Tibet Autonomous Region Implementing Measures for the “Regulation on Religious Affairs” (Trial Measures)
Passed: May 18, 2006
Issued: September 19, 2006
Effective: January 1, 2007
Issuer: Tibet Autonomous Region People’s Government
ไธญๆ็
Deliberated and adopted by the 11th Standing Committee of the Tibet Autonomous Region People’s Government on May 18, 2006, promulgated as Tibet Autonomous Region People’s Government Order 73 on September 19, 2006, and automatically entered into force on January 1, 2007.
Section 1 General Principles
Article 1. These measures are hereby established in order to guarantee citizens freedom of religious belief, safeguard religious amity and social harmony, and standardize the management of religious affairs, in accordance with the Constitution, the State Council “Regulation on Religious Affairs,โ and other relevant laws and regulations, and in keeping with conditions in the autonomous region.
Article 2. Citizens have freedom of religious belief.
No organization or individual may force citizens to believe in or not believe in religion; may not force citizens to believe in one religion or another religion; may not discriminate against citizens who believe in a religion (hereinafter referred to as religious citizens) or those citizens who do not believe in a religion (hereinafter referred to as non-religious citizens).
Religious citizens and non-religious citizens, those who believe in different religions or in different sects, as well as those who believe in the same religion or sect shall all mutually respect each other and get along in harmony.
Article 3. Normal religious activities, as well as the lawful rights and interests of religious organizations, venues for religious activities, religious personnel, and religious citizens are protected by law.
Religious activities that religious organizations, venues for religious activities, religious personnel, and religious citizens launch and attend shall be in observance of laws, regulations, and rules, and safeguard the unification of the country, ethnic unity, and social stability.
Religious organizations, venues for religious activities, and religious personnel may not use religion to carry out activities such as those that harm national security or public security, impair the order of social management, infringe on citizensโ individual and democratic rights, or violate public and private property.
Article 4. Each religion persists in the principle of independence and self-management, and religious organizations, venues for religious activities, and religious affairs are not subject to the domination of foreign state forces and forces from beyond the borders.
Article 5. All levels of the peopleโs government shall actively guide religious organizations, venues for religious activities, and religious personnel in a love of the country and of religion, in protecting the country and benefiting the people, in uniting and moving forward, and in guiding the mutual adaptation of religion and socialism.
Article 6. Venues for religious activities may not reestablish, or reestablish in disguised form, previously abolished religious feudal privileges and oppressive exploitative systems, nor may they reestablish, in original or disguised form, the living Buddha labrang system [estate system for reincarnations of lamas] and subordinate relationships between temples.
Article 7. Peopleโs government religious affairs departments at the county level or above carry out, pursuant to the principles of delegated responsibility and territorial management and in accordance with law, the supervision, inspection, and guidance of conditions regarding the adherence to laws, regulations, and rules by religious organizations, venues for religious activities, and religious personnel; the establishment and implementation of management systems for venues; modifications to registration programs; and religious activities and activities that touch on foreign affairs.
Peopleโs government departments at the county level or above such as the public security, civil affairs, health, education, cultural relics, and news publication [departments] are responsible for the administrative management work within their scope of responsibility, in accordance with the law.
The peopleโs government of a township (town) and the street office shall, in accordance with their respective responsibilities, assist the religious affairs department in handling religious affairs work. The village (residence) committee shall coordinate with the peopleโs government at each level to handle related work.
Section 2 Religious Organizations and Venues for Religious Activities
Article 8. Registering the establishment, modification, and cancellation of a religious organization shall be handled in accordance with โRegulations on the Management of the Registration of Social Organizationsโ and โImplementing Measures on the Management of the Registration of Religious Social Organizations.โ The establishment, modification, and cancellation of a prefectural (city) religious organization must be reported for the record to the autonomous region’s peopleโs government religious affairs department.
Religious organizations accept supervision and management by the peopleโs government religious affairs department and civil affairs department in accordance with the law.
Article 9. Religious organizations are responsible for establishing โRules for the Democratic Management of Venues for Religious Activities,โ and organizing and implementing assessment and promotion work for religious ranks.
Article 10. Religious organizations and venues for religious activities may, in accordance with the national โMeasures on the Management of Internal Reference Publications,โ compile and print internal religious reference publications. The publishing for public distribution of religious publications and audio and visual materials is handled in accordance with the national โRegulations on Publication Administration,โ โRegulations on Audio and Visual Materials Administration,โ and the Tibet Autonomous Regionโs โTemporary Provisions on Improving the Management of the Religious Publishing Market.โ
Publications and audio and visual materials that involve religious content shall comply with the provisions in the national โRegulations on Publication Administrationโ and โRegulations on Audio and Visual Materials Administration,โ and may not contain contents that:
1. Destroy the harmonious workings between religious and non-religious citizens;
2. Destroy the harmony between different religions, as well as that which exists within a religion;
3. Discriminate against or insult religious or non-religious citizens;
4. Disseminate or glorify ethnic separatism, religious extremism, and terrorism.
5. Violate the principle of religious independence and self-management;
6. Otherwise violate what is stipulated under laws and regulations.
Article 11. Religious organizations and venues for religious activities, in establishing a printing house for scriptures, need approval from the autonomous regionโs peopleโs government religious affairs department and the news publication department.
Article 12. Religious organizations and venues for religious activities may accept contributions from religious citizens, in accordance with religious custom, and use them for activities appropriate to purposes of the organization or venue, but they may not force anyone to make a contribution or allot money.
Religious organizations and venues for religious activities that accept foreign contributions shall carry this out in accordance with the โAutonomous Region Measures on the Management of Overseas Contributions by NGOs and Individuals for Aid Projects.โ
Non-religious organizations and venues for non-religious activities may not organize or conduct religious activities, and may not accept contributions of a religious nature.
Article 13. Religious organizations or venues for religious activities that plan to build a religious structure such as an open-air religious statue, stupa, or mani lhakhang [prayer (wheel) temple] outside a venue for religious activities petition the autonomous region’s peopleโs government religious affairs department for examination and approval after receiving consent from the prefectural (city) administrative office (peopleโs government) religious affairs department where the venue is located. The autonomous region’s peopleโs government religious affairs department shall put forth its decision on whether to grant approval within 30 days of receiving it.
Religious organizations and venues for religious activities that plan to build a large-scale, open-air religious statue outside a venue for religious activities handle [the matter] in accordance with the provisions in the State Council โRegulation on Religious Affairs.โ
No group or individual outside of religious organizations and venues for religious activities may build religious structures such as a large-scale open-air religious statue, or mani lhakhang [prayer (wheel) temple].
Article 14. Collective religious activities of religious citizens generally shall be held at registered venues for religious activities, or within a site appointed by the peopleโs government religious affairs department at the county level or above, and led by religious personnel or by personnel who conform to the stipulated conditions of the religion.
Article 15. Plans to establish a venue for religious activities shall be examined and approved in accordance with the procedures stipulated by the state and the autonomous region.
Venues for religious activities shall handle procedures for registration in accordance with the relevant provisions of the state and the autonomous region.
Venues for religious activities that merge, divide, cease to be, or [otherwise] change their scope of registration shall handle the relevant procedure for changes in registration at the office that managed the original registration.
Article 16. To rebuild, expand, or repair venues for religious activities, a petition for examination and approval is made to the prefectural (city) administrative office (peopleโs government) religious affairs department in the locality, after obtaining the consent of the county-level peopleโs government religious affairs department in the locality. The prefectural (city) administrative office (peopleโs government) religious affairs department shall put forth its decision on whether to grant approval within 30 days of receiving the report.
Rebuilding, expanding, or repairing venues for religious activities attached to units for cultural relics protection also must report for approval to the department for cultural relics administration management, in accordance with provisions in laws and regulations for the protection of cultural relics.
Article 17. Venues for religious activities shall establish management organizations and practice democratic management. Members of a venue for religious activitiesโ management organization are elected through democratic consultation, implement a system for terms of office, and report this for examination to the management office that oversees the venueโs registration.
Article 18. The management organization of a venue for religious activities shall set up and strengthen management systems, in accordance with the law, in such matters as personnel, financial affairs, accounting, public order, fire prevention, learning, cultural relics protection, health and disease prevention, religious activities, and production management, and [shall] accept the supervision, inspection, and guidance of the relevant departments of the local peopleโs government.
The management organization of a venue for religious activities shall, in accordance with relevant provisions of the state and autonomous region, implement a cultural relics protection and safety responsibility system, and clarify responsibility for fire prevention and safety.
Article 19. Venues for religious activities recruit religious personnel, and handle procedures for their confirmation and for placing [the matter] on record on the basis of [the venuesโ] ability for self-cultivation, management ability, and the economic capacity of their religious adherents, as well as on the basis of the relevant provisions of the state and autonomous region.
Article 20. A venue for religious activities, in sponsoring scripture study classes, shall conform to the following conditions:
1. The venue has a history of holding scripture study classes;
2. There is a proportionate number of religious personnel who possess a definite knowledge of religion;
3. There are proper motives for holding the class and the content of the training is lawful.
4. The number of students does not exceed what the venue for religious activities has the scope to accommodate;
5. There are relatively complete measures on the management of students.
Article 21. For a venue for religious activities to hold a scripture study class, a petition for examination and approval is made to the autonomous region’s peopleโs government religious affairs department, after obtaining the consent of the prefectural (city) administrative office (peopleโs government) religious affairs department in the locality. The autonomous region religious affairs department shall make its decision on whether to grant approval within 30 days of receiving the application.
Article 22. Articles for religious use, religious works of art, and religious publications may be sold within venues for religious activities.
Article 23. The venue for religious activities may, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the state and the autonomous region, set up businesses with the goal of self-enrichment, service industries including tourism, and social welfare undertakings. All gains and income obtained shall be channeled into financial and accounting management.
Article 24. A venue for religious activitiesโ basic infrastructure construction for such things as roads, drinking water, lighting, and radio and television shall be brought under the local city or townโs overall construction plans.
Article 25. Venues for religious activities that are part of major tourist sites may save a portion of the entry fees and other income for use in maintenance, cultural relics protection, improving tourist facilities, and repairing the general environment.
Article 26. Venues for religious activities shall be on guard for safety mishaps within the venue or incidents that destroy ethnic unity or influence social stability.
In the event of a safety mishap or incident, the venue for religious activitiesโ management organization shall immediately report to the county-level peopleโs government religious affairs department in the locality, and assist the relevant office in dealing [with the matter] in accordance with the law.
Article 27. In holding a large-scale religious activity that goes beyond a zone and exceeds a venue for religious activitiesโ scope of accommodation; or in holding a large-scale religious activity outside a venue for religious activities, the following conditions shall be met:
1. Adherence with the doctrines and creeds and traditions and customs of the religion;
2. A concrete program of the activities that includes such content as the time, the location, the route, the number of people, the primary ceremonies, and emergency preparations.
Article 28. In holding a large-scale religious activity that goes beyond a zone, an application shall be submitted to the relevant religious affairs department 30 days prior to the planned activity, in accordance with the following provisions:
1. For trans-township (town) [activities], an application is submitted to the county-level peopleโs government religious affairs department where the activity is to take place;
2. For trans-county (city, district) [activities], the application is submitted to the prefectural (city) administrative office (peopleโs government) religious affairs department;
3. For trans-prefecture (city) [activities], the application is submitted to the autonomous region’s peopleโs government religious affairs department.
The religious affairs department shall put forth a decision on whether or not to grant approval within 20 days of receiving it and notify the relevant departments in a timely manner.
Holding a large-scale religious activity that exceeds the parameters of the autonomous region are handled in accordance with the provisions in the State Council โRegulation on Religious Affairs.โ
The town (township) peopleโs government, street office and relevant peopleโs government departments such as those at the county level or above [dealing with] religious affairs, public security, and traffic, shall implement management according to their respective responsibilities and guarantee the large-scale religious activity is carried out with safety and order.
Section 3 Religious Personnel
Article 29. Religious personnel, after having received confirmation from a religious organization and having reported [this] for the record to the peopleโs government religious affairs department at the county level or above, may engage in professional religious activities.
Religious organizations at the autonomous region level are responsible for instituting measures for confirming the status of religious personnel.
Article 30. Religious personnel are protected by law in leading religious activities; holding religious ceremonies and religious succession ceremonies; engaging in the arrangement of religious texts; and carrying out the study of religious culture, appraisals of scripture studies, as well as activities including research into religious culture and exchanges.
Article 31. Religious personnel may conduct simple religious ceremonies at open-air burials or in religious citizensโ homes, in accordance with religious citizensโ requests.
Article 32. Religious personnel may enjoy associated social security benefits in accordance with national and autonomous region provisions.
Article 33. With the exception of the provisions in Article 31, religious personnel may not carry out such activities as initiations into monkhood or nunhood, consecrations, expounding Buddhist sutras, proselytizing, or cultivating followers outside of venues for religious activities, if they have not received approval from the peopleโs government religious affairs department at the county level or above.
Article 34. Religious personnel and religious citizens may not โdisseminate and viewโ [chuankan] books, pictures, and materials that disrupt ethnic unity or endanger national security.
Religious followers may not ask religious personnel to recite from banned religious texts.
Article 35. Personnel who have been expelled from the templeโs registry, or have not yet obtained a โreligious personnel identification [card]โ may not use the status of religious personnel to engage in religious activities.
Article 36. The succession [zhuanshi] of living Buddhas in Tibetan Buddhism is handled, under the guidance of a religious organization, by a venue for religious activities, in accordance with relevant provisions of the state and autonomous region, and in accordance with religious procedures and historical practices.
No organization or individual may look for or confirm soul boys [children who are the reincarnations of lamas] without approval from the autonomous region’s peopleโs government religious affairs department.
Article 37. For those looking for or confirming soul boys [children who are the reincarnation of lamas] outside of our region, our regional religious organization consults with the relevant provincial (region, or city) religious organization, and reports it for the record to our regionโs peopleโs government religious affairs department.
For those coming from other provinces (regions, or cities) to our region looking for or confirming soul boys [children who are the reincarnation of lamas], the outside provincial (region, or city) religious organization consults with our regional religious organization, and reports it for the record to our regionโs peopleโs government religious affairs department.
Article 38. The religious organization and democratic management group of the venue for the religious activities organizes and implements Buddhist activities such as enthronement [โsitting on the bedโ ceremony], initiation into monkhood, and academic promotion of soul boys [children who are the reincarnations of lamas], in accordance with relevant provisions. The religious affairs department sends staff to supervise and guide [such activities].
Article 39. Venues for religious activities should draft practical measures for strengthening the development, education, and management of reincarnated living Buddhas. Reincarnated living Buddhas must submit to the management of the venue for religious activitiesโ management group where they are stationed.
The designation of a religious instructor or cultural teacher for the reincarnated living Buddha is reported for the record to the local peopleโs government religious affairs department at the county level or above, after the management organization of the venue for religious activities where the living Buddha is stationed puts forth its views and the local religious organization agrees.
Article 40. Belongings outside of alms earned by the living Buddha [reincarnations of lamas] through leading or carrying out religious activities at the venue for religious activities, belongings which the venue for religious activities provides for the living Buddha, as well as the religious fixtures and articles for religious use within the living Buddhaโs sleeping quarters at the venue for religious activities, are owned by the venue for religious activities, and can be used and managed by a reincarnated living Buddha.
Article 41. Religious personnel who leave a venue for religious activities to go out to practice their religion within the region must carry proof from the local peopleโs government religious affairs department at the county level or above and the โreligious personnel identification [card],โ and report for the record to the peopleโs government religious affairs department at the county level or above in the location where they go to practice. After the time period for the religious personnelโs practice has expired, they shall promptly return to the original venue for religious activities.
Article 42. Religious personnel from our region who receive an invitation to go outside the region to engage in religious activities must take the letter of invitation to the prefecture (city) administrative office (peopleโs government) religious affairs department in the religious personnelโs locality to put forward an application, and report for examination and approval to the autonomous regionโs peopleโs government religious affairs department. After receiving the report from the prefecture (cityโs) administrative office (peopleโs government) religious affairs department, the autonomous region’s peopleโs government religious affairs department shall consult with the peopleโs government religious affairs department of the other province (region, city), and within 30 days of receiving the report put forth a decision on whether to grant approval.
Our areaโs religious organization shall put forth an application to the autonomous region’s peopleโs government religious affairs department for invitations for another provinceโs (regionโs, or cityโs) religious personnel to come to our region to engage in religious activities. After the autonomous region’s peopleโs government religious affairs department has received the application, it shall consult with the peopleโs government religious affairs department of the other province (region, or city), and within 30 days of receiving the application put forth a decision on whether to grant approval.
Article 43. Our regionโs religious personnel who cross prefectures (cities) to study scripture shall obtain approval from the administrative office (peopleโs government) religious affairs department in the area (city) where the venue for religious activities is located, and report for the record to the autonomous region’s peopleโs government religious affairs department.
Our regionโs religious personnel who go to outside provinces (regions, cities) to study scripture, and religious personnel from other provinces (regions, cities) who study scripture at venues for religious activities in our region shall consult with and obtain consent from both provincial-level peopleโs government religious affairs departments.
While studying scripture, religious personnel shall abide by the rules system of the venue for religious activities and submit to the management of the peopleโs government religious affairs department and the management organization of the venue for religious activity in the area where they are located.
Article 44. When inviting foreign religious personnel to our region for a visit or religious study exchanges, the religious organization in the autonomous region shall submit an application to the autonomous region’s peopleโs government religious affairs department. The autonomous region’s peopleโs government religious affairs department shall, within 20 days of the receipt of the application and through joint consultation with the foreign affairs department of the autonomous region, put forward its views upon examination and verification to the autonomous region’s peopleโs government. The autonomous region’s peopleโs government shall, within 20 days, put forth a decision on whether or not to grant approval. Approved foreign religious personnel in our region shall submit to the management of the peopleโs government religious affairs department and of the foreign affairs department in the area where they are located.
Article 45. Overseas Tibetan compatriots may participate in religious activities at venues for religious activities in our region, but may not lead religious activities, or engage in such activities as initiations into monkhood or nunhood, consecrations, expounding Buddhist sutras, proselytizing, or cultivating followers.
Section 4 Legal Liability
Article 46. Where religious organizations, venues for religious, activities, and religious personnel, in violation of the provisions in the third clause of Article 3 of these measures, utilize religion to carry out illegal activities such as those that harm national security or public security, impair the order of social management, infringe on citizensโ individual and democratic rights, or violate public and private property, the relevant responsible department imposes, where the circumstances are not serious and do not constitute a crime, administrative penalties according to the law. Where the circumstances are serious and do constitute a crime, criminal liability is investigated according to law. If harm is caused to a citizen, legal person, or other organization, civil liability is undertaken according to law.
Article 47. Where a religious organization or venue for religious activity, in violation of the provisions in the second clause of Article 12 of these measures, accepts, without authorization, foreign contributions, the peopleโs government religious affairs department at the county level or above confiscates the contributions. Where the circumstances are serious, the office that administers [the organizationโs or venueโs] registration orders the relevant religious organization or venue for religious activities to dismiss and replace the person(s) directly responsible.
Article 48. Where, in violation of provisions in Article 13 of these measures, a religious structure such as an outdoor religious statue, stupa, or mani lhakhang [prayer (wheel) temple] is built without authorization outside of a venue for religious activity, the peopleโs government religious affairs department at the county level or above orders redress, suspension of construction, and demolition within a specified time limit, in accordance with relevant laws and regulations.
Article 49. Where, in violation of Article 16 of these measures, a venue for religious activities is rebuilt, expanded, or repaired without authorization, the peopleโs government religious affairs department at the county level or above orders the suspension of construction and demolition within a specified time limit.
Article 50. Where a venue for religious activities, in violation of the provisions in Article 21 of these measures, organizes a scripture class without authorization, the peopleโs government religious affairs department at the county level or above orders amends and confiscates any illegal gains. Where there is a violation of public security management provisions, the public security office imposes a public security management penalty according to law.
Article 51. Where, in violation of Article 28 of these measures, a large-scale religious activity is organized across zones without the examination and approval of the religious affairs department, the religious affairs department orders the discontinuation of the activity and confiscate any illegal gains. The department may also concurrently impose a fine of double to quadruple the amount of the illegal gains. In addition, where a religious organization or venue for religious activities has acted without authorization, the management office [that oversees] registration may order the religious organization or venue for religious activities to dismiss and replace the person(s) directly responsible.
Article 52. Where religious personnel, in violation of the provisions in Article 33 of these measures, engages in religious activities such as initiation into monkhood or nunhood, consecrations, expounding Buddhist sutras, proselytizing, or cultivating followers outside of a venue for religious activities without authorization, the peopleโs government religious affairs department at the county level or above orders amends. Where the circumstances are serious, the peopleโs government religious affairs department at the county level or above recommends to the relevant religious organization that it disqualify their religious personnel as such.
Article 53. Where religious personnel, in violation of the provisions in Articles 41, 42, 43, and 44 of these measures, cross zones for religious activities, without approval or putting on record [these activities], the peopleโs government religious affairs department at the county level or above orders amends. Where the circumstances are serious, the peopleโs government religious affairs department at the county level or above recommends to the relevant religious organization that they disqualify their religious personnel as such.
Article 54. Where overseas Tibetan compatriots, in violation of the provisions in Article 45 of these measures, lead religious activities, or engage in such activities as initiations into monkhood or nunhood, consecrations, expounding Buddhist sutras, proselytizing, or cultivating followers, the peopleโs government religious affairs department at the county level or above orders amends. Where the circumstances are serious, public security offices handle the matter according to entry-exit management laws and regulations.
Article 55. As for acts in violation of the State Council “Regulation on Religious Affairsโ and other provisions under these measures, [in the case where] there are already penalties stipulated under laws and regulations such as the Regulation on Religious Affairs, those provisions should be followed.
Section 5 Supplementary Provisions
Article 56. These implementing measures automatically enter into force on January 1, 2007. The Tibet Autonomous Region Temporary Measures on the Management of Religious Affairs promulgated by the Tibet Autonomous Region peopleโs government on December 20, 1991, are repealed simultaneously.
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ๅฎๆๅขไฝใๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆใๅฎๆๆ่ไบบๅไธๅพๅฉ็จๅฎๆ่ฟ่กๅฑๅฎณๅฝๅฎถๅฎๅ จใๅ ฌๅ ฑๅฎๅ จ๏ผๅฆจๅฎณ็คพไผ็ฎก็็งฉๅบ๏ผไพต็ฏๅ ฌๆฐไบบ่บซๆๅฉใๆฐไธปๆๅฉ๏ผไพต็ฏๅ ฌ็ง่ดขไบง็ญๆดปๅจใ
็ฌฌๅๆก ๅๅฎๆๅๆ็ฌ็ซ่ชไธป่ชๅๅๅ๏ผๅฎๆๅขไฝใๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆๅๅฎๆไบๅกไธๅๅคๅฝๅฟๅๅๅขๅคๅฟๅ็ๆฏ้ ใ
็ฌฌไบๆก ๅ็บงไบบๆฐๆฟๅบๅบๅฝ็งฏๆๅผๅฏผๅฎๆๅขไฝใๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆๅๅฎๆๆ่ไบบๅ็ฑๅฝ็ฑๆใๆคๅฝๅฉๆฐใๅข็ป่ฟๆญฅ๏ผๅผๅฏผๅฎๆไธ็คพไผไธปไน็คพไผ็ธ้ๅบใ
็ฌฌๅ ญๆก ๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆไธๅพๆขๅคๆ่ ๅ็ธๆขๅคๅทฒ่ขซๅบ้ค็ๅฎๆๅฐๅปบ็นๆๅๅ่ฟซๅฅๅๅถๅบฆ๏ผไธๅพๆขๅคๆ่ ๅ็ธๆขๅคๆดปไฝๆ็ซ ๅถๅบฆๅๅฏบๅบ้ด็้ถๅฑๅ ณ็ณปใ
็ฌฌไธๆก ๅฟ็บงไปฅไธไบบๆฐๆฟๅบๅฎๆไบๅก้จ้จๆ็ งๅ็บง่ด่ดฃใๅฑๅฐ็ฎก็ๅๅ๏ผไพๆณๅฏนๅฎๆๅขไฝใๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆๅๅฎๆๆ่ไบบๅ้ตๅฎๆณๅพใๆณ่งใ่ง็ซ ๆ ๅต๏ผๅปบ็ซๅๆง่กๅบๆ็ฎก็ๅถๅบฆๆ ๅต๏ผ็ป่ฎฐ้กน็ฎๅๆดๆ ๅต๏ผๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅๆถๅคๆดปๅจๆ ๅต่ฟ่ก็็ฃๆฃๆฅๅๆๅฏผใ
ๅฟ็บงไปฅไธไบบๆฐๆฟๅบๅ ฌๅฎใๆฐๆฟใๅซ็ใๆ่ฒใๆ็ฉใๆฐ้ปๅบ็็ญ้จ้จ๏ผๅจๅ่ช่่ดฃ่ๅดๅ ไพๆณ่ด่ดฃๆๅ ณ็่กๆฟ็ฎก็ๅทฅไฝใ
ไนก๏ผ้๏ผไบบๆฐๆฟๅบๅ่ก้ๅไบๅคๅบๅฝๆ็ งๅ่ช่่ดฃ๏ผๅๅฉๅฎๆไบๅก้จ้จๅๅฅฝๅฎๆไบๅกๅทฅไฝใๆ๏ผๅฑ ๏ผๆฐๅงๅไผๅบๅฝ้ ๅๅ็บงไบบๆฐๆฟๅบๅๅฅฝ็ธๅ ณๅทฅไฝใ
็ฌฌไบ็ซ ๅฎๆๅขไฝๅๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆ
็ฌฌๅ
ซๆก ๅฎๆๅขไฝ็ๆ็ซใๅๆดๅๆณจ้๏ผๅบๅฝไพ็
งใ็คพไผๅขไฝ็ป่ฎฐ็ฎก็ๆกไพใๅใๅฎๆ็คพไผๅขไฝ็ป่ฎฐ็ฎก็ๅฎๆฝๅๆณใๅ็็ป่ฎฐใๅฐ๏ผๅธ๏ผๅฎๆๅขไฝ็ๆ็ซใๅๆดๅๆณจ้๏ผ้ๆฅ่ชๆฒปๅบไบบๆฐๆฟๅบๅฎๆไบๅก้จ้จๅคๆกใ
ๅฎๆๅขไฝไพๆณๆฅๅๆๅจๅฐไบบๆฐๆฟๅบๅฎๆไบๅก้จ้จๅๆฐๆฟ้จ้จ็็็ฃ็ฎก็ใ
็ฌฌไนๆก ๅฎๆๅขไฝ่ด่ดฃๅถๅฎใๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆๆฐไธป็ฎก็็ซ ็จใ๏ผ็ป็ปๅฎๆฝๅฎๆๅญฆ่ก่ๆ ธๆๅๅทฅไฝใ
็ฌฌๅๆก ๅฎๆๅขไฝใๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆๅฏไปฅๆ็ งๅฝๅฎถใๅ ้จ่ตๆๆงๅบ็็ฉ็ฎก็ๅๆณใ็ผๅฐๅฎๆๅ ้จ่ตๆๆงๅบ็็ฉใๅบ็ๅ ฌๅผๅ่ก็ๅฎๆๅบ็็ฉๅ้ณๅๅถๅ๏ผๆ็ งๅฝๅฎถใๅบ็็ฎก็ๆกไพใใใ้ณๅๅถๅ็ฎก็ๆกไพใๅ่ฅฟ่่ชๆฒปๅบใๅ ณไบ่ฟไธๆญฅๅ ๅผบๅฎๆ็ฑปๅบ็็ฉๅธๅบ็ฎก็ๆ่ก่งๅฎใๅ็ใ
ๆถๅๅฎๆๅ ๅฎน็ๅบ็็ฉๅ้ณๅๅถๅ๏ผๅบๅฝ็ฌฆๅๅฝๅฎถใๅบ็็ฎก็ๆกไพใใใ้ณๅๅถๅ็ฎก็ๆกไพใ็่งๅฎ๏ผๅนถไธๅพๅซๆไธๅๅ ๅฎน๏ผ
๏ผไธ๏ผ็ ดๅไฟกๆๅ ฌๆฐไธไธไฟกๆๅ ฌๆฐๅ็ฆ็ธๅค็๏ผ
๏ผไบ๏ผ็ ดๅไธๅๅฎๆไน้ดๅ็ฆไปฅๅๅฎๆๅ ้จๅ็ฆ็๏ผ
๏ผไธ๏ผๆญง่งใไพฎ่พฑไฟกๆๅ ฌๆฐๆ่ ไธไฟกๆๅ ฌๆฐ็๏ผ
๏ผๅ๏ผไผ ๆญใ็พๅๆฐๆๅ่ฃไธปไนใๅฎๆๆ็ซฏไธปไนๅๆๆไธปไน็๏ผ
๏ผไบ๏ผ่ฟ่ๅฎๆ็็ฌ็ซ่ชไธป่ชๅๅๅ็๏ผ
๏ผๅ ญ๏ผๅ ถไป่ฟๅๆณๅพๆณ่ง่งๅฎ็ใ
็ฌฌๅไธๆก ๅฎๆๅขไฝใๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆ่ฎพ็ซๅฐ็ป้ข๏ผ้็ป่ชๆฒปๅบไบบๆฐๆฟๅบๅฎๆไบๅก้จ้จๅๆฐ้ปๅบ็้จ้จๆนๅใ
็ฌฌๅไบๆก ๅฎๆๅขไฝใๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆๅฏไปฅๆ็ งๅฎๆไน ๆฏๆฅๅไฟกๆๅ ฌๆฐ็ๆ็ฎ๏ผ็จไบไธ่ฏฅๅขไฝใๅบๆๅฎๆจ็ธ็ฌฆ็ๆดปๅจ๏ผไฝไธๅพๅผบ่ฟซๆ็ฎๆ่ ๆๆดพใ
ๅฎๆๅขไฝใๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆๆฅๅๅขๅคๆ่ต ๏ผๅบๅฝๆ็ งใ่ชๆฒปๅบๆฅๅๅขๅค้ๆฟๅบ็ป็ปใไธชไบบๆ่ต ๆดๅฉ้กน็ฎ็ฎก็ๅๆณใๆง่กใ
้ๅฎๆๅขไฝใ้ๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆไธๅพ็ป็ปใไธพ่กๅฎๆๆดปๅจ๏ผไธๅพๆฅๅๅฎๆๆงๆ็ฎใ
็ฌฌๅไธๆก ๅฎๆๅขไฝใๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆๆๅจๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆๅคไฟฎๅปบ้ฒๅคฉๅฎๆ้ ๅใไฝๅกใ็ๅฐผๆๅบท็ญๅฎๆๅปบ็ญ็ฉ็๏ผ็ปๆๅจๅฐ็ๅฐๅบ๏ผๅธ๏ผ่ก็ฝฒ๏ผไบบๆฐๆฟๅบ๏ผๅฎๆไบๅก้จ้จๅๆๅ๏ผ ๆฅ่ฏท่ชๆฒปๅบไบบๆฐๆฟๅบๅฎๆไบๅก้จ้จๅฎกๆนใ่ชๆฒปๅบไบบๆฐๆฟๅบๅฎๆไบๅก้จ้จๅบๅฝ่ชๆถๅฐ็ณ่ฏทไนๆฅ่ตท30ๆฅๅ ไฝๅบๆฏๅฆๆนๅ็ๅณๅฎใ
ๅฎๆๅขไฝใๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆๆๅจๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆๅคไฟฎๅปบๅคงๅ้ฒๅคฉๅฎๆ้ ๅ็๏ผไพ็ งๅฝๅก้ขใๅฎๆไบๅกๆกไพใ็่งๅฎๅ็ใ
ๅฎๆๅขไฝใๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆไปฅๅค็็ป็ปๅไธชไบบไธๅพไฟฎๅปบๅคงๅ้ฒๅคฉๅฎๆ้ ๅใไฝๅกใ็ๅฐผๆๅบท็ญๅฎๆๅปบ็ญ็ฉใ
็ฌฌๅๅๆก ไฟกๆๅ ฌๆฐ็้ไฝๅฎๆๆดปๅจ๏ผไธ่ฌๅบๅฝๅจ็ป็ป่ฎฐ็ๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆๆ่ ็ปๅฟ็บงไปฅไธไบบๆฐๆฟๅบๅฎๆไบๅก้จ้จๆๅฎ็ๅบๆๅ ไธพ่ก๏ผๅนถ็ฑๅฎๆๆ่ไบบๅๆ่ ็ฌฆๅๆฌๅฎๆ่งๅฎๆกไปถ็ไบบๅไธปๆใ
็ฌฌๅไบๆก ๆ่ฎพ็ซๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆ็๏ผๅบๅฝไพ็ งๅฝๅฎถๅ่ชๆฒปๅบ่งๅฎ็็จๅบๅฎกๆนใ
ๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆๅบๅฝๆ็ งๅฝๅฎถๅ่ชๆฒปๅบ็ๆๅ ณ่งๅฎๅ็็ป่ฎฐๆ็ปญใ
ๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆๅๅนถใๅ็ซใ็ปๆญขๆ่ ๅๆด็ป่ฎฐๅ ๅฎน็๏ผๅบๅฝๅฐๅ็ป่ฎฐ็ฎก็ๆบๅ ณๅ็็ธๅบ็ๅๆด็ป่ฎฐๆ็ปญใ
็ฌฌๅๅ ญๆก ๆนๅปบใๆฉๅปบใไฟฎๅคๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆ็๏ผ็ปๆๅจๅฐๅฟ็บงไบบๆฐๆฟๅบๅฎๆไบๅก้จ้จๅๆๅ๏ผๆฅ่ฏทๆๅจๅฐ็ๅฐๅบ๏ผๅธ๏ผ่ก็ฝฒ๏ผไบบๆฐๆฟๅบ๏ผๅฎๆไบๅก้จ้จๅฎกๆนใๅฐๅบ๏ผๅธ๏ผ่ก็ฝฒ๏ผไบบๆฐๆฟๅบ๏ผๅฎๆไบๅก้จ้จๅบๅฝ่ชๆถๅฐๆฅๅไนๆฅ่ตท30ๆฅๅ ๏ผไฝๅบๆฏๅฆๆนๅ็ๅณๅฎใ
ๆนๅปบใๆฉๅปบใไฟฎๅค็ๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆๅฑไบๆ็ฉไฟๆคๅไฝ็๏ผ่ฟ้กปๆ็ งๆ็ฉไฟๆคๆณๅพๆณ่ง่งๅฎๆฅๆ็ฉ่กๆฟไธป็ฎก้จ้จๆนๅใ
็ฌฌๅไธๆก ๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆๅบๅฝๆ็ซ็ฎก็็ป็ป๏ผๅฎ่กๆฐไธป็ฎก็ใๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆ็ฎก็็ป็ปๆๅ็ปๆฐไธปๅๅๆจ้ไบง็๏ผๅฎ่กไปปๆๅถ๏ผๅนถๆฅ่ฏฅๅบๆ็็ป่ฎฐ็ฎก็ๆบๅ ณๅคๆกๅฎกๆฅใ
็ฌฌๅๅ ซๆก ๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆ็ฎก็็ป็ปๅบๅฝไพๆณๅปบ็ซๅฅๅ จไบบๅใ่ดขๅกใไผ่ฎกใๆฒปๅฎใๆถ้ฒใๅญฆไน ใๆ็ฉไฟๆคใๅซ็้ฒ็ซใๅฎๆๆดปๅจใ็ไบง็ป่ฅ็ญ็ฎก็ๅถๅบฆ๏ผๆฅๅๅฝๅฐไบบๆฐๆฟๅบๆๅ ณ้จ้จ็็็ฃๆฃๆฅๅๆๅฏผใ
ๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆ็ฎก็็ป็ปๅบๅฝๆ นๆฎๅฝๅฎถๅ่ชๆฒปๅบ็ๆๅ ณ่งๅฎ๏ผ่ฝๅฎๆ็ฉไฟๆคๅฎๅ จ่ดฃไปปๅถ๏ผๆ็กฎๆถ้ฒใๅฎๅ จ่่ดฃใ
็ฌฌๅไนๆก ๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆๆ นๆฎๅ ถ่ชๅ ป่ฝๅใ็ฎก็่ฝๅใๅฝๅฐไฟกๆๅ ฌๆฐ็็ปๆตๆฟๅ่ฝๅไปฅๅๅฝๅฎถๅ่ชๆฒปๅบ็ๆๅ ณ่งๅฎๅธๆถๅฎๆๆ่ไบบๅ๏ผๅนถๅ็็กฎ่ฎคใๅคๆกๆ็ปญใ
็ฌฌไบๅๆก ๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆไธพๅๅญฆ็ป็ญ๏ผๅบๅฝ็ฌฆๅไธๅๆกไปถ๏ผ
๏ผไธ๏ผ่ฏฅๅบๆๆไธพๅๅญฆ็ป็ญ็ๅๅฒ๏ผ
๏ผไบ๏ผๆ็ธๅฝๆฐ้็ๅ ทๅคไธๅฎๅฎๆๅญฆ่ฏ็ๆ่ไบบๅ๏ผ
๏ผไธ๏ผๅๅญฆ็ฎ็็ซฏๆญฃ๏ผๅน่ฎญๅ ๅฎนๅๆณ๏ผ
๏ผๅ๏ผๅญฆๅไบบๆฐไธ่ถ ่ฟๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆๅฎน็บณ่งๆจก๏ผ
๏ผไบ๏ผๆ่พไธบๅฎๆด็ๅญฆๅ็ฎก็ๆชๆฝใ
็ฌฌไบๅไธๆก ๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆไธพๅๅญฆ็ป็ญ๏ผ็ปๆๅจๅฐ็ๅฐๅบ๏ผๅธ๏ผ่ก็ฝฒ๏ผไบบๆฐๆฟๅบ๏ผๅฎๆไบๅก้จ้จๅๆๅ๏ผๆฅ่ฏท่ชๆฒปๅบไบบๆฐๆฟๅบๅฎๆไบๅก้จ้จๅฎกๆนใ่ชๆฒปๅบไบบๆฐๆฟๅบๅฎๆไบๅก้จ้จๅบๅฝ่ชๆถๅฐ็ณ่ฏทไนๆฅ่ตท30ๆฅๅ ไฝๅบๆฏๅฆๆนๅ็ๅณๅฎใ
็ฌฌไบๅไบๆก ๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆๅ ๅฏไปฅ็ป้ๅฎๆ็จๅใๅฎๆ่บๆฏๅๅๅฎๆๅบ็็ฉใ
็ฌฌไบๅไธๆก ๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆๅฏไปฅๆ็ งๅฝๅฎถๅ่ชๆฒปๅบ็ๆๅ ณ่งๅฎ๏ผๅ ดๅไปฅ่ชๅ ปไธบ็ฎ็็ๅไธใๆ ๆธธๆฅๅพ ็ญๆๅกไธๅ็คพไผๅ ฌ็ไบไธ๏ผๆ่ทๅพ็ๆถ็ไปฅๅๆถๅ ฅๅบๅฝ็บณๅ ฅ่ดขๅกใไผ่ฎก็ฎก็ใ
็ฌฌไบๅๅๆก ๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆ็้่ทฏใ้ฅฎๆฐดใ็ งๆใๅนฟๆญ็ต่ง็ญๅบ็ก่ฎพๆฝๅปบ่ฎพ๏ผๅบๅฝ็บณๅ ฅๅฝๅฐๅไนกๅปบ่ฎพๆปไฝ่งๅใ
็ฌฌไบๅไบๆก ๅฑไบ้็นๆ ๆธธๆฏ็น็ๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆ๏ผๅฏไปฅไป้จ็ฅจ็ญ็ปๆตๆถๅ ฅไธญๆ็ไธๅฎ่ต้๏ผ็จไบๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆ็็ปดไฟฎใๆ็ฉไฟๆคใๆ ๆธธ่ฎพๆฝๆนๅๅๅจ่พน็ฏๅขๆดๆฒปใ
็ฌฌไบๅๅ ญๆก ๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆๅบๅฝ้ฒ่ๆฌๅบๆๅ ๅ็ๅฎๅ จไบๆ ๆ่ ๅบ็ฐ็ ดๅๆฐๆๅข็ปใๅฝฑๅ็คพไผ็จณๅฎ็ไบไปถใ
ๅ็ๅฎๅ จไบๆ ๆ่ ไบไปถๆถ๏ผๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆ็ฎก็็ป็ปๅบๅฝ็ซๅณๆฅๅๆๅจๅฐ็ๅฟ็บงไบบๆฐๆฟๅบๅฎๆไบๅก้จ้จ๏ผๅนถๅๅฉๆๅ ณ้จ้จไพๆณๅค็ใ
็ฌฌไบๅไธๆก ่ทจๅบๅไธพ่ก่ถ ่ฟๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆๅฎน็บณ่งๆจก็ๅคงๅๅฎๆๆดปๅจ๏ผๆ่ ๅจๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆๅคไธพ่กๅคงๅๅฎๆๆดปๅจ๏ผๅบๅฝๅ ทๅคไธๅๆกไปถ๏ผ
๏ผไธ๏ผ็ฌฆๅๅฎๆๆไนๆ่งๅๅฎๆไผ ็ปไน ๆฏ๏ผ
๏ผไบ๏ผๅ ทไฝๆดปๅจๆนๆกๅ ๆฌๆดปๅจๆถ้ดใๅฐ็นใ็บฟ่ทฏใไบบๅ่งๆจกใไธป่ฆไปชๅผใๅบๆฅ้ขๆก็ญๅ ๅฎนใ
็ฌฌไบๅๅ ซๆก ่ทจๅบๅไธพ่กๅคงๅๅฎๆๆดปๅจ๏ผๅบๅฝๆ็ งไธๅ่งๅฎๅจๆไธพ่กๆฅ็30ๆฅๅๅ็ธๅบ็ๅฎๆไบๅก้จ้จๆๅบ็ณ่ฏท๏ผ
๏ผไธ๏ผ่ทจไนก๏ผ้๏ผ็๏ผๅไธพๅๅฐ็ๅฟ็บงไบบๆฐๆฟๅบๅฎๆไบๅก้จ้จๆๅบ็ณ่ฏท๏ผ
๏ผไบ๏ผ่ทจๅฟ๏ผๅธใๅบ๏ผ็๏ผๅไธพๅๅฐ็ๅฐๅบ๏ผๅธ๏ผ่ก็ฝฒ๏ผไบบๆฐๆฟๅบ๏ผๅฎๆไบๅก้จ้จๆๅบ็ณ่ฏท๏ผ
๏ผไธ๏ผ่ทจๅฐ๏ผๅธ๏ผ็๏ผๅ่ชๆฒปๅบไบบๆฐๆฟๅบๅฎๆไบๅก้จ้จๆๅบ็ณ่ฏทใ
ๅฎๆไบๅก้จ้จๅบๅฝ่ชๆถๅฐ็ณ่ฏทไนๆฅ่ตท20ๆฅๅ ไฝๅบๆฏๅฆๆนๅ็ๅณๅฎ๏ผๅนถๅๆถ้็ฅ็ธๅ ณ้จ้จใ
ไธพๅ่ถ ๅบ่ชๆฒปๅบ่ๅด็ๅคงๅๅฎๆๆดปๅจ๏ผไพ็ งๅฝๅก้ขใๅฎๆไบๅกๆกไพใ็่งๅฎๅ็ใ
ๅคงๅๅฎๆๆดปๅจไธพๅๅฐ็ไนก๏ผ้๏ผไบบๆฐๆฟๅบใ่ก้ๅไบๅคๅๅฟ็บงไปฅไธไบบๆฐๆฟๅบๅฎๆไบๅกใๅ ฌๅฎใไบค้็ญๆๅ ณ้จ้จ๏ผๅบๅฝไพๆฎๅ่ช่่ดฃๅฎๆฝ็ฎก็๏ผไฟ่ฏๅคงๅๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅฎๅ จใๆๅบ่ฟ่กใ
็ฌฌไธ็ซ ๅฎๆๆ่ไบบๅ
็ฌฌไบๅไนๆก ๅฎๆๆ่ไบบๅ็ปๅฎๆๅขไฝ็กฎ่ฎค๏ผๆฅๅฟ็บงไปฅไธไบบๆฐๆฟๅบๅฎๆไบๅก้จ้จๅคๆกๅ๏ผๅฏไปฅไปไบๅฎๆๆๅกๆดปๅจใ
ๅฎๆๆ่ไบบๅ่บซไปฝ็กฎ่ฎคๅๆณ๏ผ็ฑ่ชๆฒปๅบๅฎๆๅขไฝ่ด่ดฃๅถๅฎใ
็ฌฌไธๅๆก ๅฎๆๆ่ไบบๅไธปๆๅฎๆๆดปๅจ๏ผไธพ่กๅฎๆไปชๅผๅๅฎๆไผ ๆฟไปชๅผ๏ผไปไบๅฎๆๅ ธ็ฑๆด็๏ผ่ฟ่กๅฎๆๆๅไน ไฟฎใๅญฆ็ป่ๆ ธไปฅๅๅฎๆๆๅ็ ็ฉถใไบคๆต็ญๆดปๅจ๏ผๅๆณๅพไฟๆคใ
็ฌฌไธๅไธๆก ๅฎๆๆ่ไบบๅๅฏไปฅๆ นๆฎไฟกๆๅ ฌๆฐ็่ฆๆฑ๏ผๅจๅคฉ่ฌๅฐๅไฟกๆๅ ฌๆฐๅฎถไธญไธพ่ก็ฎๅ็ๅฎๆไปชๅผใ
็ฌฌไธๅไบๆก ๅฎๆๆ่ไบบๅๅฏไปฅๆ็ งๅฝๅฎถๅ่ชๆฒปๅบ็่งๅฎ๏ผไบซๅๆๅ ณ็คพไผไฟ้ๅพ ้ใ
็ฌฌไธๅไธๆก ้คๆฌๅๆณ็ฌฌไธๅไธๆก่งๅฎๅค๏ผๆช็ปๅฟ็บงไปฅไธไบบๆฐๆฟๅบๅฎๆไบๅก้จ้จๆนๅ๏ผๅฎๆๆ่ไบบๅไธๅพๅจๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆๅคไปไบๅๆใ็้กถใ่ฎฒ็ปใไผ ๆใๅๅฑไฟกๅพ็ญๅฎๆๆดปๅจใ
็ฌฌไธๅๅๆก ๅฎๆๆ่ไบบๅๅไฟกๆๅ ฌๆฐไธๅพไผ ็็ ดๅๆฐๆๅข็ปใๅฑๅฎณๅฝๅฎถๅฎๅ จ็ไนฆ็ฑใๅพ็ๅ่ตๆใ
ไฟกๆๅ ฌๆฐไธๅพ่ฆๆฑๅฎๆๆ่ไบบๅๅฟต่ฏต่ฟ็ฆ็ปๆใ
็ฌฌไธๅไบๆก ๅทฒ่ขซๅผ้คๅฏบ็ฑใๆชๆใๅฎๆๆ่ไบบๅ่ฏใ็ไบบๅ๏ผไธๅพไปฅๅฎๆๆ่ไบบๅ่บซไปฝไปไบๅฎๆๆดปๅจใ
็ฌฌไธๅๅ ญๆก ่ไผ ไฝๆๆดปไฝ่ฝฌไธ๏ผๅจๅฎๆๅขไฝๆๅฏผไธ๏ผ็ฑๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆๆ็ งๅฝๅฎถๅ่ชๆฒปๅบๆๅ ณ่งๅฎ๏ผไพ็ งๅฎๆไปช่ฝจๅๅๅฒๅฎๅถๅ็ใ
ๆช็ป่ชๆฒปๅบไบบๆฐๆฟๅบๅฎๆไบๅก้จ้จๆนๅ๏ผไปปไฝ็ป็ปๅไธชไบบไธๅพๅฏป่ฎฟใ่ฎคๅฎๆดปไฝ่ฝฌไธ็ต็ซฅใ
็ฌฌไธๅไธๆก ๅฐๆๅบไปฅๅคๅฏป่ฎฟใ่ฎคๅฎๆดปไฝ่ฝฌไธ็ต็ซฅ็๏ผ็ฑๆๅบๅฎๆๅขไฝไธๆๅ ณ็๏ผๅบใๅธ๏ผๅฎๆๅขไฝๅๅ๏ผๆฅๆๅบ่ชๆฒปๅบไบบๆฐๆฟๅบๅฎๆไบๅก้จ้จๅคๆกใ
ๅค็๏ผๅบใๅธ๏ผๅฐๆๅบๅฏป่ฎฟใ่ฎคๅฎๆดปไฝ่ฝฌไธ็ต็ซฅ็๏ผ็ฑๅค็๏ผๅบใๅธ๏ผๅฎๆๅขไฝไธๆๅบๅฎๆๅขไฝๅๅ๏ผๆฅๆๅบ่ชๆฒปๅบไบบๆฐๆฟๅบๅฎๆไบๅก้จ้จๅคๆกใ
็ฌฌไธๅๅ ซๆก ๆดปไฝ่ฝฌไธ็ต็ซฅ็ๅๅบใๅๆใๅญฆ่กๆๅ็ญไฝไบๆดปๅจ๏ผ็ฑๅฎๆๅขไฝๅๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆ็ฎก็็ป็ปๆ็ งๆๅ ณ่งๅฎ็ป็ปๅฎๆฝ๏ผๅฎๆไบๅก้จ้จๆดพๅๅไธ็็ฃใๆๅฏผใ
็ฌฌไธๅไนๆก ๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆๅบๅฝๅถๅฎๅๅฎๅฏ่ก็ๅๆณ๏ผๅ ๅผบๅฏน่ฝฌไธๆดปไฝ็ๅนๅ ปใๆ่ฒๅ็ฎก็๏ผ่ฝฌไธๆดปไฝๅฟ ้กปๆไปๆ้ฉปๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆ็ฎก็็ป็ป็็ฎก็ใ
้ๅฎ่ฝฌไธๆดปไฝ็็ปๅธใๆๅๆๅธ๏ผ็ฑ่ฝฌไธๆดปไฝๆ้ฉปๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆ็ฎก็็ป็ปๆๅบๆ่ง๏ผ็ปๆๅจๅฐ็ๅฎๆๅขไฝๅๆๅ๏ผๆฅๅฝๅฐๅฟ็บงไปฅไธไบบๆฐๆฟๅบๅฎๆไบๅก้จ้จๅคๆกใ
็ฌฌๅๅๆก ๆดปไฝๅจๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆไธปๆๆ่ ไธพ่กๅฎๆๆดปๅจๆๅพๅธๆฝไปฅๅค็่ดข็ฉ๏ผๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆๆไพ็ปๆดปไฝ็่ดข็ฉไปฅๅๆดปไฝๅจๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆๅฏๅฎซๅ ็ๅฎๆ่ฎพๆฝใๅฎๆ็จๅ๏ผๅฝๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆๆๆ๏ผ่ฝฌไธๆดปไฝๅฏไปฅไฝฟ็จๅ็ฎก็ใ
็ฌฌๅๅไธๆก ๅฎๆๆ่ไบบๅ็ฆปๅผๅ ถๆๅจๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆๅจๅบๅ ๅคๅบไฟฎ่ก๏ผ้ๆๆๅจๅฐ็ๅฟ็บงไปฅไธไบบๆฐๆฟๅบๅฎๆไบๅก้จ้จ่ฏๆๅใๅฎๆๆ่ไบบๅ่ฏใ๏ผๅฐไฟฎ่ก็นๆๅจๅฐ็ๅฟ็บงไบบๆฐๆฟๅบๅฎๆไบๅก้จ้จๅคๆกใๅฎๆๆ่ไบบๅไฟฎ่กๆๆปกๅ๏ผๅบๅฝๅๆถ่ฟๅๅๆๅจๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆใ
็ฌฌๅๅไบๆก ๆๅบๅฎๆๆ่ไบบๅๅบ้ๅฐๅบๅคไปไบๅฎๆๆดปๅจ๏ผ้ๆ้่ฏทๅฝๅๅฎๆๆ่ไบบๅๆๅจๅฐ็ๅฐๅบ๏ผๅธ๏ผ่ก็ฝฒ๏ผไบบๆฐๆฟๅบ๏ผๅฎๆไบๅก้จ้จๆๅบ็ณ่ฏท๏ผๆฅ่ชๆฒปๅบไบบๆฐๆฟๅบๅฎๆไบๅก ้จ้จๅฎกๆนใๆถๅฐๅฐๅบ๏ผๅธ๏ผ่ก็ฝฒ๏ผไบบๆฐๆฟๅบ๏ผๅฎๆไบๅก้จ้จๆฅๅๅ๏ผ่ชๆฒปๅบไบบๆฐๆฟๅบๅฎๆไบๅก้จ้จๅบๅฝไธๅค็๏ผๅบใๅธ๏ผไบบๆฐๆฟๅบๅฎๆไบๅก้จ้จๅๅ๏ผๅนถ่ชๆถๅฐๆฅๅ ๅ็30ๆฅๅ ไฝๅบๆฏๅฆๆนๅ็ๅณๅฎใ
้่ฏทๅค็๏ผๅบใๅธ๏ผๅฎๆๆ่ไบบๅๅฐๆๅบไปไบๅฎๆๆดปๅจ๏ผๅบๅฝ็ฑๆๅบๅฎๆๅขไฝๅ่ชๆฒปๅบไบบๆฐๆฟๅบๅฎๆไบๅก้จ้จๆๅบ็ณ่ฏทใ่ชๆฒปๅบไบบๆฐๆฟๅบๅฎๆไบๅก้จ้จๆถๅฐ็ณ่ฏทๅๅบๅฝไธๅค็๏ผๅบใๅธ๏ผไบบๆฐๆฟๅบๅฎๆไบๅก้จ้จๅๅ๏ผๅนถ่ชๆถๅฐ็ณ่ฏทๅ็30ๆฅๅ ไฝๅบๆฏๅฆๆนๅ็ๅณๅฎใ
็ฌฌๅๅไธๆก ๆๅบๅฎๆๆ่ไบบๅ่ทจๅฐ๏ผๅธ๏ผๅญฆ็ป๏ผๅบๅฝ่ทๅพๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆๆๅจๅฐ็ๅฐๅบ๏ผๅธ๏ผ่ก็ฝฒ๏ผไบบๆฐๆฟๅบ๏ผๅฎๆไบๅก้จ้จ็ๆนๅ๏ผๅนถๆฅ่ชๆฒปๅบไบบๆฐๆฟๅบๅฎๆไบๅก้จ้จๅคๆกใ
ๆๅบๅฎๆๆ่ไบบๅๅฐๅค็๏ผๅบใๅธ๏ผๅญฆ็ป๏ผไปฅๅๅค็๏ผๅบใๅธ๏ผๅฎๆๆ่ไบบๅๅฐๆๅบๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆๅญฆ็ป๏ผๅบๅฝ็ป่ฟๅๆน็็บงไบบๆฐๆฟๅบๅฎๆไบๅก้จ้จๅๅๅๆใ
ๅญฆ็ปๆ้ด๏ผๅฎๆๆ่ไบบๅๅบๅฝ้ตๅฎๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆ็่ง็ซ ๅถๅบฆ๏ผๆไปๆๅจๅฐไบบๆฐๆฟๅบๅฎๆไบๅก้จ้จๅๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆ็ฎก็็ป็ป็็ฎก็ใ
็ฌฌๅๅๅๆก ้่ฏทๅขๅคๅฎๆๆ่ไบบๅๅฐๆๅบ่ฟ่ก่ฎฟ้ฎๆ่ ๅฎๆๅญฆๆฏไบคๆต็๏ผๅบๅฝ็ฑ่ชๆฒปๅบๅฎๆๅขไฝๅ่ชๆฒปๅบไบบๆฐๆฟๅบๅฎๆไบๅก้จ้จๆๅบ็ณ่ฏท๏ผ่ชๆฒปๅบไบบๆฐๆฟๅบๅฎๆไบๅก้จ้จๅบๅฝ่ช ๆถๅฐ็ณ่ฏทไนๆฅ่ตท20ๆฅๅ ไผๅ่ชๆฒปๅบๅคไบ้จ้จๅ่ชๆฒปๅบไบบๆฐๆฟๅบๆๅบๅฎกๆ ธๆ่ง๏ผ่ชๆฒปๅบไบบๆฐๆฟๅบๅจ20ๆฅๅ ไฝๅบๆฏๅฆๆนๅ็ๅณๅฎใ็ปๆนๅๅฐๆๅบ็ๅขๅคๅฎๆๆ่ไบบ ๅ๏ผๅบๅฝๆไปๆๅจๅฐไบบๆฐๆฟๅบๅฎๆไบๅก้จ้จๅๅคไบ้จ้จ็็ฎก็ใ
็ฌฌๅๅไบๆก ๅขๅคๅไพจ่่ๅฏไปฅๅฐๆๅบ็ๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆๅๅ ๅฎๆๆดปๅจ๏ผไฝไธๅพไธปๆๅฎๆๆดปๅจ๏ผไธๅพไปไบๅๆใ็้กถใ่ฎฒ็ปใไผ ๆณใๅๅฑไฟกๅพ็ญๆดปๅจใ
็ฌฌๅ็ซ ๆณๅพ่ดฃไปป
็ฌฌๅๅๅ
ญๆก ๅฎๆๅขไฝใๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆๅๅฎๆๆ่ไบบๅ่ฟๅๆฌๅๆณ็ฌฌไธๆก็ฌฌไธๆฌพ่งๅฎ๏ผๅฉ็จๅฎๆ่ฟ่กๅฑๅฎณๅฝๅฎถๅฎๅ
จใๅ
ฌๅ
ฑๅฎๅ
จ๏ผๅฆจๅฎณ็คพไผ็ฎก็็งฉๅบ๏ผไพต็ฏๅ
ฌๆฐไบบ่บซๆๅฉใๆฐไธปๆ ๅฉ๏ผไพต็ฏๅ
ฌ็ง่ดขไบง็ญ่ฟๆณๆดปๅจ๏ผๆ
่่ฝปๅพฎ๏ผไธๆๆ็ฏ็ฝช็๏ผ็ฑๆๅ
ณไธป็ฎก้จ้จไพๆณ็ปไบ่กๆฟๅค็ฝ๏ผๆ
่ไธฅ้๏ผๆๆ็ฏ็ฝช็๏ผไพๆณ่ฟฝ็ฉถๅ
ถๅไบ่ดฃไปปใๅฏนๅ
ฌๆฐใๆณไบบๆ่
ๅ
ถ ไป็ป็ป้ ๆๆๅฎณ็๏ผไพๆณๆฟๆ
ๆฐไบ่ดฃไปปใ
็ฌฌๅๅไธๆก ๅฎๆๅขไฝใๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆ่ฟๅๆฌๅๆณ็ฌฌๅไบๆก็ฌฌไบๆฌพ่งๅฎ๏ผๆ ่ชๆฅๆถๅขๅคๆ่ต ็๏ผ็ฑๅฟ็บงไปฅไธไบบๆฐๆฟๅบๅฎๆไบๅก้จ้จๆฒกๆถๆ่ต ่ดข็ฉ๏ผๆ ่ไธฅ้็๏ผ็ฑ็ป่ฎฐ็ฎก็ๆบๅ ณ่ดฃไปค่ฏฅๅฎๆๅขไฝใๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆๆคๆข็ดๆฅ่ด่ดฃไบบๅใ
็ฌฌๅๅๅ ซๆก ่ฟๅๆฌๅๆณ็ฌฌๅไธๆก่งๅฎ๏ผๆ ่ชๅจๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆๅคไฟฎๅปบ้ฒๅคฉๅฎๆ้ ๅใไฝๅกใ็ๅฐผๆๅบท็ญๅฎๆๅปบ็ญ็ฉ็๏ผ็ฑๅฟ็บงไปฅไธไบบๆฐๆฟๅบๅฎๆไบๅก้จ้จไพ็ งๆๅ ณๆณ่ง๏ผ่ดฃไปค็บ ๆญฃ๏ผๅๆญขๆฝๅทฅ๏ผ้ๆๆ้คใ
็ฌฌๅๅไนๆก ่ฟๅๆฌๅๆณ็ฌฌๅๅ ญๆก่งๅฎ๏ผๆ ่ชๆนๅปบใๆฉๅปบใไฟฎๅคๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆ็๏ผ็ฑๅฟ็บงไปฅไธไบบๆฐๆฟๅบๅฎๆไบๅก้จ้จ่ดฃไปคๅๆญขๆฝๅทฅ๏ผ้ๆๆ้คใ
็ฌฌไบๅๆก ๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆ่ฟๅๆฌๅๆณ็ฌฌไบๅไธๆก่งๅฎ๏ผๆ ่ชไธพๅๅญฆ็ป็ญ็๏ผ็ฑๅฟ็บงไปฅไธไบบๆฐๆฟๅบๅฎๆไบๅก้จ้จ่ดฃไปคๆนๆญฃ๏ผๆ่ฟๆณๆๅพ็๏ผๆฒกๆถ่ฟๆณๆๅพ๏ผๆ่ฟๅๆฒปๅฎ็ฎก็่งๅฎ็๏ผ็ฑๅ ฌๅฎๆบๅ ณไพๆณ็ปไบๆฒปๅฎ็ฎก็ๅค็ฝใ
็ฌฌไบๅไธๆก ่ฟๅๆฌๅๆณ็ฌฌไบๅๅ ซๆก่งๅฎ๏ผๆช็ปๅฎๆไบๅก้จ้จๅฎกๆน๏ผ่ทจๅบๅไธพ่กๅคงๅๅฎๆๆดปๅจ็๏ผ็ฑๅฎๆไบๅก้จ้จ่ดฃไปคๅๆญขๆดปๅจ๏ผๆ่ฟๆณๆๅพ็๏ผๆฒกๆถ่ฟๆณๆๅพ๏ผๅฏไปฅๅนถๅค1ๅไปฅ ไธ3ๅไปฅไธ็็ฝๆฌพ๏ผๅ ถไธญ๏ผ่ฏฅๆดปๅจ็ฑๅฎๆๅขไฝใๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆๆ ่ชไธพๅ็๏ผ็ป่ฎฐ็ฎก็ๆบๅ ณ่ฟๅฏไปฅ่ดฃไปค่ฏฅๅฎๆๅขไฝใๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆๆคๆข็ดๆฅ่ด่ดฃไบบๅใ
็ฌฌไบๅไบๆก ๅฎๆๆ่ไบบๅ่ฟๅๆฌๅๆณ็ฌฌไธๅไธๆก่งๅฎ๏ผๆช็ปๆนๅๅจๅฎๆๆดปๅจๅบๆๅคไปไบๅๆใ็้กถใ่ฎฒ็ปใไผ ๆใๅๅฑไฟกๅพ็ญๅฎๆๆดปๅจ็๏ผ็ฑๅฟ็บงไปฅไธไบบๆฐๆฟๅบๅฎๆไบๅก้จ้จ่ดฃ ไปคๆนๆญฃ๏ผๆ ่ไธฅ้็๏ผ็ฑๅฟ็บงไปฅไธไบบๆฐๆฟๅบๅฎๆไบๅก้จ้จๅปบ่ฎฎๆๅ ณ็ๅฎๆๅขไฝๅๆถๅ ถๅฎๆๆ่ไบบๅ่บซไปฝใ
็ฌฌไบๅไธๆก ๅฎๆๆ่ไบบๅ่ฟๅๆฌๅๆณ็ฌฌๅๅไธๆกใ็ฌฌๅๅไบๆกใ็ฌฌๅๅไธๆกใ็ฌฌๅๅๅๆก่งๅฎ๏ผๆช็ปๆนๅๆ่ ๅคๆก่ทจๅบๅๆดปๅจ็๏ผ็ฑๅฟ็บงไปฅไธไบบๆฐๆฟๅบๅฎๆไบๅก้จ้จ่ดฃไปคๆนๆญฃ๏ผๆ ่ไธฅ้็๏ผ็ฑๅฟ็บงไปฅไธไบบๆฐๆฟๅบๅฎๆไบๅก้จ้จๅปบ่ฎฎๆๅ ณ็ๅฎๆๅขไฝๅๆถๅ ถๅฎๆๆ่ไบบๅ่บซไปฝใ
็ฌฌไบๅๅๆก ๅขๅคๅไพจ่่่ฟๅๆฌๅๆณ็ฌฌๅๅไบๆก่งๅฎ๏ผไธปๆๅฎๆๆดปๅจๆ่ ไปไบๅๆใ็้กถใ่ฎฒ็ปใไผ ๆณใๅๅฑไฟกๅพ็ญๆดปๅจ็๏ผ็ฑๅฟ็บงไปฅไธไบบๆฐๆฟๅบๅฎๆไบๅก้จ้จ่ดฃไปคๆนๆญฃ๏ผๆ ่ไธฅ้็๏ผ็ฑๅ ฌๅฎๆบๅ ณไพ็ งๅบๅ ฅๅข็ฎก็ๆณๅพๆณ่งๅค็ใ
็ฌฌไบๅไบๆก ๅฏน่ฟๅๅฝๅก้ขใๅฎๆไบๅกๆกไพใๅๆฌๅๆณๅ ถไป่งๅฎ็่กไธบ๏ผใๅฎๆไบๅกๆกไพใ็ญๆณๅพๆณ่งๅทฒๆๅค็ฝ่งๅฎ็๏ผไปๅ ถ่งๅฎใ
็ฌฌไบ็ซ ้ๅ
็ฌฌไบๅๅ ญๆก ๆฌๅๆณ่ช2007ๅนด1ๆ1ๆฅ่ตทๆฝ่กใ1991ๅนด12ๆ20ๆฅ่ฅฟ่่ชๆฒปๅบไบบๆฐๆฟๅบ้ขๅธ็ใ่ฅฟ่่ชๆฒปๅบๅฎๆไบๅก็ฎก็ๆ่กๅๆณใๅๆถๅบๆญขใ


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