Sanskrit was the ‘Mother’ of all Western Languages

A British judge named William Jones stationed in India in 1780 first discovered the connection between Sanskrit and other European languages. Indologists termed the connection as the ‘Indo-European Language’ branch. But with the passing of time, the cloud of doubt was removed and it was established that Sanskrit was the ‘Mother’ of all Western languages.  Amazingly most of the Latin or Greek words have a Sanskrit √root. Sanskrit itself was rooted in the Vedic dialect (10000 years old Pre-Samhita Era)

Jones was shocked to discover a regular pattern of similarities between ancient Sanskrit words and ancient words in classical Western languages.

Here are some examples:

Other Sanskrit words were similar to Greek terms. For instance, the Greek word trias (“three”) is close to trayas and tres in the chart above. The Greek word pente (“five”) is close to Sanskrit panca (“five”), and so on. Jones began systematically charting the similarities, finding literally thousands of such parallels between Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin. He presented his findings on February 2nd, 1786, to the “Asiatick Society in Calcutta.” He declared boldly that Sanskrit had

. . . a stronger affinity than could possibly have been produced by accident; so strong, indeed, that no philologer could examine them all three without believing them to have sprung from some common source, which perhaps no longer exists.

What Jones had uncovered, without realizing it initially, was the existence of a lost mother tongue, what scholars call proto-Indo-European–a single, ancient, prehistoric language that led to the development of many languages in Europe, India, Russia, and the Middle East. It required nearly ninety years of comparative linguistics to fill in all the gaps.

Before Jones, earlier scholars had long ago noted that many languages shared such similarities. It was no news, for instance, that Romance languages shared cognates with each other. Spanish caballo (horse) was a cognate for Portuguese cavalo (horse), Italian caballo (horse), Provençal caval (horse), French cheval (horse), and English cavalry (horse-riding troops). Scholars had long known that all these words ultimately came from the vulgar Latin term caballus (horse), and that French and Spanish and other Romance languages had developed from Roman provincial speech–with some voiced /v/’s changing to unvoiced /b/’s, or some hard velar stops (/k/ sounds) changing to aspirated <ch>’s. Likewise, Germanic languages like Low and High German, Frisian, Dutch, Swedish, and Norse shared many cognates with each other in much the same way, tracing their origins back to a proto-Germanic tongue in prehistoric times.

What astonished linguists was that Sanskrit had cognates to more than just Latin and Greek words. Philologists found that Dutch, German, Old Norse, Gothic, Old Slavic, and Old Irish had similar patterns of words with Sanskrit. These cognates had a related meaning and they also sounded similar to each other either in terms of vowels or consonants (or both!).

For instance, consider the words for “father” and “brother” in a variety of Indo-European languages:

It’s hard to escape the conclusion that these words must have come from a common source–especially if you chart the words out on a map of where each language is spoken. In the case of the words for father, a linguist can almost visually see the unvoiced /t/ sounds changing to voiced /d/ sounds as people migrated westward across the map, and then these letters changing to <th> as they moved north through Europe along the Germanic branch. In the case of the words for brother, the same linguistic change is occurring with unvoiced /t/ and voiced /d/ sounds, but another pattern is happening simultaneously with voiced /b/ and unvoiced /p/ sounds. Multiply the examples above by a few thousand other words, and the evidence looks fairly air-tight.

All that remained for scholars to do was to trace what rules governed these changes linguistically–a task taken up by Jakob Grimm and later Karl Verner, and to reconstruct as far as possible what this original language must have sounded like and how it functioned. This is tricky, given that proto-Indo-European is a prehistoric language existing before the written word, but not impossible given the wealth of linguistic information we can garner from surviving languages today.

(To be continued…)