CONSTITUTION OF ALBANIA
Approved by initial Law no 8417, dated 21.10.1998, and the amending laws as follows:
Amending Law no 9675, dated 13.1.2007;
Amending Law no 9904, dated 21.4.2008;
Amending law no 88/2012, dated 18.09.2012;
Amending Law no 137/2015 dated 17.12.2015;
Amending Law 76/2016, dated 22/07/2016;
Amending Law 115/2020, dated 30.7.2020.
We, the people of Albania, proud and aware of our history, with responsibility for the future, and with faith in God and/or other universal values,
with determination to build a social and democratic state based on the rule of law, and to guarantee the fundamental human rights and freedoms, with a spirit of religious coexistence and tolerance,
with a pledge to protect human dignity and personhood, as well as for the prosperity of the whole nation, for peace, well-being, culture and social solidarity,
with the centuries-old aspiration of the Albanian people for national identity and unity, with a deep conviction that justice, peace, harmony and cooperation between nations are among the highest values of humanity,
We establish this Constitution:
Part One-Basic Principles
Article 1
Albania is a parliamentary republic.
The Republic of Albania is a unitary and indivisible state.
Governance is based on a system of elections that are free, equal, general and periodic.
Article 2
Sovereignty in the Republic of Albania belongs to the people.
The people exercise sovereignty through their representatives or directly.
For the maintenance of peace and national interests, the Republic of Albania may take part in a system of collective security, on the basis of a law approved by a majority of all the members of the Assembly.
Article 3
The independence of the state and the integrity of its territory, the dignity of the person, his rights and freedoms, social justice, the constitutional order, pluralism, national identity and inheritance, religious coexistence, and coexistence with, and understanding of Albanians for, minorities are the bases of this state, which has the duty of respecting and protecting them.
Article 4
The law constitutes the basis and the boundaries of the activity of the state.
The Constitution is the highest law in the Republic of Albania.
The provisions of the Constitution are directly applicable, except when the Constitution provides otherwise.
Article 5
The Republic of Albania applies international law that is binding upon it.
Article 6
The organization and operation of the organs contemplated by this Constitution are regulated by their respective laws, except when this Constitution provides otherwise.
Article 6/1
It is prohibited the election, appointment or exercising of public function in one of the organs provided for in this Constitution or established by law, regardless of the provisions made in other provisions of this Constitution, if are verified circumstances that undermine the integrity of public functionary, under the conditions and the rules set by law approved by three-fifths of all members of the Assembly.
Article 7
The system of government in the Republic of Albania is based on the separation and balancing of legislative, executive and judicial powers.
Article 8
The Republic of Albania protects the national rights of the Albanian people who live outside its borders.
The Republic of Albania protects the rights of its citizens with a temporary or permanent residence outside its borders.
The Republic of Albania assures assistance for Albanians who live and work abroad in order to preserve and develop their ties with the national cultural inheritance.
Article 9
Political parties are created freely. Their organization shall conform with democratic principles.
Political parties and other organizations, the programs and activity of which are based on totalitarian methods, which incite and support racial, religious, regional or ethnic hatred, which use violence to take power or influence state policy, as well as those with a secret character, are prohibited pursuant to the law.
The sources of financing of parties as well as their expenses are always made public.
Article 10
In the Republic of Albania there is no official religion.
The state is neutral on questions of belief and conscience and guarantees the freedom of their expression in public life.
The state recognizes the equality of religious communities.
The state and the religious communities mutually respect the independence of one another and work together for the good of each and all.
Relations between the state and religious communities are regulated on the basis of agreements entered into between their representatives and the Council of Ministers. These agreements are ratified by the Assembly.
Religious communities are juridical persons. They have independence in the administration of their properties according to their principles, rules and canons, to the extent that interests of third parties are not infringed.
Article 11
The economic system of the Republic of Albania is based on private and public property, as well as on a market economy and on freedom of economic activity.
Private and public property are equally protected by law.
Limitations on the freedom of economic activity may be established only by law and for important public reasons.
Article 12
The armed forces guarantee the independence of the country, and protect its territorial integrity and constitutional order.
The armed forces maintain neutrality in political questions and are subject to civilian control.
No foreign military force may be situated in, or pass through, the Albanian territory, and no Albanian military force may be sent abroad, except by a law approved by a majority of all members of the Assembly.
Article 13
Local government in the Republic of Albania is founded upon the basis of the principle of decentralization of power and is exercised according to the principle of local autonomy.
Article 14
The official language in the Republic of Albania is Albanian.
The national flag is red with a two-headed black eagle in the center.
The seal of the Republic of Albania is a red shield with a black, two-headed eagle in the center. At the top of the shield, in gold, is the helmet of Skanderbeg.
The national anthem is “United Around Our Flag.”
The National Holiday of the Republic of Albania is Flag Day, November 28.
The capital city of the Republic of Albania is Tirana.
The form and dimensions of the national symbols, the content of the text of the national anthem, and their use shall be regulated by law.
Part Two-Fundamental Human Rights and Freedoms
Chapter I–General Principles
Article 15
The fundamental human rights and freedoms are indivisible, inalienable, and inviolable and stand at the base of the entire juridical order.
The organs of public power, in fulfillment of their duties, shall respect the fundamental rights and freedoms, as well as contribute to their realization.
Article 16
The fundamental rights and freedoms and the duties contemplated in this Constitution for Albanian citizens are also valid for foreigners and stateless persons in the territory of the Republic of Albania, except for cases when the Constitution specifically attaches the exercise of particular rights and freedoms with Albanian citizenship.
The fundamental rights and freedoms and the duties contemplated in this Constitution are valid also for juridical persons so long as they comport with the general purposes of these persons and with the core of these rights, freedoms and duties.
Article 17
Limitations of the rights and freedoms provided for in this Constitution may be established only by law, in the public interest or for the protection of the rights of others. A limitation shall be in proportion to the situation that has dictated it.
These limitations may not infringe the essence of the rights and freedoms and in no case may exceed the limitations provided for in the European Convention on Human Rights.
Article 18
All are equal before the law.
No one may be unjustly discriminated against for reasons such as gender, race, religion, ethnicity, language, political, religious or philosophical beliefs, economic condition, education, social status, or parentage.
No one may be discriminated against for the reasons mentioned in paragraph 2 without a reasonable and objective justification.
Article 19
Everyone born of at least one parent with Albanian citizenship gains Albanian citizenship automatically. Albanian citizenship is gained also for other reasons provided by law.
An Albanian citizen cannot lose his citizenship, except when he relinquishes it.
Article 20
Persons who belong to national minorities exercise the human rights and freedoms in full equality before the law.
They have the right freely to express, without prohibition or compulsion, their ethnic, cultural, religious and linguistic belonging. They have the right to preserve and develop them, to study and to be taught in their mother tongue, and to unite in organizations and associations for the protection of their interests and identity.
Chapter II–Personal Rights and Freedoms
Article 21
The life of the person is protected by law.
Article 22
Freedom of expression is guaranteed.
Freedom of the press, radio and television is guaranteed.
Prior censorship of means of communication is prohibited.
The law may require authorization to be granted for the operation of radio or television stations.
Article 23
The right to information is guaranteed.
Everyone has the right, in compliance with law, to obtain information about the activity of state organs, and of persons who exercise state functions.
Everyone is given the possibility to attend meetings of elected collective organs.
Article 24
Freedom of conscience and of religion is guaranteed.
Everyone is free to choose or to change his religion or beliefs, as well as to express them individually or collectively, in public or private life, through cult, education, practices or the performance of rituals.
No one may be compelled or prohibited to take part in a religious community or its practices or to make his beliefs or faith public.
Article 25
No one may be subjected to torture, cruel, inhuman or degrading punishment or treatment.
Article 26
No one may be required to perform forced labor, except in cases of the execution of a judicial decision, the performance of military service, or for a service that results from a state of war, a state of emergency or a natural disaster that threatens human life or health.
Article 27
No one’s liberty may be taken away except in the cases and according to the procedures provided by law.
The liberty of a person may not be limited, except in the following cases:
when he is punished with imprisonment by a competent court;
for failure to comply with the lawful orders of the court or with an obligation set by law;
when there is a reasonable suspicion that he has committed a criminal offense or to prevent the commission by him of a criminal offense or his escape after its commission;
ç. for the supervision of a minor for purposes of education or for escorting him to a competent organ;
when a person is the carrier of a contagious disease, mentally incompetent and dangerous to society;
dh. for illegal entry at state borders or in cases of deportation or extradition.
No one may be deprived of liberty just because he is not in a state to fulfill a contractual obligation.
Article 28
Everyone whose liberty has been taken away has the right to be notified immediately, in a language that he understands, of the reasons for this measure, as well as the accusation made against him. The person whose liberty has been taken away shall be informed that he has no obligation to make a declaration and has the right to communicate immediately with his lawyer, and he shall also be given the possibility to exercise his rights.
The person whose liberty has been taken away, according to article 27, paragraph 2, subparagraph c, must be brought within 48 hours before a judge, who shall decide upon his pre-sentence detention or release not later than 48 hours from the moment he receives the documents for review.
A person in pre-sentence detention has the right to appeal the judge’s decision. He has the right to be tried within a reasonable period of time or to be released on bail pursuant to law.
In all other cases, the person whose liberty is taken away extrajudicially may address a judge at any time, who shall decide within 48 hours regarding the legality of this action.
Every person whose liberty was taken away pursuant to article 27 has the right to humane treatment and respect for his dignity.
Article 29
No one may be accused or declared guilty of a criminal offense that was not provided for by law at the time of its commission, with the exception of offenses, which at the time of their commission constituted war crimes or crimes against humanity according to international law.
No punishment may be given that is more severe than that which was contemplated by law at the time of commission of the criminal offense.
A favorable criminal law has retroactive effect.
Article 30
Everyone is deemed innocent so long as his guilt is not proven by final judicial decision.
Article 31
In a criminal proceeding, everyone has the right:
to be notified immediately and in detail of the charges against him, of his rights, and to have the possibility created to notify his family or relatives;
to have sufficient time and facilities to prepare his defense;
to have the assistance of a translator without charge, when he does not speak or understand the Albanian language;
ç. to be defended by himself or with the assistance of a legal defender chosen by him; to communicate freely and privately with him, as well as to be provided free defense when he does not have sufficient means;
to question witnesses who are present and to seek the appearance of witnesses, experts and other persons who can clarify the facts.
Article 32
No one may be compelled to testify against himself or his family or to confess his guilt.
No one may be declared guilty on the basis of data collected in an unlawful manner.
Article 33
Everyone has the right to be heard before being sentenced.
A person who is evading justice may not take advantage of this right.
Article 34
No one may be sentenced more than once for the same criminal offense or be tried again, except for cases when the re-adjudication of the case is ordered by a higher court, in the manner specified by law.
Article 35
No one may be compelled, except when the law requires it, to make public data related to his person.
The collection, use and making public of data about a person is done with his consent, except for the cases provided by law.
Everyone has the right to become acquainted with data collected about him, except for the cases provided by law.
Everyone has the right to request the correction or deletion of untrue or incomplete data or data collected in violation of law.
Article 36
The freedom and secrecy of correspondence or any other means of communication are guaranteed.
Article 37
The inviolability of the residence is guaranteed.
Searches of a residence, as well as premises that are equivalent to it, may be done only in the cases and manner provided by law.
No one may be subjected to a personal search outside a criminal proceeding, with the exception of cases of entry into, or exit from, the territory of the state, or to avoid a danger that threatens public security.
Article 38
Everyone has the right to choose his place of residence and to move freely to any part of the territory of the state.
No one may be hindered from leaving the state freely.
Article 39
No Albanian citizen may be expelled from the territory of the state.
Extradition may be permitted only when it is expressly provided in international agreements, to which the Republic of Albania is a party, and only by judicial decision.
The collective expulsion of foreigners is prohibited. The expulsion of foreign individuals is permitted under the conditions specified by law.
Article 40
Foreigners have the right of asylum in the Republic of Albania according to law.
Article 41
The right of private property is guaranteed.
Property may be acquired by gift, inheritance, purchase, or any other classical means provided by the Civil Code.
The law may provide for expropriations or limitations in the exercise of a property right only in the public interest.
Expropriations or limitations of a property right that amount to expropriation are permitted only against fair compensation.
In the case of disagreements related to the amount of compensation, a complaint may be filed in court.
Article 42
The liberty, property, and rights recognized in the Constitution and by law may not be infringed without due process.
Everyone, to protect his constitutional and legal rights, freedoms, and interests, or in the case of charges against him, has the right to a fair and public trial, within a reasonable time, by an independent and impartial court specified by law.
Article 43
Anyone shall be entitled to file an appeal against a judicial decision before a higher court, except if otherwise provided in the law for criminal offences of a minor character, for civil and administrative matters of minor importance or value, according to the conditions provided in articles 17 of the Constitution.
Article 44
Everyone has the right to be rehabilitated and/or indemnified in compliance with law if he has been damaged because of an unlawful act, action or failure to act of the state organs.
Chapter III–Political Rights and Freedoms
Article 45
Every citizen who has reached the age of 18, even on the date of the elections, has the right to vote and to be elected.
Citizens who have been declared mentally incompetent by a final court decision do not have the right to vote.
Citizens convicted by final Court decision for committing a criminal offence are excluded from the right to be elected, as defined by law approved by three-fifths of all members of the Assembly. In exceptional and duly justified cases, the law may provide for limitations of the right to vote of citizens serving a sentence of imprisonment, or the right to be elected before issuing a final decision or when the citizens have been expelled for a crime or very serious violation of public safety.
The vote is personal, equal, free and secret.
Article 46
Everyone has the right to organize collectively for any lawful purpose.
The registration of organizations or associations in court is done according to the procedure provided by law.
Organizations or associations that pursue unconstitutional purposes are prohibited pursuant to law.
Article 47
The freedom to have peaceful meetings, without arms, and to participate in them is guaranteed.
Peaceful meetings in squares and places of public passage are held in accordance with procedures provided by law.
Article 48
Everyone, by himself or together with others, may address requests, complaints or comments to the public organs, which are obliged to answer within the time periods and under the conditions set by law.
Chapter IV–Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and Freedoms
Article 49
Everyone has the right to earn the means of living by lawful work that he has chosen or accepted himself. He is free to choose his profession, place of work, and his own system of professional qualification.
Employees have the right to social protection of labor.
Article 50
Employees have the right to unite freely in labor organizations for the defense of their work-related interests.
Article 51
The right of an employee to strike in connection with labor relations is guaranteed.
Limitations on particular categories of employees may be established by law to ensure essential social services.
Article 52
Everyone has the right to social security in old age or when he is unable to work, according to a system set by law.
Everyone who is without work involuntarily, and has no other means of support, has the right to assistance under the conditions provided by law.
Article 53
Everyone has the right to marry and have a family.
Marriage and family enjoy special protection of the state.
Marriage and divorce are regulated by law.
Article 54
Children, the young, pregnant women and new mothers have the right to special protection by the state.
Children born out of wedlock have rights equal to those born within marriage.
Every child has the right to be protected from violence, ill treatment, exploitation and from performing any work, especially under the minimum age for child labor, which could damage his health and morals or endanger his life or normal development.
Article 55
Citizens enjoy in an equal manner the right to health care from the state.
Everyone has the right to health insurance in accordance with the procedure provided by law.
Article 56
Everyone has the right to be informed about the status of the environment and its protection.
Article 57
Everyone has the right to education.
Mandatory education is set by law.
General high school public education is open to all.
Professional high school education and higher education can be conditioned only on merit.
Mandatory education and general high school education in public schools are free of charge.
Pupils and students may also be educated in non-public schools at all levels, which are created and operate on the basis of law.
The autonomy of institutions of higher education and academic freedom are guaranteed by
law.
Article 58
The freedom of artistic creation and scientific research, their application, and the benefits from their achievements are guaranteed for all.
Copyright is protected by law.
Chapter V–Social Objectives
Article 59
The state, within its constitutional powers and the means at its disposal, and to supplement private initiative and responsibility, aims at:
employment under suitable conditions for all persons who are able to work;
fulfillment of the housing needs of its citizens;
the highest possible standard of physical and mental health;
education and qualification of children and the young, as well as unemployed persons, according to their abilities;
d. a healthy and ecologically adequate environment for the present and future generations;
dh. the rational exploitation of forests, waters, pastures and other natural resources on the basis of the principle of sustainable development;
e. care and help for the aged, orphans and persons with disabilities; ë. the development of sport and recreational activities;
health rehabilitation, specialized education and integration of disabled people into society, and continual improvement of their living conditions;
the protection of national cultural heritage and particular care for the Albanian language.
Fulfillment of social objectives cannot be claimed directly in court. The law defines under what conditions and to what extent the realization of these objectives can be claimed.
Chapter VI–People’s Advocate
Article 60
The People’s Advocate defends the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of individuals from unlawful or improper action or failure to act of the organs of public administration.
The People’s Advocate is independent in the exercise of his duties.
The People’s Advocate has a separate budget, which he administers himself. He proposes the budget pursuant to law.
Article 61
The People’s Advocate is elected by three-fifths of all members of the Assembly for a five-year period, with the right of reelection.
Any Albanian citizen with higher education, and with recognized activity and knowledge in the field of human rights and law, may be the People’s Advocate.
The People’s Advocate enjoys the immunity of a judge of the High Court.
The People’s Advocate may not take part in any political party, carry on any other political, state or professional activity, or take part in the management organs of social, economic and commercial organizations.
Article 62
The People’s Advocate may be discharged only on the reasoned request of not less than one-third of the deputies.
In this case, the Assembly makes a decision with three-fifths of all its members.
Article 63
The People’s Advocate presents an annual report before the Assembly.
The People’s Advocate reports before the Assembly when so requested, and he may request the Assembly to hear him on matters he considers important.
The People’s Advocate has the right to make recommendations and to propose measures when he finds violations of human rights and freedoms by the public administration.
Public organs and officials are obligated to provide the People’s Advocate with all the documents and information requested by him.
Part Three-The Assembly
Chapter I–Election and Term
Article 64
The Assembly is composed of 140 MPs, elected according to a proportional election system with regional competition and national threshold.
Electoral subjects reaching the national threshold shall participate in the distribution of seats.
Voters shall enjoy the right to give preferential votes to the candidates of multi-name lists. Criteria and rules on the implementation of the electoral system, on the determination of electoral zones, national threshold, number of seats for each zone, distribution of seats and extent of preferential vote shall be defined in the law on elections. The law on elections guarantees that no less than two-thirds of the multi-name list should be subject to preferential voting and ensures gender representation.
Article 65
The Assembly is elected every four years. The mandate of the Assembly begins with its first meeting after the elections and ends on the same time of the same month of the fourth year from the date of the first meeting. In every case, the Assembly stays in office until the first meeting of the new elected Assembly.
Elections for the new Assembly are held in the nearest electoral period that precedes the date of the end of the mandate of the Assembly. The electoral periods and the rules for calling elections for the Assembly are defined in the law on elections.
In case of the dissolution of the Assembly before the end of the full mandate, the elections are called no later than 45 days after its dissolution.
The Assembly may not issue laws during the 60 day period before the end of its mandate until the first meeting of the new Assembly, except for cases of setting extraordinary measures.
Article 66
The mandate of the Assembly is extended only in case of war and for so long as it continues. When the Assembly has been dissolved, it re-convenes.
Article 67
The President of the Republic convenes the newly elected Assembly no earlier than the date of the end of the mandate of the prior Assembly, but no later than 10 days after the end of that mandate. When the prior Assembly has been dissolved before the end of the mandate, the President of the Republic convenes the new Assembly no later than 10 days after the promulgation of the result of the elections.
If the President of the Republic does not exercise this competence, the Assembly convenes itself on the tenth day of the time period provided in point 1 of this article.
Chapter II–The Deputies
Article 68
Candidates for deputies shall be presented at the level of electoral zone by political parties or by voters. A candidate may be presented by only one of the proposing subjects, pursuant to this point. The rules on the registration of candidates for deputies shall be defined in the law on elections.
Also defined in the law on elections are criteria and other rules necessary for the organisation and holding of the elections, including those for the registration of voters, the conduct of the electoral campaign, the validity of the elections and the promulgation of their results.
Article 69
Without resigning from duty, the following may not run as candidates or be elected deputies: a. judges and prosecutors;
military servicemen on active duty;
staff of the police and of the national security;
ç. diplomatic representatives;
mayors of municipalities and communes as well as prefects in the places where they carry out their duties;
dh. chairmen and members of the electoral commissions;
the President of the Republic and the high officials of the state administration contemplated by law.
A mandate won in violation of paragraph 1 of this article is invalid.
Article 70
Deputies represent the people and are not bound by any obligatory mandate.
Deputies may not simultaneously exercise any other public duty with the exception of that of a member of the Council of Ministers. Other cases of incompatibility are specified by law.
Deputies may not carry out any profit-making activity that stems from the property of the state or of local government, and may not acquire the property of either of the latter.
For every violation of paragraph 3 of this article, on the motion of the Speaker of the Assembly or of one-tenth of its members, the Assembly decides on sending the case to the Constitutional Court, which decides on the incompatibility.
Article 71
The mandate of the deputy begins on the day when he is declared elected by the respective electoral commission.
The mandate of the deputy ends or is invalid, as the case may be:
when he does not take the oath;
when he relinquishes the mandate;
when one of the conditions of ineligibility or incompatibility contemplated in articles 69 and
70, paragraphs 2 and 3, is ascertained;
ç. when the mandate of the Assembly ends;
when he is absent from the Assembly for more than six consecutive months without reason; dh. when he is convicted by final court decision for the commission of a crime.
Article 72
Before beginning the mandate, the deputies take the oath in the Assembly.
Article 73
The deputy is not held responsible for opinions expressed in the Assembly and votes cast by him in the exercise of the function. This provision is not applicable in the case of defamation.
A deputy cannot be arrested or deprive him of liberty in any form nor may a personal search or a search of the residence be exercised against him without the authorisation of the Assembly.
A deputy can be arrested or detained without authorisation when he is captured during or immediately after the commission of a crime. The General Prosecutor or Chief Special Prosecutor immediately notifies the Assembly, which, when it finds that there is no room for proceedings, orders the lifting of the measure.
For the cases provided in paragraphs 2 and 3 of this article, the Assembly may hold discussions in closed sessions for reasons of data protection. The decision is taken by open voting.
Chapter III–Organization and Operation
Article 74
The Assembly conducts its annual work in two sessions. The first session begins on the third Monday of January and the second session on the first Monday of September.
The Assembly meets in extraordinary session when requested by the President of the Republic, the Prime Minister or by one-fifth of all the deputies.
Extraordinary sessions are called by the Speaker of the Assembly on the basis of a defined agenda.
Article 75
The Assembly elects and discharges its Speaker.
The Assembly is organized and operates according to regulations approved by a majority of all its members.
Article 76
The Speaker chairs debates, directs the work, assures respect for the rights of the Assembly and its members, and represents the Assembly in relations with others.
The highest civil employee of the Assembly is the General Secretary.
Other services necessary for the operation of the Assembly are carried out by other employees, as specified by internal regulations.
Article 77
The Assembly elects standing committees from its ranks and may also establish special committees.
The Assembly has the right and, upon the request of one-fourth of its members, is obliged to designate investigatory committees to review a particular issue. Their conclusions are not binding on the courts, but they may be made known to the office of the prosecutor, which evaluates them according to legal procedures.
Investigatory committees operate according to procedures set by law.
Article 78
The Assembly takes decisions by a majority of votes, in the presence of more than half of its members, except for cases where the Constitution provides for a qualified majority.
Meetings of the deputies that are convened without being called in accordance with the regulations do not have any effect.
Article 79
Meetings of the Assembly are open.
At the request of the President of the Republic, the Prime Minister or one-fifth of the deputies, meetings of the Assembly may be closed when a majority of all its members have voted in favor of it.
Article 80
The Prime Minister and any other member of the Council of Ministers must answer interpellances and questions of the deputies within three weeks.
A member of the Council of Ministers has the right to take part in meetings of the Assembly or of its committees; he is given the floor whenever he requests it.
The heads of state institutions, at the request of the parliamentary committees, give explanations and information about specific issues of their activity to the extent that the law permits.
Chapter IV–The Legislative Process
Article 81
The Council of Ministers, every deputy and 20,000 electors each have the right to propose laws.
There are approved by three-fifths of all members of the Assembly:
the laws for the organization and operation of the institutions contemplated by the Constitution;
the law on citizenship;
the law on general and local elections;
ç. the law on referenda;
d. the codes;
dh. the law on the state of emergency;
e. the law on the status of public functionaries;
ë. the law on amnesty;
f. the law on administrative divisions of the Republic.
Article 82
The proposal of laws, when this is the case, must always be accompanied by a report that justifies the financial costs of its implementation.
No non-governmental draft law that makes necessary an increase in the expenses of the state budget or diminishes income may be approved without hearing the opinion of the Council of Ministers, which must be given within 30 days from the date of receiving the draft law.
If the Council of Ministers does not give an answer within the above time period, the draft law passes for review according to the normal procedure.
Article 83
A draft law is voted on three times: in principle, article by article, and in its entirety.
The Assembly may, at the request of the Council of Ministers or one-fifth of all the deputies, review and approve a draft law by an expedited procedure, but no sooner than one week from the beginning of the review procedure.
The expedited procedure is not permitted for the review of the draft laws contemplated in Article 81, paragraph 2, with the exception of subparagraph dh.
Article 84
The President of the Republic promulgates an approved law within 20 days from its submission.
A law is deemed promulgated if the President of the Republic does not exercise the rights provided for in paragraph 1 of this article or in paragraph 1 of article 85.
A law enters into force with the passage of not less than 15 days after its publication in the Official Journal.
In cases of extraordinary measures, as well as in cases of necessity and emergency, when the Assembly decides with a majority of all its members and the President of the Republic gives his consent, a law enters into force immediately, but only after it is made known publicly. The law shall be published in the first number of the Official Journal.
Article 85
The President of the Republic has the right to return a law for re-consideration only once.
The decree of the President for the re-consideration of a law loses its effect when a majority of all the members of the Assembly vote against it.
Part Four-The President of the Republic
Article 86
The President of the Republic is the Head of State and represents the unity of the people.
Only an Albanian citizen by birth who has resided in Albania for not less than the past 10 years and who has reached the age of 40 may be elected President.
Article 87
A candidate for President is proposed to the Assembly by a group of no fewer than 20 deputies. A deputy is not permitted to propose more than one candidate at the same time.
The President of the Republic if elected by secret voting and without debate by the Assembly. The Assembly holds up to five votes for the election of the President.
The first vote is held no later than seven days from the beginning of the procedure for the election of the President. Each of the other votes is held no later than seven days from the unsuccessful end of the previous vote. The voting is considered performed even when no candidate is presented in the competition. New candidates may be presented in the second, third and fourth voting, according to the conditions of point 1 of this article.
The President is elected in the first, second or third vote when a candidate receives no less than three fifths of the votes of all the members of the Assembly. In the fourth and fifth vote, the candidate who obtains more than half of the votes of all the members of the Assembly is elected President.
The fifth vote is held when in the fourth vote, no candidate has obtained the required majority of votes. The fifth vote is held between the two candidates who have received the most votes in the fourth vote. If there are more than two candidates with the same number of votes, the candidate who takes part in the voting is determined by lot.
If after the fourth vote no candidate has remained in competition, new candidates may be presented for this vote according to the conditions of point 1 of this article. When more than two candidates are presented, the voting is held between the two candidates who have obtained the largest number of proposing deputies.
If even after the fifth vote, no candidate obtains the required majority, or when after the fourth unsuccessful vote, no new candidacy is presented, the Assembly dissolves. New elections are held within 45 days from its dissolution.
The succeeding Assembly elects the President of the Republic with a majority of all its members.
Article 88
The President of the Republic is in every case elected for 5 years, with the right to be reelected only once.
The mandate ends on the same date of the same month of the fifth year from the date of the oath as President of the Republic. The mandate of the President is extended only in time of war and for so long as it continues.
2/1. The procedure for the election of the President begins no later than 60 days before the end of the prior presidential mandate. When the presidential mandate ends in the six months that precede the end of the mandate of the existing Assembly, the procedure for the election of the President begins no later than 60 days before the end of the mandate of the Assembly.
The President begins his duties after he takes the oath before the Assembly, but not before the mandate of the President who is leaving has been completed. The President takes this oath:
“I swear that I will obey the Constitution and laws of the country, I will respect the rights and freedoms of citizens, I will protect the independence of the Republic, and I will serve the general interest and the progress of the Albanian People.” The President may add: “So help me God!”
A President who resigns before the end of his mandate may not be a candidate in the presidential election that takes place after his resignation.
Article 89
The President of the Republic may not hold any other public position, may not be a member of a party and may not carry out other private activity.
Article 90
The President of the Republic is not responsible for actions carried out in the exercise of his duty.
The President of the Republic may be dismissed for serious violations of the Constitution and for the commission of a serious crime. In these cases, a proposal for the dismissal of the President may be made by not less than one-fourth of the members of the Assembly and shall be supported by not less than two-thirds of all its members.
The decision of the Assembly is sent to the Constitutional Court, which, when it verifies the guilt of the President of the Republic, declares his dismissal from duty.
Article 91
When the President of the Republic is temporarily unable to exercise his functions or his place is vacant, the Speaker of the Assembly takes his place and exercises his powers.
If the President cannot exercise his duties for more than 60 days, the Assembly decides by two-thirds of all its members to send the issue to the Constitutional Court, which determines conclusively the fact of his incapacity. In the case of a determination of incapacity, the place of the President remains vacant and the election of a new President begins within 10 days from the date of determination of incapacity.
Article 92
The President also exercises these powers:
he addresses messages to the Assembly;
he exercises the right of pardon according to law;
he grants Albanian citizenship and permits it to be relinquished according to law; ç. he grants decorations and titles of honor according to law;
he grants the highest military ranks according to law;
dh. on the proposal of the Prime Minister, he appoints and withdraws plenipotentiary representatives of the Republic of Albania to other states and international organizations;
e. he accepts letters of credential and the withdrawal of diplomatic representatives of other states and international organizations accredited to the Republic of Albania; ë. he enters into international agreements according to law;
f. on the proposal of the Prime Minister, he appoints the director of the intelligence service of the state;
g. he nominates the Chairman of the Academy of Sciences and the rectors of universities pursuant to law;
gj. he sets the date of the elections for the Assembly, for the organs of local power and for the conduct of referenda;
h. he requests opinions and information in writing from the directors of state institutions for issues that relate to their duties.
Article 93
The President of the Republic issues decrees in the exercise of his powers.
Article 94
The President of the Republic may not exercise other powers besides those contemplated expressly by the Constitution and granted by laws issued in compliance with it. Part Five-The Council of Ministers
Article 95
The Council of Ministers consists of the Prime Minister, the deputy prime minister, and the ministers.
The Council of Ministers exercises every state function that is not given to the organs of other state powers or of local government.
Article 96
At the beginning of a legislature, as well as when the position of Prime Minister is vacant, the President of the Republic appoints the Prime Minister on the proposal of the party or coalition of parties that has the majority of seats in the Assembly.
If the Prime Minister appointed is not approved by the Assembly, the President appoints a new Prime Minister within 10 days.
If the newly appointed Prime Minister is not approved by the Assembly, the Assembly elects another Prime Minister within 10 days. In this case, the President appoints the new Prime Minister.
If the Assembly fails to elect a new Prime Minister, the President of the Republic dissolves the Assembly.
Article 97
Within 10 days, the Prime Minister appointed according to article 96, article 104 or article 105 presents the political program of the Council of Ministers, together with its composition, to the Assembly for approval.
Article 98
A minister is appointed and dismissed by the President of the Republic, on the proposal of the Prime Minister, within 7 days.
The decree is reviewed by the Assembly within 10 days.
Article 99
Before taking office, the Prime Minister, the deputy prime minister, and the ministers take an oath before the President of the Republic.
Article 100
The Council of Ministers determines the principal general policies of the state.
The Council of Ministers takes decisions upon the proposal of the Prime Minister or the respective minister.
Meetings of the Council of Ministers are held behind closed doors.
Acts of the Council of Ministers are valid when signed by the Prime Minister and the proposing minister.
The Council of Ministers issues decisions and instructions.
Article 101
In cases of necessity and emergency, the Council of Ministers may issue, under its own responsibility, normative acts having the force of law for taking temporary measures. These normative acts are immediately submitted to the Assembly, which is convened within 5 days if it is not in session. These acts lose force retroactively if they are not approved by the Assembly within 45 days.
Article 102
1. The Prime Minister:
represents the Council of Ministers and chairs its meetings;
outlines and presents the principal general policies of the state and is responsible for them;
assures the implementation of legislation and policies approved by the Council of Ministers;
coordinates and supervises the work of the members of the Council of Ministers and other institutions of the central state administration;
d. performs other duties contemplated in the Constitution and laws.
The Prime Minister resolves disagreements among ministers.
The Prime Minister issues orders in the exercise of his powers.
Within the principal general policies of the state, a minister directs, under his responsibility, activities within his competency. A minister issues orders and instructions in the exercise of his powers.
Article 103
Anyone who is eligible to be a deputy may be appointed a minister.
A minister may not exercise any other state activity or be a director or member of the organs of profit-making companies.
Members of the Council of Ministers enjoy the immunity of a deputy.
Article 104
The Prime Minister has the right to submit to the Assembly a motion of confidence in the Council of Ministers. If the motion of confidence is voted by fewer than half of all the members of the Assembly, within 48 hours from the voting on the motion, the Prime Minister asks the President of the Republic to dissolve the Assembly.
The President dissolves the Assembly within 10 days from receipt of the request. A request for a motion of confidence may not be submitted during the period when a motion of no confidence according to article 105 is being examined.
The motion may not be voted on unless three days have passed from its submission.
Article 105
One fifth of the deputies have the right to submit for voting in the Assembly a motion of no confidence in the Prime Minister in office, proposing a new Prime Minister.
The Assembly may vote a motion of no confidence against the Prime Minister only by electing a new Prime Minister with the votes of more than half of all its members.
The President of the Republic decrees the discharge of the Prime Minister in office and the appointment of the elected Prime Minister no later than 10 days from the voting on the motion in the Assembly.
Article 106
The Prime Minister and the ministers are obligated to stay in office until the formation of the succeeding Council of Ministers.
Article 107
Public employees apply the law and are at the service of the people.
Employees in the public administration are selected by competition, except when the law provides otherwise.
Guarantees of tenure and legal treatment of public employees are regulated by law.
Part Six – Local Government
Article 108
Communes or municipalities and regions are the units of local government. Other units of local government are regulated by law.
The territorial-administrative division of the units of local government is established by law on the basis of mutual economic needs and interests, and of historical tradition. Their borders may not be changed without first hearing the opinion of their inhabitants.
Communes and municipalities are basic units of local government. They perform all the duties of self-government, with the exception of those that are given by law to other units of local government.
Self-government in the local units is exercised through their representative organs and local referenda. The principles and procedures for the conduct of local referenda are provided by law in accordance with article 151, paragraph 2.
Article 109
The representative organs of the basic units of local government are the councils, which are elected every four years by general direct elections and by secret ballot.
The executive organ of a municipality or commune is the mayor, who is elected directly by the people in the manner contemplated in paragraph 1 of this article.
Only citizens with permanent residence in the territory of the respective local unit have the right to be elected to the local councils and as mayor of the municipality or commune.
The organs of local government units have the right to form unions and joint institutions with one another for the representation of their interests, to cooperate with local units of other countries, and to be represented in international organizations of local governments.
Article 110
A region consists of several basic units of local government with traditional, economic and social ties and common interests.
The region is the unit where regional policies are made and implemented and where they are harmonized with policies of the state.
The representative organ of the region is the regional council. Municipalities and communes delegate members to the regional council in proportion to their population, but in any case at least one member. The mayors of communes and municipalities are always members of the regional council. Other members are elected through proportional lists from among the municipal or communal councilors by the respective councils.
The Regional Council has the right to issue ordinances and decisions with general binding force for the region.
Article 111
The units of local government are juridical persons.
The units of local government have an independent budget, which is set in the manner provided by law.
Article 112
Powers of the state administration may be delegated by law to the units of local government. Expenses that are incurred in the exercise of the delegation are covered by the state.
Obligations may be imposed on the organs of local government only in compliance with law or according to agreements entered into by them. Expenses related to the obligations imposed by law on the organs of local government are covered by the state budget.
Article 113
1. The communal, municipal and regional councils:
regulate and administer in an independent manner local issues within their jurisdiction;
exercise property rights, administer their income independently, and are entitled to exercise economic activity;
have the right to collect and spend income necessary for the exercise of their functions;
ç. have the right, in compliance with law, to establish local taxes as well as their level;
establish rules for their organization and operation in compliance with law; dh. create symbols of local government and local titles of honor;
undertake initiatives for local issues before the organs set by law.
The organs of units of local government issue ordinances, decisions and orders.
The rights of self-government of the units of local government are protected in court.
Article 114
The Council of Ministers appoints a prefect as its representative in every region. The powers of the prefect are set by law.
Article 115
A directly elected organ of a local government unit may be dissolved or discharged by the Council of Ministers for serious violations of the Constitution or the laws.
The dissolved or discharged organ may complain, within 15 days, to the Constitutional Court, in which case the decision of the Council of Ministers is suspended.
If the right to complain is not exercised within 15 days, or if the Constitutional Court upholds the decision of the Council of Ministers, the President of the Republic sets a date for elections of the respective local unit.
Part Seven-Normative Acts and International Agreements
Chapter I–Normative Acts
Article 116
1. Normative acts that are effective in the entire territory of the Republic of Albania are:
the Constitution;
ratified international agreements;
the laws;
ç. normative acts of the Council of Ministers.
Acts that are issued by the organs of local government are effective only within the territorial jurisdiction of these organs.
Normative acts of ministers and directors of other central institutions are effective within the sphere of their jurisdiction in the entire territory of the Republic of Albania.
Article 117
The laws and the normative acts of the Council of Ministers, ministers and other central state institutions acquire legal effect only after they are published in the Official Journal.
The promulgation and publication of other normative acts is done in the manner provided by law.
International agreements that are ratified by law are promulgated and published according to the procedures contemplated for laws. The promulgation and publication of other international agreements is done according to law.
Article 118
Substatutory acts are issued on the basis of and for implementation of the laws by the organs provided in the Constitution.
A law shall authorize the issuance of substatutory acts, designate the competent organ, the issues that are to be regulated, and the principles on the basis of which the substatutory acts are issued.
The organ authorized by law to issue substatutory acts as is specified in paragraph 2 of this article may not delegate its power to another organ.
Article 119
The rules of the Council of Ministers, of the ministries and other central institutions, as well as orders of the Prime Minister, the ministers and the heads of central institutions, have an internal character and are binding only on their subordinate administrative entities.
These acts are issued on the basis of law and may not serve as a basis for taking decisions that affect individuals and other subjects.
Rules and orders are issued on the basis of and for the implementation of acts that have general legal effect.
Article 120
The principles and procedures for the issuance of local legal acts are provided by law.
Chapter II–International Agreements
Article 121
The ratification and denunciation of international agreements by the Republic of Albania is done by law when they involve:
territory, peace, alliances, political and military issues;
human rights and freedoms, and obligations of citizens as provided in the Constitution;
the membership of the Republic of Albania in international organizations;
ç. the assumption of financial obligations by the Republic of Albania; d. the approval, amendment or repeal of laws.
The Assembly may, by a majority of all its members, ratify other international agreements that are not contemplated in paragraph 1 of this article.
The Prime Minister notifies the Assembly whenever the Council of Ministers signs an international agreement that is not ratified by law.
The principles and procedures for ratification and denunciation of international agreements are provided by law.
Article 122
Any ratified international agreement constitutes part of the internal legal system after it is published in the Official Journal of the Republic of Albania. It is directly applicable, except when
it is not self-executing and its application requires the adoption of a law. The amendment and repeal of laws approved by a majority of all members of the Assembly is done by the same majority for the purposes of the ratification of an international agreement.
An international agreement ratified by law has priority over the laws of the country that are incompatible with it.
The norms issued by an international organization have priority, in case of conflict, over the law of the country when the direct application of the norms issued by the organization is expressly contemplated in the agreement ratified by the Republic of Albania for participation therein.
Article 123
The Republic of Albania delegates to international organizations state powers for specific issues on the basis of international agreements.
The law that ratifies an international agreement as provided in paragraph 1 of this article is approved by a majority of all members of the Assembly.
The Assembly may decide that the ratification of such an agreement be done through a referendum.
Part Eight – Constitutional Court
Article 124
The Constitutional Court settles constitutional disputes and makes the final interpretation of the Constitution.
The Constitutional Court is subject only to the Constitution.
The Constitutional Court shall have a separate budget, which it administers independently.
Article 125
The Constitutional Court shall consist of 9 (nine) members. Three members shall be appointed by the President of the Republic, three members shall be elected by the Assembly and three members shall be elected by the High Court. The members shall be selected among the three first ranked candidates by the Justice Appointments Council, in accordance with the law.
The Assembly shall elect the Constitutional Court judges by no less than three- fifth majority of its members. If the Assembly fails to elect the judge within 30 days of the submission of the list of candidates by the Justice Appointment Council, the first ranked candidate in the list shall be deemed appointed.
The judges of the Constitutional Court shall hold office for a 9 year mandate without the right to re-appointment.
The judges of the Constitutional Court shall have a law degree, at least 15 years of experience as judges, prosecutors, advocates, law professors or lectors, senior employees in the public administration, with a renowned activity in the constitutional, human rights or other areas of law.
The judge should not have held political posts in the public administration or leadership positions in a political party in the last past 10 years before running as a candidate. Further criteria and the procedure for the appointment and election of judges of the Constitutional Court shall be regulated by law.
The composition of the Constitutional Court shall be renewed every 3 years to one- third thereof, in accordance with the procedure determined by law.
The Constitutional Court judge shall continue to stay in office until the appointment of the successor, except for the cases provided for in Article 127, paragraph 1, subparagraph c, ç), d), and dh).
Article 126
The Constitutional Court judge shall enjoy immunity in connection with the opinions expressed and the decisions made in the course of assuming the functions, except where the judge acts based upon personal interests or malice.
Article 127
The mandate of Constitutional Court judges shall end, when:
Reaching the age of 70 years;
The 9 year mandate expires;
He/she resigns;
ç) Dismissed in accordance with the provisions of article 128 of the Constitution;
d) Establishing the conditions of in electability and incompatibility in assuming the function; dh) Establishing the fact of incapacity to exercise the duties;
The end of the mandate of the Constitutional Court judge shall be declared upon the decision of the Constitutional Court.
Where the position of a judge remains vacant, the appointing body shall appoint a new judge, the latter staying in office until the expiry of the mandate of the outgoing judge.
Article 128
The Constitutional Court judge shall be disciplinary liable under the law.
The disciplinary proceedings against the judge shall be carried out by the Constitutional Court, which decides on his/her dismissal when:
It finds serious professional and ethical misconduct which discredit the position and the image of a judge in exercising the mandate;
Sentenced by a final court decision for commission of a crime.
The Constitutional Court judge shall be suspended from duty by decision of the Constitutional Court when:
Upon him/her is imposed the personal security measure of “arrest in prison” or “house arrest” for commission of a criminal offence;
He/she obtains the capacity of the defendant for an offence committed intentionally;
Disciplinary proceedings being initiated under the law.
Article 129
A judge of the Constitutional Court takes office after taking an oath before the President of the Republic.
Article 130
Being a Constitutional Court judge shall not be compatible with any other political, state activity, as well as any other professional activity exercised against payment, except for teaching, academic and scientific activities, in accordance with the law.
Article 131
The Constitutional Court decides on:
compatibility of the law with the Constitution or with international agreements as provided for in Article 122;
compatibility of international agreements with the Constitution, prior to their ratification;
compatibility of normative acts of the central and local bodies with the Constitution and international agreements;
ç) conflicts of competencies between powers, as well as between central government and local government;
constitutionality of the parties and other political organizations, as well as their activity, according to Article 9 of this Constitution;
dh) dismissal from duty of the President of the Republic and verification of his inability to exercise his functions;
the issues bearing a connection to the electability and compliance in assuming the functions of the President of the Republic, MPs, functionaries of bodies foreseen in the Constitution, as well as to the verification of their election.”
ë) constitutionality of the referendum and verification of its results;
final examination of the complaints of individuals against the acts of the public power or judicial acts impairing the fundamental rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution, after all effective legal means for the protection of those rights have been exhausted, unless provided otherwise by the Constitution.
2. The Constitutional Court shall, when recourse being sought for examining a law on the revision of the Constitution approved by the Assembly according to Article 177, control only the compliance with the procedural requirements foreseen in the Constitution.
Article 132
The decisions of the Constitutional Court shall be final and binding for enforcement.
The decisions of the Constitutional Court shall enter into force on the day of their publication in the Official Journal. The Constitutional Court may decide that its decision, which has examined the act, gives effect on another date.
The dissenting opinion shall be published along with the final decision.
Article 133
Acceptance of complaints for adjudication is decided by a number of judges as determined by law.
The Constitutional Court makes its final decisions by the majority of all its members, unless otherwise provided for by law.
Article 134
1. Recourse to the Constitutional Court shall be sought upon the request of:
President of the Republic;
Prime Minister;
Not less than one-fifth of the members of Assembly; ç) People’s Advocate;
Head of High State Audit;
dh) Any court, in the event of Article 145, point 2, of this Constitution;
Any commissioner established by law for the protection of the fundamental rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution;
ë) High Judicial Council and High Prosecutorial Council;
Local governance units;
Religious communities’ forums;
gj) Political parties;
Organizations;
Individuals.
The entities provided for in sub-paragraphs d, dh, e, ë, f, g, gj, h, and i of paragraph 1 of this Article may file a request only regarding the issues connected to their interests.
Part Nine – The Courts
Article 135
The judicial power shall be assumed by the High Court as well as by the appeal courts, first instance courts, which shall be established by law.
Specialized courts shall be competent to adjudicate corruption and organized crime, as well as criminal charges against the President of the Republic, Speaker of the Assembly, Prime minister, the member of the Council of Ministers, the judge of the Constitutional Court and High Court, the Prosecutor General, High Justice Inspector, the Mayor, Deputy of the Assembly, deputy minister, the member of the High Judicial Council and High Prosecutorial Council, and heads of central or independent institutions as defined by the Constitution or by law, as well as charges against former officials as mentioned above.
The Assembly may establish by law other specialized courts, however, under no circumstances shall it establish extraordinary courts.
Judges of the specialized courts provided for in paragraph 2 of this Article shall be appointed by the High Judicial Council in accordance with the law. Judges of the specialized courts may be dismissed from office with a 2/3 majority of the members of the High Judicial Council. The candidates for judges and judicial civil servants in the specialized courts, as well as their close family members, prior to their appointment, shall be subject to the verification of their assets and their background checks and shall consent to periodic reviews of their financial accounts and personal telecommunications, in accordance with the law.
Article 136
The judges of the High Court shall be appointed by the President of the Republic upon proposal of the High Judicial Council, for a 9 year term, without the right to re-appointment.
The President of the Republic, within 10 days following the day of the decision of the High Judicial Council, shall appoint the judge of the High Court, except for the cases where the President finds out that the candidate fails to meet the qualification criteria or conditions for electability in accordance with the law. The decree of the President of the Republic rejecting the appointment of the candidate loses its effect when the majority of the members of the High Judicial Council vote against the decree. In this case, as well as in case the President is silent, the candidate shall be deemed appointed and shall take office within 15 days following the date of the High Judicial Council’s decision.
The judges of the High Court shall be selected from the ranks of the judges with at least 13 years of experience in practicing the profession. One-fifth of the judges in this court shall be selected from among those prominent jurists with not less than 15 years of experience as advocates, law professors or lectors, high level lawyers in the public administration or other fields of law. The candidates selected from among the ranks of lawyers must have a law degree.
The candidates who are not judges should not have held political posts in the public administration or leadership positions in a political party in the past 10 years before running as a candidate. Further criteria and the procedure of selection of the judges shall be provided for by law.
The High Court judge shall stay in office until the appointment of the successor, except for the cases provided for in Article 139, paragraph 3, subparagraph c), ç), d) and dh).
Article 136/a
Judge can be an Albanian citizen appointed by the High Judicial Council after graduating the School of Magistrates and after the conduction of a preliminary process of verification of their assets and their background checks, in accordance with the law.
Further criteria for the selection and appointment of the judges are provided for by law.
Article 137
The judge shall enjoy immunity in connection with the opinions expressed and the decisions made in the course of assuming the functions, except for the cases where the judge deliberately issues a decision as result of a self-interest or in bad faith.
Article 138
The salary and other benefits of judges cannot be reduced, except for cases where:
General economic and financial measures need to be undertaken in order to avoid difficult economic situations of the country or other national emergences;
The judge returns to the previous position which he or she held prior to the appointment;
A disciplinary measure is imposed on him/her or he/she is evaluated professionally incapable, in accordance with the law.
Article 139
The mandate of the High Court judge shall end, when:
36
Reaching the retirement age;
The 9 year mandate expires;
He/she resigns;
ç) Dismissed as provided in Article 140 of the Constitution;
Establishing the conditions of inelectability and incompatibility in assuming the function; dh) Establishing the fact of incapacity to exercise the duties;
The end of the mandate of the High Court judge shall be declared upon the decision of the High Court.
The procedure for the appointment of the judge to another court upon the expiry of the mandate is regulated by law.
Article 140
The judge shall be disciplinarily liable under the law.
The judge shall be dismissed by decision of the High Judicial Council when:
Committing serious professional or ethical misconduct which discredit the position and the image of the judge in the course of performing the duty;
Sentenced by a final court decision for commission of a crime.
3. The judge shall be suspended from duty by decision of the High Judicial Council when:
Upon him/her is imposed the personal security measure of “arrest in prison” or “house arrest” for commission of a criminal offence;
He/she obtains the capacity of the defendant for a serious offence committed intentionally;
Disciplinary proceedings being initiated under the law”.
4. Against the dismissal decision may be appealed to the Constitutional Court.
Article 141
The High Court shall examine issues concerning the meaning and application of the law in order to ensure the unification or development of case law, in accordance with the law.
For the amendment of the case law, the High Court shall review in the Joint Chambers specific judicial issues decided by the chambers, in accordance with the law.
Article 142
Judicial decisions shall be reasoned.
The High Court shall publish its decisions as well as the minority opinions.
State organs must execute judicial decisions.
Article 143
Being a judge shall not be compatible with any other political or state activity, as well as any professional activity exercised against payment, except for teaching, academic, scientific activities, or secondment to justice system institutions in accordance with the law.
Article 144
Annulled by the Law 76/2016, dated 22/07/2016.
Article 145
Judges are independent and subject only to the Constitution and the laws.
If judges believe that a law is unconstitutional, they do not apply it. In this case, they suspend the proceedings and send the question to the Constitutional Court. Decisions of the Constitutional Court are binding on all courts.
Interference in the activity of the courts or of the judges entails liability according to law.
Article 146
Courts render decisions in the name of the Republic.
In every case judicial decisions are announced publicly.
Article 147
The High Judicial Council shall ensure the independence, accountability and appropriate functionality of the judicial power in the Republic of Albania.
The High Judicial Council shall be composed of 11 members, six of which are elected by the judges of all levels of the judicial power and five members are elected by the Assembly among the ranks of lawyers who are not judges.
The judge members shall be selected from the ranks of judges of high moral and professional integrity in accordance with an open and transparent procedure that ensures a fair representation of all levels of the judiciary. The lay members shall be selected among the ranks of prominent jurists, with not less than 15 years of professional experience, of high moral and professional integrity. They should not have held political posts in the public administration or leadership positions in a political party in the last past 10 years before running as candidates. Further criteria and the procedure for selecting the candidates shall be regulated by law.
Two lay members shall be elected from the ranks of advocates, two members from the corps of pedagogues of law faculties and the School of Magistrates, and one member from civil society.
The Secretary General of the Assembly, based on an open and transparent procedure, shall announce the vacancies in accordance with the law.
The Secretary General of the Assembly, not later than 10 days from the submission candidatures, shall verify if the candidates fulfil the criteria foreseen in the Constitution and the law and shall assess the professional and moral criteria for the member of the High Judicial Council and shall prepare the list. In case the candidates do not fulfil the criteria and conditions to be elected, the Secretary General of the Assembly shall not include their names in the list.
The Secretary General of the Assembly, upon completion of the verification, shall immediately send the list of candidates who fulfil the formal criteria to the parliamentary subcommittee, in accordance with paragraph 7 of this article.
The standing committee responsible for legal affairs in the Assembly shall establish a subcommittee for the further assessment and selection of candidates not later than three days from the submission of the list. The subcommittee is composed of five members of the Assembly, three members nominated by the parliamentary majority and two by the parliamentary minority. The subcommittee may, with at least four votes, include in the list of candidates even those who have been excluded from the list by the Secretary General of the Assembly for failure to comply with formal requirements. The subcommittee shall select the candidates with the support of at least 4 members. In case the required majority cannot be reached, the candidates shall be selected by lot.
The names of the candidates selected by the subcommittee are consolidated into one list and sent to the Speaker of the Assembly. Within ten days, the Assembly shall approve the list of candidates by two-thirds of all the members. In case the list is rejected, the procedure shall be repeated in the subcommittee under paragraph 7 of this Article, but not more than two times. In case the Assembly shall, after conducting the procedure for the third time, not approve the presented list, the candidates of this list shall be deemed elected. Detailed procedures shall be regulated by law.
The Chairperson of the High Judicial Council shall be elected at the first meeting of the Council from among the lay members in accordance with the law.
Members of the High Judicial Council shall practice their duty full-time for a period of five years, without the right to immediate re-election. At the end of the term, the judge members return to their previous working positions. The mandate of judges of the High Court or specialized courts shall be suspended during the period of time of their service as member of High Judicial Council. The lay members, who before the appointment worked full time in the public sector, shall return to the previous working positions or, if not possible, to positions equivalent to them.
Article 147/a
1. The High Judicial Council shall exercise the following powers:
Appoints, evaluates, promotes and transfers judges of all levels;
Decides on disciplinary measures on judges of all levels;
Proposes to the President of the Republic candidates for judges of the High Court, in accordance with the law;
ç) Approves the rules of judicial ethics and monitors their observation;
d) Directs and manages the administration of the courts with the exception of the management of
the information technology structure of the courts, which is regulated upon decision of the Council of Ministers;
dh) Proposes and administers its own budget and the budget of the courts;
Informs the public and the Assembly on the state of the judicial system; ë) Exercises other powers defined by law.
The law may provide for the establishment of decision making committees of the High Judicial Council.
The Minister of Justice may participate, without the right to vote, in the meetings of the High Judicial Council when issues of strategic planning and budget of the judiciary are discussed.
Article 147/b
1. The mandate of the member of the High Judicial Council shall end when:
Reaching the retirement age;
The 5 year mandate expires;
He/she resigns;
ç) Dismissed in accordance with the provisions of Article 147/c of the Constitution;
d) Establishing the conditions of inelectability and incompatibility in assuming the function; dh) Establishing the fact of incapacity to exercise the duties;
The expiry of the mandate of the member shall be declared upon a decision of the High Judicial Council.
Where the position of the member remains vacant, the body having appointed the preceding member, shall, under Article 147, appoint the new member, the latter staying in office until the expiry of the member of the outgoing member.
The member of the High Judicial Council shall stay in office until the appointment of the successor, except for the cases provided in subparagraph c), ç), d) and dh) of paragraph 1 of this Article.
Article 147/c
The member of the High Judicial Council shall be disciplinarily liable in accordance with the law.
The member shall be dismissed upon decision of the Constitutional Court when:
Committing serious professional or ethical misconduct;
b) Sentenced by a final court decision for commission of a crime.
The member of the High Judicial Council shall be suspended from duty upon decision of the Constitutional Court when:
Upon him/her is imposed the personal security measure of “arrest in prison” or “house arrest” for commission of a criminal offence;
He/she obtains the capacity of the defendant for a serious offence committed intentionally;
Disciplinary proceedings being initiated under the law”.
Article 147/ç
Being a member of the High Judicial Council shall not be compatible with any other political or state activity, as well as any other professional activity exercised against payment, except for teaching, academic and scientific activities in accordance with the law.
Article 147/d
The High Justice Inspector shall be responsible for the verification of complaints, investigation of violations on its own initiative and the initiation of disciplinary proceedings against judges and prosecutors of all levels, members of the High Judicial Council, High Prosecutorial Council and the Prosecutor General, in accordance with the procedure defined by law.
The High Justice Inspector shall also be responsible for the institutional inspection of courts and prosecution offices.
The High Justice Inspector is elected upon three fifth majority of all members of the Assembly, for a nine year term, without the right to re-election, among the ranks of prominent jurists with no less than 15 years of professional experience, of high moral and professional integrity. He or she should not have held political posts in the public administration or leadership positions in a political party in the last past 10 years before running as a candidate.
The High Justice Inspector is elected from the list of five candidates selected and ranked based on merits by the Justice Appointment Council, in compliance with a transparent and open procedure. In case the Assembly does not reach the majority of three-fifths for any of the candidates within 30 days of receiving the list, the candidate ranked first shall be declared appointed.
The High Justice Inspector shall enjoy the status of the High Court judge.
The procedures for the decision making of the High Justice Inspector are regulated by law. Appeals against decisions relating to disciplinary measures against other inspectors shall be examined by the Constitutional Court.
Article 147/dh
The mandate of the High Justice Inspector shall end when:
Reaching the retirement age;
The 9 year mandate expires;
He/she resigns;
ç) Dismissed in accordance with Article 147/e of the Constitution;
d) Establishing the conditions of in electability and incompatibility in assuming the function; dh) Establishing the fact of incapacity to exercise the duties;
The end of the mandate of the High Justice Inspector is declared by decision of the joint meeting of the High Judicial Council and High Prosecutorial Council.
The High Justice Inspector shall stay in office until the appointment of the new Inspector, except for the cases under paragraph 1, subparagraph c, ç), d), and dh).
Upon completion of the mandate, upon his or her request, the High Justice Inspector shall return to the position he or she held before the appointment or in a position equivalent to it.
Article 147/e
The High Justice Inspector shall be disciplinarily liable in accordance with the law.
The High Justice Inspector shall be dismissed upon decision of the Constitutional Court when:
Committing serious professional or ethical misconduct;
Sentenced by a final court decision for commission of a crime;
A parliamentary inquiry commission shall investigate allegations of misconduct by the High Justice Inspector, respecting his or her rights to a fair trial. The inquiry commission shall, in case it finds out misconduct as provided in paragraph 2 of this Article, propose to the Constitutional Court the dismissal of the High Justice Inspector, in accordance with the law.
The High Justice Inspector shall be suspended from duty upon decision of the Constitutional Court when:
a) Upon him/her is imposed the personal security measure of “arrest in prison” or “house arrest” for commission of a criminal offence;
He/she obtains the capacity of the defendant for a serious offence committed intentionally;
Disciplinary proceedings being initiated under the law”.
Article 147/ë
Being the High Justice Inspector shall not be compatible with any other political or state activity, as well as professional activity exercised against payment, except for teaching, academic or scientific activities, in accordance with the law.
Part Ten – The Office of the Prosecutor
Article 148
The Prosecution Office exercises criminal prosecution and represents accusation in court on behalf of the state. The Prosecution Office performs other duties defined by law.
The Prosecution Office is an independent body, which shall ensure the coordination and control of its actions as well as respects the internal independence of prosecutors to investigate and prosecute, in accordance with the law.
The prosecution is organized and functions attached to the judiciary system.
The Special Prosecution Office and the Special Investigation Unit for the prosecution and investigation of criminal offences of corruption, organized crime and crimes in accordance with Article 135 paragraph 2 of the Constitution shall be independent from the Prosecutor General. The Special Investigation Unit shall be subordinated to the Special Prosecution Office.
Article 148/a
The Prosecutor General is appointed by three-fifths of the members of Assembly among three candidates proposed by the High Prosecutorial Council, for a seven-year mandate, without the right to re-appointment.
The High Prosecutorial Council shall select and rank the three most qualified candidates, based on an open and transparent procedure and forwards them to the Assembly, in accordance with the law.
The Prosecutor General shall be elected among the ranks of prominent jurists, with not less than 15 years of professional experience, of high moral and professional integrity, who have graduated from the School of Magistrates or have an academic degree in law. The candidate should not have held political posts in the public administration or leadership positions in a political party in the last past 10 years before running as a candidate.
In case the Assembly fails to elect the Prosecutor General within 30 days of receiving the proposals, the candidate ranked first by the High Prosecutorial Council, shall be declared appointed.
Upon completion of the mandate and upon his or her request, the Prosecutor General shall be appointed in the position he or she held before the appointment or as judge in the Court of Appeal.
Article 148/b
The Prosecutor General exercises these powers:
Represents accusation before the High Court and cases before the Constitutional Court, except for the case where the representation is made by the Special Prosecution Office;
Issues written general guidance to prosecutors, with the exception of prosecutors of the Special Prosecution Office;
Manages the Prosecution Office administration, with the exception of the administration of the Special Prosecution Office. The establishment and management of the information technology structure is regulated upon decision of the Council of Ministers;
Proposes and administers the budget of the Prosecution Office, with the exception of the budget for the Special Prosecution Office;
Reports to the Assembly on the situation of criminality;
Exercises other powers defined by law.
Article 148/c
1. The mandate of the Prosecutor General shall end when:
Reaching the retirement age;
The 7 year mandate expires;
He/she resigns;
ç) Dismissed according to a procedure provided in Article 149/c of the Constitution;
d) Establishing the conditions of inelectability and incompatibility in assuming the function; dh) Establishing the fact of incapacity to exercise the duties;
The termination of the mandate of the Prosecutor General is declared by decision of the High Prosecutorial Council.
Article 148/ç
Prosecutor can be Albanian citizens appointed by the High Prosecutorial Council after being graduated from the School of Magistrates and after the conduction of a preliminary process of verification of their assets and their background checks, in accordance with the law.
Further criteria for the selection and appointment of prosecutors are provided for by law.
Article 148/d
The prosecutor shall be disciplinarily liable in accordance with the law.
The prosecutor shall be dismissed upon decision of the High Prosecutorial Council when:
a) Committing serious professional or ethical misconduct which discredit the position and the image of the prosecutor in the course of performing the duty;
b) Sentenced by a final court decision for commission of a crime.
Against the dismissal decision may be appealed to the Constitutional Court.
The prosecutor shall be suspended from duty upon decision of the High Prosecutorial Council when:
Upon him/her is imposed the personal security measure of “arrest in prison” or “house arrest” for commission of a criminal offence;
He/she obtains the capacity of the defendant for a serious offence committed intentionally;
Disciplinary proceedings being initiated under the law”.
Article 148/dh
The Special Prosecution Office exercises criminal prosecution and represents accusation before the specialized courts under article 135 paragraph 2 of the Constitution as well as before the High Court.
The Special Prosecution Office shall consist of at least 10 prosecutors, who shall be appointed by the High Prosecutorial Council for a 9 year term, without the right to re-appointment. The law shall provide further criteria for the selection as well as for the transparent and open procedure of appointment.
The Chief Special Prosecutor of the Special Prosecution Office shall be elected from the ranks of the prosecutors of this Prosecution Office by a majority of the members of the High Prosecutorial Council for a three-year term, without the right to re- appointment, in accordance with the law.
The prosecutor of the Special Prosecution Office may be dismissed from office for commission of a crime or serious disciplinary misconduct by a 2/3 majority of the members of the High Prosecutorial Council.
The candidate for prosecutor, investigation officer, administrative staff of the Special Prosecution Office, Special Investigation Unit, as well as their close family members, prior to their appointment, shall be subject to a verification of their assets and their background checks, shall consent to periodic reviews of their financial accounts and personal telecommunications, in accordance with the law.
Article 149
The High Prosecutorial Council shall guarantee the independence, accountability, discipline, status and career of Prosecutors in the Republic of Albania.
The High Prosecutorial Council shall be composed of 11 members, six of whom shall be elected by the prosecutors of all levels of the Prosecution Office and five members shall be elected by the Assembly among lawyers who are not prosecutors.
The prosecutor members shall be selected from the ranks of prosecutors of high moral and professional integrity in accordance with an open and transparent procedure that ensures a fair representation of all levels of the prosecution system. The lay members shall be selected among prominent jurists, with not less than 15 years of professional experience, of high moral and professional integrity. They should not have held political posts in the public administration or
leadership positions in a political party in the last past 10 years before running as a candidate.
Further criteria and the procedure for selecting the candidates shall be regulated by law.
Two lay members shall be elected from the ranks of advocates, two members from the corps of pedagogues of law faculties and the School of Magistrates and one member from civil society. The Secretary General of the Assembly, based on an open and transparent procedure, shall announce the vacancies in accordance with the law.
The Secretary General of the Assembly, not later than 10 days from the submission of candidatures, shall verify if the candidates fulfil the criteria foreseen in the Constitution and the law and shall assess the professional and moral criteria to be a member of the High Prosecutorial Council and shall prepare the list. In case the candidates do not fulfil the criteria and conditions to be elected, the Secretary General of the Assembly shall not include their names in the list.
The Secretary General of the Assembly, upon completion of the verification, shall immediately send the list of candidates who fulfil the formal criteria to the parliamentary subcommittee, in accordance with paragraph 7 of this article.
The standing committee responsible for legal affairs in the Assembly shall establish a subcommittee for the further assessment and selection of candidates not later than three days from the submission of the list. The subcommittee is composed of five members of the Assembly, three members nominated by the parliamentary majority and two by the parliamentary minority. The subcommittee may, with at least four votes, include in the list of candidates even those who have been excluded from the list by the Secretary General of the Assembly for failure to comply with formal requirements. The subcommittee shall select the candidates with the support of at least 4 members. In case the required majority cannot be reached, the candidates shall be selected by lot.
The names of the candidates selected by the subcommittee are consolidated into one list and sent to the Speaker of the Assembly. Within ten days, the Assembly shall approve the list of candidates by two-thirds of all the members. In case the list is rejected, the procedure shall be repeated in the subcommittee under paragraph 7 of this Article, but no more than two times. In case the Assembly, after conducting the procedure for the third time, shall not approve the presented list, the candidates of this list shall be deemed elected. Detailed procedures shall be regulated by law.
The Chairperson of the High Prosecutorial Council shall be elected at the first meeting of the Council from among the lay members in accordance with the law.
Members of the High Prosecutorial Council shall practice their duty full-time for a period of five years, without the right of immediate re-election. At the end of the term, the prosecutor members return to their previous working positions. The mandate of the special prosecutor shall be suspended during the period of time of the exercise of the function as member of High Prosecutorial Council. The lay members, who before the appointment worked full time in the public sector, shall return to the previous working positions or, if not possible, to positions equivalent to them.
Article 149/a
1. The High Prosecutorial Council shall exercise the following powers:
Appoints, evaluates, promotes and transfers all prosecutors of all levels;
Decides on disciplinary measures against all prosecutors of all levels;
Proposes to the Assembly candidates for Prosecutor General in accordance with the law;
ç) Adopts rules of ethics for prosecutors and supervises their observance; d) Proposes and administers its own budget;
dh) Informs the public and the Assembly on the state of the Prosecution Office; e) Performs other functions as defined by law.
The law may provide for the establishment of decision making committees of the High Prosecutorial Council.
Article 149/b
1. The mandate of the member of the High Prosecutorial Council shall end when:
Reaching the retirement age;
The 5 year mandate expires;
He/she resigns;
ç) Dismissed according to the provisions of article 149/c of the Constitution;
Establishing the conditions of inelectability and incompatibility in assuming the function; dh) Establishing the fact of incapacity to exercise the duties;
The expiry of the mandate shall be declared upon a decision of the High Prosecutorial Council.
Where the position of the member remains vacant, the body having appointed the preceding member, shall under Article 149, appoint the new member, the latter staying in office until the expiry of the member of the outgoing member.
The member of the High Prosecutorial Council shall stay in office until the appointment of the successor, except for the cases provided in subparagraph c), ç), d) and dh) of paragraph 1 of this article.
Article 149/c
The Prosecutor General and the members of the High Prosecutorial Council shall be disciplinarily liable in accordance with the law.
The Prosecutor General and the members of the High Prosecutorial Council shall be dismissed upon decision of the Constitutional Court when:
Committing serious professional or ethical misconduct;
Sentenced by a final court decision for commission of a crime.
The Prosecutor General and the members of the High Prosecutorial Council shall be suspended from duty upon decision of the Constitutional Court when:
Upon him/her is imposed the personal security measure of “arrest in prison” or “house arrest” for commission of a criminal offence;
He/she obtains the capacity of the defendant for a serious offence committed intentionally;
Disciplinary proceedings being initiated under the law”.
Article 149/ç
Being Prosecutor General, prosecutor or a member of the High Prosecutorial Council shall not be compatible with any other state or political activity, as well as with any professional activity exercised against payment, except for teaching, academic or scientific activities.
Article 149/d
The Justice Appointments Council is responsible for verifying the fulfillment of legal requirements and assessment of professional and moral criteria of the candidates for the High Justice Inspector, as well as for the members of the Constitutional Court. The Justice Appointments Council examines and ranks the candidates according to their professional merits. The ranking of candidates is not binding, except when the Assembly fails to make an appointment.
The Justice Appointments Council meets whenever it is necessary.
The Justice Appointments Council shall consist of nine members selected by lot from the ranks of judges and prosecutors, who are not under disciplinary measures. They shall serve a one-year term beginning on January 1 of each calendar year. Between December 1 and December 5 of each year, the President of the Republic shall select by lot two judges of the Constitutional Court, one judge of the High Court, one prosecutor of the General Prosecution Office, two judges and two prosecutors from the Courts of Appeal and one judge from the Administrative Courts. If the President of the Republic fails to select the members by December 5, the Speaker of the Assembly shall make the selection by lot before December 10 of that calendar year. The People’s Advocate shall participate as an observer in the selection by lot and in the meetings and operations of the Justice Appointment Council.
The member from the High Court shall be the Chairperson of the Justice Appointments Council. The High Court creates working conditions for the operation of the Justice Appointments Council.
Further criteria on the scale of qualification of candidates participating in the lot shall be provided by law. The organization and functioning of the Justice Appointments Council shall be regulated by law.
Part Eleven – Referendum
Article 150
The people, through 50,000 citizens entitled to vote, have the right to a referendum for the abrogation of a law, and to request the President of the Republic to call a referendum on issues of special importance.
The Assembly, on the proposal of not less than one-fifth of the deputies or on the proposal of the Council of Ministers, can decide that an issue or a draft law of special importance be submitted to referendum.
Principles and procedures for conducting a referendum, and its validity, are provided by law.
Article 151
A law approved by referendum is promulgated by the President of the Republic.
Issues related to the territorial integrity of the Republic of Albania, the limitation of fundamental human rights and freedoms, the budget, taxes and financial obligations of the state, the imposition or lifting of a state of emergency, a declaration of war or peace, and amnesty cannot be submitted to a referendum.
A referendum on the same issue cannot be repeated before three years have passed.
Article 152
Within 60 days, the Constitutional Court reviews preliminarily the constitutionality of the issues submitted to referendum according to article 150, paragraphs 1 and 2, article 151, paragraphs 2 and 3, and article 177, paragraphs 4 and 5.
The importance of the special issues contemplated in paragraphs 1 and 2 of article 150 is not subject to adjudication by the Constitutional Court.
The President of the Republic sets the date of the referendum within 45 days after the announcement of a positive decision of the Constitutional Court or after the expiration of the period within which the Constitutional Court should have rendered its decision. During the year, referenda can be held on only one day.
Part Twelve – Central Election Commission
Articles 153,154 repealed by the Law no. 9904 of 21 April 2008
Part Thirteen – Public Finances
Article 155
Fees, taxes and other financial obligations, national or local, a reduction of or exemption from them for certain categories of taxpayers and the method of collecting them are set by law. In such cases, the law may not have retroactive effect.
Article 156
The state can make and guarantee loans and financial credits when authorized by law.
Article 157
The budgetary system consists of the state budget and local budgets.
The state budget is created by revenues collected from taxes, fees and other financial obligations, and from other lawful revenues. It includes all the expenses of the state.
Local organs impose and collect taxes and other obligations as provided by law.
The organs of central and local government must make their revenues and expenses public.
Article 158
The Prime Minister, on behalf of the Council of Ministers, presents the draft law on the budget to the Assembly during the autumn session, which cannot close without approving it.
If the draft law is not approved by the beginning of the next fiscal year, the Council of Ministers applies one-twelfth of the budget of the previous year every month until the new budget is approved.
The Assembly approves the new budget within three months from the last day of the previous fiscal year, except when extraordinary measures have been imposed.
The Council of Ministers must submit a report to the Assembly on the implementation of the budget and the state debt of the previous year.
The Assembly takes a final decision after hearing the report of the High State Control.
Article 159
Principles and procedures for preparing the draft budget and for implementing the budget are defined by law.
Article 160
The Assembly may amend the budget during the fiscal year.
Amendments to the budget are made according to the procedures provided for drafting and approving it.
Expenditures contemplated in other laws cannot be reduced so long as these laws are in force.
Article 161
The Central Bank of the state is the Bank of Albania. It has the exclusive right to issue and circulate Albanian money, to implement monetary policy independently, and to maintain and administer the foreign currency reserves of the Republic of Albania.
The Bank of Albania is managed by a council, which is chaired by the Governor. The Governor is elected by the Assembly, on the proposal of the President of the Republic, for seven years with the right of reelection.
Part Fourteen – The High State Control
Article 162
The High State Control is the highest institution of economic and financial audit. It is subject only to the Constitution and laws.
The Chairman of the High State Control is elected and dismissed by the Assembly on the proposal of the President of the Republic. He remains in office for seven years, with the right of reelection.
Article 163
The High State Control audits and reviews:
the economic activity of state institutions and other juridical persons of the state;
the use and protection of state funds by organs of central and local government;
the economic activity of juridical persons in which the state owns more than half of the interest, or whose debts, credits, and obligations are guaranteed by the state.
Article 164
1. The High State Control submits to the Assembly:
a report on the implementation of the state budget;
its opinion on the report of the Council of Ministers for the expenses of the previous financial year, before it is approved by the Assembly;
information on the results of audits and reviews whenever asked by the Assembly.
The High State Control submits an annual report on its activities to the Assembly.
Article 165
The Chairman of the High State Control may be invited to participate and speak in the meetings of the Council of Ministers when questions related to its functions are reviewed.
The Chairman of the High State Control has the immunity of a member of the High Court.
Part Fifteen – Armed Forces
Article 166
Albanian citizens have the duty to participate in the defense of the Republic of Albania, as provided by law.
A citizen who, for reasons of conscience, refuses to serve with weapons in the armed forces is obliged to perform alternative service, as provided by law.
Article 167
Military servicemen on active duty cannot be elected or appointed to other state duties or take part in political activity or in a party.
Members of the armed forces or persons who perform alternative service enjoy all the constitutional rights and freedoms, except when the law provides otherwise.
Article 168
The Armed Forces of the Republic of Albania are composed of the army, navy, and air force.
The President of the Republic is the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces.
The National Security Council is an advisory organ of the President of the Republic.
Article 169
In time of peace the President of the Republic exercises command of the Armed Forces through the Prime Minister and the Minister of Defense.
In time of war the President of the Republic appoints and dismisses the Commander of the Armed Forces on the proposal of the Prime Minister.
On the proposal of the Prime Minister, the President of the Republic appoints and dismisses the Chief of the General Staff, and on the proposal of the Minister of Defense he appoints and dismisses the commanders of the army, navy, and air force.
The powers of the President of the Republic as Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces and those of the Commander of the Armed Forces, and their subordination to the constitutional organs, are defined by law.
Part Sixteen – Extraordinary Measures
Article 170
Extraordinary measures can be imposed because of a state of war, a state of emergency, or a state of natural disaster and last for as long as these conditions continue.
The principles of operation of public organs, and the extent of the restriction of human rights and freedoms during the existence of the situations that require extraordinary measures, are defined by law.
A law shall define the principles, areas, and manner of compensation for losses caused as a result of the restriction of human rights and freedoms during the period in which extraordinary measures are imposed.
Actions taken as a result of extraordinary measures shall be in proportion to the level of risk and shall aim at re-establishing conditions for the normal operation of the state as soon as possible.
During situations that require the imposition of extraordinary measures, none of the following acts may be changed: the Constitution, the laws on the election of the Assembly and of local government organs, and the laws on extraordinary measures.
During the period of extraordinary measures, local elections may not be held, a referendum may not be held, and a new President of the Republic may not be elected. Local elections may be held only where the extraordinary measures are not in effect.
Article 171
In the case of armed aggression against the Republic of Albania, the President of the Republic, at the request of the Council of Ministers, declares a state of war.
In a case of external threat, or when a common defense obligation derives from an international agreement, the Assembly, on the proposal of the President of the Republic, declares a state of war, and imposes a state of general or partial mobilization or demobilization.
Article 172
In the case of paragraph 1 of article 171, the President of the Republic submits to the Assembly a decree for establishing a state of war within 48 hours of its signing, specifying the rights that are restricted.
The Assembly immediately discusses and decides, by a majority of all its members, upon the decree of the President.
Article 173
In the case of a threat to the constitutional order and public security, the Assembly, at the request of the Council of Ministers, may impose a state of emergency in a part or in the whole territory of the State, which lasts for as long as this threat continues, but no longer than 60 days.
When a state of emergency is imposed, and if the police are not able to restore order, the Assembly decides to call on the armed forces to intervene.
The duration of the state of emergency may be extended only with the consent of the Assembly every 30 days for a period of time not longer than 90 days.
Article 174
For preventing or eliminating the consequences of natural disasters or technological accidents, the Council of Ministers may impose for a period of not longer than 30 days a state of natural disaster in a part or the whole territory of the State.
A state of natural disaster may be extended only with the consent of the Assembly.
Article 175
During a state of war or a state of emergency, the rights and freedoms contemplated by articles 15; 18; 19; 20; 21; 24; 25; 29; 30; 31; 32; 34; 39, paragraph 1; 41, paragraphs 1, 2, 3, and 5; 42; 43; 48; 54; 55 may not be restricted.
During a state of natural disaster, the rights and freedoms contemplated by articles 37; 38; 41, paragraph 4; 49; 51 may be restricted.
Acts declaring a state of war, emergency or natural disaster shall specify the rights and freedoms that are restricted according to paragraphs 1 and 2 of this article.
Article 176
When the Assembly cannot convene during a state of war, the President of the Republic, on the proposal of the Council of Ministers, may issue acts having the force of law, which shall be approved by the Assembly at its first meeting.
Part Seventeen – Amending the Constitution
Article 177
An initiative for amending the Constitution may be taken by not less than one-fifth of the members of the Assembly.
No amendment to the Constitution may take place when extraordinary measures are in effect.
A proposed amendment is approved by not less than two-thirds of all members of the Assembly.
The Assembly may decide, by two-thirds of all its members, that the proposed constitutional amendments be voted on in a referendum. The proposed constitutional amendment becomes effective after ratification by referendum, which takes place not later than 60 days after its approval by the Assembly.
An approved constitutional amendment is submitted to referendum when one-fifth of the members of the Assembly request it.
The President of the Republic cannot return for re-consideration a constitutional amendment approved by the Assembly.
An amendment approved by referendum is promulgated by the President of the Republic and becomes effective on the date provided for in it.
An amendment of the Constitution cannot be made unless a year has passed since the rejection by the Assembly of a proposed amendment on the same issue or three years have passed from its rejection by referendum.
Part Eighteen -Transitional and Final Provisions
Article 178
Laws and other normative acts approved before the effective date of this Constitution shall be applied as long as they have not been repealed.
Draft laws necessary for implementing this Constitution are submitted by the Council of Ministers to the Assembly.
Article 179
Members of the Constitutional Court shall continue their activity as members of the Constitutional Court, in accordance with the previous mandate.
The first member to be replaced in the Constitutional Court shall be appointed by the President of the Republic, the second shall be elected by the Assembly and the third shall be appointed by the High Court. This shall be the order for all future appointments after the entry into force of this law.
Aiming at the regular renewal of the Constitutional Court, the new judge who shall succeed the judge whose mandate will end in 2017 shall remain in office until 2025 and the new judge who will succeed the judge whose mandate will end in 2020 shall remain in office until 2028. The other Constitutional Court judges shall be appointed for the entire duration of the mandate in accordance with the law.
Members of the High Court shall continue their activities in accordance with the previous mandate. The new members due to replace the members whose mandate expires, shall be appointed under the provisions of this law.
The High Judicial Council shall be established within 8 months from the entry into force of this law. Three judge members and two lay members of the High Judicial Council shall be appointed initially for a 3-year term, with the purpose of partial renewal of this body. The members of the High Council of Justice shall end their mandate after the establishment of the High Judicial Council, but not later than after all members of the High Judicial Council are elected as determined by law. For the first appointment of the lay members of the High Judicial Council that shall be made after the entry into force of this law, the verification of the candidates as provided in article
of the Constitution shall be conducted by the General Secretary of the Assembly and the International Monitoring Operation.
The High Prosecutorial Council shall be established within 8 months from the entry into force of this law. Three prosecutor members and two lay members of the High Prosecutorial Council shall be appointed initially for a 3-years term, with the purpose of partial renewal of this body. For the first appointment of the lay members of the High Prosecutorial Council that shall be made after the entry into force of this law, the verification of the candidates as provided in article 149 of the Constitution shall be conducted by the General Secretary of the Assembly and the International Monitoring Operation.
During their 9 year mandate, the judges of the Appeal Chamber under Article 179/b shall have disciplinary jurisdiction over all Constitutional Court judges, the members of High Judicial Council, the High Prosecutorial Council, the Prosecutor General, and the High Justice Inspector. The Appeal Chamber shall also have jurisdiction on the appeals against decisions of the High Judicial Council, High Prosecutorial Council as well as High Justice Inspector, imposing disciplinary sanctions respectively against judges, prosecutors and other inspectors.
The Serious Crimes Court of First Instance and the Serious Crimes Court of Appeal shall assume the name, function and competence of the first instance court and appeals court within 2 months of the establishment of the High Judicial Council, in accordance with the law. The transfer of cases shall be done in accordance with the law. The incumbent judges of these courts shall be transferred to other courts, if they or their close family members refuse to agree to the periodic reviews of their financial accounts and personal telecommunication. The prosecutors attached to the Special Prosecution Office shall be appointed within 2 months of the establishment of the High Prosecutorial Council. The Serious Crimes Prosecution Office shall cease to exist. The transfer of cases under investigation and adjudication shall be done in accordance with the law.
The High Justice Inspector shall be appointed within 6 months after the entry into force of this law. The manner of functioning of the existing inspectorates during the transition period shall be regulated by law.
Judges and prosecutors who have not finished the School of Magistrate shall hold their office and shall be subject to the process of transitional re-evaluation of the qualification of judges and prosecutors under Article 179/b and the Annex to this law.
Within 5 days of the entry into force of this law, the President of the Republic shall elect by lot the members of the Justice Appointments Council in accordance with Article 149/d paragraph
of the Constitution. If the President of the Republic fails to select the members within 5 days of the entry into force of this law, the Speaker of the Assembly shall select them by lot within 10 days of the entry into force of this law. Those selected shall hold office until December 31 of the year that this law enters into force. The People’s Advocate shall participate as an observer in the selection by lot, as well as in the meetings and operations of the Justice Appointments Council. The members of the Justice Appointments Council shall be as soon as possible subject to the transitional re-evaluation of the qualification of judges and prosecutors under Article 179/b of this law.
The President of the Republic shall remain as Chairperson of the High Council of Justice until the High Judicial Council is established within 8 months from the entry into force of this law. Upon the establishment of the High Judicial Council, the President shall appoint the judges of the High Court in accordance with Article 136 of the Constitution. The President of the Republic shall fill in the first vacancy in the Constitutional Court under paragraph 2 of this Article and Article
of the Constitution.
Until the Parliamentary elections, which will be held after the entry into force of this law, but not later than 1 September 2017, the election of the High Justice Inspector and the Prosecutor General, shall be made by 2/3 of the members of the Assembly. Other elections shall be made by 3/5 of the members of the Assembly.
Article 179/a
The mandate of public officials to constitutional bodies, or to those established by law, which is acquired before the entry into force of this law, is terminated or is invalid when it is found that the public official is included in the circle of subjects that are excluded from the right to be elected as provided for by Article 6/1 and 45, point 3, of the Constitution.
Within 30 days of the entry into force of this law, the Assembly, in accordance with the procedure of Article 81, point 2, of the Constitution, adopts the law setting out the terms and rules to ensure the integrity of organs elected, appointed or holding public office.”.
Article 179/b
The re-evaluation system shall be established in order to guarantee the proper functioning of the rule of law, the independence of the judicial system, as well as to re-establish the public trust and confidence in these institutions.
The re-evaluation shall be carried out on the basis of the principles of the fair trial and conducted by respecting the fundamental rights of the assessee.
All judges, including judges of the Constitutional Court and High Court, all prosecutors, including the Prosecutor General, the Chief Inspector and the other inspectors of the High Council of Justice shall ex officio be re-evaluated.
All legal advisors of the Constitutional Court and High Court, legal assistants of the administrative courts, legal assistants of the General Prosecution Office shall ex officio be re-evaluated. Former judges or prosecutors, and former legal advisors of the Constitutional Court and High Court with at least three years of work experience in this function may undergo upon their request the re-evaluation process, if they fulfill the criteria regulated by law.
The re-evaluation shall be conducted by an Independent Qualification Commission, while the appeals filed by the assesses or the Public Commissioners shall be considered by the Appeal Chamber attached to the Constitutional Court. During the transition period of 9 years, the Constitutional Court shall consist of two chambers.
The Commission and the Appeal Chamber shall be independent and impartial.
Failure to successfully pass the re-evaluation process constitutes a ground for the immediate termination of the exercise of functions, in addition to the grounds provided for in the Constitution. Judges and prosecutors including those seconded in other positions, former judges or former prosecutors, who successfully pass the re-evaluation, shall hold the office or will be appointed judges and prosecutors. All other assesses, who successfully pass the re- evaluation shall be appointed as judges or prosecutors under the law.
The mandate of the members of the Independent Qualification Commission and the Public Commissioner shall expire after five years from the date of commencement of their operation, while the mandate of the judges of the Appeal Chamber is nine years. After the dissolution of the Commission, pending re-evaluation cases shall be conducted by the High Judicial Council in accordance with the law. Pending re-evaluation cases of the prosecutors shall be conducted by the High Prosecutorial Council in accordance with the law. After the dissolution of the Public Commissioners, their competences shall be exercised by the Chief Special Prosecutor of the Special Prosecution Office. Any appeals against pending decisions of the Commission shall be considered by the Constitutional Court.
The Assembly shall decide on repealing this Annex after the last re- evaluation decision becomes final, following a report submitted by the Chairperson of the Appeal Chamber on the state of affairs of the pending cases or at the end of the mandate of the Special Qualification Chamber.
Re-evaluation procedures and criteria shall be regulated in compliance with the provisions of the Annex and the law.
Article 180
International agreements ratified by the Republic of Albania before the effective date of this Constitution are deemed ratified according to this Constitution.
The Council of Ministers submits to the Constitutional Court international agreements that contain provisions in conflict with this Constitution.
Article 181
Within two to three years from the effective date of this Constitution, the Assembly enacts laws for the just regulation of the various matters related to expropriations and confiscations that took place before the approval of this Constitution, guided by the criteria of article 41.
Laws and other normative acts approved before the effective date of this Constitution that relate to expropriations and confiscations shall be applied when they do not conflict with it.
Article 182
Law No. 7491, dated 29.04.1991, “On the Major Constitutional Provisions” and other constitutional laws are repealed on the effective date of this Constitution.
Article 183
This Constitution becomes effective with its promulgation by the President of the Republic.
Annex – Transitional Qualification Assessment
Article A
Limitation of the constitutional rights
To the extent necessary to carry out the re-evaluation the application range of some articles of this Constitution, in particular provisions regarding privacy, to include Articles 36 and 37, provisions related to the burden of proof, and other provisions including Articles 128, 131, paragraph f, 135, 138,140, 145 paragraph 1, 147/a paragraph 1, letter b), 149/a paragraph 1, letter b), are partly limited in accordance with Article 17 of the Constitution.
Persons who have passed the re-evaluation as provided in this Annex, are subject to the permanent accountability system regulated by the ordinary rules contained in the Constitution and the relevant Laws.
Article B
International Monitoring Operation
An International Monitoring Operation shall support the re-evaluation process by monitoring and overseeing the entire process of the re-evaluation. It shall include, partners, within the framework of the European integration process and Euro-Atlantic cooperation and shall be led by the European Commission.
The International Monitoring Operation shall perform its tasks in the framework of international arrangements in force. The International Monitoring Operation will appoint International Observers following a notification to the Council of Ministers. The International Observers shall be appointed from among the judges or prosecutors with no less than 15 years of experience in the justice system of their respective countries. The mandate of an international observer shall only be revoked for gross misconduct, by the International Monitoring Operation.
International Observers shall have the following duties:
They may issue recommendations to the Assembly concerning the qualification and selection of the candidates for the position of members of the Commission, the Appeal Chamber judge and Public Commissioners;
They are entitled to file findings and opinions on issues examined by the Commission and the Appeal Chamber and contribute to the background assessment regulated in Article DH. In those findings, the International Observers may request that the Commission or the Appeal Chamber consider evidence or may present evidence obtained from state bodies, foreign entities or private persons, in accordance with the law;
they are entitled to submit a written recommendation to the Public Commissioners to file an appeal. If the latter decides not to follow this recommendation, the Public Commissioner is required to issue a written report giving the reasons for the refusal;
ç. they are entitled to have immediate access to all information, data on persons and documents necessary to monitor the re-evaluation process at all levels and in all stages.
Article C
General provisions for the Commission and Appeal Chamber
The Independent Qualification Commission shall consist of four permanent panels having three members each.
Two Public Commissioners shall represent the public interest and may file appeals against the decisions of the Commission.
The Commission and the Special Appeal Chamber shall both operate with accountability, integrity and transparency and with the objective of promoting an independent and competent system of justice free from corruption. During their mandate, the members of the Commission and
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Public Commissioners shall have the status of the member of the High Court. The Appeal Chamber judges shall have the status of judges of the Constitutional Court and their mandate shall not be subject to age limit, unless provided otherwise by the law.
Members of the Commission and judges of the Appeal Chamber, the Public Commissioners and other employees of these institutions shall sign a written declaration, under the law, authorising the annual audit of their assets, constant monitoring of their financial accounts and waiver of the privacy of their communication throughout the duration of their stay in office. All asset declarations shall become public.
Members of the Commission and the judges of the Appeal Chamber shall have a university degree in law, and no less than fifteen years’ experience as a judge, prosecutor, law professor, advocate, notary, senior lawyer in public administration, or other legal profession related to the justice sector. Candidates for member of the Commission and judges at the Appeal Chamber may not have been judges, prosecutors or legal advisors or legal assistants in the past two years prior to their nomination. The candidates should not have held political posts in the public administration or leadership positions in a political party for the past 10 years before running as a candidate.
The President of the Republic of Albania shall conduct an open and transparent application process for the positions of the members in the Independent Qualification Commission, judges of the Special Appeal Chamber and Public Commissioners. All candidates shall send applications and all declarations in accordance with the law to the President. Within 7 days from the deadline for the submission of applications, the President shall compile a candidate list of applicants who meet the formal criteria for each position and a separate list of applicants who do not meet the formal criteria. This process is monitored by the International Monitoring Operation. If the President cannot complete the process within 45 days of the entry into force of this Annex, the duty shall revert to the People’s Advocate.
A commission composed of at least three representatives of the International Monitoring Operation (IMO) shall assess the candidates, in accordance with the law. Not later than 14 days from the day of submission of the 2 lists by the President, the Commission shall, on the basis of its assessment, submit its recommendations to the President, who then forwards them to the Parliament. If the President cannot exercise his competences within 5 days, the competence shall revert to the People’s Advocate.
Within three days of receiving the list of applicants who meet the formal criteria, the list of applicants who do not meet the formal criteria and the list of IMO recommendations, the Assembly shall create an ad hoc committee with six members consisting of equal representatives from the majority and opposition. The committee may with at least four votes move a candidate from the list of those who do not meet formal criteria to the list of those who do. The committee may with at least five votes move an applicant from the IMO’s recommendations list to the candidate list for voting. Within ten days of its establishment, the ad hoc committee shall forward the candidate list for voting for each position to the ad hoc committees for selection. The other two lists shall not be forwarded for voting.
The Assembly shall establish within ten days two ad hoc committees for selection consisting of equal representatives from the majority and opposition, one committee with 12 members and one committee with 6 members.
Within 30 days of the establishment of the ad hoc committee, each member of the 12 member committee shall select, from the candidate list for voting, a candidate for commissioner, without debate and in a secret and electronic vote that ensures that one member may elect one candidate. The committee shall then select two candidates from the candidate list for voting for public commissioner, using a simple vote where the two candidates with the most votes are selected. In case of a tie, a lot shall be used. Two alternate members for each position shall be selected in the same manner used for the Public Commissioner.
Within 30 days of the establishment of the ad hoc committee, each member of the 6 member committee shall select from the candidate list for voting a candidate for judges of the Special Appeal Chamber, without debate and in a secret and electronic vote that ensures that one member may elect one candidate. The committee shall then select the seventh judge from the remaining candidates on the candidate list for voting, using a simple vote where the candidate with the most votes is selected. In case of a tie, a lot shall be used. Two alternate judges for each position shall be selected in the same manner used for the seventh judge.
The selections from the two ad hoc committees are consolidated into one list and sent to the Speaker of the Assembly. Within ten days, the Assembly shall approve the entire list of candidates as a block by a majority of three- fifths. If the Assembly fails to approve the list of candidates as a block, the Speaker of the Assembly shall send it to the ad hoc committees to repeat their selection process and submit a second list within 10 days. Within ten days, the Assembly may reject the entire list of candidates as a block by a majority of two-thirds. If the list is not rejected, those selected shall be considered appointed. The details of this procedure are regulated by law.
Members of the Independent Qualification Commission, judges of the Special Appeal Chamber and Public Commissioners shall work full time and
may not hold any other position or employment during their mandate.
The Commission, the Appeal Chamber and the Public Commissioners shall have a budget, staff and facilities sufficient to support their duties and the duties of the international observers, in accordance with the law.
The official languages of the Commission, the Appeal Chamber and Public Commissioners shall be Albanian and English. Both bodies shall employ translators and interpreters for this purpose.
Members of the Commission, judges of the Appeal Chamber and Public Commissioners are subject to disciplinary liability. Cases of disciplinary misconduct shall be reviewed by the Appeal Chamber, in accordance with the law.
Members of the Commission, judges of the Appeal Chamber, Public Commissioners, international observers, the administration staff, and their families shall be guaranteed protection of the highest level in accordance with the law.
Article Ç
Re-evaluation
The re-evaluation will include an Asset Assessment, a Background Assessment and a Proficiency Assessment under Article D, DH, and E of this Annex and the law.
The Commission and Appeal Chamber publish their decisions and any other required information obtained from the public. These bodies shall take into account the information from the public observing the principle of proportionality between privacy and investigation needs, and shall guarantee the right to a fair trial.
Official bodies of the Republic of Albania shall cooperate with the Commission and Appeal Chamber by putting at their disposal the information required and granting direct access to their databases. They may provide opinions and concrete proposals in accordance with the law.
The Commission or the Appeal Chamber, where appropriate, through their staff, the Public Commissioners or the international observers, shall review the assessee’s completed background declarations, may interview people named in the declaration or other persons, and shall seek cooperation with other state or foreign institutions to confirm the veracity and accuracy of the disclosure. The Commission, the Appeal Chamber and the international observers shall have direct access to all relevant government databases and files, except for those classified as “state secret”, including the assessees’ personal files, statistical data, files selected for evaluation, self-evaluations, opinions of supervisors, training records and complaints, verification of complaints, disciplinary decisions against the assessees, data on the assessee’s property, bank accounts, tax records, car registration data bases, data on entry and exits at the border as well as any other relevant documents. The Commission or the Appeal Chamber may order private individuals and companies to provide testimony or evidence in accordance with the law.
The shift of the burden of proof to the assessee applies only for this assessment excluding any other process, in particular, criminal proceedings.
Article D
Asset Assessment
Assesses shall be subject to declaration and audit of their assets with the purpose of identifying assesses, who possess or have the use of assets greater than it can be legitimately explained, or those assessees who have failed to accurately and fully disclose their assets and those of their related persons.
Assessees shall submit a new and fully detailed asset declaration in accordance with the law. The High Inspectorate for the Declaration and Audit of Assets and Conflict of Interests shall audit the asset declaration and submit to the Commission a report about the legitimacy of the assets and the accuracy and fullness of the disclosure, in accordance with the law.
The assessee has to credibly explain the lawful origin of assets, property and income. Income shall only be considered legitimate if it has been declared and taxes have been paid. Other elements of the legitimate property shall be defined by law.
If the assessee has assets greater than twice the amount of the legitimate property, he or she shall be presumed guilty of disciplinary misconduct, unless he or she presents evidence to prove the contrary.
If the assessee has not submitted the asset declaration in time in accordance with the law, he or she shall be dismissed from office. If the assesse takes steps to inaccurately disclose or hide assets in his or her ownership, possession or use, a presumption for the disciplinary measure of dismissal shall be established which the assessee shall have the burden to dispel.
Article DH
Background Assessment
Assesses shall be required to submit a background declaration and be subject to a background assessment with the purpose of identifying the assessees with inappropriate contacts with persons involved in organized crime. The background assessment on persons involved in organized crime will be based on the background declaration and other evidence as appropriate, including Albanian or foreign court decisions.
Assessees shall submit a duly filled-in detailed background declaration to the Commission for the period January 1, 2012 to the day of the declaration, as regulated by law. The completed background declaration can only be used as evidence in this procedure and in no case in a criminal proceedings.
If the assessee has inappropriate contacts with persons involved in organized crime, a presumption for the disciplinary measure of dismissal shall be established, which the assessee shall have the burden to dispel.
If the assessee does not submit the duly completed background declaration in time in accordance with the law, he or she shall be dismissed. If the assessee takes steps to inaccurately disclose or hide contacts with persons involved in the organized crime, a presumption for the disciplinary measure of dismissal shall be established, which the assessee shall have the burden to dispel.
Article E
Proficiency Assessment
Assesses shall be subject to a proficiency assessment, with the purpose of identifying those who are not qualified to perform their role and those who have professional deficiencies which can be remedied through education.
The Proficiency Assessment shall be conducted with the assistance of the officials in charge of the ethical and professional evaluation of judges or prosecutors at the time of the assessment.
The Proficiency Assessment for judges, legal advisors or legal assistants shall assess judicial
capacity, organizational skills, ethics and commitment to judicial values, personal quality and
professional commitment, based on standards provided by law. The Proficiency Assessment for
prosecutors shall assess prosecutorial capacity, organizational skills, ethics and commitment to
prosecutorial values, personal quality and professional commitment based on standards
provided by law. The Proficiency Assessment for legal advisors or legal assistance includes a test
at the School of Magistrate. The Proficiency Assessment shall not consider pending cases.
If the assessee has demonstrated poor knowledge, skill, judgment, or aptitude, or there is a pattern of work which is non-compliable with his/her position, then it shall be considered as professional deficiency and a presumption for the disciplinary measure of suspension shall be established coupled with an obligation to attend the education program, which the assessee shall have the burden to dispel.
If the assessee has demonstrated inadequate knowledge, skill, judgment, or aptitude, or there is a pattern of work which is non-compliable with his/her position, and the noticed deficiency is unlikely to be remedied through the one year education program, a presumption for the disciplinary measure of dismissal shall be established, which the assessee shall have the burden to dispel.
If the assessee acts to substantially prevent or confound his or her assessment, or has demonstrated such insufficient knowledge, skill, judgment, aptitude, or a pattern of work so weak that it endangers or violates the rights of citizens, the assesse shall be considered inconvenient to perform the duty. In this case, a presumption for the disciplinary measure of dismissal shall be established, which the assessee shall have the burden to dispel.
Article Ë
Disciplinary Measures
The Commission or the Appeal Chamber, after reviewing the matter, determines disciplinary measures, the assessee’s suspension from duty for one year coupled with compulsory education or his/her dismissal from office. In any case, the decision shall be reasoned.
A decision ordering suspension from duty coupled with an obligation to attend the education program shall identify the assessee’s deficiencies. During the suspension period, the assessee shall be entitled to 75 % of the relevant salary. The assessee shall be ordered to attend a one year education program to the School of Magistrates, which is designed to remedy the deficiencies. At the end of the education program, the assessee shall be tested on his skills. This testing shall be overseen by the International Monitoring Operation. The Commission shall dismiss the assessees failing to pass the test.
In any case, the dismissal of a judge or prosecutor does not constitute a ground for the re-opening of cases decided or prosecuted by the assessee, except in the cases based on which a review can be requested according to the procedural codes.
Article F
Appeal Chamber
The Appeal Chamber shall consist of seven judges and it is the only judicial body that considers appeals against the decisions of the Commission in accordance with the Annex and the law. The Chamber decides in panels composed of five members each.
The assessees and the Public Commissioners, under the law, may file an appeal to this Chamber against the decisions of the Commission, expect for decisions made under Article Ë, paragraph 2, of the Annex.
The Appeal Chamber may require the collection of facts or evidence and remedy any procedural errors committed by the Commission taking into account the assessee’s fundamental rights. The Appeal Chamber shall decide the case and may not transfer the case back to the Commission. This constitutional jurisdiction does not allow to call into question the constitutionality of the principles on which the re-evaluation process is based on, and as such, it is based and the criteria set forth in this law.
The international observer at the Appeal Chamber enjoys the same rights as the international observer at the Commission.
During the examination of the appeal, the assessee shall be paid 75 percent of the salary. In case the Chamber accepts the appeal by annulling the decision of the Commission, the part of 25 percent of the salary shall be paid to the assessee for the entire period of interruption. A final decision ordering dismissal from office has ex lege immediate effect.
An assessee filing an appeal against the disciplinary measure of dismissal shall be suspended from duty pending the decision of the Appeal Chamber.
The Appeal Chamber shall uphold, modify or overrule the decision of the Commission giving a reasoned written decision. In cases of appeals by the Public Commissioners, the Chamber may not impose a more severe disciplinary measure, without providing the assessee with sufficient time to prepare and be heard in a hearing.
Assessees may exercise the right of appeal to the European Court of Human Rights.
Article G
Resignation
An assessee may resign from office, and in this case, the re-evaluation process is terminated.
An assessee who resigns under this provision may no longer be appointed as a judge or prosecutor at any level, as a member of the High Judicial Council or High Prosecutorial Council, High Justice Inspector, or Prosecutor General for a duration of fifteen years.