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Statement of Sergey Lavrov of Russia (80th Session UNGA) Debate

Statement of Sergey Lavrov of Russia (80th Session UNGA) Debate
Sergey Lavrov reflected on the consequences of World War II, emphasizing the establishment of the United Nations as a beacon of international cooperation. He criticized Western nations for violating principles of sovereignty and non-interference, citing instances of military aggression and economic sanctions. Lavrov condemned the ongoing violence in the Middle East, particularly against Palestinians, and called for urgent action to support a Palestinian state. He highlighted the need for UN reform to ensure fair representation and address global security concerns while advocating for a multipolar world and equal security for all nations.

Russian Federation
His Excellency Sergey Lavrov
Minister for Foreign Affairs

80th Session of the United Nations General Assembly

Statement by S.V. Lavrov

at the General Political Debate
of the 80th Session of the UN General Assembly
(New York, September 27, 2025)

Mr. President,
Distinguished ladies and gentlemen,

Eighty years ago, the most terrible war in human history ended: more than 70 million people became victims of hostilities, hunger, and disease. In 1945, the course of world history changed forever. The triumph over German Nazism, under whose banners the greater part of Europe had rallied, and Japanese militarism opened the way to peace, reconstruction, and prosperity.

This year, celebrations were held in Moscow and Beijing on May 9 and September 3 in honor of Victory in the Great Patriotic War and in the Second World War. The world saw grand military parades โ€“ commemorating the decisive contribution of my people to the crushing of Nazi Germany and the special role of the Chinese people in the defeat of militarist Japan. We sacredly honor the memory of the combat brotherhood with all allies who then stood on the side of truth in the struggle against the forces of evil.

One of the enduring results of that war was the creation of the United Nations. The principles of its Charter, agreed upon by the founding fathers of our Organization, continue to this day to serve as a shining beacon of international cooperation. They embody centuries of experience of coexistence among states and retain their full relevance in the era of multipolarity. What remains is only for all Member States, without exception, to comply with these principles โ€“ in their entirety, their totality, and their interconnection.

In practice, however, things look different. Widespread, gross violations of the principle of sovereign equality of states undermine faith in justice itself, leading to crises and conflicts. The root of the problem lies in the persistent attempts to divide the world into โ€œfriendsโ€ and โ€œfoes,โ€ into โ€œdemocraciesโ€ and โ€œautocracies,โ€ into a โ€œblooming gardenโ€ and โ€œjungle,โ€ into those who sit โ€œat the tableโ€ and those who are โ€œon the menu.โ€ Into the chosen, who are allowed everything, and the rest, who for some reason are obliged to serve the interests of the โ€œgolden billion.โ€ We stand for unwavering adherence to the principle of equality: it is the guarantee that all countries will be able to take their rightful place in world order โ€“ regardless of their military might, population size, territory, or economy.

The principle of the non-use of force and the threat of force has also been repeatedly trampled upon by the West. Tragedies came from NATOโ€™s bombings of Yugoslavia, the invasion of Iraq by the โ€œU.S.-led coalition,โ€ NATOโ€™s military operation of โ€œregime changeโ€ in Libya. Today, Israelโ€™s illegal use of force against Palestinians, aggressive actions against Iran, Qatar, Yemen, Lebanon, Syria, and Iraq threaten to engulf the entire Middle East in flames.

Russia condemned the attack by Hamas militants on peaceful Israelis on October 7, 2023. But there is no justification for the brutal killings of Palestinian civilians, just as there is no justification for terrorist acts. There is no justification for the collective punishment of Palestinians in the Gaza Strip, where Palestinian children are dying under bombings and from hunger, hospitals and schools are being destroyed, and hundreds of thousands of people are left homeless. There is no justification for plans to annex the West Bank of the Jordan River. In fact, we are witnessing an attempt at a kind of coup dโ€™รฉtat aimed at burying UN decisions on the creation of a Palestinian state.

Just recently, a number of Western governments announced their recognition of the State of Palestine. What is more, they had announced their intention to do so several months earlier. The question arises: why did they wait so long? Apparently, they hoped that soon there would be nothing left to recognize. The situation demands urgent action to prevent such a scenario โ€“ as was firmly expressed by participants of the International High-Level Conference on the Question of Palestine.

The strikes on Iranian facilities under IAEA safeguards, and later on the capital of Qatar at the very moment when negotiations with Hamas were underway there โ€“ including with the participation of American mediators โ€“ also deserve condemnation. Yesterday in the Security Council, the West rejected the rational proposal of China and Russia to extend the 2015 agreement on the Iranian nuclear program in order to give diplomacy time. This finally exposed the Westโ€™s policy of sabotaging the search for constructive solutions in the Security Council and its desire to extract unilateral concessions from Tehran through blackmail and pressure. We consider such a policy unacceptable, and all Western manipulations to restore UN anti-Iranian sanctions โ€“ like the sanctions themselves โ€“ illegal.

The West has also long abandoned the principle of non-interference in internal affairs. โ€œColor revolutionsโ€ have become a sad phenomenon of our time, while illegal unilateral sanctions have long been turned into the main instrument of Western diplomacy. No matter what pretexts are used to justify them, the essence of such sanctions is the same โ€“ to suppress and intimidate competitors in the global economy and politics.

Russia, together with the overwhelming majority of UN members, calls for the immediate, unconditional lifting of the trade blockade of Cuba โ€“ which has lasted for more than 60 years โ€“ and for its removal from the notorious list of state sponsors of terrorism. We express solidarity with the people of Venezuela in the face of external sanctions pressure and threats. We stand for preserving Latin America and the Caribbean as a zone of peace and cooperation.

A flagrant example of undermining sovereignty and crude interference in internal affairs are the actions of the West in the Balkans, where another Charter principle โ€“ that all UN members must comply with Security Council resolutions โ€“ is being trampled upon. The unilateral recognition of Kosovoโ€™s independence, contrary to Resolution 1244, was in essence an attempt on the state structure of Serbia. Now the West is aiming at dismantling the statehood of Bosnia and Herzegovina, sabotaging the Dayton Peace Agreement. In both Kosovo and Bosnia, an attack is unfolding on the vital interests of the Serbian people, including the historic rights of Serbian Orthodoxy.

The same applies to the Kiev regime, which seized power as a result of the unconstitutional coup dโ€™รฉtat organized by the West in 2014. It has taken a course toward the elimination of the canonical Ukrainian Orthodox Church, the legislative eradication of the Russian language in all spheres โ€“ education, culture, media. Ukraine is the only country in the world that has legally banned the use of the native language of almost half of its population. The Arabic language is not banned in Israel, nor Hebrew in Arab countries and Iran. Yet Russian is banned in Ukraine. I remind you that Article 1 of the UN Charter speaks of the need for โ€œrespect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion.โ€

Europe is silent about this, being obsessed with the utopian goal of inflicting a strategic defeat on Russia. For this, everything is permitted to the Ukrainian regime โ€“ including terrorist attacks against politicians and journalists, torture and extrajudicial executions, indiscriminate bombings of civilian facilities, reckless sabotage against nuclear power plants.

Russia, as President V.V. Putin has repeatedly stressed, from the very beginning was and remains open to negotiations to eliminate the root causes of the conflict. Russiaโ€™s security, its vital interests, must be reliably guaranteed. The rights of Russians and Russian-speaking people in the territories still under the control of the Kiev regime must be restored and fully respected. On this basis, we are also ready to discuss security guarantees for Ukraine.

So far, neither Kiev nor its European sponsors show any awareness of the gravity of the moment or readiness to negotiate honestly. The North Atlantic Alliance continues its expansion right up to our borders โ€“ despite assurances once given to Soviet leaders not to move โ€œan inch eastward.โ€ Despite the commitments undertaken by NATO members within the OSCE to respect the principle of indivisible security, not to strengthen their own security at the expense of others, not to claim dominance.

We have repeatedly proposed to NATO capitals to honor their obligations and agree on legally binding security guarantees. Our proposals were ignored โ€“ and continue to be ignored to this day. What is more, threats of the use of force against Russia are increasingly being voiced, while Russia is accused of allegedly planning to attack NATO and EU countries. President V.V. Putin has repeatedly debunked such provocations. Russia had no such intentions and has none today. However, any aggression against my country will be met with a decisive response. There should be no doubt about this among those in NATO and the EU who not only convince their voters of the inevitability of war with Russia and force them to tighten their belts, but openly declare preparations to attack our Kaliningrad region and other Russian territories.

We pin certain hopes on the continuation of the Russian-American dialogue, especially after the summit in Alaska. In the approaches of the current U.S. administration, we see a desire not only to facilitate the search for realistic ways to resolve the Ukrainian crisis, but also a willingness to develop pragmatic interaction without taking an ideological stance.

Russia and the United States bear special responsibility for the state of world affairs, for avoiding risks capable of plunging humanity into a new war. The maintenance of strategic stability should be aided by the new initiative of the Russian Federation, put forward by President V.V. Putin on September 22, on readiness to adhere to the central quantitative limits of the START Treaty for one year after its expiration on February 5, 2026 โ€“ provided that the United States acts in the same way and does not take steps that would undermine the existing balance of deterrence capabilities. We believe that the implementation of our proposal would help create the conditions necessary to avoid an arms race, to preserve an acceptable level of predictability in the missile-nuclear sphere, and to improve the overall atmosphere in Russian-American relations.

Distinguished colleagues,

In December of this year we will mark the 65th anniversary of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples adopted by the General Assembly. The decolonization process, in which the Soviet Union played a leading role, was a direct consequence of the realization of the right of nations to self-determination. The peoples of Africa and Asia refused to live under colonial oppression โ€“ just as after the 2014 coup dโ€™รฉtat Crimea, Donbass, and Novorossiya refused to submit to the illegally seized Kiev neo-Nazi regime, which not only does not represent the interests of their population, but waged war against it.

In both cases, the principle was implemented that was enshrined in 1776 in the Declaration of Independence and subsequently repeatedly reaffirmed by U.S. Presidents: โ€œGovernments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed.โ€ Neither the colonizers nor the Kiev regime had any such consent from the peoples they tried to rule. This principle was unanimously reaffirmed in the 1970 UN Declaration, which clearly stated: all must respect the territorial integrity of those states whose governments represent the entire people residing in the relevant territory.

Today Africa and the entire Global South are experiencing a new awakening, striving for full independence, and the UN must not remain on the sidelines. In December of last year, the General Assembly adopted a resolution on โ€œEradication of colonialism in all its forms and manifestations.โ€ We call, as the next step, for the adoption of a decision to declare December 14 as the International Day for the Struggle Against Colonialism. We welcome the role of the Group of Friends in Defense of the UN Charter in consolidating efforts to counter neo-colonial and other discriminatory practices against the World Majority, and invite all independent states to join its ranks.

The current balance of power in the world is fundamentally different from that established 80 years ago. Decolonization and other large-scale upheavals have changed the political map of the planet. The World Majority is loudly declaring its rights. The SCO and BRICS play a special role as mechanisms for reconciling the interests of the countries of the Global South and East. The influence of the African Union, CELAC, and other regional associations is growing.

These new realities have not yet found adequate reflection in the institutional system of our Organization. Particularly important is the question of reforming the Security Council. Russia supports its democratization exclusively through expanding the representation of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. We support the candidacies of Brazil and India for permanent membership in the Council, while at the same time correcting the historical injustice towards Africa โ€“ in parameters agreed upon by the continentโ€™s countries themselves.

Recently, Secretary-General A. Guterres proposed a comprehensive UN reform. We are not opposed to open discussion of this initiative. The benchmark should be the return of the UN to the fundamental principles enshrined in its Charter, which the West has long sought to replace with its own โ€œrules-based order.โ€ It is important that this work be carried out transparently, with the participation and consideration of the interests of all Member States.

We call upon the Secretary-General and all Secretariat staff to strictly follow the principles of impartiality and equidistance in accordance with Article 100 of the Charter. It is unacceptable to allow attempts at a โ€œpalace coupโ€ in the Secretariat, its privatization by a small group of countries. The composition of the Secretariat must reflect the new realities and ensure fair representation of the countries of the World Majority. We count on constructive discussion of the development of the Organization at a special meeting of the Security Council, which Russia, as President, plans to organize on UN Day, October 24 of this year.

UN reform is only part of the broader task of transforming the entire system of global governance, including genuine democratization of the IMF, the World Bank, and the WTO โ€“ in proportion to the weight and role of the Global South and East in the world economy, trade, and finance.

In discussions about global reforms, we cannot ignore the fact that the situation in the field of international security is deteriorating. I have already spoken about the reasons. The main one is the drive to preserve hegemony through reliance on military force. More and more countries and regions are being drawn into confrontational schemes. NATO has grown too tight in Europe, and is now penetrating into the Pacific Ocean, the South China Sea, the Taiwan Strait, undermining the universal mechanisms of ASEAN and creating threats not only to China and Russia, but also to other countries of the region. NATO leadership justifies this new stage of expansion by โ€œthe indivisibility of Euro-Atlantic and Indo-Pacific securityโ€ and under this slogan is trying to encircle all of Eurasia militarily.

Russia, together with like-minded states, offers a constructive alternative to this dangerous course: to build in Eurasia an architecture of equal and indivisible security โ€“ not only for NATO members and their allies, but for all without exception, including the SCO, CIS, ASEAN, EAEU, CSTO, GCC. To this end, Belarus and Russia propose developing a Eurasian Charter of Diversity and Multipolarity in the 21st century. A truly pan-continental process is inevitable, since the Westโ€™s behavior has rendered meaningless the Euro-Atlantic model of security based on NATO, the EU, and the OSCE. We see no prospects for restoring this model in Europe in its former form, as some European capitals have begun to muse โ€“ โ€œwe will think about it after the end of the Ukrainian conflict.โ€

When speaking of the future, we must not forget the lessons of the past โ€“ especially in a situation where Nazism is again raising its head in Europe and militarization is gaining momentum, under the same anti-Russian slogans.

This is all the more alarming as a number of political figures who have come to power in Brussels and in some EU and NATO capitals are seriously discussing the possibility of a Third World War as a likely scenario. These figures undermine any efforts to seek an honest balance of interests of all members of the international community, attempting to impose their unilateral approaches on everyone else, blatantly violating the key Charter requirement of respect for the sovereign equality of states. And it is precisely this equality that forms the foundation of the objectively emerging multipolarity.

Russia does not agitate for revolution against anyone. Our country has suffered from revolutions more than any other. We simply call upon Member States and the leadership of the Secretariat to strictly follow all principles of the UN Charter without double standards. Only then will the legacy of the UNโ€™s founding fathers not be squandered in vain.

Thank you for your attention.

General Debate of the 80th Session (General Assembly) UNO


Statement in Russian

ะขะตะทะธัั‹ ะฒั‹ัั‚ัƒะฟะปะตะฝะธั ะก.ะ’.ะ›ะฐะฒั€ะพะฒะฐ
ะฝะฐ ะพะฑั‰ะตะฟะพะปะธั‚ะธั‡ะตัะบะพะน ะดะธัะบัƒััะธะธ
80-ะน ัะตััะธะธ ะ“ะตะฝะฐััะฐะผะฑะปะตะธ ะžะžะ
(ะัŒัŽ-ะ™ะพั€ะบ, 27 ัะตะฝั‚ัะฑั€ั 2025 ะณะพะดะฐ)
ะฃะฒะฐะถะฐะตะผั‹ะน ะณะพัะฟะพะดะธะฝ ะŸั€ะตะดัะตะดะฐั‚ะตะปัŒ,
ะฃะฒะฐะถะฐะตะผั‹ะต ะดะฐะผั‹ ะธ ะณะพัะฟะพะดะฐ,
80 ะปะตั‚ ะฝะฐะทะฐะด ะพะบะพะฝั‡ะธะปะฐััŒ ัะฐะผะฐั ัั‚ั€ะฐัˆะฝะฐั ะฒะพะนะฝะฐ ะฒ ะธัั‚ะพั€ะธะธ ั‡ะตะปะพะฒะตั‡ะตัั‚ะฒะฐ:
ะฑะพะปะตะต 70 ะผะธะปะปะธะพะฝะพะฒ ั‡ะตะปะพะฒะตะบ ัั‚ะฐะปะธ ะถะตั€ั‚ะฒะฐะผะธ ะฒะพะตะฝะฝั‹ั… ะดะตะนัั‚ะฒะธะน, ะณะพะปะพะดะฐ ะธ
ะฑะพะปะตะทะฝะตะน. ะ’ 1945 ะณะพะดัƒ ะฝะฐะฒัะตะณะดะฐ ะธะทะผะตะฝะธะปัั ั…ะพะด ะฒัะตะผะธั€ะฝะพะน ะธัั‚ะพั€ะธะธ. ะขั€ะธัƒะผั„ ะฝะฐะด
ะณะตั€ะผะฐะฝัะบะธะผ ะฝะฐั†ะธะทะผะพะผ, ะฟะพะด ั‡ัŒะธ ะทะฝะฐะผะตะฝะฐ ะฒัั‚ะฐะปะฐ ะฑแฝนะปัŒัˆะฐั ั‡ะฐัั‚ัŒ ะ•ะฒั€ะพะฟั‹, ะธ
ัะฟะพะฝัะบะธะผ ะผะธะปะธั‚ะฐั€ะธะทะผะพะผ ะพั‚ะบั€ั‹ะป ะฟัƒั‚ัŒ ะบ ะผะธั€ัƒ, ะฒะพััั‚ะฐะฝะพะฒะปะตะฝะธัŽ ะธ ะฟั€ะพั†ะฒะตั‚ะฐะฝะธัŽ.
ะ’ ัั‚ะพะผ ะณะพะดัƒ ะฒ ะœะพัะบะฒะต ะธ ะŸะตะบะธะฝะต ะฟั€ะพัˆะปะธ ั‚ะพั€ะถะตัั‚ะฒะฐ, ะฟั€ะธัƒั€ะพั‡ะตะฝะฝั‹ะต ะบ
ะฟั€ะฐะทะดะฝะธั‡ะฝั‹ะผ ะดะฝัะผ 9 ะผะฐั ะธ 3 ัะตะฝั‚ัะฑั€ั ะฒ ั‡ะตัั‚ัŒ ะŸะพะฑะตะดั‹ ะฒ ะ’ะตะปะธะบะพะน ะžั‚ะตั‡ะตัั‚ะฒะตะฝะฝะพะน
ะธ ะ’ั‚ะพั€ะพะน ะผะธั€ะพะฒะพะน ะฒะพะนะฝะฐั…. ะœะธั€ ัƒะฒะธะดะตะป ะณั€ะฐะฝะดะธะพะทะฝั‹ะต ะฒะพะตะฝะฝั‹ะต ะฟะฐั€ะฐะดั‹ โ€“ ะฒ
ะพะทะฝะฐะผะตะฝะพะฒะฐะฝะธะต ั€ะตัˆะฐัŽั‰ะตะณะพ ะฒะบะปะฐะดะฐ ะผะพะตะณะพ ะฝะฐั€ะพะดะฐ ะฒ ัะพะบั€ัƒัˆะตะฝะธะต ะฝะฐั†ะธัั‚ัะบะพะน
ะ“ะตั€ะผะฐะฝะธะธ ะธ ะพัะพะฑะพะน ั€ะพะปะธ ะฝะฐั€ะพะดะฐ ะšะธั‚ะฐั ะฒ ั€ะฐะทะณั€ะพะผะต ะผะธะปะธั‚ะฐั€ะธัั‚ัะบะพะน ะฏะฟะพะฝะธะธ. ะœั‹
ัะฒัั‚ะพ ั‡ั‚ะธะผ ะฟะฐะผัั‚ัŒ ะพ ะฑะพะตะฒะพะผ ะฑั€ะฐั‚ัั‚ะฒะต ัะพ ะฒัะตะผะธ ัะพัŽะทะฝะธะบะฐะผะธ, ะบั‚ะพ ั‚ะพะณะดะฐ ะฑั‹ะป ะฝะฐ
ัั‚ะพั€ะพะฝะต ะฟั€ะฐะฒะดั‹ ะฒ ะฑะพั€ัŒะฑะต ั ัะธะปะฐะผะธ ะทะปะฐ.
ะžะดะฝะธะผ ะธะท ะฝะตะฟั€ะตั…ะพะดัั‰ะธั… ะธั‚ะพะณะพะฒ ั‚ะพะน ะฒะพะนะฝั‹ ัั‚ะฐะปะพ ัะพะทะดะฐะฝะธะต ะžะฑัŠะตะดะธะฝะตะฝะฝั‹ั…
ะะฐั†ะธะน. ะกะพะณะปะฐัะพะฒะฐะฝะฝั‹ะต ะพั‚ั†ะฐะผะธ-ะพัะฝะพะฒะฐั‚ะตะปัะผะธ ะฝะฐัˆะตะน ะพั€ะณะฐะฝะธะทะฐั†ะธะธ ะฟั€ะธะฝั†ะธะฟั‹ ะตะต
ะฃัั‚ะฐะฒะฐ ะฟะพ ัะตะน ะดะตะฝัŒ ัะปัƒะถะฐั‚ ัั€ะบะธะผ ะผะฐัะบะพะผ ะผะตะถะดัƒะฝะฐั€ะพะดะฝะพะณะพ ัะพั‚ั€ัƒะดะฝะธั‡ะตัั‚ะฒะฐ. ะžะฝะธ
ะฒะพะฟะปะพั‰ะฐัŽั‚ ะผะฝะพะณะพะฒะตะบะพะฒะพะน ะพะฟั‹ั‚ ัะพััƒั‰ะตัั‚ะฒะพะฒะฐะฝะธั ะณะพััƒะดะฐั€ัั‚ะฒ ะธ ะฟะพะปะฝะพัั‚ัŒัŽ
ัะพั…ั€ะฐะฝััŽั‚ ัะฒะพะต ะทะฝะฐั‡ะตะฝะธะต ะฒ ัะฟะพั…ัƒ ะผะฝะพะณะพะฟะพะปัั€ะฝะพัั‚ะธ. ะ”ะตะปะพ ะปะธัˆัŒ ะทะฐ ั‚ะตะผ, ั‡ั‚ะพะฑั‹ ะฒัะต
ะฑะตะท ะธัะบะปัŽั‡ะตะฝะธั ะณะพััƒะดะฐั€ัั‚ะฒะฐ-ั‡ะปะตะฝั‹ ัะพะฑะปัŽะดะฐะปะธ ัั‚ะธ ะฟั€ะธะฝั†ะธะฟั‹ โ€“ ะฒะพ ะฒัะตะน ะธั…
ะฟะพะปะฝะพั‚ะต, ัะพะฒะพะบัƒะฟะฝะพัั‚ะธ ะธ ะฒะทะฐะธะผะพัะฒัะทะธ.
ะะฐ ะฟั€ะฐะบั‚ะธะบะต, ะพะดะฝะฐะบะพ, ะฒัะต ะฒั‹ะณะปัะดะธั‚ ะธะฝะฐั‡ะต. ะŸะพะฒัะตะผะตัั‚ะฝั‹ะต ะณั€ัƒะฑั‹ะต
ะฝะฐั€ัƒัˆะตะฝะธั ะฟั€ะธะฝั†ะธะฟะฐ ััƒะฒะตั€ะตะฝะฝะพะณะพ ั€ะฐะฒะตะฝัั‚ะฒะฐ ะณะพััƒะดะฐั€ัั‚ะฒ ะฟะพะดั€ั‹ะฒะฐัŽั‚ ัะฐะผัƒ ะฒะตั€ัƒ ะฒ
ัะฟั€ะฐะฒะตะดะปะธะฒะพัั‚ัŒ, ะฒะตะดัƒั‚ ะบ ะบั€ะธะทะธัะฐะผ ะธ ะบะพะฝั„ะปะธะบั‚ะฐะผ. ะšะพั€ะตะฝัŒ ะฟั€ะพะฑะปะตะผ โ€“
ะฝะตะฟั€ะตะบั€ะฐั‰ะฐัŽั‰ะธะตัั ะฟะพะฟั‹ั‚ะบะธ ั€ะฐะทะดะตะปะธั‚ัŒ ะผะธั€ ะฝะฐ ยซัะฒะพะธั…ยป ะธ ยซั‡ัƒะถะธั…ยป, ะฝะฐ
ยซะดะตะผะพะบั€ะฐั‚ะธะธยป ะธ ยซะฐะฒั‚ะพะบั€ะฐั‚ะธะธยป, ะฝะฐ ยซั†ะฒะตั‚ัƒั‰ะธะน ัะฐะดยป ะธ ยซะดะถัƒะฝะณะปะธยป, ะฝะฐ ั‚ะตั…, ะบั‚ะพ ยซะทะฐ
ัั‚ะพะปะพะผยป ะธ ะบั‚ะพ ยซะฒ ะผะตะฝัŽยป. ะะฐ ะธะทะฑั€ะฐะฝะฝั‹ั…, ะบะพั‚ะพั€ั‹ะผ ะดะพะทะฒะพะปะตะฝะพ ะฒัะต, ะธ ะพัั‚ะฐะปัŒะฝั‹ั…, ะบั‚ะพ
ะฟะพั‡ะตะผัƒ-ั‚ะพ ะพะฑัะทะฐะฝ ะพะฑัะปัƒะถะธะฒะฐั‚ัŒ ะธะฝั‚ะตั€ะตัั‹ ยซะทะพะปะพั‚ะพะณะพ ะผะธะปะปะธะฐั€ะดะฐยป. ะœั‹ ะฒั‹ัั‚ัƒะฟะฐะตะผ
ะทะฐ ะฑะตัะฟั€ะตะบะพัะปะพะฒะฝะพะต ัะปะตะดะพะฒะฐะฝะธะต ะฟั€ะธะฝั†ะธะฟัƒ ั€ะฐะฒะตะฝัั‚ะฒะฐ: ะฒ ะฝะตะผ ะทะฐะปะพะณ ั‚ะพะณะพ, ั‡ั‚ะพ ะฒัะต
ัั‚ั€ะฐะฝั‹ ัะผะพะณัƒั‚ ะทะฐะฝัั‚ัŒ ัะฒะพะต ะดะพัั‚ะพะนะฝะพะต ะผะตัั‚ะพ ะฒ ะผะธั€ะพัƒัั‚ั€ะพะนัั‚ะฒะต โ€“ ะฝะตะทะฐะฒะธัะธะผะพ ะพั‚
ะธั… ะฒะพะตะฝะฝะพะน ะผะพั‰ะธ, ะบะพะปะธั‡ะตัั‚ะฒะฐ ะฝะฐัะตะปะตะฝะธั, ั€ะฐะทะผะตั€ะฐ ั‚ะตั€ั€ะธั‚ะพั€ะธะธ ะธ ัะบะพะฝะพะผะธะบะธ.
ะŸั€ะธะฝั†ะธะฟ ะฝะตะฟั€ะธะผะตะฝะตะฝะธั ัะธะปั‹ ะธ ัƒะณั€ะพะทั‹ ัะธะปะพะน ั‚ะฐะบะถะต ะผะฝะพะณะพะบั€ะฐั‚ะฝะพ
ะฟะพะฟะธั€ะฐะปัั ะ—ะฐะฟะฐะดะพะผ. ะขั€ะฐะณะตะดะธัะผะธ ะพะฑะตั€ะฝัƒะปะธััŒ ะฝะฐั‚ะพะฒัะบะธะต ะฑะพะผะฑะฐั€ะดะธั€ะพะฒะบะธ
ะฎะณะพัะปะฐะฒะธะธ, ะฒั‚ะพั€ะถะตะฝะธะต ยซะฒะตะดะพะผะพะน ะกะจะ ะบะพะฐะปะธั†ะธะธยป ะฒ ะ˜ั€ะฐะบ, ะฒะพะตะฝะฝะฐั ะพะฟะตั€ะฐั†ะธั
ะะะขะž ะฟะพ ยซัะผะตะฝะต ั€ะตะถะธะผะฐยป ะฒ ะ›ะธะฒะธะธ. ะกะตะณะพะดะฝั ะฝะตะทะฐะบะพะฝะฝะพะต ะฟั€ะธะผะตะฝะตะฝะธะต ัะธะปั‹
ะ˜ะทั€ะฐะธะปะตะผ ะฒ ะพั‚ะฝะพัˆะตะฝะธะธ ะฟะฐะปะตัั‚ะธะฝั†ะตะฒ, ะฐะณั€ะตััะธะฒะฝั‹ะต ะดะตะนัั‚ะฒะธั ะฟั€ะพั‚ะธะฒ ะ˜ั€ะฐะฝะฐ,
ะšะฐั‚ะฐั€ะฐ, ะ™ะตะผะตะฝะฐ, ะ›ะธะฒะฐะฝะฐ, ะกะธั€ะธะธ, ะ˜ั€ะฐะบะฐ ะณั€ะพะทัั‚ ะฒะทะพั€ะฒะฐั‚ัŒ ะฒะตััŒ ะ‘ะปะธะถะฝะธะน ะ’ะพัั‚ะพะบ.
ะ ะพััะธั ะพััƒะดะธะปะฐ ะฝะฐะฟะฐะดะตะฝะธะต ะฑะพะตะฒะธะบะพะฒ ะฅะะœะะก ะฝะฐ ะผะธั€ะฝั‹ั… ะธะทั€ะฐะธะปัŒั‚ัะฝ
7 ะพะบั‚ัะฑั€ั 2023 ะณ. ะžะดะฝะฐะบะพ ะถะตัั‚ะพะบะธะผ ัƒะฑะธะนัั‚ะฒะฐะผ ะณั€ะฐะถะดะฐะฝัะบะพะณะพ ะฝะฐัะตะปะตะฝะธั
ะŸะฐะปะตัั‚ะธะฝั‹, ะบะฐะบ ะธ ั‚ะตั€ะฐะบั‚ะฐะผ, ะฝะตั‚ ะฝะธะบะฐะบะพะณะพ ะพะฟั€ะฐะฒะดะฐะฝะธั. ะะตั‚ ะฝะธะบะฐะบะพะณะพ ะพะฟั€ะฐะฒะดะฐะฝะธั
ะบะพะปะปะตะบั‚ะธะฒะฝะพะผัƒ ะฝะฐะบะฐะทะฐะฝะธัŽ ะฟะฐะปะตัั‚ะธะฝั†ะตะฒ ะฒ ัะตะบั‚ะพั€ะต ะ“ะฐะทะฐ, ะณะดะต ะฟะพะด ะฑะพะผะฑะฐั€ะดะธั€ะพะฒะบะฐะผะธ
ะธ ะพั‚ ะณะพะปะพะดะฐ ะณะธะฑะฝัƒั‚ ะฟะฐะปะตัั‚ะธะฝัะบะธะต ะดะตั‚ะธ, ั€ะฐะทั€ัƒัˆะฐัŽั‚ัั ะฑะพะปัŒะฝะธั†ั‹ ะธ ัˆะบะพะปั‹, ัะพั‚ะฝะธ
ั‚ั‹ััั‡ ะปัŽะดะตะน ะปะธัˆะฐัŽั‚ัั ะบั€ะพะฒะฐ. ะะตั‚ ะพะฟั€ะฐะฒะดะฐะฝะธั ะฟะปะฐะฝะฐะผ ะฟะพ ะฐะฝะฝะตะบัะธะธ ะ—ะฐะฟะฐะดะฝะพะณะพ
ะฑะตั€ะตะณะฐ ั€ะตะบะธ ะ˜ะพั€ะดะฐะฝ. ะคะฐะบั‚ะธั‡ะตัะบะธ ะผั‹ ะธะผะตะตะผ ะดะตะปะพ ั ะฟะพะฟั‹ั‚ะบะพะน ัะฒะพะตะณะพ ั€ะพะดะฐ
ะณะพััƒะดะฐั€ัั‚ะฒะตะฝะฝะพะณะพ ะฟะตั€ะตะฒะพั€ะพั‚ะฐ ั ั†ะตะปัŒัŽ ะฟะพั…ะพั€ะพะฝะธั‚ัŒ ั€ะตัˆะตะฝะธั ะžะžะ ะพ ัะพะทะดะฐะฝะธะธ
ะฟะฐะปะตัั‚ะธะฝัะบะพะณะพ ะณะพััƒะดะฐั€ัั‚ะฒะฐ. ะะฐ ะดะฝัั… ั€ัะด ะทะฐะฟะฐะดะฝั‹ั… ะฟั€ะฐะฒะธั‚ะตะปัŒัั‚ะฒ ะพะฑัŠัะฒะธะปะธ ะพ
ะฟั€ะธะทะฝะฐะฝะธะธ ะณะพััƒะดะฐั€ัั‚ะฒะฐ ะŸะฐะปะตัั‚ะธะฝั‹. ะŸั€ะธั‡ะตะผ ัะฒะพะต ะฝะฐะผะตั€ะตะฝะธะต ัะดะตะปะฐั‚ัŒ ัั‚ะพ ะพะฝะธ
ะฐะฝะพะฝัะธั€ะพะฒะฐะปะธ ะตั‰ะต ะฝะตัะบะพะปัŒะบะพ ะผะตััั†ะตะฒ ะฝะฐะทะฐะด. ะ’ะพะทะฝะธะบะฐะตั‚ ะฒะพะฟั€ะพั: ะฟะพั‡ะตะผัƒ ะถะดะฐะปะธ
ั‚ะฐะบ ะดะพะปะณะพ? ะ’ะธะดะธะผะพ, ะฝะฐะดะตัะปะธััŒ, ั‡ั‚ะพ ัะบะพั€ะพ ะธ ะฟั€ะธะทะฝะฐะฒะฐั‚ัŒ ะฑัƒะดะตั‚ ะฝะตั‡ะตะณะพ. ะกะธั‚ัƒะฐั†ะธั
ั‚ั€ะตะฑัƒะตั‚ ัั€ะพั‡ะฝั‹ั… ะดะตะนัั‚ะฒะธะน ะฟะพ ะฝะตะดะพะฟัƒั‰ะตะฝะธัŽ ั‚ะฐะบะพะณะพ ัั†ะตะฝะฐั€ะธั, ะฒ ะฟะพะปัŒะทัƒ ั‡ะตะณะพ
ั‚ะฒะตั€ะดะพ ะฒั‹ัะบะฐะทะฐะปะธััŒ ัƒั‡ะฐัั‚ะฝะธะบะธ ะœะตะถะดัƒะฝะฐั€ะพะดะฝะพะน ะบะพะฝั„ะตั€ะตะฝั†ะธะธ ะฒั‹ัะพะบะพะณะพ ัƒั€ะพะฒะฝั
ะฟะพ ะฒะพะฟั€ะพััƒ ะพ ะŸะฐะปะตัั‚ะธะฝะต.
ะ—ะฐัะปัƒะถะธะฒะฐัŽั‚ ะพััƒะถะดะตะฝะธั ัƒะดะฐั€ั‹ ะฟะพ ะธั€ะฐะฝัะบะธะผ ะพะฑัŠะตะบั‚ะฐะผ, ะฝะฐั…ะพะดัั‰ะธะผัั ะฟะพะด
ะณะฐั€ะฐะฝั‚ะธัะผะธ ะœะะ“ะะขะญ, ะฐ ะทะฐั‚ะตะผ ะธ ะฟะพ ัั‚ะพะปะธั†ะต ะšะฐั‚ะฐั€ะฐ ะฒ ั‚ะพั‚ ะผะพะผะตะฝั‚, ะบะพะณะดะฐ ั‚ะฐะผ
ะฒะตะปะธััŒ ะฟะตั€ะตะณะพะฒะพั€ั‹ ั ะฅะะœะะก ั ัƒั‡ะฐัั‚ะธะตะผ ะฒ ั‚ะพะผ ั‡ะธัะปะต ะฐะผะตั€ะธะบะฐะฝัะบะธั… ะฟะพัั€ะตะดะฝะธะบะพะฒ.
ะ’ั‡ะตั€ะฐ ะฒ ะกะพะฒะตั‚ะต ะ‘ะตะทะพะฟะฐัะฝะพัั‚ะธ ะ—ะฐะฟะฐะด ะพั‚ะฒะตั€ะณ ั€ะฐั†ะธะพะฝะฐะปัŒะฝะพะต ะฟั€ะตะดะปะพะถะตะฝะธะต
ะšะธั‚ะฐั ะธ ะ ะพััะธะธ ะฟั€ะพะดะปะธั‚ัŒ ัั€ะพะบ ะดะตะนัั‚ะฒะธั ะดะพะณะพะฒะพั€ะตะฝะฝะพัั‚ะธ 2015 ะณะพะดะฐ ะฟะพ ะธั€ะฐะฝัะบะพะน
ัะดะตั€ะฝะพะน ะฟั€ะพะณั€ะฐะผะผะต, ั‡ั‚ะพะฑั‹ ะดะฐั‚ัŒ ะฒั€ะตะผั ะดะธะฟะปะพะผะฐั‚ะธะธ. ะญั‚ะพ ะพะบะพะฝั‡ะฐั‚ะตะปัŒะฝะพ
ั€ะฐะทะพะฑะปะฐั‡ะธะปะพ ะบัƒั€ั ะ—ะฐะฟะฐะดะฐ ะฝะฐ ัะฐะฑะพั‚ะฐะถ ะฟะพะธัะบะฐ ะบะพะฝัั‚ั€ัƒะบั‚ะธะฒะฝั‹ั… ั€ะตัˆะตะฝะธะน ะฒ ะกะ‘ ะžะžะ
ะธ ะตะณะพ ัั‚ั€ะตะผะปะตะฝะธะต ะดะพะฑะธะฒะฐั‚ัŒัั ะพั‚ ะขะตะณะตั€ะฐะฝะฐ ะพะดะฝะพัั‚ะพั€ะพะฝะฝะธั… ัƒัั‚ัƒะฟะพะบ ะฟัƒั‚ะตะผ ัˆะฐะฝั‚ะฐะถะฐ
ะธ ะดะฐะฒะปะตะฝะธั. ะกั‡ะธั‚ะฐะตะผ ั‚ะฐะบัƒัŽ ะฟะพะปะธั‚ะธะบัƒ ะฝะตะฟั€ะธะตะผะปะตะผะพะน, ะฐ ะฒัะต ะผะฐะฝะธะฟัƒะปัั†ะธะธ ะ—ะฐะฟะฐะดะฐ
ะดะปั ะฒะพััั‚ะฐะฝะพะฒะปะตะฝะธั ะฐะฝั‚ะธะธั€ะฐะฝัะบะธั… ัะฐะฝะบั†ะธะน ะžะžะ, ะบะฐะบ ะธ ัะฐะผะธ ัั‚ะธ ัะฐะฝะบั†ะธะธ,
ะฝะตะทะฐะบะพะฝะฝั‹ะผะธ.
ะ—ะฐะฟะฐะด ะฝะต ะฟั€ะธะฒั‹ะบ ัะพะฑะปัŽะดะฐั‚ัŒ ะธ ะฟั€ะธะฝั†ะธะฟ ะฝะตะฒะผะตัˆะฐั‚ะตะปัŒัั‚ะฒะฐ ะฒะพ ะฒะฝัƒั‚ั€ะตะฝะฝะธะต
ะดะตะปะฐ. ะŸะตั‡ะฐะปัŒะฝั‹ะผ ั„ะตะฝะพะผะตะฝะพะผ ะฝะฐัˆะตะณะพ ะฒั€ะตะผะตะฝะธ ัั‚ะฐะปะธ ยซั†ะฒะตั‚ะฝั‹ะต ั€ะตะฒะพะปัŽั†ะธะธยป, ะฐ
ะฝะตะทะฐะบะพะฝะฝั‹ะต ะพะดะฝะพัั‚ะพั€ะพะฝะฝะธะต ัะฐะฝะบั†ะธะธ ัƒะถะต ะดะฐะฒะฝะพ ะฟั€ะตะฒั€ะฐั‚ะธะปะธััŒ ะฒ ะณะปะฐะฒะฝั‹ะน
ะธะฝัั‚ั€ัƒะผะตะฝั‚ ะทะฐะฟะฐะดะฝะพะน ะดะธะฟะปะพะผะฐั‚ะธะธ. ะŸั€ะธั‡ะตะผ ะบะฐะบะธะผะธ ะฑั‹ ะฟั€ะตะดะปะพะณะฐะผะธ ะธั… ะฝะธ
ะพะฟั€ะฐะฒะดั‹ะฒะฐะปะธ, ััƒั‚ัŒ ั‚ะฐะบะธั… ัะฐะฝะบั†ะธะน ะพะดะฝะฐ โ€“ ะฟะพะดะฐะฒะธั‚ัŒ ะธ ะทะฐะฟัƒะณะฐั‚ัŒ ะบะพะฝะบัƒั€ะตะฝั‚ะพะฒ ะฒ
ะผะธั€ะพะฒะพะน ัะบะพะฝะพะผะธะบะต ะธ ะฟะพะปะธั‚ะธะบะต.
ะ ะพััะธั ะฒะผะตัั‚ะต ั ะฐะฑัะพะปัŽั‚ะฝั‹ะผ ะฑะพะปัŒัˆะธะฝัั‚ะฒะพะผ ั‡ะปะตะฝะพะฒ ะžะžะ ะฒั‹ัั‚ัƒะฟะฐะตั‚ ะทะฐ
ะฝะตะทะฐะผะตะดะปะธั‚ะตะปัŒะฝัƒัŽ ะพั‚ะผะตะฝัƒ ะฑะตะท ะฟั€ะตะดะฒะฐั€ะธั‚ะตะปัŒะฝั‹ั… ัƒัะปะพะฒะธะน ัะพั…ั€ะฐะฝััŽั‰ะตะนัั ะฑะพะปะตะต
60 ะปะตั‚ ั‚ะพั€ะณะพะฒะพะน ะฑะปะพะบะฐะดั‹ ะšัƒะฑั‹ ะธ ะตะต ะธัะบะปัŽั‡ะตะฝะธะต ะธะท ะฟั€ะตัะปะพะฒัƒั‚ะพะณะพ ัะฟะธัะบะฐ ัั‚ั€ะฐะฝัะฟะพะฝัะพั€ะพะฒ ั‚ะตั€ั€ะพั€ะธะทะผะฐ. ะ’ั‹ั€ะฐะถะฐะตะผ ัะพะปะธะดะฐั€ะฝะพัั‚ัŒ ั ะฝะฐั€ะพะดะพะผ ะ’ะตะฝะตััƒัะปั‹ ะฒ
ัƒัะปะพะฒะธัั… ะฒะฝะตัˆะฝะตะณะพ ัะฐะฝะบั†ะธะพะฝะฝะพะณะพ ะดะฐะฒะปะตะฝะธั ะธ ัƒะณั€ะพะท. ะ’ั‹ัั‚ัƒะฟะฐะตะผ ะทะฐ ัะพั…ั€ะฐะฝะตะฝะธะต
ะ›ะฐั‚ะธะฝัะบะพะน ะะผะตั€ะธะบะธ ะธ ะšะฐั€ะธะฑัะบะพะณะพ ะฑะฐััะตะนะฝะฐ ะฒ ะบะฐั‡ะตัั‚ะฒะต ะทะพะฝั‹ ะผะธั€ะฐ ะธ
ัะพั‚ั€ัƒะดะฝะธั‡ะตัั‚ะฒะฐ.
ะ’ะพะฟะธัŽั‰ะธะน ะฟั€ะธะผะตั€ ะฟะพะดั€ั‹ะฒะฐ ััƒะฒะตั€ะตะฝะธั‚ะตั‚ะฐ ะธ ะณั€ัƒะฑะพะณะพ ะฒะผะตัˆะฐั‚ะตะปัŒัั‚ะฒะฐ ะฒะพ
ะฒะฝัƒั‚ั€ะตะฝะฝะธะต ะดะตะปะฐ โ€“ ะดะตะนัั‚ะฒะธั ะ—ะฐะฟะฐะดะฐ ะฝะฐ ะ‘ะฐะปะบะฐะฝะฐั…, ะณะดะต ะฟะพะฟะธั€ะฐะตั‚ัั ะธ ั‚ะฐะบะพะน ัƒัั‚ะฐะฒะฝะพะน
ะฟั€ะธะฝั†ะธะฟ, ะบะฐะบ ะฝะตะพะฑั…ะพะดะธะผะพัั‚ัŒ ะดะปั ะฒัะตั… ั‡ะปะตะฝะพะฒ ะžะžะ ะฒั‹ะฟะพะปะฝัั‚ัŒ ั€ะตัˆะตะฝะธั ะกะพะฒะตั‚ะฐ
ะ‘ะตะทะพะฟะฐัะฝะพัั‚ะธ. ะžะดะฝะพัั‚ะพั€ะพะฝะฝะตะต ะฟั€ะธะทะฝะฐะฝะธะต ะฝะตะทะฐะฒะธัะธะผะพัั‚ะธ ะšะพัะพะฒะพ ะฒั€ะฐะทั€ะตะท ั
ั€ะตะทะพะปัŽั†ะธะตะน 1244 ะฟะพ ััƒั‚ะธ ัั‚ะฐะปะพ ะฟะพะบัƒัˆะตะฝะธะตะผ ะฝะฐ ะณะพััƒะดะฐั€ัั‚ะฒะตะฝะฝะพะต ัƒัั‚ั€ะพะนัั‚ะฒะพ
ะกะตั€ะฑะธะธ. ะกะตะนั‡ะฐั ะ—ะฐะฟะฐะด ะฒะทัะป ะบัƒั€ั ะธ ะฝะฐ ั€ะฐะทะฒะฐะป ะณะพััƒะดะฐั€ัั‚ะฒะตะฝะฝะพัั‚ะธ ะ‘ะพัะฝะธะธ ะธ
ะ“ะตั€ั†ะตะณะพะฒะธะฝั‹, ัะฐะฑะพั‚ะธั€ัƒั ะ”ะตะนั‚ะพะฝัะบะพะต ะผะธั€ะฝะพะต ัะพะณะปะฐัˆะตะฝะธะต. ะ˜ ะฒ ะšะพัะพะฒะพ, ะธ ะฒ ะ‘ะพัะฝะธะธ
ั€ะฐะทะฒะตั€ะฝัƒั‚ะฐ ะฐั‚ะฐะบะฐ ะฝะฐ ะถะธะทะฝะตะฝะฝั‹ะต ะธะฝั‚ะตั€ะตัั‹ ัะตั€ะฑัะบะพะณะพ ะฝะฐั€ะพะดะฐ, ะฒะบะปัŽั‡ะฐั ะธัะบะพะฝะฝั‹ะต
ะฟั€ะฐะฒะฐ ัะตั€ะฑัะบะพะณะพ ะฟั€ะฐะฒะพัะปะฐะฒะธั.
ะขะพั‡ะฝะพ ั‚ะฐะบ ะถะต ะบะธะตะฒัะบะธะน ั€ะตะถะธะผ, ะทะฐั…ะฒะฐั‚ะธะฒัˆะธะน ะฒะปะฐัั‚ัŒ ะฒ ั€ะตะทัƒะปัŒั‚ะฐั‚ะต
ะพั€ะณะฐะฝะธะทะพะฒะฐะฝะฝะพะณะพ ะ—ะฐะฟะฐะดะพะผ ะฐะฝั‚ะธะบะพะฝัั‚ะธั‚ัƒั†ะธะพะฝะฝะพะณะพ ะฟะตั€ะตะฒะพั€ะพั‚ะฐ ะฒ 2014 ะณะพะดัƒ, ะฒะทัะป
ะบัƒั€ั ะฝะฐ ะปะธะบะฒะธะดะฐั†ะธัŽ ะบะฐะฝะพะฝะธั‡ะตัะบะพะน ะฃะŸะฆ, ะทะฐะบะพะฝะพะดะฐั‚ะตะปัŒะฝะพะต ะธัั‚ั€ะตะฑะปะตะฝะธะต ั€ัƒััะบะพะณะพ
ัะทั‹ะบะฐ ะฒะพ ะฒัะตั… ัั„ะตั€ะฐั… โ€“ ะพะฑั€ะฐะทะพะฒะฐะฝะธะธ, ะบัƒะปัŒั‚ัƒั€ะต, ะกะœะ˜. ะฃะบั€ะฐะธะฝะฐ โ€“ ะตะดะธะฝัั‚ะฒะตะฝะฝะฐั
ัั‚ั€ะฐะฝะฐ ะฒ ะผะธั€ะต, ะทะฐะบะพะฝะพะดะฐั‚ะตะปัŒะฝะพ ะทะฐะฟั€ะตั‚ะธะฒัˆะฐั ะธัะฟะพะปัŒะทะพะฒะฐะฝะธะต ั€ะพะดะฝะพะณะพ ัะทั‹ะบะฐ ะฟะพั‡ั‚ะธ
ะฟะพะปะพะฒะธะฝั‹ ัะฒะพะตะณะพ ะฝะฐัะตะปะตะฝะธั. ะั€ะฐะฑัะบะธะน ัะทั‹ะบ ะฝะต ะทะฐะฟั€ะตั‰ะตะฝ ะฒ ะ˜ะทั€ะฐะธะปะต, ะฐ ะธะฒั€ะธั‚ โ€“ ะฒ
ะฐั€ะฐะฑัะบะธั… ัั‚ั€ะฐะฝะฐั… ะธ ะ˜ั€ะฐะฝะต. ะ ั€ัƒััะบะธะน ะฝะฐ ะฃะบั€ะฐะธะฝะต ะทะฐะฟั€ะตั‰ะตะฝ. ะะฐะฟะพะผะฝัŽ, ั‡ั‚ะพ ะฒ
ัั‚ะฐั‚ัŒะต 1 ะฃัั‚ะฐะฒะฐ ะžะžะ ะณะพะฒะพั€ะธั‚ัั ะพ ะฝะตะพะฑั…ะพะดะธะผะพัั‚ะธ ยซัƒะฒะฐะถะตะฝะธั ะบ ะฟั€ะฐะฒะฐะผ ั‡ะตะปะพะฒะตะบะฐ
ะธ ะพัะฝะพะฒะฝั‹ะผ ัะฒะพะฑะพะดะฐะผ ะดะปั ะฒัะตั…, ะฑะตะท ั€ะฐะทะปะธั‡ะธั ั€ะฐัั‹, ะฟะพะปะฐ, ัะทั‹ะบะฐ ะธ ั€ะตะปะธะณะธะธยป.
ะ•ะฒั€ะพะฟะฐ ะพะฑ ัั‚ะพะผ ะผะพะปั‡ะธั‚, ะฑัƒะดัƒั‡ะธ ะพะดะตั€ะถะธะผะฐ ัƒั‚ะพะฟะธั‡ะตัะบะพะน ั†ะตะปัŒัŽ ะฝะฐะฝะตัั‚ะธ
ะ ะพััะธะธ ัั‚ั€ะฐั‚ะตะณะธั‡ะตัะบะพะต ะฟะพั€ะฐะถะตะฝะธะต. ะ ะฐะดะธ ัั‚ะพะณะพ ัƒะบั€ะฐะธะฝัะบะพะผัƒ ั€ะตะถะธะผัƒ ะดะพะทะฒะพะปะตะฝะพ
ะฒัะต, ะฒะบะปัŽั‡ะฐั ั‚ะตั€ะฐะบั‚ั‹ ะฟั€ะพั‚ะธะฒ ะฟะพะปะธั‚ะธะบะพะฒ ะธ ะถัƒั€ะฝะฐะปะธัั‚ะพะฒ, ะฟั‹ั‚ะบะธ ะธ ะฒะฝะตััƒะดะตะฑะฝั‹ะต
ะบะฐะทะฝะธ, ะฝะตะธะทะฑะธั€ะฐั‚ะตะปัŒะฝั‹ะต ะฑะพะผะฑะฐั€ะดะธั€ะพะฒะบะธ ะณั€ะฐะถะดะฐะฝัะบะธั… ะพะฑัŠะตะบั‚ะพะฒ, ะฑะตะทั€ะฐัััƒะดะฝั‹ะต
ะดะธะฒะตั€ัะธะธ ะฟั€ะพั‚ะธะฒ ะฐั‚ะพะผะฝั‹ั… ัะปะตะบั‚ั€ะพัั‚ะฐะฝั†ะธะน.
ะ ะพััะธั, ะบะฐะบ ะฝะต ั€ะฐะท ะฟะพะดั‡ะตั€ะบะธะฒะฐะป ะŸั€ะตะทะธะดะตะฝั‚ ะ’.ะ’.ะŸัƒั‚ะธะฝ, ั ัะฐะผะพะณะพ ะฝะฐั‡ะฐะปะฐ
ะฑั‹ะปะฐ ะธ ะพัั‚ะฐะตั‚ัั ะพั‚ะบั€ั‹ั‚ะพะน ะบ ะฟะตั€ะตะณะพะฒะพั€ะฐะผ ะฟะพ ัƒัั‚ั€ะฐะฝะตะฝะธัŽ ะฟะตั€ะฒะพะฟั€ะธั‡ะธะฝ
ะบะพะฝั„ะปะธะบั‚ะฐ. ะ‘ะตะทะพะฟะฐัะฝะพัั‚ัŒ ะ ะพััะธะธ, ะตะต ะถะธะทะฝะตะฝะฝั‹ะต ะธะฝั‚ะตั€ะตัั‹ ะดะพะปะถะฝั‹ ะฑั‹ั‚ัŒ ะฝะฐะดะตะถะฝะพ
ะณะฐั€ะฐะฝั‚ะธั€ะพะฒะฐะฝั‹. ะŸั€ะฐะฒะฐ ั€ัƒััะบะธั… ะธ ั€ัƒััะบะพัะทั‹ั‡ะฝั‹ั… ะปัŽะดะตะน ะฝะฐ ั‚ะตั€ั€ะธั‚ะพั€ะธัั…,
ะพัั‚ะฐัŽั‰ะธั…ัั ะฟะพะด ะบะพะฝั‚ั€ะพะปะตะผ ะบะธะตะฒัะบะพะณะพ ั€ะตะถะธะผะฐ, ะดะพะปะถะฝั‹ ะฑั‹ั‚ัŒ ะฒะพััั‚ะฐะฝะพะฒะปะตะฝั‹ ะธ
ัะพะฑะปัŽะดะฐั‚ัŒัั ะฒ ะฟะพะปะฝะพะผ ะพะฑัŠะตะผะต. ะะฐ ัั‚ะพะน ะพัะฝะพะฒะต ะณะพั‚ะพะฒั‹ ะฒะตัั‚ะธ ั€ะตั‡ัŒ ะธ ะพ ะณะฐั€ะฐะฝั‚ะธัั…
ะฑะตะทะพะฟะฐัะฝะพัั‚ะธ ะฃะบั€ะฐะธะฝั‹.
ะŸะพะบะฐ ะฝะธ ัƒ ะšะธะตะฒะฐ, ะฝะธ ัƒ ะตะณะพ ะตะฒั€ะพะฟะตะนัะบะธั… ัะฟะพะฝัะพั€ะพะฒ ะฝะต ะฟั€ะพัะผะฐั‚ั€ะธะฒะฐะตั‚ัั
ะพัะพะทะฝะฐะฝะธั ะพัั‚ั€ะพั‚ั‹ ะผะพะผะตะฝั‚ะฐ ะธ ะณะพั‚ะพะฒะฝะพัั‚ะธ ะดะพะณะพะฒะฐั€ะธะฒะฐั‚ัŒัั ะฟะพ-ั‡ะตัั‚ะฝะพะผัƒ.
ะกะตะฒะตั€ะพะฐั‚ะปะฐะฝั‚ะธั‡ะตัะบะธะน ะฐะปัŒัะฝั ะฟั€ะพะดะพะปะถะฐะตั‚ ัะบัะฟะฐะฝัะธัŽ ะฒะฟะปะพั‚ะฝัƒัŽ ะบ ะฝะฐัˆะธะผ
ะณั€ะฐะฝะธั†ะฐะผโ€“ ะฒะพะฟั€ะตะบะธ ะดะฐะฝะฝั‹ะผ ะตั‰ะต ัะพะฒะตั‚ัะบะธะผ ะปะธะดะตั€ะฐะผ ะทะฐะฒะตั€ะตะฝะธัะผ ะฝะต ะฟั€ะพะดะฒะธะณะฐั‚ัŒัั
ยซะฝะธ ะฝะฐ ะดัŽะนะผยป ะฝะฐ ะ’ะพัั‚ะพะบ. ะ’ะพะฟั€ะตะบะธ ะฟั€ะธะฝัั‚ั‹ะผ ั‡ะปะตะฝะฐะผะธ ะะะขะž ะฒ ะžะ‘ะกะ•
ะพะฑัะทะฐั‚ะตะปัŒัั‚ะฒะฐะผ ัะพะฑะปัŽะดะฐั‚ัŒ ะฟั€ะธะฝั†ะธะฟ ะฝะตะดะตะปะธะผะพัั‚ะธ ะฑะตะทะพะฟะฐัะฝะพัั‚ะธ, ะฝะต ัƒะบั€ะตะฟะปัั‚ัŒ
ัะพะฑัั‚ะฒะตะฝะฝัƒัŽ ะฑะตะทะพะฟะฐัะฝะพัั‚ัŒ ะทะฐ ัั‡ะตั‚ ะดั€ัƒะณะธั…, ะฝะต ะฟั€ะตั‚ะตะฝะดะพะฒะฐั‚ัŒ ะฝะฐ ะดะพะผะธะฝะธั€ะพะฒะฐะฝะธะต.
ะœั‹ ะฝะตะพะดะฝะพะบั€ะฐั‚ะฝะพ ะฟั€ะตะดะปะฐะณะฐะปะธ ะฝะฐั‚ะพะฒัะบะธะผ ัั‚ะพะปะธั†ะฐะผ ัƒะฒะฐะถะฐั‚ัŒ ัะฒะพะธ
ะพะฑัะทะฐั‚ะตะปัŒัั‚ะฒะฐ ะธ ะดะพะณะพะฒะพั€ะธั‚ัŒัั ะพ ัŽั€ะธะดะธั‡ะตัะบะธ ะพะฑัะทั‹ะฒะฐัŽั‰ะธั… ะณะฐั€ะฐะฝั‚ะธัั…
ะฑะตะทะพะฟะฐัะฝะพัั‚ะธ. ะะฐัˆะธ ะฟั€ะตะดะปะพะถะตะฝะธั ะฑั‹ะปะธ ะฟั€ะพะธะณะฝะพั€ะธั€ะพะฒะฐะฝั‹ ะธ ะธะณะฝะพั€ะธั€ัƒัŽั‚ัั ะฟะพ
ัะตะน ะดะตะฝัŒ. ะ‘ะพะปะตะต ั‚ะพะณะพ, ะฒัะต ั‡ะฐั‰ะต ะทะฒัƒั‡ะฐั‚ ัƒะณั€ะพะทั‹ ะฟั€ะธะผะตะฝะตะฝะธั ัะธะปั‹ ะฟั€ะพั‚ะธะฒ ะ ะพััะธะธ,
ะบะพั‚ะพั€ัƒัŽ ะพะฑะฒะธะฝััŽั‚ ะฒ ั‚ะพะผ, ั‡ั‚ะพ ะพะฝะฐ ั‡ัƒั‚ัŒ ะปะธ ะฝะต ะฟะปะฐะฝะธั€ัƒะตั‚ ะฝะฐะฟะฐัั‚ัŒ ะฝะฐ ัั‚ั€ะฐะฝั‹ ะะะขะž
ะธ ะ•ะฒั€ะพัะพัŽะทะฐ. ะŸั€ะตะทะธะดะตะฝั‚ ะ’.ะ’.ะŸัƒั‚ะธะฝ ะฝะต ั€ะฐะท ั€ะฐะทะฒะตะฝั‡ะธะฒะฐะป ะฟะพะดะพะฑะฝั‹ะต ะฟั€ะพะฒะพะบะฐั†ะธะธ. ะฃ
ะ ะพััะธะธ ะฝะต ะฑั‹ะปะพ ะธ ะฝะตั‚ ะฟะพะดะพะฑะฝั‹ั… ะฝะฐะผะตั€ะตะฝะธะน. ะžะดะฝะฐะบะพ ะปัŽะฑะฐั ะฐะณั€ะตััะธั ะฟั€ะพั‚ะธะฒ ะผะพะตะน
ัั‚ั€ะฐะฝั‹ ะฟะพะปัƒั‡ะธั‚ ั€ะตัˆะธั‚ะตะปัŒะฝั‹ะน ะพั‚ะฟะพั€. ะะฐ ัั‚ะพั‚ ัั‡ะตั‚ ะฝะต ะดะพะปะถะฝะพ ะฑั‹ั‚ัŒ ะฝะธะบะฐะบะธั…
ัะพะผะฝะตะฝะธะน ัƒ ั‚ะตั… ะฒ ะะะขะž ะธ ะ•ะก, ะบั‚ะพ ะฝะต ั‚ะพะปัŒะบะพ ัƒะฑะตะถะดะฐะตั‚ ัะฒะพะธั… ะธะทะฑะธั€ะฐั‚ะตะปะตะน ะฒ
ะฝะตะธะทะฑะตะถะฝะพัั‚ะธ ะฒะพะนะฝั‹ ั ะ ะพััะธะตะน ะธ ะทะฐัั‚ะฐะฒะปัะตั‚ ะธั… ะทะฐั‚ัะณะธะฒะฐั‚ัŒ ะฟะพััะฐ, ะฝะพ ะธ ะฒ ะพั‚ะบั€ั‹ั‚ัƒัŽ
ะทะฐัะฒะปัะตั‚ ะพ ะฟะพะดะณะพั‚ะพะฒะบะต ะบ ะฝะฐะฟะฐะดะตะฝะธัŽ ะฝะฐ ะฝะฐัˆัƒ ะšะฐะปะธะฝะธะฝะณั€ะฐะดัะบัƒัŽ ะพะฑะปะฐัั‚ัŒ ะธ ะดั€ัƒะณะธะต
ั€ะพััะธะนัะบะธะต ั‚ะตั€ั€ะธั‚ะพั€ะธะธ.
ะžะฟั€ะตะดะตะปะตะฝะฝั‹ะต ะฝะฐะดะตะถะดั‹ ัะฒัะทั‹ะฒะฐะตะผ ั ะฟั€ะพะดะพะปะถะตะฝะธะตะผ ั€ะพััะธะนัะบะพะฐะผะตั€ะธะบะฐะฝัะบะพะณะพ ะดะธะฐะปะพะณะฐ, ะพัะพะฑะตะฝะฝะพ ะฟะพัะปะต ัะฐะผะผะธั‚ะฐ ะฝะฐ ะะปััะบะต. ะ’ ะฟะพะดั…ะพะดะฐั…
ะฝั‹ะฝะตัˆะฝะตะน ะฐะดะผะธะฝะธัั‚ั€ะฐั†ะธะธ ะกะจะ ะฒะธะดะธะผ ัั‚ั€ะตะผะปะตะฝะธะต ะฝะต ั‚ะพะปัŒะบะพ ัะฟะพัะพะฑัั‚ะฒะพะฒะฐั‚ัŒ
ะฟะพะธัะบัƒ ั€ะตะฐะปะธัั‚ะธั‡ะฝั‹ั… ะฟัƒั‚ะตะน ัƒั€ะตะณัƒะปะธั€ะพะฒะฐะฝะธั ัƒะบั€ะฐะธะฝัะบะพะณะพ ะบั€ะธะทะธัะฐ, ะฝะพ ะธ ะถะตะปะฐะฝะธะต
ั€ะฐะทะฒะธะฒะฐั‚ัŒ ะฟั€ะฐะณะผะฐั‚ะธั‡ะฝะพะต ะฒะทะฐะธะผะพะดะตะนัั‚ะฒะธะต, ะฝะต ะฒัั‚ะฐะฒะฐั ะฒ ะธะดะตะพะปะพะณะธั‡ะตัะบัƒัŽ ะฟะพะทัƒ.
ะะฐ ะ ะพััะธะธ ะธ ะกะจะ ะปะตะถะธั‚ ะพัะพะฑะฐั ะพั‚ะฒะตั‚ัั‚ะฒะตะฝะฝะพัั‚ัŒ ะทะฐ ะฟะพะปะพะถะตะฝะธะต ะดะตะป ะฒ ะผะธั€ะต,
ะทะฐ ะธะทะฑะตะถะฐะฝะธะต ั€ะธัะบะพะฒ, ัะฟะพัะพะฑะฝั‹ั… ะฒะฒะตั€ะณะฝัƒั‚ัŒ ั‡ะตะปะพะฒะตั‡ะตัั‚ะฒะพ ะฒ ะฝะพะฒัƒัŽ ะฒะพะนะฝัƒ.
ะŸะพะดะดะตั€ะถะฐะฝะธัŽ ัั‚ั€ะฐั‚ะตะณะธั‡ะตัะบะพะน ัั‚ะฐะฑะธะปัŒะฝะพัั‚ะธ ะฟั€ะธะทะฒะฐะฝะฐ ัะฟะพัะพะฑัั‚ะฒะพะฒะฐั‚ัŒ ะฝะพะฒะฐั
ะธะฝะธั†ะธะฐั‚ะธะฒะฐ ะ ะพััะธะนัะบะพะน ะคะตะดะตั€ะฐั†ะธะธ, ะฒั‹ะดะฒะธะฝัƒั‚ะฐั ะŸั€ะตะทะธะดะตะฝั‚ะพะผ ะ’.ะ’.ะŸัƒั‚ะธะฝั‹ะผ 22
ัะตะฝั‚ัะฑั€ั, ะพ ะณะพั‚ะพะฒะฝะพัั‚ะธ ะฟั€ะธะดะตั€ะถะธะฒะฐั‚ัŒัั ั†ะตะฝั‚ั€ะฐะปัŒะฝั‹ั… ะบะพะปะธั‡ะตัั‚ะฒะตะฝะฝั‹ั…
ะพะณั€ะฐะฝะธั‡ะตะฝะธะน ะฟะพ ะดะพะณะพะฒะพั€ัƒ ะพ ะกะะ’ ะฒ ั‚ะตั‡ะตะฝะธะต ะพะดะฝะพะณะพ ะณะพะดะฐ ะฟะพัะปะต ะธัั‚ะตั‡ะตะฝะธั ัั€ะพะบะฐ
ะตะณะพ ะดะตะนัั‚ะฒะธั 5 ั„ะตะฒั€ะฐะปั 2026 ะณ. โ€“ ะฟั€ะธ ัƒัะปะพะฒะธะธ, ั‡ั‚ะพ ะกะจะ ะฑัƒะดัƒั‚ ะดะตะนัั‚ะฒะพะฒะฐั‚ัŒ
ะฐะฝะฐะปะพะณะธั‡ะฝั‹ะผ ะพะฑั€ะฐะทะพะผ ะธ ะฝะต ะฟั€ะตะดะฟั€ะธะผัƒั‚ ัˆะฐะณะพะฒ, ะฝะฐั€ัƒัˆะฐัŽั‰ะธั… ััƒั‰ะตัั‚ะฒัƒัŽั‰ะตะต
ัะพะพั‚ะฝะพัˆะตะฝะธะต ะฟะพั‚ะตะฝั†ะธะฐะปะพะฒ ัะดะตั€ะถะธะฒะฐะฝะธั. ะกั‡ะธั‚ะฐะตะผ, ั‡ั‚ะพ ั€ะตะฐะปะธะทะฐั†ะธั ะฝะฐัˆะตะณะพ
ะฟั€ะตะดะปะพะถะตะฝะธั ะฟะพะทะฒะพะปะธั‚ ัะพะทะดะฐั‚ัŒ ัƒัะปะพะฒะธั, ะฝะตะพะฑั…ะพะดะธะผั‹ะต ะดะปั ะธะทะฑะตะถะฐะฝะธั ะณะพะฝะบะธ
ัั‚ั€ะฐั‚ะตะณะธั‡ะตัะบะธั… ะฒะพะพั€ัƒะถะตะฝะธะน, ัะพั…ั€ะฐะฝะตะฝะธั ะฟั€ะธะตะผะปะตะผะพะณะพ ัƒั€ะพะฒะฝั ะฟั€ะตะดัะบะฐะทัƒะตะผะพัั‚ะธ
ะฒ ั€ะฐะบะตั‚ะฝะพ-ัะดะตั€ะฝะพะน ัั„ะตั€ะต ะธ ัƒะปัƒั‡ัˆะตะฝะธั ะพะฑั‰ะตะน ะฐั‚ะผะพัั„ะตั€ั‹ ะฒ ั€ะพััะธะนัะบะพะฐะผะตั€ะธะบะฐะฝัะบะธั… ะพั‚ะฝะพัˆะตะฝะธัั….
ะฃะฒะฐะถะฐะตะผั‹ะต ะบะพะปะปะตะณะธ,
ะ’ ะดะตะบะฐะฑั€ะต ัั‚ะพะณะพ ะณะพะดะฐ ะผั‹ ะพั‚ะผะตั‚ะธะผ 65-ะปะตั‚ะธะต ะฟั€ะธะฝัั‚ะธั ะ“ะตะฝะฐััะฐะผะฑะปะตะน
ะ”ะตะบะปะฐั€ะฐั†ะธะธ ะพ ะฟั€ะตะดะพัั‚ะฐะฒะปะตะฝะธะธ ะฝะตะทะฐะฒะธัะธะผะพัั‚ะธ ะบะพะปะพะฝะธะฐะปัŒะฝั‹ะผ ะฝะฐั€ะพะดะฐะผ. ะŸั€ะพั†ะตัั
ะดะตะบะพะปะพะฝะธะทะฐั†ะธะธ ะฟั€ะธ ะฒะตะดัƒั‰ะตะน ั€ะพะปะธ ะกะพะฒะตั‚ัะบะพะณะพ ะกะพัŽะทะฐ ัั‚ะฐะป ะฟั€ัะผั‹ะผ ัะปะตะดัั‚ะฒะธะตะผ
ั€ะตะฐะปะธะทะฐั†ะธะธ ะฟั€ะฐะฒะฐ ะฝะฐั†ะธะน ะฝะฐ ัะฐะผะพะพะฟั€ะตะดะตะปะตะฝะธะต. ะะฐั€ะพะดั‹ ะั„ั€ะธะบะธ ะธ ะะทะธะธ ะพั‚ะบะฐะทะฐะปะธััŒ
ะถะธั‚ัŒ ะฟะพะด ะณะฝะตั‚ะพะผ ะบะพะปะพะฝะธะทะฐั‚ะพั€ะพะฒ โ€“ ั‚ะพั‡ะฝะพ ั‚ะฐะบ ะถะต, ะบะฐะบ ะฟะพัะปะต ะณะพัะฟะตั€ะตะฒะพั€ะพั‚ะฐ 2014
ะณะพะดะฐ ะšั€ั‹ะผ, ะ”ะพะฝะฑะฐัั ะธ ะะพะฒะพั€ะพััะธั ะพั‚ะบะฐะทะฐะปะธััŒ ะฟะพะดั‡ะธะฝะธั‚ัŒัั ะฝะตะทะฐะบะพะฝะฝะพ
ะทะฐั…ะฒะฐั‚ะธะฒัˆะตะผัƒ ะฒะปะฐัั‚ัŒ ะบะธะตะฒัะบะพะผัƒ ะฝะตะพะฝะฐั†ะธัั‚ัะบะพะผัƒ ั€ะตะถะธะผัƒ, ะบะพั‚ะพั€ั‹ะน ะฝะต ั‚ะพะปัŒะบะพ ะฝะต
ะฟั€ะตะดัั‚ะฐะฒะปัะตั‚ ะธะฝั‚ะตั€ะตัั‹ ะธั… ะฝะฐัะตะปะตะฝะธั, ะฝะพ ั€ะฐะทะฒัะทะฐะป ะฟั€ะพั‚ะธะฒ ะฝะตะณะพ ะฒะพะนะฝัƒ. ะ˜ ะฒ ั‚ะพะผ ะธ ะฒ
ะดั€ัƒะณะพะผ ัะปัƒั‡ะฐะต ะฑั‹ะป ั€ะตะฐะปะธะทะพะฒะฐะฝ ะฟั€ะธะฝั†ะธะฟ, ะทะฐะบั€ะตะฟะปะตะฝะฝั‹ะน ะฒ 1776 ะณ. ะฒ ะ”ะตะบะปะฐั€ะฐั†ะธะธ ะพ
ะฝะตะทะฐะฒะธัะธะผะพัั‚ะธ ะธ ะฒะฟะพัะปะตะดัั‚ะฒะธะธ ะฝะต ั€ะฐะท ะฟะพะดั‚ะฒะตั€ะถะดะตะฝะฝั‹ะน ะฐะผะตั€ะธะบะฐะฝัะบะธะผะธ
ะฟั€ะตะทะธะดะตะฝั‚ะฐะผะธ: ยซะŸั€ะฐะฒะธั‚ะตะปัŒัั‚ะฒะฐ ะฟะพะปัƒั‡ะฐัŽั‚ ัะฒะพัŽ ะปะตะณะธั‚ะธะผะฝะพัั‚ัŒ (just) ั ัะพะณะปะฐัะธั
ัƒะฟั€ะฐะฒะปัะตะผั‹ั… (consent ofthe governed)ยป. ะšะฐะบ ะบะพะปะพะฝะธะทะฐั‚ะพั€ั‹, ั‚ะฐะบ ะธ ะบะธะตะฒัะบะธะน ั€ะตะถะธะผ
ะฝะต ะธะผะตะปะธ ะฝะธะบะฐะบะพะณะพ ัะพะณะปะฐัะธั ะฝะฐั€ะพะดะพะฒ, ะบะพั‚ะพั€ั‹ะผะธ ะฟั‹ั‚ะฐะปะธััŒ ัƒะฟั€ะฐะฒะปัั‚ัŒ. ะญั‚ะพั‚
ะฟั€ะธะฝั†ะธะฟ ะฑั‹ะป ะตะดะธะฝะพะณะปะฐัะฝะพ ะฟะพะดั‚ะฒะตั€ะถะดะตะฝ ะฒ ะ”ะตะบะปะฐั€ะฐั†ะธะธ ะžะžะ 1970 ะณ., ะณะดะต ะฟั€ัะผะพ
ัะบะฐะทะฐะฝะพ: ะฒัะต ะดะพะปะถะฝั‹ ัƒะฒะฐะถะฐั‚ัŒ ั‚ะตั€ั€ะธั‚ะพั€ะธะฐะปัŒะฝัƒัŽ ั†ะตะปะพัั‚ะฝะพัั‚ัŒ ั‚ะตั… ัั‚ั€ะฐะฝ, ั‡ัŒะธ
ะฟั€ะฐะฒะธั‚ะตะปัŒัั‚ะฒะฐ ะฟั€ะตะดัั‚ะฐะฒะปััŽั‚ ะฒะตััŒ ะฝะฐั€ะพะด, ะฟั€ะพะถะธะฒะฐัŽั‰ะธะน ะฝะฐ ัะพะพั‚ะฒะตั‚ัั‚ะฒัƒัŽั‰ะตะน
ั‚ะตั€ั€ะธั‚ะพั€ะธะธ.
ะกะตะณะพะดะฝั ะั„ั€ะธะบะฐ ะธ ะฒะตััŒ ะ“ะปะพะฑะฐะปัŒะฝั‹ะน ะฎะณ ะฟะตั€ะตะถะธะฒะฐัŽั‚ ะฝะพะฒะพะต ะฟั€ะพะฑัƒะถะดะตะฝะธะต,
ะดะพะฑะธะฒะฐัััŒ ะฟะพะปะฝะพะน ะฝะตะทะฐะฒะธัะธะผะพัั‚ะธ, ะธ ะžะžะ ะฝะต ะดะพะปะถะฝะฐ ะพัั‚ะฐะฒะฐั‚ัŒัั ะฒ ัั‚ะพั€ะพะฝะต. ะ’
ะดะตะบะฐะฑั€ะต ะฟั€ะพัˆะปะพะณะพ ะณะพะดะฐ ะฑั‹ะปะฐ ะพะดะพะฑั€ะตะฝะฐ ั€ะตะทะพะปัŽั†ะธั ะ“ะตะฝะฐััะฐะผะฑะปะตะธ ยซะ˜ัะบะพั€ะตะฝะตะฝะธะต
ะบะพะปะพะฝะธะฐะปะธะทะผะฐ ะฒะพ ะฒัะตั… ะตะณะพ ั„ะพั€ะผะฐั… ะธ ะฟั€ะพัะฒะปะตะฝะธัั…ยป. ะŸั€ะธะทั‹ะฒะฐะตะผ ะฒ ะบะฐั‡ะตัั‚ะฒะต
ัะปะตะดัƒัŽั‰ะตะณะพ ัˆะฐะณะฐ ะฟั€ะธะฝัั‚ัŒ ั€ะตัˆะตะฝะธะต ะพะฑ ะพะฑัŠัะฒะปะตะฝะธะธ 14 ะดะตะบะฐะฑั€ั ะœะตะถะดัƒะฝะฐั€ะพะดะฝั‹ะผ
ะดะฝะตะผ ะฑะพั€ัŒะฑั‹ ั ะบะพะปะพะฝะธะฐะปะธะทะผะพะผ. ะŸั€ะธะฒะตั‚ัั‚ะฒัƒะตะผ ั€ะพะปัŒ ะ“ั€ัƒะฟะฟั‹ ะดั€ัƒะทะตะน ะฒ ะทะฐั‰ะธั‚ัƒ
ะฃัั‚ะฐะฒะฐ ะžะžะ ะฒ ะบะพะฝัะพะปะธะดะฐั†ะธะธ ัƒัะธะปะธะน ะฟะพ ะฟั€ะพั‚ะธะฒะพะดะตะนัั‚ะฒะธัŽ ะฝะตะพะบะพะปะพะฝะธะฐะปัŒะฝั‹ะผ ะธ
ะธะฝั‹ะผ ะดะธัะบั€ะธะผะธะฝะฐั†ะธะพะฝะฝั‹ะผ ะฟั€ะฐะบั‚ะธะบะฐะผ ะฒ ะพั‚ะฝะพัˆะตะฝะธะธ ะœะธั€ะพะฒะพะณะพ ะฑะพะปัŒัˆะธะฝัั‚ะฒะฐ ะธ
ะฟั€ะธะณะปะฐัˆะฐะตะผ ะฒัะต ะฝะตะทะฐะฒะธัะธะผั‹ะต ะณะพััƒะดะฐั€ัั‚ะฒะฐ ะฒะพะนั‚ะธ ะฒ ัะพัั‚ะฐะฒ ะตะต ัƒั‡ะฐัั‚ะฝะธะบะพะฒ.
ะกัƒั‰ะตัั‚ะฒัƒัŽั‰ะธะน ะฑะฐะปะฐะฝั ัะธะป ะฒ ะผะธั€ะต ะบะฐั€ะดะธะฝะฐะปัŒะฝะพ ะพั‚ะปะธั‡ะฐะตั‚ัั ะพั‚ ั‚ะพะณะพ,
ะบะพั‚ะพั€ั‹ะน ะฑั‹ะป ัƒัั‚ะฐะฝะพะฒะปะตะฝ 80 ะปะตั‚ ะฝะฐะทะฐะด. ะŸั€ะพั†ะตัั ะดะตะบะพะปะพะฝะธะทะฐั†ะธะธ ะธ ะดั€ัƒะณะธะต
ะผะฐััˆั‚ะฐะฑะฝั‹ะต ะฟะพั‚ั€ััะตะฝะธั ะธะทะผะตะฝะธะปะธ ะฟะพะปะธั‚ะธั‡ะตัะบัƒัŽ ะบะฐั€ั‚ัƒ ะฟะปะฐะฝะตั‚ั‹. ะœะธั€ะพะฒะพะต
ะฑะพะปัŒัˆะธะฝัั‚ะฒะพ ะณั€ะพะผะบะพ ะทะฐัะฒะปัะตั‚ ะพ ัะฒะพะธั… ะฟั€ะฐะฒะฐั….ะžัะพะฑัƒัŽ ั€ะพะปัŒ ะธะณั€ะฐัŽั‚ ะจะžะก ะธ ะ‘ะ ะ˜ะšะก
ะบะฐะบ ะผะตั…ะฐะฝะธะทะผั‹ ัะพะณะปะฐัะพะฒะฐะฝะธั ะธะฝั‚ะตั€ะตัะพะฒ ัั‚ั€ะฐะฝ ะ“ะปะพะฑะฐะปัŒะฝะพะณะพ ะฎะณะฐ ะธ ะ’ะพัั‚ะพะบะฐ.
ะฃะบั€ะตะฟะปัะตั‚ัั ะฒะปะธัะฝะธะต ะะก, ะกะ•ะ›ะะš ะธ ะดั€ัƒะณะธั… ั€ะตะณะธะพะฝะฐะปัŒะฝั‹ั… ะพะฑัŠะตะดะธะฝะตะฝะธะน.
ะญั‚ะธ ะฝะพะฒั‹ะต ั€ะตะฐะปะธะธ ะฟะพะบะฐ ะฝะต ะฝะฐัˆะปะธ ะดะพะปะถะฝะพะณะพ ะพั‚ั€ะฐะถะตะฝะธั ะฒ ัะธัั‚ะตะผะต
ะธะฝัั‚ะธั‚ัƒั‚ะพะฒ ะฝะฐัˆะตะน ะžั€ะณะฐะฝะธะทะฐั†ะธะธ. ะžัะพะฑะตะฝะฝะพ ะฒะฐะถะตะฝ ะฒะพะฟั€ะพั ั€ะตั„ะพั€ะผั‹ ะกะพะฒะตั‚ะฐ
ะ‘ะตะทะพะฟะฐัะฝะพัั‚ะธ. ะ ะพััะธั ะฒั‹ัั‚ัƒะฟะฐะตั‚ ะทะฐ ะตะณะพ ะดะตะผะพะบั€ะฐั‚ะธะทะฐั†ะธัŽ ะธัะบะปัŽั‡ะธั‚ะตะปัŒะฝะพ ั‡ะตั€ะตะท
ั€ะฐััˆะธั€ะตะฝะธะต ะฟั€ะตะดัั‚ะฐะฒะปะตะฝะฝะพัั‚ะธ ะะทะธะธ, ะั„ั€ะธะบะธ ะธ ะ›ะฐั‚ะธะฝัะบะพะน ะะผะตั€ะธะบะธ.
ะŸะพะดะดะตั€ะถะธะฒะฐะตะผ ะทะฐัะฒะบะธ ะ‘ั€ะฐะทะธะปะธะธ ะธ ะ˜ะฝะดะธะธ ะฝะฐ ะฟะพัั‚ะพัะฝะฝัƒัŽ ยซะฟั€ะพะฟะธัะบัƒยป ะฒ ะกะพะฒะตั‚ะต
ะฟั€ะธ ะพะดะฝะพะฒั€ะตะผะตะฝะฝะพะผ ะธัะฟั€ะฐะฒะปะตะฝะธะธ ะธัั‚ะพั€ะธั‡ะตัะบะพะน ะฝะตัะฟั€ะฐะฒะตะดะปะธะฒะพัั‚ะธ ะฒ ะพั‚ะฝะพัˆะตะฝะธะธ
ะั„ั€ะธะบะธ ะฒ ะฟะฐั€ะฐะผะตั‚ั€ะฐั…, ัะพะณะปะฐัะพะฒะฐะฝะฝั‹ั… ัะฐะผะธะผะธ ัั‚ั€ะฐะฝะฐะผะธ ะบะพะฝั‚ะธะฝะตะฝั‚ะฐ.
ะะตะดะฐะฒะฝะพ ะ“ะตะฝะตั€ะฐะปัŒะฝั‹ะน ัะตะบั€ะตั‚ะฐั€ัŒ ะ.ะ“ัƒั‚ะตั€ั€ะตัˆ ะฟั€ะตะดะปะพะถะธะป ะบะพะผะฟะปะตะบัะฝัƒัŽ
ั€ะตั„ะพั€ะผัƒ ะžะžะ. ะœั‹ ะฝะต ะฟั€ะพั‚ะธะฒ ะพั‚ะบั€ั‹ั‚ะพะณะพ ะพะฑััƒะถะดะตะฝะธั ัั‚ะพะน ะธะฝะธั†ะธะฐั‚ะธะฒั‹.
ะžั€ะธะตะฝั‚ะธั€ะพะผ ะดะพะปะถะฝะพ ะฑั‹ั‚ัŒ ะฒะพะทะฒั€ะฐั‰ะตะฝะธะต ะžะžะ ะบ ะพัะฝะพะฒะพะฟะพะปะฐะณะฐัŽั‰ะธะผ ะฟั€ะธะฝั†ะธะฟะฐะผ,
ะบะพั‚ะพั€ั‹ะต ะทะฐะบั€ะตะฟะปะตะฝั‹ ะฒ ะตะต ะฃัั‚ะฐะฒะต ะธ ะบะพั‚ะพั€ั‹ะต ะ—ะฐะฟะฐะด ะดะพะปะณะธะต ะณะพะดั‹ ัั‚ั€ะตะผะธั‚ัั
ะฟะพะดะผะตะฝะธั‚ัŒ ัะฒะพะธะผ ยซะฟะพั€ัะดะบะพะผ, ะพัะฝะพะฒะฐะฝะฝั‹ะผ ะฝะฐ ะฟั€ะฐะฒะธะปะฐั…ยป. ะ’ะฐะถะฝะพ, ั‡ั‚ะพะฑั‹ ั€ะฐะฑะพั‚ะฐ
ะฒะตะปะฐััŒ ั‚ั€ะฐะฝัะฟะฐั€ะตะฝั‚ะฝะพ, ั ัƒั‡ะฐัั‚ะธะตะผ ะธ ะฟั€ะธ ัƒั‡ะตั‚ะต ะธะฝั‚ะตั€ะตัะพะฒ ะฒัะตั… ะณะพััƒะดะฐั€ัั‚ะฒ-ั‡ะปะตะฝะพะฒ.
ะŸั€ะธะทั‹ะฒะฐะตะผ ะ“ะตะฝะตั€ะฐะปัŒะฝะพะณะพ ัะตะบั€ะตั‚ะฐั€ั, ะฒัะตั… ัะพั‚ั€ัƒะดะฝะธะบะพะฒ ะกะตะบั€ะตั‚ะฐั€ะธะฐั‚ะฐ
ะฝะตัƒะบะพัะฝะธั‚ะตะปัŒะฝะพ ัะปะตะดะพะฒะฐั‚ัŒ ะฟั€ะธะฝั†ะธะฟะฐะผ ะฑะตัะฟั€ะธัั‚ั€ะฐัั‚ะฝะพัั‚ะธ ะธ ั€ะฐะฒะฝะพัƒะดะฐะปะตะฝะฝะพัั‚ะธ ะฒ
ัะพะพั‚ะฒะตั‚ัั‚ะฒะธะธ ัะพ ัั‚ะฐั‚ัŒะตะน 100 ะฃัั‚ะฐะฒะฐ. ะะตะปัŒะทั ะดะพะฟัƒัะบะฐั‚ัŒ ะฟะพะฟั‹ั‚ะพะบ ยซะดะฒะพั€ั†ะพะฒะพะณะพ
ะฟะตั€ะตะฒะพั€ะพั‚ะฐยป ะฒ ะกะตะบั€ะตั‚ะฐั€ะธะฐั‚ะต, ะตะณะพ ะฟั€ะธะฒะฐั‚ะธะทะฐั†ะธะธ ะฝะตะฑะพะปัŒัˆะพะน ะณั€ัƒะฟะฟะพะน ัั‚ั€ะฐะฝ. ะกะพัั‚ะฐะฒ
ะกะตะบั€ะตั‚ะฐั€ะธะฐั‚ะฐ ะดะพะปะถะตะฝ ะพั‚ั€ะฐะถะฐั‚ัŒ ะฝะพะฒั‹ะต ั€ะตะฐะปะธะธ, ะพะฑะตัะฟะตั‡ะธะฒะฐั‚ัŒ ัะฟั€ะฐะฒะตะดะปะธะฒัƒัŽ
ะฟั€ะตะดัั‚ะฐะฒะปะตะฝะฝะพัั‚ัŒ ัั‚ั€ะฐะฝ ะœะธั€ะพะฒะพะณะพ ะฑะพะปัŒัˆะธะฝัั‚ะฒะฐ. ะ ะฐััั‡ะธั‚ั‹ะฒะฐะตะผ ะฝะฐ
ะบะพะฝัั‚ั€ัƒะบั‚ะธะฒะฝะพะต ะพะฑััƒะถะดะตะฝะธะต ะฒะพะฟั€ะพัะพะฒ ั€ะฐะทะฒะธั‚ะธั ะžั€ะณะฐะฝะธะทะฐั†ะธะธ ะฝะฐ ัะฟะตั†ะธะฐะปัŒะฝะพะผ
ะทะฐัะตะดะฐะฝะธะธ ะกะพะฒะตั‚ะฐ ะ‘ะตะทะพะฟะฐัะฝะพัั‚ะธ, ะบะพั‚ะพั€ะพะต ะ ะพััะธั ะฒ ะบะฐั‡ะตัั‚ะฒะต ะฟั€ะตะดัะตะดะฐั‚ะตะปั
ะฟะปะฐะฝะธั€ัƒะตั‚ ะพั€ะณะฐะฝะธะทะพะฒะฐั‚ัŒ ะฒ ะ”ะตะฝัŒ ะžะžะ 24 ะพะบั‚ัะฑั€ั ัั‚ะพะณะพ ะณะพะดะฐ.
ะ ะตั„ะพั€ะผะฐ ะžะžะ โ€“ ะปะธัˆัŒ ั‡ะฐัั‚ัŒ ะบะพะผะฟะปะตะบัะฝะพะน ะทะฐะดะฐั‡ะธ ะฟั€ะตะพะฑั€ะฐะทะพะฒะฐะฝะธั ะฒัะตะน
ัะธัั‚ะตะผั‹ ะณะปะพะฑะฐะปัŒะฝะพะณะพ ัƒะฟั€ะฐะฒะปะตะฝะธั, ะฒะบะปัŽั‡ะฐั ะฟะพะดะปะธะฝะฝัƒัŽ ะดะตะผะพะบั€ะฐั‚ะธะทะฐั†ะธัŽ ะœะ’ะค,
ะ’ัะตะผะธั€ะฝะพะณะพ ะฑะฐะฝะบะฐ ะธ ะ’ะขะž โ€“ ัะพั€ะฐะทะผะตั€ะฝะพ ะฒะตััƒ ะธ ั€ะพะปะธ ะ“ะปะพะฑะฐะปัŒะฝะพะณะพ ะฎะณะฐ ะธ ะ’ะพัั‚ะพะบะฐ
ะฒ ะผะธั€ะพะฒั‹ั… ัะบะพะฝะพะผะธะบะต, ั‚ะพั€ะณะพะฒะปะต ะธ ั„ะธะฝะฐะฝัะฐั….
ะ’ ะดะธัะบัƒััะธัั… ะพ ะณะปะพะฑะฐะปัŒะฝั‹ั… ั€ะตั„ะพั€ะผะฐั… ะฝะตะปัŒะทั ะธะณะฝะพั€ะธั€ะพะฒะฐั‚ัŒ ั‚ะพั‚ ั„ะฐะบั‚, ั‡ั‚ะพ
ัะธั‚ัƒะฐั†ะธั ะฒ ัั„ะตั€ะต ะผะตะถะดัƒะฝะฐั€ะพะดะฝะพะน ะฑะตะทะพะฟะฐัะฝะพัั‚ะธ ัƒั…ัƒะดัˆะฐะตั‚ัั. ะž ะฟั€ะธั‡ะธะฝะฐั… ั ัƒะถะต
ะณะพะฒะพั€ะธะป. ะ“ะปะฐะฒะฝะฐั ะธะท ะฝะธั… โ€“ ัั‚ั€ะตะผะปะตะฝะธะต ัะพั…ั€ะฐะฝะธั‚ัŒ ะณะตะณะตะผะพะฝะธัŽ ั ะพะฟะพั€ะพะน ะฝะฐ ะฒะพะตะฝะฝัƒัŽ
ัะธะปัƒ. ะ’ ะบะพะฝั„ั€ะพะฝั‚ะฐั†ะธะพะฝะฝั‹ะต ัั…ะตะผั‹ ะฒะพะฒะปะตะบะฐัŽั‚ัั ะฒัะต ะฑะพะปัŒัˆะต ัั‚ั€ะฐะฝ ะธ ั€ะตะณะธะพะฝะพะฒ.
ะะะขะž ัƒะถะต ั‚ะตัะฝะพ ะฒ ะ•ะฒั€ะพะฟะต, ะธ ะพะฝะฐ ะฟั€ะพะฝะธะบะฐะตั‚ ะฝะฐ ะขะธั…ะธะน ะพะบะตะฐะฝ, ะฒ ะฎะถะฝะพ-ะšะธั‚ะฐะนัะบะพะต
ะผะพั€ะต, ะขะฐะนะฒะฐะฝัŒัะบะธะน ะฟั€ะพะปะธะฒ, ะฟะพะดั€ั‹ะฒะฐั ัƒะฝะธะฒะตั€ัะฐะปัŒะฝั‹ะต ะผะตั…ะฐะฝะธะทะผั‹ ะะกะ•ะะ ะธ
ัะพะทะดะฐะฒะฐั ัƒะณั€ะพะทั‹ ะฝะต ั‚ะพะปัŒะบะพ ะšะะ  ะธ ะ ะพััะธะธ, ะฝะพ ะธ ะดั€ัƒะณะธะผ ัั‚ั€ะฐะฝะฐะผ, ั€ะฐัะฟะพะปะพะถะตะฝะฝั‹ะผ
ะฒ ั€ะตะณะธะพะฝะต. ะญั‚ะพั‚ ะฝะพะฒั‹ะน ัั‚ะฐะฟ ัะบัะฟะฐะฝัะธะธ ั€ัƒะบะพะฒะพะดัั‚ะฒะพ ะะะขะž ะพะฟั€ะฐะฒะดั‹ะฒะฐะตั‚
ยซะฝะตะดะตะปะธะผะพัั‚ัŒัŽ ะฑะตะทะพะฟะฐัะฝะพัั‚ะธ ะ•ะฒั€ะพ-ะั‚ะปะฐะฝั‚ะธะบะธ ะธ ะ˜ะขะ ยป ะธ ะฟั‹ั‚ะฐะตั‚ัั ะฟะพะด ัั‚ะธะผ
ะปะพะทัƒะฝะณะพะผ ะฒะทัั‚ัŒ ะฒ ะฒะพะตะฝะฝะพะต ะบะพะปัŒั†ะพ ัƒะถะต ะฒััŽ ะ•ะฒั€ะฐะทะธัŽ.
ะ ะพััะธั ั ะตะดะธะฝะพะผั‹ัˆะปะตะฝะฝะธะบะฐะผะธ ะฟั€ะตะดะปะฐะณะฐะตั‚ ะบะพะฝัั‚ั€ัƒะบั‚ะธะฒะฝัƒัŽ ะฐะปัŒั‚ะตั€ะฝะฐั‚ะธะฒัƒ
ัั‚ะพะผัƒ ะพะฟะฐัะฝะพะผัƒ ะบัƒั€ััƒ: ัั‚ั€ะพะธั‚ัŒ ะฒ ะ•ะฒั€ะฐะทะธะธ ะฐั€ั…ะธั‚ะตะบั‚ัƒั€ัƒ ั€ะฐะฒะฝะพะน ะธ ะฝะตะดะตะปะธะผะพะน
ะฑะตะทะพะฟะฐัะฝะพัั‚ะธ ะฝะต ะดะปั ั‡ะปะตะฝะพะฒ ะะะขะž ะธ ะธั… ัะพัŽะทะฝะธะบะพะฒ, ะฐ ะดะปั ะฒัะตั… ะฑะตะท ะธัะบะปัŽั‡ะตะฝะธั
ัั‚ั€ะฐะฝ ะธ ะพะฑัŠะตะดะธะฝะตะฝะธะน ะบะพะฝั‚ะธะฝะตะฝั‚ะฐ, ะฒะบะปัŽั‡ะฐั ะจะžะก, ะกะะ“, ะะกะ•ะะ, ะ•ะฒั€ะะทะญะก,
ะžะ”ะšะ‘, ะกะกะะ“ะŸะ—. ะก ัั‚ะพะน ั†ะตะปัŒัŽ ะ‘ะตะปะฐั€ัƒััŒ ะธ ะ ะพััะธั ะฟั€ะตะดะปะฐะณะฐัŽั‚ ั€ะฐะทั€ะฐะฑะพั‚ะฐั‚ัŒ
ะ•ะฒั€ะฐะทะธะนัะบัƒัŽ ะฅะฐั€ั‚ะธัŽ ะผะฝะพะณะพะพะฑั€ะฐะทะธั ะธ ะผะฝะพะณะพะฟะพะปัั€ะฝะพัั‚ะธ ะฒ XXI ะฒะตะบะต. ะŸะพะดะปะธะฝะฝะพ
ะพะฑั‰ะตะบะพะฝั‚ะธะฝะตะฝั‚ะฐะปัŒะฝั‹ะน ะฟั€ะพั†ะตัั ะฝะตะธะทะฑะตะถะตะฝ ะฟะพัะปะต ั‚ะพะณะพ, ะบะฐะบ ะฟะพะฒะตะดะตะฝะธะต ะ—ะฐะฟะฐะดะฐ
ะพะฑะตััะผั‹ัะปะธะปะพ ะตะฒั€ะพะฐั‚ะปะฐะฝั‚ะธั‡ะตัะบัƒัŽ ะผะพะดะตะปัŒ ะพะฑะตัะฟะตั‡ะตะฝะธั ะฑะตะทะพะฟะฐัะฝะพัั‚ะธ ั ะพะฟะพั€ะพะน ะฝะฐ
ะะะขะž, ะ•ะก ะธ ะžะ‘ะกะ•. ะะต ะฒะธะดะธะผ ะฟะตั€ัะฟะตะบั‚ะธะฒ ัƒ ะธะดะตะน ั€ะตัั‚ะฐะฒั€ะฐั†ะธะธ ัั‚ะพะน ะผะพะดะตะปะธ ะฒ
ะ•ะฒั€ะพะฟะต ะฒ ะตะต ะฟั€ะตะถะฝะตะผ ะฒะธะดะต, ะพ ั‡ะตะผ ัั‚ะฐะปะธ ั€ะฐะทะผั‹ัˆะปัั‚ัŒ ะฒ ะฝะตะบะพั‚ะพั€ั‹ั… ะตะฒั€ะพะฟะตะนัะบะธั…
ัั‚ะพะปะธั†ะฐั…: ะผะพะป, ะฟะพะดัƒะผะฐะตะผ ะฟะพัะปะต ะทะฐะฒะตั€ัˆะตะฝะธั ัƒะบั€ะฐะธะฝัะบะพะณะพ ะบะพะฝั„ะปะธะบั‚ะฐ.
ะ“ะพะฒะพั€ั ะพ ะฑัƒะดัƒั‰ะตะผ ะฝะตะปัŒะทั ะทะฐะฑั‹ะฒะฐั‚ัŒ ะพะฑ ัƒั€ะพะบะฐั… ะฟั€ะพัˆะปะพะณะพ, ะพัะพะฑะตะฝะฝะพ ะฒ
ัะธั‚ัƒะฐั†ะธะธ, ะบะพะณะดะฐ ะฒ ะ•ะฒั€ะพะฟะต ะฒะฝะพะฒัŒ ะฟะพะดะฝะธะผะฐะตั‚ ะณะพะปะพะฒัƒ ะฝะฐั†ะธะทะผ, ะฝะฐะฑะธั€ะฐะตั‚ ะพะฑะพั€ะพั‚ั‹
ะผะธะปะธั‚ะฐั€ะธะทะฐั†ะธั โ€“ ะฟะพะด ั‚ะตะผะธ ะถะต ะฐะฝั‚ะธั€ะพััะธะนัะบะธะผะธ ะปะพะทัƒะฝะณะฐะผะธ.
ะญั‚ะพ ะฒั‹ะทั‹ะฒะฐะตั‚ ั‚ะตะผ ะฑะพะปัŒัˆัƒัŽ ั‚ั€ะตะฒะพะณัƒ, ั‡ั‚ะพ ั€ัะด ะฟะพะปะธั‚ะธั‡ะตัะบะธั… ะดะตัั‚ะตะปะตะน,
ะพะบะฐะทะฐะฒัˆะธั…ัั ัƒ ะฒะปะฐัั‚ะธ ะฒ ะ‘ั€ัŽััะตะปะต ะธ ะฝะตะบะพั‚ะพั€ั‹ั… ัั‚ะพะปะธั†ะฐั… ัั‚ั€ะฐะฝ ะ•ะก ะธ ะะะขะž,
ะฒัะตั€ัŒะตะท ะฝะฐั‡ะธะฝะฐัŽั‚ ั€ะฐัััƒะถะดะฐั‚ัŒ ะพ ะขั€ะตั‚ัŒะตะน ะผะธั€ะพะฒะพะน ะฒะพะนะฝะต ะบะฐะบ ะพ ะฒะตั€ะพัั‚ะฝะพะผ
ัั†ะตะฝะฐั€ะธะธ. ะญั‚ะธ ะดะตัั‚ะตะปะธ ะฟะพะดั€ั‹ะฒะฐัŽั‚ ะปัŽะฑั‹ะต ัƒัะธะปะธั ะฟะพ ะฟะพะธัะบัƒ ั‡ะตัั‚ะฝะพะณะพ ะฑะฐะปะฐะฝัะฐ
ะธะฝั‚ะตั€ะตัะพะฒ ะฒัะตั… ั‡ะปะตะฝะพะฒ ะผะตะถะดัƒะฝะฐั€ะพะดะฝะพะณะพ ัะพะพะฑั‰ะตัั‚ะฒะฐ, ะฟั‹ั‚ะฐัััŒ ะฝะฐะฒัะทะฐั‚ัŒ ัะฒะพะธ
ะพะดะฝะพัั‚ะพั€ะพะฝะฝะธะต ะฟะพะดั…ะพะดั‹ ะฒัะตะผ ะพัั‚ะฐะปัŒะฝั‹ะผ, ะณั€ัƒะฑะพ ะฝะฐั€ัƒัˆะฐั ะบะปัŽั‡ะตะฒะพะต ัƒัั‚ะฐะฒะฝะพะต
ั‚ั€ะตะฑะพะฒะฐะฝะธะต ัƒะฒะฐะถะตะฝะธั ััƒะฒะตั€ะตะฝะฝะพะณะพ ั€ะฐะฒะตะฝัั‚ะฒะฐ ะณะพััƒะดะฐั€ัั‚ะฒ. ะ˜ะผะตะฝะฝะพ ัั‚ะพ
ั€ะฐะฒะตะฝัั‚ะฒะพ โ€“ ั„ัƒะฝะดะฐะผะตะฝั‚ ะพะฑัŠะตะบั‚ะธะฒะฝะพ ั„ะพั€ะผะธั€ัƒัŽั‰ะตะนัั ะผะฝะพะณะพะฟะพะปัั€ะฝะพัั‚ะธ. ะ ะพััะธั
ะฝะต ะฐะณะธั‚ะธั€ัƒะตั‚ ะทะฐ ั€ะตะฒะพะปัŽั†ะธัŽ ะฟั€ะพั‚ะธะฒ ะบะพะณะพ ะฑั‹ ั‚ะพ ะฝะธ ะฑั‹ะปะพ. ะะฐัˆะฐ ัั€ะฐะฝะฐ ะฝะฐั‚ะตั€ะฟะตะปะฐััŒ
ะพั‚ ั€ะตะฒะพะปัŽั†ะธะน ะฑะพะปัŒัˆะต ะดั€ัƒะณะธั…. ะœั‹ ะฟั€ะพัั‚ะพ ะฟั€ะธะทั‹ะฒะฐะตะผ ะณะพััƒะดะฐั€ัั‚ะฒะฐ-ั‡ะปะตะฝั‹ ะธ
ั€ัƒะบะพะฒะพะดัั‚ะฒะพ ะกะตะบั€ะตั‚ะฐั€ะธะฐั‚ะฐ ะฝะตัƒะบะพัะฝะธั‚ะตะปัŒะฝะพ ัะปะตะดะพะฒะฐั‚ัŒ ะฒัะตะผ ะฟั€ะธะฝั†ะธะฟะฐะผ ะฃัั‚ะฐะฒะฐ
ะžะžะ ะฑะตะท ะดะฒะพะนะฝั‹ั… ัั‚ะฐะฝะดะฐั€ั‚ะพะฒ.ะขะพะปัŒะบะพ ั‚ะพะณะดะฐ ะฝะฐัะปะตะดะธะต ะพั‚ั†ะพะฒ-ะพัะฝะพะฒะฐั‚ะตะปะตะน ะžะžะ ะฝะต
ะฑัƒะดะตั‚ ั€ะฐัั‚ั€ะฐั‡ะตะฝะพ ะฟะพะฟัƒัั‚ัƒ.
ะ‘ะปะฐะณะพะดะฐั€ัŽ ะทะฐ ะฒะฝะธะผะฐะฝะธะต.