ ะถะต, ะบะฐะบ ะฟะพัะปะต ะณะพัะฟะตัะตะฒะพัะพัะฐ 2014
ะณะพะดะฐ ะััะผ, ะะพะฝะฑะฐัั ะธ ะะพะฒะพัะพััะธั ะพัะบะฐะทะฐะปะธัั ะฟะพะดัะธะฝะธัััั ะฝะตะทะฐะบะพะฝะฝะพ
ะทะฐั
ะฒะฐัะธะฒัะตะผั ะฒะปะฐััั ะบะธะตะฒัะบะพะผั ะฝะตะพะฝะฐัะธัััะบะพะผั ัะตะถะธะผั, ะบะพัะพััะน ะฝะต ัะพะปัะบะพ ะฝะต
ะฟัะตะดััะฐะฒะปัะตั ะธะฝัะตัะตัั ะธั
ะฝะฐัะตะปะตะฝะธั, ะฝะพ ัะฐะทะฒัะทะฐะป ะฟัะพัะธะฒ ะฝะตะณะพ ะฒะพะนะฝั. ะ ะฒ ัะพะผ ะธ ะฒ
ะดััะณะพะผ ัะปััะฐะต ะฑัะป ัะตะฐะปะธะทะพะฒะฐะฝ ะฟัะธะฝัะธะฟ, ะทะฐะบัะตะฟะปะตะฝะฝัะน ะฒ 1776 ะณ. ะฒ ะะตะบะปะฐัะฐัะธะธ ะพ
ะฝะตะทะฐะฒะธัะธะผะพััะธ ะธ ะฒะฟะพัะปะตะดััะฒะธะธ ะฝะต ัะฐะท ะฟะพะดัะฒะตัะถะดะตะฝะฝัะน ะฐะผะตัะธะบะฐะฝัะบะธะผะธ
ะฟัะตะทะธะดะตะฝัะฐะผะธ: ยซะัะฐะฒะธัะตะปัััะฒะฐ ะฟะพะปััะฐัั ัะฒะพั ะปะตะณะธัะธะผะฝะพััั (just) ั ัะพะณะปะฐัะธั
ัะฟัะฐะฒะปัะตะผัั
(consent ofthe governed)ยป. ะะฐะบ ะบะพะปะพะฝะธะทะฐัะพัั, ัะฐะบ ะธ ะบะธะตะฒัะบะธะน ัะตะถะธะผ
ะฝะต ะธะผะตะปะธ ะฝะธะบะฐะบะพะณะพ ัะพะณะปะฐัะธั ะฝะฐัะพะดะพะฒ, ะบะพัะพััะผะธ ะฟััะฐะปะธัั ัะฟัะฐะฒะปััั. ะญัะพั
ะฟัะธะฝัะธะฟ ะฑัะป ะตะดะธะฝะพะณะปะฐัะฝะพ ะฟะพะดัะฒะตัะถะดะตะฝ ะฒ ะะตะบะปะฐัะฐัะธะธ ะะะ 1970 ะณ., ะณะดะต ะฟััะผะพ
ัะบะฐะทะฐะฝะพ: ะฒัะต ะดะพะปะถะฝั ัะฒะฐะถะฐัั ัะตััะธัะพัะธะฐะปัะฝัั ัะตะปะพััะฝะพััั ัะตั
ัััะฐะฝ, ััะธ
ะฟัะฐะฒะธัะตะปัััะฒะฐ ะฟัะตะดััะฐะฒะปััั ะฒะตัั ะฝะฐัะพะด, ะฟัะพะถะธะฒะฐััะธะน ะฝะฐ ัะพะพัะฒะตัััะฒัััะตะน
ัะตััะธัะพัะธะธ.
ะกะตะณะพะดะฝั ะััะธะบะฐ ะธ ะฒะตัั ะะปะพะฑะฐะปัะฝัะน ะฎะณ ะฟะตัะตะถะธะฒะฐัั ะฝะพะฒะพะต ะฟัะพะฑัะถะดะตะฝะธะต,
ะดะพะฑะธะฒะฐััั ะฟะพะปะฝะพะน ะฝะตะทะฐะฒะธัะธะผะพััะธ, ะธ ะะะ ะฝะต ะดะพะปะถะฝะฐ ะพััะฐะฒะฐัััั ะฒ ััะพัะพะฝะต. ะ
ะดะตะบะฐะฑัะต ะฟัะพัะปะพะณะพ ะณะพะดะฐ ะฑัะปะฐ ะพะดะพะฑัะตะฝะฐ ัะตะทะพะปััะธั ะะตะฝะฐััะฐะผะฑะปะตะธ ยซะัะบะพัะตะฝะตะฝะธะต
ะบะพะปะพะฝะธะฐะปะธะทะผะฐ ะฒะพ ะฒัะตั
ะตะณะพ ัะพัะผะฐั
ะธ ะฟัะพัะฒะปะตะฝะธัั
ยป. ะัะธะทัะฒะฐะตะผ ะฒ ะบะฐัะตััะฒะต
ัะปะตะดัััะตะณะพ ัะฐะณะฐ ะฟัะธะฝััั ัะตัะตะฝะธะต ะพะฑ ะพะฑััะฒะปะตะฝะธะธ 14 ะดะตะบะฐะฑัั ะะตะถะดัะฝะฐัะพะดะฝัะผ
ะดะฝะตะผ ะฑะพััะฑั ั ะบะพะปะพะฝะธะฐะปะธะทะผะพะผ. ะัะธะฒะตัััะฒัะตะผ ัะพะปั ะััะฟะฟั ะดััะทะตะน ะฒ ะทะฐัะธัั
ะฃััะฐะฒะฐ ะะะ ะฒ ะบะพะฝัะพะปะธะดะฐัะธะธ ััะธะปะธะน ะฟะพ ะฟัะพัะธะฒะพะดะตะนััะฒะธั ะฝะตะพะบะพะปะพะฝะธะฐะปัะฝัะผ ะธ
ะธะฝัะผ ะดะธัะบัะธะผะธะฝะฐัะธะพะฝะฝัะผ ะฟัะฐะบัะธะบะฐะผ ะฒ ะพัะฝะพัะตะฝะธะธ ะะธัะพะฒะพะณะพ ะฑะพะปััะธะฝััะฒะฐ ะธ
ะฟัะธะณะปะฐัะฐะตะผ ะฒัะต ะฝะตะทะฐะฒะธัะธะผัะต ะณะพััะดะฐัััะฒะฐ ะฒะพะนัะธ ะฒ ัะพััะฐะฒ ะตะต ััะฐััะฝะธะบะพะฒ.
ะกััะตััะฒัััะธะน ะฑะฐะปะฐะฝั ัะธะป ะฒ ะผะธัะต ะบะฐัะดะธะฝะฐะปัะฝะพ ะพัะปะธัะฐะตััั ะพั ัะพะณะพ,
ะบะพัะพััะน ะฑัะป ัััะฐะฝะพะฒะปะตะฝ 80 ะปะตั ะฝะฐะทะฐะด. ะัะพัะตัั ะดะตะบะพะปะพะฝะธะทะฐัะธะธ ะธ ะดััะณะธะต
ะผะฐัััะฐะฑะฝัะต ะฟะพััััะตะฝะธั ะธะทะผะตะฝะธะปะธ ะฟะพะปะธัะธัะตัะบัั ะบะฐััั ะฟะปะฐะฝะตัั. ะะธัะพะฒะพะต
ะฑะพะปััะธะฝััะฒะพ ะณัะพะผะบะพ ะทะฐัะฒะปัะตั ะพ ัะฒะพะธั
ะฟัะฐะฒะฐั
.ะัะพะฑัั ัะพะปั ะธะณัะฐัั ะจะะก ะธ ะะ ะะะก
ะบะฐะบ ะผะตั
ะฐะฝะธะทะผั ัะพะณะปะฐัะพะฒะฐะฝะธั ะธะฝัะตัะตัะพะฒ ัััะฐะฝ ะะปะพะฑะฐะปัะฝะพะณะพ ะฎะณะฐ ะธ ะะพััะพะบะฐ.
ะฃะบัะตะฟะปัะตััั ะฒะปะธัะฝะธะต ะะก, ะกะะะะ ะธ ะดััะณะธั
ัะตะณะธะพะฝะฐะปัะฝัั
ะพะฑัะตะดะธะฝะตะฝะธะน.
ะญัะธ ะฝะพะฒัะต ัะตะฐะปะธะธ ะฟะพะบะฐ ะฝะต ะฝะฐัะปะธ ะดะพะปะถะฝะพะณะพ ะพััะฐะถะตะฝะธั ะฒ ัะธััะตะผะต
ะธะฝััะธัััะพะฒ ะฝะฐัะตะน ะัะณะฐะฝะธะทะฐัะธะธ. ะัะพะฑะตะฝะฝะพ ะฒะฐะถะตะฝ ะฒะพะฟัะพั ัะตัะพัะผั ะกะพะฒะตัะฐ
ะะตะทะพะฟะฐัะฝะพััะธ. ะ ะพััะธั ะฒััััะฟะฐะตั ะทะฐ ะตะณะพ ะดะตะผะพะบัะฐัะธะทะฐัะธั ะธัะบะปััะธัะตะปัะฝะพ ัะตัะตะท
ัะฐััะธัะตะฝะธะต ะฟัะตะดััะฐะฒะปะตะฝะฝะพััะธ ะะทะธะธ, ะััะธะบะธ ะธ ะะฐัะธะฝัะบะพะน ะะผะตัะธะบะธ.
ะะพะดะดะตัะถะธะฒะฐะตะผ ะทะฐัะฒะบะธ ะัะฐะทะธะปะธะธ ะธ ะะฝะดะธะธ ะฝะฐ ะฟะพััะพัะฝะฝัั ยซะฟัะพะฟะธัะบัยป ะฒ ะกะพะฒะตัะต
ะฟัะธ ะพะดะฝะพะฒัะตะผะตะฝะฝะพะผ ะธัะฟัะฐะฒะปะตะฝะธะธ ะธััะพัะธัะตัะบะพะน ะฝะตัะฟัะฐะฒะตะดะปะธะฒะพััะธ ะฒ ะพัะฝะพัะตะฝะธะธ
ะััะธะบะธ ะฒ ะฟะฐัะฐะผะตััะฐั
, ัะพะณะปะฐัะพะฒะฐะฝะฝัั
ัะฐะผะธะผะธ ัััะฐะฝะฐะผะธ ะบะพะฝัะธะฝะตะฝัะฐ.
ะะตะดะฐะฒะฝะพ ะะตะฝะตัะฐะปัะฝัะน ัะตะบัะตัะฐัั ะ.ะััะตััะตั ะฟัะตะดะปะพะถะธะป ะบะพะผะฟะปะตะบัะฝัั
ัะตัะพัะผั ะะะ. ะั ะฝะต ะฟัะพัะธะฒ ะพัะบัััะพะณะพ ะพะฑััะถะดะตะฝะธั ััะพะน ะธะฝะธัะธะฐัะธะฒั.
ะัะธะตะฝัะธัะพะผ ะดะพะปะถะฝะพ ะฑััั ะฒะพะทะฒัะฐัะตะฝะธะต ะะะ ะบ ะพัะฝะพะฒะพะฟะพะปะฐะณะฐััะธะผ ะฟัะธะฝัะธะฟะฐะผ,
ะบะพัะพััะต ะทะฐะบัะตะฟะปะตะฝั ะฒ ะตะต ะฃััะฐะฒะต ะธ ะบะพัะพััะต ะะฐะฟะฐะด ะดะพะปะณะธะต ะณะพะดั ัััะตะผะธััั
ะฟะพะดะผะตะฝะธัั ัะฒะพะธะผ ยซะฟะพััะดะบะพะผ, ะพัะฝะพะฒะฐะฝะฝัะผ ะฝะฐ ะฟัะฐะฒะธะปะฐั
ยป. ะะฐะถะฝะพ, ััะพะฑั ัะฐะฑะพัะฐ
ะฒะตะปะฐัั ััะฐะฝัะฟะฐัะตะฝัะฝะพ, ั ััะฐััะธะตะผ ะธ ะฟัะธ ััะตัะต ะธะฝัะตัะตัะพะฒ ะฒัะตั
ะณะพััะดะฐัััะฒ-ัะปะตะฝะพะฒ.
ะัะธะทัะฒะฐะตะผ ะะตะฝะตัะฐะปัะฝะพะณะพ ัะตะบัะตัะฐัั, ะฒัะตั
ัะพัััะดะฝะธะบะพะฒ ะกะตะบัะตัะฐัะธะฐัะฐ
ะฝะตัะบะพัะฝะธัะตะปัะฝะพ ัะปะตะดะพะฒะฐัั ะฟัะธะฝัะธะฟะฐะผ ะฑะตัะฟัะธัััะฐััะฝะพััะธ ะธ ัะฐะฒะฝะพัะดะฐะปะตะฝะฝะพััะธ ะฒ
ัะพะพัะฒะตัััะฒะธะธ ัะพ ััะฐััะตะน 100 ะฃััะฐะฒะฐ. ะะตะปัะทั ะดะพะฟััะบะฐัั ะฟะพะฟััะพะบ ยซะดะฒะพััะพะฒะพะณะพ
ะฟะตัะตะฒะพัะพัะฐยป ะฒ ะกะตะบัะตัะฐัะธะฐัะต, ะตะณะพ ะฟัะธะฒะฐัะธะทะฐัะธะธ ะฝะตะฑะพะปััะพะน ะณััะฟะฟะพะน ัััะฐะฝ. ะกะพััะฐะฒ
ะกะตะบัะตัะฐัะธะฐัะฐ ะดะพะปะถะตะฝ ะพััะฐะถะฐัั ะฝะพะฒัะต ัะตะฐะปะธะธ, ะพะฑะตัะฟะตัะธะฒะฐัั ัะฟัะฐะฒะตะดะปะธะฒัั
ะฟัะตะดััะฐะฒะปะตะฝะฝะพััั ัััะฐะฝ ะะธัะพะฒะพะณะพ ะฑะพะปััะธะฝััะฒะฐ. ะ ะฐัััะธััะฒะฐะตะผ ะฝะฐ
ะบะพะฝััััะบัะธะฒะฝะพะต ะพะฑััะถะดะตะฝะธะต ะฒะพะฟัะพัะพะฒ ัะฐะทะฒะธัะธั ะัะณะฐะฝะธะทะฐัะธะธ ะฝะฐ ัะฟะตัะธะฐะปัะฝะพะผ
ะทะฐัะตะดะฐะฝะธะธ ะกะพะฒะตัะฐ ะะตะทะพะฟะฐัะฝะพััะธ, ะบะพัะพัะพะต ะ ะพััะธั ะฒ ะบะฐัะตััะฒะต ะฟัะตะดัะตะดะฐัะตะปั
ะฟะปะฐะฝะธััะตั ะพัะณะฐะฝะธะทะพะฒะฐัั ะฒ ะะตะฝั ะะะ 24 ะพะบััะฑัั ััะพะณะพ ะณะพะดะฐ.
ะ ะตัะพัะผะฐ ะะะ โ ะปะธัั ัะฐััั ะบะพะผะฟะปะตะบัะฝะพะน ะทะฐะดะฐัะธ ะฟัะตะพะฑัะฐะทะพะฒะฐะฝะธั ะฒัะตะน
ัะธััะตะผั ะณะปะพะฑะฐะปัะฝะพะณะพ ัะฟัะฐะฒะปะตะฝะธั, ะฒะบะปััะฐั ะฟะพะดะปะธะฝะฝัั ะดะตะผะพะบัะฐัะธะทะฐัะธั ะะะค,
ะัะตะผะธัะฝะพะณะพ ะฑะฐะฝะบะฐ ะธ ะะขะ โ ัะพัะฐะทะผะตัะฝะพ ะฒะตัั ะธ ัะพะปะธ ะะปะพะฑะฐะปัะฝะพะณะพ ะฎะณะฐ ะธ ะะพััะพะบะฐ
ะฒ ะผะธัะพะฒัั
ัะบะพะฝะพะผะธะบะต, ัะพัะณะพะฒะปะต ะธ ัะธะฝะฐะฝัะฐั
.
ะ ะดะธัะบัััะธัั
ะพ ะณะปะพะฑะฐะปัะฝัั
ัะตัะพัะผะฐั
ะฝะตะปัะทั ะธะณะฝะพัะธัะพะฒะฐัั ัะพั ัะฐะบั, ััะพ
ัะธััะฐัะธั ะฒ ััะตัะต ะผะตะถะดัะฝะฐัะพะดะฝะพะน ะฑะตะทะพะฟะฐัะฝะพััะธ ัั
ัะดัะฐะตััั. ะ ะฟัะธัะธะฝะฐั
ั ัะถะต
ะณะพะฒะพัะธะป. ะะปะฐะฒะฝะฐั ะธะท ะฝะธั
โ ัััะตะผะปะตะฝะธะต ัะพั
ัะฐะฝะธัั ะณะตะณะตะผะพะฝะธั ั ะพะฟะพัะพะน ะฝะฐ ะฒะพะตะฝะฝัั
ัะธะปั. ะ ะบะพะฝััะพะฝัะฐัะธะพะฝะฝัะต ัั
ะตะผั ะฒะพะฒะปะตะบะฐัััั ะฒัะต ะฑะพะปััะต ัััะฐะฝ ะธ ัะตะณะธะพะฝะพะฒ.
ะะะขะ ัะถะต ัะตัะฝะพ ะฒ ะะฒัะพะฟะต, ะธ ะพะฝะฐ ะฟัะพะฝะธะบะฐะตั ะฝะฐ ะขะธั
ะธะน ะพะบะตะฐะฝ, ะฒ ะฎะถะฝะพ-ะะธัะฐะนัะบะพะต
ะผะพัะต, ะขะฐะนะฒะฐะฝััะบะธะน ะฟัะพะปะธะฒ, ะฟะพะดััะฒะฐั ัะฝะธะฒะตััะฐะปัะฝัะต ะผะตั
ะฐะฝะธะทะผั ะะกะะะ ะธ
ัะพะทะดะฐะฒะฐั ัะณัะพะทั ะฝะต ัะพะปัะบะพ ะะะ ะธ ะ ะพััะธะธ, ะฝะพ ะธ ะดััะณะธะผ ัััะฐะฝะฐะผ, ัะฐัะฟะพะปะพะถะตะฝะฝัะผ
ะฒ ัะตะณะธะพะฝะต. ะญัะพั ะฝะพะฒัะน ััะฐะฟ ัะบัะฟะฐะฝัะธะธ ััะบะพะฒะพะดััะฒะพ ะะะขะ ะพะฟัะฐะฒะดัะฒะฐะตั
ยซะฝะตะดะตะปะธะผะพัััั ะฑะตะทะพะฟะฐัะฝะพััะธ ะะฒัะพ-ะัะปะฐะฝัะธะบะธ ะธ ะะขะ ยป ะธ ะฟััะฐะตััั ะฟะพะด ััะธะผ
ะปะพะทัะฝะณะพะผ ะฒะทััั ะฒ ะฒะพะตะฝะฝะพะต ะบะพะปััะพ ัะถะต ะฒัั ะะฒัะฐะทะธั.
ะ ะพััะธั ั ะตะดะธะฝะพะผััะปะตะฝะฝะธะบะฐะผะธ ะฟัะตะดะปะฐะณะฐะตั ะบะพะฝััััะบัะธะฒะฝัั ะฐะปััะตัะฝะฐัะธะฒั
ััะพะผั ะพะฟะฐัะฝะพะผั ะบัััั: ัััะพะธัั ะฒ ะะฒัะฐะทะธะธ ะฐัั
ะธัะตะบัััั ัะฐะฒะฝะพะน ะธ ะฝะตะดะตะปะธะผะพะน
ะฑะตะทะพะฟะฐัะฝะพััะธ ะฝะต ะดะปั ัะปะตะฝะพะฒ ะะะขะ ะธ ะธั
ัะพัะทะฝะธะบะพะฒ, ะฐ ะดะปั ะฒัะตั
ะฑะตะท ะธัะบะปััะตะฝะธั
ัััะฐะฝ ะธ ะพะฑัะตะดะธะฝะตะฝะธะน ะบะพะฝัะธะฝะตะฝัะฐ, ะฒะบะปััะฐั ะจะะก, ะกะะ, ะะกะะะ, ะะฒัะะทะญะก,
ะะะะ, ะกะกะะะะ. ะก ััะพะน ัะตะปัั ะะตะปะฐัััั ะธ ะ ะพััะธั ะฟัะตะดะปะฐะณะฐัั ัะฐะทัะฐะฑะพัะฐัั
ะะฒัะฐะทะธะนัะบัั ะฅะฐััะธั ะผะฝะพะณะพะพะฑัะฐะทะธั ะธ ะผะฝะพะณะพะฟะพะปััะฝะพััะธ ะฒ XXI ะฒะตะบะต. ะะพะดะปะธะฝะฝะพ
ะพะฑัะตะบะพะฝัะธะฝะตะฝัะฐะปัะฝัะน ะฟัะพัะตัั ะฝะตะธะทะฑะตะถะตะฝ ะฟะพัะปะต ัะพะณะพ, ะบะฐะบ ะฟะพะฒะตะดะตะฝะธะต ะะฐะฟะฐะดะฐ
ะพะฑะตััะผััะปะธะปะพ ะตะฒัะพะฐัะปะฐะฝัะธัะตัะบัั ะผะพะดะตะปั ะพะฑะตัะฟะตัะตะฝะธั ะฑะตะทะพะฟะฐัะฝะพััะธ ั ะพะฟะพัะพะน ะฝะฐ
ะะะขะ, ะะก ะธ ะะะกะ. ะะต ะฒะธะดะธะผ ะฟะตััะฟะตะบัะธะฒ ั ะธะดะตะน ัะตััะฐะฒัะฐัะธะธ ััะพะน ะผะพะดะตะปะธ ะฒ
ะะฒัะพะฟะต ะฒ ะตะต ะฟัะตะถะฝะตะผ ะฒะธะดะต, ะพ ัะตะผ ััะฐะปะธ ัะฐะทะผััะปััั ะฒ ะฝะตะบะพัะพััั
ะตะฒัะพะฟะตะนัะบะธั
ััะพะปะธัะฐั
: ะผะพะป, ะฟะพะดัะผะฐะตะผ ะฟะพัะปะต ะทะฐะฒะตััะตะฝะธั ัะบัะฐะธะฝัะบะพะณะพ ะบะพะฝัะปะธะบัะฐ.
ะะพะฒะพัั ะพ ะฑัะดััะตะผ ะฝะตะปัะทั ะทะฐะฑัะฒะฐัั ะพะฑ ััะพะบะฐั
ะฟัะพัะปะพะณะพ, ะพัะพะฑะตะฝะฝะพ ะฒ
ัะธััะฐัะธะธ, ะบะพะณะดะฐ ะฒ ะะฒัะพะฟะต ะฒะฝะพะฒั ะฟะพะดะฝะธะผะฐะตั ะณะพะปะพะฒั ะฝะฐัะธะทะผ, ะฝะฐะฑะธัะฐะตั ะพะฑะพัะพัั
ะผะธะปะธัะฐัะธะทะฐัะธั โ ะฟะพะด ัะตะผะธ ะถะต ะฐะฝัะธัะพััะธะนัะบะธะผะธ ะปะพะทัะฝะณะฐะผะธ.
ะญัะพ ะฒัะทัะฒะฐะตั ัะตะผ ะฑะพะปัััั ััะตะฒะพะณั, ััะพ ััะด ะฟะพะปะธัะธัะตัะบะธั
ะดะตััะตะปะตะน,
ะพะบะฐะทะฐะฒัะธั
ัั ั ะฒะปะฐััะธ ะฒ ะััััะตะปะต ะธ ะฝะตะบะพัะพััั
ััะพะปะธัะฐั
ัััะฐะฝ ะะก ะธ ะะะขะ,
ะฒัะตััะตะท ะฝะฐัะธะฝะฐัั ัะฐัััะถะดะฐัั ะพ ะขัะตััะตะน ะผะธัะพะฒะพะน ะฒะพะนะฝะต ะบะฐะบ ะพ ะฒะตัะพััะฝะพะผ
ััะตะฝะฐัะธะธ. ะญัะธ ะดะตััะตะปะธ ะฟะพะดััะฒะฐัั ะปัะฑัะต ััะธะปะธั ะฟะพ ะฟะพะธัะบั ัะตััะฝะพะณะพ ะฑะฐะปะฐะฝัะฐ
ะธะฝัะตัะตัะพะฒ ะฒัะตั
ัะปะตะฝะพะฒ ะผะตะถะดัะฝะฐัะพะดะฝะพะณะพ ัะพะพะฑัะตััะฒะฐ, ะฟััะฐััั ะฝะฐะฒัะทะฐัั ัะฒะพะธ
ะพะดะฝะพััะพัะพะฝะฝะธะต ะฟะพะดั
ะพะดั ะฒัะตะผ ะพััะฐะปัะฝัะผ, ะณััะฑะพ ะฝะฐัััะฐั ะบะปััะตะฒะพะต ัััะฐะฒะฝะพะต
ััะตะฑะพะฒะฐะฝะธะต ัะฒะฐะถะตะฝะธั ััะฒะตัะตะฝะฝะพะณะพ ัะฐะฒะตะฝััะฒะฐ ะณะพััะดะฐัััะฒ. ะะผะตะฝะฝะพ ััะพ
ัะฐะฒะตะฝััะฒะพ โ ััะฝะดะฐะผะตะฝั ะพะฑัะตะบัะธะฒะฝะพ ัะพัะผะธััััะตะนัั ะผะฝะพะณะพะฟะพะปััะฝะพััะธ. ะ ะพััะธั
ะฝะต ะฐะณะธัะธััะตั ะทะฐ ัะตะฒะพะปััะธั ะฟัะพัะธะฒ ะบะพะณะพ ะฑั ัะพ ะฝะธ ะฑัะปะพ. ะะฐัะฐ ััะฐะฝะฐ ะฝะฐัะตัะฟะตะปะฐัั
ะพั ัะตะฒะพะปััะธะน ะฑะพะปััะต ะดััะณะธั
. ะั ะฟัะพััะพ ะฟัะธะทัะฒะฐะตะผ ะณะพััะดะฐัััะฒะฐ-ัะปะตะฝั ะธ
ััะบะพะฒะพะดััะฒะพ ะกะตะบัะตัะฐัะธะฐัะฐ ะฝะตัะบะพัะฝะธัะตะปัะฝะพ ัะปะตะดะพะฒะฐัั ะฒัะตะผ ะฟัะธะฝัะธะฟะฐะผ ะฃััะฐะฒะฐ
ะะะ ะฑะตะท ะดะฒะพะนะฝัั
ััะฐะฝะดะฐััะพะฒ.ะขะพะปัะบะพ ัะพะณะดะฐ ะฝะฐัะปะตะดะธะต ะพััะพะฒ-ะพัะฝะพะฒะฐัะตะปะตะน ะะะ ะฝะต
ะฑัะดะตั ัะฐัััะฐัะตะฝะพ ะฟะพะฟัััั.
ะะปะฐะณะพะดะฐัั ะทะฐ ะฒะฝะธะผะฐะฝะธะต.