Rajendra Prasad vs Narcotic Cell Through Its Officer [SC 1999 JULY]

KEYWORDS:-Recalling witness u/s 311 of Cr.P.C- Lacuna in Prosecution-

DATE: 12-07-1999

Can a trial Court permit lacuna in prosecution evidenceEvidence All the means by which a matter of fact, the truth of which is submitted for investigation, is established or disproved. Bharatiya Sakshya (Second) Adhiniyam 2023 filled up ? The conventional concept is that the Court should not do so. But then, what is meant by lacuna in a prosecution case, has to be understood before deciding the said question one way or the other.

(Before : K. T. Thomas And M. B. Shah, JJ.)

Criminal Appeal No. 621 of 1999, (arising out of Special Leave Petn. (Cri.) No. 1333 of 1999), Decided on : 12-07-1999.

Witness—Re-examination—The prosecution cannot be permitted to fill the lacuna in prosecution case—Meaning of lacuna explained.

It is a common experience in criminal Courts that defence counsel would raise objections whenever Courts exercise powers under Section 311 of the Cr.P.C. or under Section 165 of the Evidence Act by saying that the Court could not ‘fill the lacuna in the prosecution case’. A lacuna in prosecution is not to be equated with the fallout of an oversight committed by a public prosecutor during trial, either in producting relevant materials or in eliciting relevant answers from witnesses. The adage ‘to err is human’ is the recognition of the possibility of making mistakes to which humans are proned. A corollary of any such laches or mistakes during the conducting of a case cannot be understood as the lacuna which a Court cannot fill up.

Lacuna in the prosecution must be understood as the inherent weakness or a latent wedge in the matrix of the prosecution case. The advantage of it should normally go to the accused in the trial of the case, but an over sight in the management of the prosecution cannot be treated as irreparable lacuna. No party in a trial can be foreclosed from correcting, errors. If proper evidence was not adduced or a relevant material was not brought on record due to any inadvertence, the Court should be magnanimous in permitting such mistakes to be rectified. After all, function of the criminal Court is administration of criminal justice and not to count errors committed by the parties or to find out and declare who among the parties performed better.

Criminal Procedure Code, 1973—Section 311—Witness—Re examination—The prosecution cannot be permitted to fill the lacuna in prosecution case—Meaning of lacuna explained.

Counsel for the Parties:

Manoj Swarup, Ms. Lalita Kohli, Ms. Maulini Swarup Advocates, for M/s. Manoj Swarup and Co. Advocates, for Appellant.

Judgement

Thomas J—Leave granted.

2. Can a trial Court permit lacuna in prosecution evidence filled up ? The conventional concept is that the Court should not do so. But then, what is meant by lacuna in a prosecution case, has to be understood before deciding the said question one way or the other.

3. The present case provides an occasion to decide the said question. Appellant is now facing trial along with certain other persons before a Court of sessions for offences under Sections 21, 25 and 29 of the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances ActNarcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act A substance used to treat moderate to severe pain. Narcotics are like opiates such as morphine and codeine, but are not made from opium. They bind to opioid receptors in the central nervous system. Narcotics are now called opioids. The Schedule of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act 2021 Evidentiary value of statement under section 67 of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act 1985 Controlled Narcotic Drugs, its salts and preparations NDPS Act How Does Marijuana(Ganja) Affect a Person’s Brain and Life? List of Indian Acts, 1985. Appellant is now on bail pursuant to an order granted by the High Court of Delhi. As the trial proceeded almost to the end when the prosecution and the defence closed their evidence on 19-9-1997, the case was posted for further steps. Nevertheless, subsequently, the case stood posted to some other days also. On 7-3-1998, at the instance of the prosecution two of the witnesses, who were already examined, were re-summoned for the purpose of proving certain documents for prosecution. They were further examined and the evidence was once again closed and the case was posted for hearing arguments. It appears that arguments were heard in piecemeal on different days. On 7-6-1998, the Public Prosecutor moved an application seeking permission to examine PW-21 (Dalip Singh-SI) and two other persons. Though the application was stoutly opposed by the accused’s counsel the trial Court allowed it in exercise of its power under Section 311 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (for short ‘the Code’) and summonsSummons It means an application to the Court in relation to an action or appeal which has to be served on other parties or non‑parties. were issued to the witnesses as per its order dated 8-1-1999.

The relevant portion of that order of the trial Court is the following:

“In order to find out whether the CFSL Form accompanied the sample packet or not, it has been repeatedly held by the Hon’ble High Court that the Road Certificate should be produced to make things clear in this respect. It cannot be denied that it is an old case and directions have been issued several times to expedite the trial but at the same timeTime Where any expression of it occurs in any Rules, or any judgment, order or direction, and whenever the doing or not doing of anything at a certain time of the day or night or during a certain part of the day or night has an effect in law, that time is, unless it is otherwise specifically stated, held to be standard time as used in a particular country or state. (In Physics, time and Space never exist actually-“quantum entanglement”) when the witnesses are available the prosecution cannot be debarred by examining him. In the present case, cross examination of PW-4 was deferred by learned Additional Public Prosecutor. Cross examination of PW-21 by the Defence Counsel was deferred but thereafter he was never summoned for cross examination. There was negligence on the part of Public Prosecutor as he closed evidence twice without verifying whether cross examination of all the witnesses has been concluded or not. However, in the interest of justice, I allow the application to the extent that PW-21 Dalip Singh be recalled for cross examination. The interest of justice demands that things should be clear before the Court to assist it to meet the ends of justice.”

4. Appellant challenged the said order in revision before the High Court of Delhi. As it was an interlocutory order the question whether a revision was not maintainable as per Section 397(2) of the Code was not considered by the High Court. Nevertheless, the High Court entertained the revision and dismissed it as per the impugned order. According to the learned single Judge who dismissed the revision “there are certain circumstances which have been mentioned in the order of the sessions Judge which forced him to pass the order.”

5. Learned counsel for the appellants contended that the trial Court failed to appreciate that in the garb of exercise of powers under Section 311 of the Code a Court cannot allow the prosecution to re-examine prosecution witnesses in order to fill up lacuna in the case. Lacunae, as pointed out by the learned counsel, were the following:

(a) PW-21 Dalip Singh was never tendered by the prosecution for cross examination.

(b) PW-4 Suresh Chand Sharma was also not cross examined by the State.

(c) There was no link evidence to correct the testimony of PW-28 H/C Jai Prakash. That aspect was highlighted during arguments in the trial Court, before the Court resorted to the impugned steps.

The above contention was based on the observation made by this Court in, Mohanlal Shamji Soni v. Union of India, AIR 1991 SC 1346, that the Court while exercising its power under Section 311 of the Code shall not use such power ‘for filling up the lacuna left by the prosecution.’

6. It is a common experience in criminal Courts that defence counsel would raise objections whenever Courts exercise powers under Section 311 of the Code or under Section 165 of the Evidence Act by saying that the Court could not ‘fill the lacuna in the prosecution case.’ A lacuna in prosecution is not to be equated with the fallout of an oversight committed by a public prosecutor during trial, either in producing relevant materials or in eliciting relevant answers from witnesses. The adage ‘to err is human’ is the recognition of the possibility of making mistakes to which humans are proned. A corollary of any such laches or mistakes during the conducting of a case cannot be understood as the lacuna which a Court cannot fill up.

7. Lacuna in the prosecution must be understood as the inherent weakness or a latent wedge in the matrix of the prosecution case. The advantage of it should normally go to the accused in the trial of the case, but an over sight in the management of the prosecution cannot be treated as irreparable lacuna. No party in a trial can be foreclosed from correcting, errors. If proper evidence was not adduced or a relevant material was not brought on record due to any inadvertence, the Court should be magnanimous in permitting such mistakes to be rectified. After all, function of the criminal Court is administration of criminal justice and not to count errors committed by the parties or to find out and declare who among the parties performed better.

8. The very same decision, Mohanlal Shamji Soni v. Union of India, (supra), which cautioned against filling up lacuna has also laid down the ratio thus (Para 27):

“It is therefore clear that the Criminal Court has ample power to summon any person as a witness or recall and re-examine any such person even if the evidence on both sides is closed and the jurisdictionJurisdiction Authority by which courts receive and decide cases. Limited Jurisdiction: the authority over only particular types of cases, or cases under a prescribed amount in controversy, or seeking only certain types of relief, the District Court is a court of limited jurisdiction. Original Jurisdiction: Jurisdiction of the first court to hear a case. of the Court must obviously be dictated by exigency of the situation, and fair play and good sense appear to be the only safe guides and that only the requirements of justice command the examination of any person which would depend on the facts and circumstances of each case.’

9. Dealing with the corresponding section in the old Code (Section 540) Hidaya-tullah, J. (as the learned Chief Justice then was) speaking for a three-Judge bench of this Court had said in, Jamatraj Kewalji Govani v. State of Maharashtra, (1967) 3 SCR 415, as follows:

“It would appear that in our criminal jurisdiction, statutory law confers a power in absolute terms to be exercised at any stage of the trial to summon a witness or examine one present in Court or to recall a witness already examined, and makes this the duty and obligation of the Court provided the just decision of the case demands it. In other words, where the Court exercises the power under the second part, the inquiry cannot be whether the accused has brought anything suddenly or unexpectedly but whether the Court is right in thinking that the new evidence is necessary by it for a just decision of the case.”

10. Chinnappa Reddy, J. has also observed in the same tone in, Ram Chander v. State of Haryana, AIR 1981 SC 1036.

11. We cannot therefore accept the contention of the appellant as a legal proposition that the Court cannot exercise power of re-summoning any witness if once that power was exercised, nor can the power be whittled down merely on the ground that prosecution discovered laches only when the defence highlighted them during final arguments. The power of the Court is plenary to summon or even recall any witness at any stage of the case if the Court considers it necessary for a just decision. The steps which the trial Court permitted in this case for re-summoning certain witnesses cannot therefore be spurned down nor frowned at.

12. The appeal is accordingly dismissed.