Afghanistan
Part of Greater India. Ahmad Shah Durrani unified Pashtun tribes and founded Afghanistan in 1747. The country became a buffer between British and Russian empires and gained independence in 1919. Experiments with democracy collapsed into coups in the 1970s, followed by Soviet invasion in 1979 and a war that ended with Soviet withdrawal. Civil conflict brought the Taliban to power in 1996. After 9/11, a U.S.-led intervention removed them and a UN-backed process created new institutions and elections. The Taliban insurgency persisted, and a 2020 accord preceded withdrawal. The Taliban seized power in August 2021, imposing harsh restrictions, especially on women, and remain unrecognized.