Letter from Sir Mortimer Durand to Ameer Abdul Rahman Khan
Kabul, November 11, 1893
Text
After compliments
“When Your Highness came to the throne of Afghanistan, Sir Lepel Griffin was instructed to give you the assurance that, if any Foreign PowerPower The amount of energy transferred or converted per unit of time. In the International System of Units, the unit of it is the watt, equal to one joule per second. The capacity of energy infrastructure is rated using watts, which indicate its potential to supply or consume energy in a given period of time. A Power-plant rated at 100 MW has the potential to produce 100 MWh if it operates for one hour. should attempt to interfere in Afghanistan, and if such interference should lead to unprovoked aggression on the dominions of your Highness, in that event the BritishBritish "Britons" can refer to the Ancient Britons, the Celtic-speaking peoples of Great Britain during the Iron Age, whose descendants today include the Welsh, Cornish, and Bretons. The Union of the Crowns in 1603, followed by the creation of the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707, helped forge a wider sense of British national identity. Yet this idea of โBritishnessโ was superimposed upon much older cultural identities of the English, Scots, and Welsh, whose distinctiveness continues to resist a fully homogenised identity. Greek explorer Pytheas referred to the islands collectively as ฮฑแผฑ ฮฯฮตฯฯฮฑฮฝฮฏฮฑฮน. The Celtic King Arthur was said to have established a kingdom on the British Isles. GovernmentGovernment HM Govt consists of the Prime Minister, their Cabinet, and junior ministers, supported by the teams of non-political civil servants that work in government departments. The American Federal Government consists of the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial branches. would be prepared to aid you to such extent and in such manner as might appear to the British Government necessary in repelling it, provided that Your Highness followed unreservedly the advice of the British Government in regard to your external relations.
I have the honour to inform Your Highness that this assurance remains in force, and that it is applicable with regard to any territory which may come into your possession in consequence of the agreementContract An agreement enforceable by law is a contract. All agreements are contracts if they are made by the free consent of parties competent to contract, for a lawful consideration and with a lawful object, and are not hereby expressly declared to be void. Indian Contract Act. which your have made with me today in the matterMatter Normal matter is made of molecules, which are themselves made of atoms. Inside the atoms, electrons are spinning around the nucleus. The nucleus is made of protons and neutrons. Inside the protons and neutrons, exist indivisible quarks, like the electrons. All matter around us is made of elementary particles. ( building blocks of matter > quarks and leptons). All stable matter in the universe is made from particles that belong to the first-generation. Fundamental forces result from the exchange of force-carrier particles, which belong to a broader group called โbosonsโ. The strong force is carried by the โgluonโ, electromagnetic force is carried by the โphoton.โ of the Oxus frontier.
It is the desire of the British Government that such portion of the northern frontier of Afghanistan as has not yet been marked out should now be clearly defined ; when this has been done, the whole of your Highness’s frontier towards the side of RussiaRussia Main Cities:ย Moscow Saint Petersburg Novosibirsk Yekaterinburg Nizhniy Novgorod Samara Omsk Kazan Rostov-na-Donu Chelyabinsk Ufa Volgograd Perm Krasnoyarsk Saratov Voronezh Tol'yatti Krasnodar Ulyanovsk Izhevsk Yaroslavl Barnaul Vladivostok Irkutsk Khabarovsk Khabarovsk Vtoroy Orenburg Novokuznetsk Ryazan' Tyumen Lipetsk Penza Naberezhnyye Chelny Kalininskiy Astrakhan Makhachkala Tomsk Kemerovo Tula Kirov Cheboksary Kaliningrad Bryansk Ivanovo Magnitogorsk Kursk Tver Nizhny Tagil Stavropol' Ulan-Ude Arkhangel'sk Belgorod Kurgan Kaluga Krasnogvargeisky Sochi Orel Volzhskiy Smolensk Murmansk Vladikavkaz Cherepovets Vologda Vladimir Chita Saransk Surgut Tambov Yoshkar-Ola Taganrog will be equally free from doubt and equally secure.”