Coin and Banknotes

Coins and banknotes have evolved over centuries as trusted forms of physical money. Early coins were first used around the 7th century BCE, while modern banknotes began appearing in the 17th century. Today, countries like India and United States issue currency through central banks such as the Reserve Bank of India and the Federal Reserve. Banknotes are produced using advanced printing presses with special inks and materials, often made from cotton or polymer. To prevent counterfeiting, modern currency includes strong security features like watermarks, security threads, microprinting, holograms, and color-shifting ink. Coins also have unique engravings and ridged edges for protection. Exchange rates determine how one currency compares to another in global markets, affecting trade and travel.