See โ Constitution of Nepal (2015)
Comprehensive Glossary of Nepali Politics
Parties, constitution, identity, movements, ideology, economy, security, foreign policy, governance, and development
| Part 1: Political Parties & Communist Movements |
| Part 2: Constitutional Mandate & Election Commission |
| Part 3: Identity Politics (Caste, Ethnicity, Region) |
| Part 4: Social Movements (Women, Students, Workers, Farmers) |
| Part 5: Hindu Politics, Secularism & Ideological Debates |
| Part 6: Economy, Corruption, Foreign Policy, Media & Judiciary |
| Part 7: Security, Army, Police, Insurgency |
| Part 8: International Relations, Treaties, Neighbors (India & China) |
| Part 9: Local Governance, Civil Service, Provincial Structures |
| Part 10: Political Economy, Development, Infrastructure, Aid |
| Alphabetical Index: 598 terms indexed |
| GRAND TOTAL : 600 Terms / 10 Parts |
Part 1: Political Parties & Communist Movements
| # | Term (Nepali/English) | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Nepali Congress (เคจเฅเคชเคพเคฒเฅ เคเคพเคเคเฅเคฐเฅเคธ) | The oldest democratic party in Nepal, founded in 1947. Led the movement against the Rana regime and later the Panchayat system. Centrist, social democratic. Key leader: B.P. Koirala. Current president: Sher Bahadur Deuba. |
| 2 | CPN-UML (เคจเฅเคชเคพเคฒ เคเคฎเฅเคฏเฅเคจเคฟเคธเฅเค เคชเคพเคฐเฅเคเฅ โ เคเคเฅเคเฅเคค เคฎเคพเคฐเฅเคเฅเคธเคตเคพเคฆเฅ เคฒเฅเคจเคฟเคจเคตเคพเคฆเฅ) | Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist). Founded in 1991 from merger of communist factions. Major leftist force. Advocates for โpeopleโs multi-party democracy.โ Key leader: Madhav Kumar Nepal, then K.P. Sharma Oli. |
| 3 | CPN (Maoist Centre) (เคจเฅเคชเคพเคฒ เคเคฎเฅเคฏเฅเคจเคฟเคธเฅเค เคชเคพเคฐเฅเคเฅ (เคฎเคพเคเคตเคพเคฆเฅ เคเฅเคจเฅเคฆเฅเคฐ)) | Former insurgent party that launched the Civil War (1996-2006). Led by Pushpa Kamal Dahal โPrachanda.โ Signed Comprehensive Peace Accord in 2006, joined mainstream politics. Advocates for radical restructuring of state. |
| 4 | Rastriya Prajatantra Party (RPP) (เคฐเคพเคทเฅเคเฅเคฐเคฟเคฏ เคชเฅเคฐเคเคพเคคเคจเฅเคคเฅเคฐ เคชเคพเคฐเฅเคเฅ) | National Democratic Party. Pro-Hindu, pro-constitutional monarchy. Formed by Panchayat-era elites. Seeks to restore Hindu state and reverse federalism. Key leader: Kamal Thapa, Rajendra Lingden. |
| 5 | Rastriya Swatantra Party (RSP) (เคฐเคพเคทเฅเคเฅเคฐเคฟเคฏ เคธเฅเคตเคคเคจเฅเคคเฅเคฐ เคชเคพเคฐเฅเคเฅ) | National Independent Party. Founded in 2022 by Rabi Lamichhane. Emerged from anti-establishment sentiment. Positions itself as โnew faceโ politics, anti-corruption, non-ideological. |
| 6 | Janamat Party (เคเคจเคฎเคค เคชเคพเคฐเฅเคเฅ) | Peopleโs Opinion Party. Founded by CK Raut, a former Madhesh activist who renounced separatism. Represents Madhesi interests, supports federalism and inclusion. |
| 7 | Loktantrik Samajwadi Party (LSP) (เคฒเฅเคเคคเคพเคจเฅเคคเฅเคฐเคฟเค เคธเคฎเคพเคเคตเคพเคฆเฅ เคชเคพเคฐเฅเคเฅ) | Democratic Socialist Party. Formed from split in Janata Samajwadi Party. Represents Madhesi and marginalized groups. Led by Mahantha Thakur. |
| 8 | Janata Samajwadi Party (JSP) (เคเคจเคคเคพ เคธเคฎเคพเคเคตเคพเคฆเฅ เคชเคพเคฐเฅเคเฅ) | Peopleโs Socialist Party. Major Madhesi party formed from merger of federalist and socialist factions. Key figures: Upendra Yadav, Baburam Bhattarai. Advocates for constitutional amendments and Madhesi rights. |
| 9 | Nepal Workers and Peasants Party (NWPP) (เคจเฅเคชเคพเคฒ เคฎเคเคฆเฅเคฐ เคเคฟเคธเคพเคจ เคชเคพเคฐเฅเคเฅ) | Leftist party based in Bhaktapur and surrounding areas. Advocates for labor rights, anti-imperialism, and local economic self-reliance. Led by Narayan Man Bijukchhe. |
| 10 | Rastriya Janamorcha (เคฐเคพเคทเฅเคเฅเคฐเคฟเคฏ เคเคจเคฎเฅเคฐเฅเคเคพ) | National Peopleโs Front. Leftist party with roots in Janamorcha movement. Associated with former Maoist-aligned but independent. Led by Chitra Bahadur K.C. |
| 11 | Nepal Samajbadi Party (เคจเฅเคชเคพเคฒ เคธเคฎเคพเคเคตเคพเคฆเฅ เคชเคพเคฐเฅเคเฅ) | Nepal Socialist Party. Formed by Dr. Baburam Bhattarai after splitting from Maoist Centre. Advocates for socialist economy and federal restructuring. |
| 12 | Hamro Nepali Party (เคนเคพเคฎเฅเคฐเฅ เคจเฅเคชเคพเคฒเฅ เคชเคพเคฐเฅเคเฅ) | Our Nepali Party. Centrist party founded by former Nepali Congress leader. Focuses on good governance and anti-corruption. |
| 13 | Nagrik Unmukti Party (เคจเคพเคเคฐเคฟเค เคเคจเฅเคฎเฅเคเฅเคคเคฟ เคชเคพเคฐเฅเคเฅ) | Citizensโ Liberation Party. Represents marginalized Tharu community and landless farmers from western Tarai. Led by Ranjita Shrestha. |
| 14 | Nepal Communist Party (NCP) (เคจเฅเคชเคพเคฒ เคเคฎเฅเคฏเฅเคจเคฟเคธเฅเค เคชเคพเคฐเฅเคเฅ) | Brief unification (2018-2021) of UML and Maoist Centre. Collapsed due to internal power struggle between Oli and Prachanda. Symbolized communist unity and fragility. |
| 15 | B.P. Koirala (เคฌเฅ.เคชเฅ. เคเฅเคเคฐเคพเคฒเคพ) | Legendary Nepali Congress leader, first democratically elected Prime Minister (1959). Overthrown by King Mahendra in 1960, spent years in exile. Symbol of democratic struggle. |
| 16 | Girija Prasad Koirala (เคเคฟเคฐเคฟเคเคพเคชเฅเคฐเคธเคพเคฆ เคเฅเคเคฐเคพเคฒเคพ) | Multiple-term Prime Minister and Nepali Congress president. Led peace process with Maoists (2006) that ended Civil War and abolished monarchy. |
| 17 | K.P. Sharma Oli (เคเฅ.เคชเฅ. เคถเคฐเฅเคฎเคพ เคเคฒเฅ) | UML chairman, multiple-term Prime Minister. Known for assertive nationalism, close ties to China, and confrontational style. Key figure in post-2015 politics. |
| 18 | Pushpa Kamal Dahal โPrachandaโ (เคชเฅเคทเฅเคชเคเคฎเคฒ เคฆเคพเคนเคพเคฒ โเคชเฅเคฐเคเคฃเฅเคกโ) | Maoist leader who led the insurgency. Post-2006, served as Prime Minister multiple times. Known for frequently switching political alliances (โsomersaultsโ). |
| 19 | Sher Bahadur Deuba (เคถเฅเคฐเคฌเคนเคพเคฆเฅเคฐ เคฆเฅเคเคตเคพ) | Nepali Congress president, multiple-term Prime Minister. Moderate leader focused on democratic stability and developmental agenda. |
| 20 | Madhav Kumar Nepal (เคฎเคพเคงเคตเคเฅเคฎเคพเคฐ เคจเฅเคชเคพเคฒ) | Former UML chairman and Prime Minister. Led breakaway faction from UML, later formed CPN (Unified Socialist). Advocate for leftist unity. |
| 21 | Baburam Bhattarai (เคกเคพ. เคฌเคพเคฌเฅเคฐเคพเคฎ เคญเคเฅเคเคฐเคพเค) | Maoist ideologue and former Prime Minister. Architect of Maoist economic and political strategy. Later formed Nepal Samajbadi Party. |
| 22 | Upendra Yadav (เคเคชเฅเคจเฅเคฆเฅเคฐ เคฏเคพเคฆเคต) | Madhesi leader, founder of JSP. Led Madhesh movement (2015) demanding constitutional amendments. Advocate for federalism and inclusion. |
| 23 | Rabi Lamichhane (เคฐเคตเคฟ เคฒเคพเคฎเคฟเคเคพเคจเฅ) | Former journalist turned politician, founder of RSP. Represents anti-establishment, youth-driven political wave. Served as Deputy Prime Minister. |
| 24 | Maoist Insurgency (เคฎเคพเคเคตเคพเคฆเฅ เคเคจเคฏเฅเคฆเฅเคง) | Civil War (1996-2006) launched by CPN (Maoist) against monarchy and state. Resulted in ~17,000 deaths, ended with Comprehensive Peace Accord. |
| 25 | Comprehensive Peace Accord (เคตเคฟเคธเฅเคคเฅเคค เคถเคพเคจเฅเคคเคฟ เคธเคฎเฅเคเฅเคคเคพ) | 2006 agreement between Maoists and Seven-Party Alliance. Formally ended Civil War, led to Constituent Assembly, abolition of monarchy, and republican constitution. |
| 26 | Seven-Party Alliance (เคธเคพเคค เคฆเคฒเฅเคฏ เคเค เคฌเคจเฅเคงเคจ) | Coalition of major democratic parties (including Nepali Congress, UML, others) that allied with Maoists against King Gyanendraโs direct rule in 2006. |
| 27 | Peopleโs Multi-Party Democracy (เคเคจเคคเคพเคเฅ เคฌเคนเฅเคฆเคฒเฅเคฏ เคเคจเคตเคพเคฆ) | Ideological framework of UML. Attempts to synthesize multi-party competition with communist principles. Differentiates UML from Maoist revolutionary line. |
| 28 | Prachanda Path (เคชเฅเคฐเคเคฃเฅเคก เคชเคฅ) | Maoist ideological framework emphasizing โprotracted peopleโs warโ and socialist revolution. Evolved post-2006 toward peaceful constitutional politics. |
| 29 | Forty Points Demand (เฅชเฅฆ เคฌเฅเคเคฆเฅ เคฎเคพเค) | List of demands presented by Maoists before the 1996 insurgency. Included land reform, abolition of royal privileges, and secularism. |
| 30 | Thirty-Two Points Agreement (เฅฉเฅจ เคฌเฅเคเคฆเฅ เคธเคนเคฎเคคเคฟ) | 2006 understanding between Maoists and Seven-Party Alliance outlining principles for peace process, interim constitution, and constituent assembly. |
| 31 | Factionalism (เคเฅเคเคฌเคจเฅเคฆเฅ) | Chronic internal splitting of Nepali political parties. Major parties (UML, Nepali Congress, Maoist) routinely divide into rival factions, leading to instability. |
| 32 | Floor Crossing (เคฆเคฒ เคฌเคฆเคฒ) | Practice of elected members switching party allegiance, often for ministerial positions. Restricted by anti-defection laws but still common. |
| 33 | Coalition Government (เคเค เคฌเคจเฅเคงเคจ เคธเคฐเคเคพเคฐ) | Dominant form of governance in federal Nepal. No single party has won majority since 2008, forcing shifting alliances between major and regional parties. |
| 34 | Hung Parliament (เค เคงเคฐเคฎเคพ เคธเคเคธเคฆ) | Situation when no party secures majority (138 seats in 275-member House). Leads to prolonged negotiations and government formation delays. |
| 35 | National Consensus Government (เคฐเคพเคทเฅเคเฅเคฐเคฟเคฏ เคธเคนเคฎเคคเคฟเคเฅ เคธเคฐเคเคพเคฐ) | Proposed model for unity government including all major parties. Advocated during political crises but rarely achieved. |
| 36 | CPN (Unified Socialist) (เคจเฅเคชเคพเคฒ เคเคฎเฅเคฏเฅเคจเคฟเคธเฅเค เคชเคพเคฐเฅเคเฅ (เคเคเฅเคเฅเคค เคธเคฎเคพเคเคตเคพเคฆเฅ)) | Breakaway faction from UML led by Madhav Kumar Nepal. Formed in 2021. Represents anti-Oli leftist force. |
| 37 | Janata Samajwadi Party (JSP) Split (เคเคธเคชเคพ เคตเคฟเคญเคพเคเคจ) | 2022 division of JSP into two factions: one led by Upendra Yadav, another by Mahantha Thakur. Weakened unified Madhesi representation. |
| 38 | Rabi Lamichhane Phenomenon (เคฐเคตเคฟ เคฒเคพเคฎเคฟเคเคพเคจเฅ เคชเคฐเคฟเคเคเคจเคพ) | Rapid rise of non-traditional, media-savvy politician capturing youth and urban disillusionment with established parties. |
| 39 | Anti-Defection Law (เคฆเคฒ เคฌเคฆเคฒ เคตเคฟเคฐเฅเคงเฅ เคเคพเคจเฅเคจ) | Legal provision (Constitution Article 272) disqualifying members who vote against party whip or leave party voluntarily. Weak enforcement. |
| 40 | Party Whip (เคนเฅเคตเคฟเคช) | Party directive enforcing discipline on key votes (budget, no-confidence motions). Members defying whip risk disqualification. |
| 41 | No-Confidence Motion (เค เคตเคฟเคถเฅเคตเคพเคธ เคชเฅเคฐเคธเฅเคคเคพเคต) | Parliamentary mechanism to remove Prime Minister. Frequently used in federal Nepal, contributing to government instability. |
| 42 | Confidence Vote (เคตเคฟเคถเฅเคตเคพเคธเคเฅ เคฎเคค) | Prime Ministerโs requirement to prove majority within 30 days of appointment and before key legislation. |
| 43 | Shadow Government (เคเคพเคฏเคพ เคธเคฐเคเคพเคฐ) | Oppositionโs parallel cabinet structure in parliamentary system. Weakly developed in Nepal compared to Westminster systems. |
| 44 | Opposition Party (เคชเฅเคฐเคคเคฟเคชเคเฅเคท เคฆเคฒ) | Second-largest party in parliament with formal recognition. Receives additional parliamentary privileges and leader status. |
| 45 | Main Ruling Party (เคชเฅเคฐเคฎเฅเค เคธเคคเฅเคคเคพเคฐเฅเคข เคฆเคฒ) | Largest party in coalition government. Leads cabinet formation and sets legislative agenda. |
| 46 | King Mahendra (เคฎเคนเฅเคจเฅเคฆเฅเคฐ) | King who staged 1960 coup, dismissing elected government and establishing partyless Panchayat system. Ruled until 1972. |
| 47 | King Birendra (เคตเฅเคฐเฅเคจเฅเคฆเฅเคฐ) | King during 1990 Jana Andolan I. Conceded to constitutional monarchy and multi-party democracy. Killed in 2001 royal massacre. |
| 48 | King Gyanendra (เคเฅเคเคพเคจเฅเคจเฅเคฆเฅเคฐ) | Last king of Nepal. Direct rule (2005-2006) triggered Jana Andolan II, leading to monarchyโs abolition in 2008. Lives as private citizen. |
| 49 | Royal Massacre (เคถเคพเคนเฅ เคชเคฐเคฟเคตเคพเคฐ เคนเคคเฅเคฏเคพเคเคพเคฃเฅเคก) | June 1, 2001, killing of King Birendra and family by Crown Prince Dipendra (official version). Deeply controversial, reshaped Nepali politics. |
| 50 | Panchayat System (เคชเคเฅเคเคพเคฏเคค เคตเฅเคฏเคตเคธเฅเคฅเคพ) | Partyless, monarch-led political system (1960-1990). Local councils (panchayats) with indirect elections. Criticized as authoritarian. |
| 51 | Referendum (เคเคจเคฎเคค เคธเคเคเฅเคฐเคน) | 1980 vote under Panchayat asking citizens to choose between reformed Panchayat or multi-party democracy. Panchayat won narrowly (54% to 46%). |
| 52 | Independents (เคธเฅเคตเคคเคจเฅเคคเฅเคฐ) | Candidates not affiliated with political parties. Gained prominence in 2022 elections, winning several seats, reflecting anti-party sentiment. |
| 53 | Ethnic Parties (เคเคพเคคเฅเคฏ เคฆเคฒ) | Political parties representing specific ethnic groups (e.g., Sanghiya Loktantrik Rastriya Manch, Mongol National Organization). Limited electoral success. |
| 54 | Regional Parties (เคเฅเคทเฅเคคเฅเคฐเฅเคฏ เคฆเคฒ) | Parties with geographic concentration, especially in Madhesh (JSP, LSP) and Tarai (Nagrik Unmukti). Advocate for local interests and provincial rights. |
| 55 | Alliance Politics (เคเค เคฌเคจเฅเคงเคจ เคฐเคพเคเคจเฅเคคเคฟ) | Pre-election and post-election coalitions between parties. Includes โleft allianceโ (UML-Maoist) and โdemocratic allianceโ (Nepali Congress-led). |
| 56 | Left Alliance (เคตเคพเคฎ เคเค เคฌเคจเฅเคงเคจ) | Electoral and governing coalition of communist parties (UML, Maoist Centre, Unified Socialist). Formed in 2017 and revived periodically. |
| 57 | Democratic Alliance (เคชเฅเคฐเคเคพเคคเคพเคจเฅเคคเฅเคฐเคฟเค เคเค เคฌเคจเฅเคงเคจ) | Coalition led by Nepali Congress, often including RPP, JSP, and other non-communist parties. |
| 58 | Secularism (เคงเคฐเฅเคฎ เคจเคฟเคฐเคชเฅเคเฅเคทเคคเคพ) | Constitutional declaration (2008) ending Nepalโs status as Hindu kingdom. Deeply contested; pro-Hindu parties seek reversal. |
| 59 | State Religion Debate (เคฐเคพเคทเฅเคเฅเคฐ เคงเคฐเฅเคฎ เคฌเคนเคธ) | Ongoing political controversy over whether Nepal should return to Hindu state status. RPP and some UML factions advocate; Nepali Congress and Maoists support secularism. |
| 60 | Civil Society Pressure Groups (เคจเคพเคเคฐเคฟเค เคธเคฎเคพเค เคฆเคฌเคพเคฌ เคธเคฎเฅเคน) | Non-party actors (NGOs, professional associations, human rights groups) influencing policy through advocacy, protests, and litigation. |
Part 2: Constitutional Mandate & Election Commission (60 Terms)
| # | Term (Nepali/English) | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Constitution of Nepal 2015 (เคจเฅเคชเคพเคฒเคเฅ เคธเคเคตเคฟเคงเคพเคจ เฅจเฅฆเฅญเฅจ) | Supreme law of Nepal, promulgated on September 20, 2015. Replaced interim constitution. Established federal democratic republic with 7 provinces. |
| 2 | Constituent Assembly (เคธเคเคตเคฟเคงเคพเคจ เคธเคญเคพ) | 601-member body (2008 and 2013) tasked with drafting constitution. First CA (2008-2012) failed; second CA (2013-2015) succeeded. |
| 3 | Promulgation (เคเฅเคทเคฃเคพ) | Official adoption and enactment of the 2015 constitution. Celebrated as victory of peace process but boycotted by some Madhesi and Tharu parties. |
| 4 | Preamble (เคชเฅเคฐเคธเฅเคคเคพเคตเคจเคพ) | Introductory statement of constitution declaring Nepal as independent, indivisible, sovereign, secular, and inclusive federal republic. |
| 5 | Federal Structure (เคธเคเฅเคเฅเคฏ เคธเคเคฐเคเคจเคพ) | Three-tier governance: Federation (central), 7 Provinces, and 753 Local Governments (municipalities and rural municipalities). |
| 6 | Province (เคชเฅเคฐเคฆเฅเคถ) | Seven federal units: Province 1 (Koshi), Province 2 (Madhesh), Bagmati, Gandaki, Lumbini, Karnali, Sudurpashchim. Named in 2022. |
| 7 | Local Government (เคธเฅเคฅเคพเคจเฅเคฏ เคธเคฐเคเคพเคฐ) | 6 metropolitan cities, 11 sub-metropolitan cities, 276 municipalities, and 460 rural municipalities (gaunpalika). Elected every 5 years. |
| 8 | Separation of Powers (เคถเคเฅเคคเคฟ เคชเฅเคฅเคเฅเคเคฐเคฃ) | Constitutional division among executive (Prime Minister/Cabinet), legislative (Parliament), and judicial (Courts). Checks and balances. |
| 9 | Fundamental Rights (เคฎเฅเคฒเคฟเค เคนเค) | 31 constitutionally guaranteed rights including equality, freedom, against untouchability, education, health, housing, and information. |
| 10 | Directive Principles (เคจเคฟเคฐเฅเคฆเฅเคถเค เคธเคฟเคฆเฅเคงเคพเคจเฅเคค) | Non-justiciable guidelines for state policy (poverty reduction, employment, rural development). Courts cannot enforce but guide legislation. |
| 11 | State Policies (เคฐเคพเคเฅเคฏเคเคพ เคจเฅเคคเคฟเคนเคฐเฅ) | Constitutional instructions for governance, including proportional inclusion, social justice, and economic equality. |
| 12 | Amendment (เคธเคเคถเฅเคงเคจ) | Constitutional changes requiring two-thirds majority in both houses of parliament. First amendment (2016) addressed citizenship and provincial naming. |
| 13 | Article 42 (เคงเคพเคฐเคพ เฅชเฅจ) | Right to social justice and inclusion. Mandates proportional representation of women, Dalits, Adivasi Janajatis, Madhesis, Tharus, Muslims, and backward regions. |
| 14 | Article 56 (เคงเคพเคฐเคพ เฅซเฅฌ) | Defines federal structure: Federation, Province, and Local Level. Foundational for federalism implementation. |
| 15 | Article 84 (เคงเคพเคฐเคพ เฅฎเฅช) | Electoral system for House of Representatives: 165 first-past-the-post (FPTP) and 110 proportional representation (PR) seats. |
| 16 | Article 86 (เคงเคพเคฐเคพ เฅฎเฅฌ) | National Assembly (Rastriya Sabha) composition: 56 elected by Provincial Assemblies, 3 nominated by President, 8 by local governments. |
| 17 | Article 100 (เคงเคพเคฐเคพ เฅงเฅฆเฅฆ) | No-confidence motion against Prime Minister requires at least 20% membersโ signature and simple majority in parliament. |
| 18 | Article 273 (เคงเคพเคฐเคพ เฅจเฅญเฅฉ) | Amendment procedure: two-thirds majority of total members in both houses, plus provincial ratification for federal structure changes. |
| 19 | Citizenship (เคจเคพเคเคฐเคฟเคเคคเคพ) | Highly contentious constitutional provision. Citizenship by descent (jus sanguinis) vs. birth (jus soli). Maternal lineage citizenship debated. |
| 20 | Election Commission of Nepal (เคจเคฟเคฐเฅเคตเคพเคเคจ เคเคฏเฅเค, เคจเฅเคชเคพเคฒ) | Constitutional body responsible for voter registration, party registration, election conduct, and monitoring. Led by Chief Election Commissioner. |
| 21 | Chief Election Commissioner (เคฎเฅเคเฅเคฏ เคจเคฟเคฐเฅเคตเคพเคเคจ เคเคฏเฅเคเฅเคค) | Head of Election Commission. Appointed by President on recommendation of Constitutional Council. 6-year term, cannot be reappointed. |
| 22 | Voter Registration (เคฎเคคเคฆเคพเคคเคพ เคจเคพเคฎเคพเคตเคฒเฅ) | Process of enrolling eligible citizens (18+ years). Photo ID card issued. Commission maintains database and updates annually. |
| 23 | Voter Education (เคฎเคคเคฆเคพเคคเคพ เคถเคฟเคเฅเคทเคพ) | Election Commissionโs civic awareness programs, especially for remote areas, women, and marginalized groups. Aims to increase participation. |
| 24 | Polling Station (เคฎเคคเคฆเคพเคจ เคเฅเคจเฅเคฆเฅเคฐ) | Physical location where voting occurs. Nepal has over 22,000 polling stations managed by Election Commission staff and security forces. |
| 25 | Ballot Paper (เคฎเคคเคชเคคเฅเคฐ) | Paper used for voting in FPTP (candidate names) and PR (party symbols). Electronic voting machines not yet nationwide. |
| 26 | EVM (Electronic Voting Machine) (เคเคญเคฟเคเคฎ) | Electronic voting system piloted in some local elections. Debate over reliability, transparency, and cost. |
| 27 | Postal Ballot (เคนเฅเคฒเคพเค เคฎเคคเคชเคคเฅเคฐ) | Voting by mail for election officials, security personnel, diaspora (limited). Small percentage of total votes. |
| 28 | Early Voting (เคชเฅเคฐเคพเคฐเคฎเฅเคญเคฟเค เคฎเคคเคฆเคพเคจ) | Advance voting for specific categories (police, military, election duty personnel) before official polling day. |
| 29 | Voter Turnout (เคฎเคคเคฆเคพเคคเคพ เคฎเคคเคฆเคพเคจ เคชเฅเคฐเคคเคฟเคถเคค) | Percentage of registered voters who cast ballots. Historically 60-75% in national elections. Lower in by-elections. |
| 30 | FPTP (First-Past-The-Post) (เคชเฅเคฐเคคเฅเคฏเคเฅเคท เคจเคฟเคฐเฅเคตเคพเคเคจ เคชเฅเคฐเคฃเคพเคฒเฅ) | Candidate with most votes wins constituency seat. Used for 165 House seats and provincial assembly seats. |
| 31 | PR (Proportional Representation) (เคธเคฎเคพเคจเฅเคชเคพเคคเคฟเค เคจเคฟเคฐเฅเคตเคพเคเคจ เคชเฅเคฐเคฃเคพเคฒเฅ) | Party-list system based on national vote percentage. Used for 110 House seats and provincial seats. Closed list (party determines order). |
| 32 | Closed List (เคฌเคจเฅเคฆ เคธเฅเคเฅ) | Party determines candidate order for PR seats. Voters cannot choose individuals. Criticized as undemocratic and party leadership controlled. |
| 33 | Threshold (เคจเคฟเคฐเฅเคตเคพเคเคจ เคธเฅเคฎเคพ) | Minimum vote percentage (3%) for national parties to qualify for PR seats. Prevents proliferation of micro-parties. |
| 34 | Election Symbol (เคจเคฟเคฐเฅเคตเคพเคเคจ เคเคฟเคนเฅเคจ) | Party or candidate visual identifier (tree, sun, plow, etc.) for illiterate voters. Allocated by Election Commission. |
| 35 | Party Registration (เคฆเคฒ เคฆเคฐเฅเคคเคพ) | Election Commission requirement for official party status. Must have certain membership, constitution, and organizational structure. |
| 36 | National Party (เคฐเคพเคทเฅเคเฅเคฐเคฟเคฏ เคฆเคฒ) | Party with at least 3% of PR votes or one seat in House plus 3% of PR votes. Recognized for parliamentary benefits. |
| 37 | Code of Conduct (เคเคเคพเคฐเคธเคเคนเคฟเคคเคพ) | Election Commission rules for parties, candidates, and media during election period. Regulates spending, campaigning, and speech. |
| 38 | Election Expenditure Limit (เคจเคฟเคฐเฅเคตเคพเคเคจ เคเคฐเฅเค เคธเฅเคฎเคพ) | Maximum legal spending per candidate (approx. 2.5-3 million rupees for House elections). Widely violated in practice. |
| 39 | Election Observation (เคจเคฟเคฐเฅเคตเคพเคเคจ เค เคจเฅเคเคฎเคจ) | Domestic and international monitoring of elections (EU, UN, Carter Center, National Election Observation Committee). Ensures credibility. |
| 40 | Vote Counting (เคฎเคคเคเคฃเคจเคพ) | Process after polling: ballot boxes transported to counting centers, results announced constituency by constituency. Can take days. |
| 41 | Re-Polling (เคชเฅเคจเค เคฎเคคเคฆเคพเคจ) | Election Commission orders fresh voting in specific polling stations due to irregularities, violence, or technical failures. |
| 42 | By-Election (เคเคชเคจเคฟเคฐเฅเคตเคพเคเคจ) | Election held for seats vacated due to death, resignation, or disqualification of sitting member. |
| 43 | Election Petition (เคจเคฟเคฐเฅเคตเคพเคเคจ เคฏเคพเคเคฟเคเคพ) | Legal challenge filed in court against election results alleging fraud or violation of code of conduct. |
| 44 | Delimitation (เคเฅเคทเฅเคคเฅเคฐ เคจเคฟเคฐเฅเคงเคพเคฐเคฃ) | Process of drawing electoral constituency boundaries. Based on population geography. Highly political. |
| 45 | Constituency (เคจเคฟเคฐเฅเคตเคพเคเคจ เคเฅเคทเฅเคคเฅเคฐ) | Electoral district for FPTP voting. 165 federal constituencies, each with approx. 150,000 voters. |
| 46 | Proportional Representation Seat Allocation (เคธเคฎเคพเคจเฅเคชเคพเคคเคฟเค เคธเคฟเค เคฌเคพเคเคกเคซเคพเคเค) | Calculation of PR seats based on national vote share using Sainte-Laguรซ method. |
| 47 | Constitutional Council (เคธเคเคตเฅเคงเคพเคจเคฟเค เคชเคฐเคฟเคทเคฆ) | Body recommending appointments for constitutional commissions. Includes PM, Chief Justice, Speaker, and opposition leaders. |
| 48 | Constitutional Bench (เคธเคเคตเฅเคงเคพเคจเคฟเค เคเคเคฒเคพเคธ) | Special Supreme Court panel (5 justices) hearing constitutional cases: amendment validity, federal disputes, fundamental rights. |
| 49 | Judicial Review (เคจเฅเคฏเคพเคฏเคฟเค เคชเฅเคจเคฐเคพเคตเคฒเฅเคเคจ) | Supreme Court power to strike down laws inconsistent with constitution. Key check on executive and legislative branches. |
| 50 | Writ Jurisdiction (เคฐเคฟเค เคเฅเคทเฅเคคเฅเคฐเคพเคงเคฟเคเคพเคฐ) | Supreme Court and High Courts authority to issue writs (habeas corpus, mandamus, certiorari, prohibition, quo warranto) enforcing fundamental rights. |
| 51 | Federal Parliament (เคธเคเฅเคเฅเคฏ เคธเคเคธเคฆ) | Bicameral legislature: House of Representatives (lower) and National Assembly (upper). Seat in New Baneshwar, Kathmandu. |
| 52 | House of Representatives (เคชเฅเคฐเคคเคฟเคจเคฟเคงเคฟ เคธเคญเคพ) | 275-member lower house (165 FPTP, 110 PR). 5-year term, subject to dissolution. Primary legislative body. |
| 53 | National Assembly (เคฐเคพเคทเฅเคเฅเคฐเคฟเคฏ เคธเคญเคพ) | 59-member permanent upper house (2/3 elected every 2 years). Reviews legislation, represents provinces. |
| 54 | Speaker (เคธเคญเคพเคฎเฅเค) | Presiding officer of House of Representatives. Elected from among members. Maintains order and decides parliamentary procedures. |
| 55 | Deputy Speaker (เคเคชเคธเคญเคพเคฎเฅเค) | Assistant to Speaker. Often from opposition party. Presides in Speakerโs absence. |
| 56 | Chairperson of National Assembly (เคฐเคพเคทเฅเคเฅเคฐเคฟเคฏ เคธเคญเคพเคเคพ เค เคงเฅเคฏเคเฅเคท) | Presiding officer of upper house. Elected from among members. |
| 57 | Parliamentary Hearing Committee (เคธเคเคธเคฆเฅเคฏ เคธเฅเคจเฅเคตเคพเค เคธเคฎเคฟเคคเคฟ) | Screens and recommends approval of constitutional appointees (ambassadors, commissioners, chiefs of constitutional bodies). |
| 58 | Legislative Process (เคตเคฟเคงเคพเคฏเคจ เคชเฅเคฐเคเฅเคฐเคฟเคฏเคพ) | Bill introduced, referred to committee, debated, voted in House, sent to National Assembly, then to President for assent. |
| 59 | Ordinance (เค เคงเฅเคฏเคพเคฆเฅเคถ) | President-issued law on cabinet recommendation when parliament not in session. Must be ratified within 60 days of parliament reconvening. |
| 60 | Provincial Assembly (เคชเฅเคฐเคฆเฅเคถ เคธเคญเคพ) | Unicameral legislature in each of 7 provinces. Members elected via FPTP and PR. Governs provincial affairs. |
Part 3: Identity Politics (Caste, Ethnicity, Region)
| # | Term (Nepali/English) | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Caste System (เคเคพเคคเฅเคฏ เคชเฅเคฐเคฅเคพ) | Hierarchical social stratification traditionally dividing Hindus into four varna (Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya, Shudra) plus โuntouchableโ Dalits. Deeply influences Nepali politics. |
| 2 | Bahun (เคฌเคพเคนเฅเคจ) | Brahmin (priestly) caste. Historically dominated state, education, and intellectual life. Target of inclusion critiques. |
| 3 | Chhetri (เคเฅเคทเฅเคคเฅเคฐเฅ) | Kshatriya (warrior/ruler) caste. Traditional power-holders in military, bureaucracy, and politics. |
| 4 | Thakuri (เค เคเฅเคฐเฅ) | Subgroup of Chhetri claiming royal lineage. Influential in western Nepal politics and RPP. |
| 5 | Dalit (เคฆเคฒเคฟเคค) | โOppressed.โ Former untouchable castes (Kami, Damai, Sarki, etc.). Face historical discrimination. Constitution prohibits caste-based discrimination. |
| 6 | Kami (เคเคพเคฎเฅ) | Blacksmith/metalworker Dalit caste. Largest Dalit subgroup. |
| 7 | Damai (เคฆเคฎเคพเค) | Tailor/musician Dalit caste. Traditional occupation now diversified. |
| 8 | Sarki (เคธเคพเคฐเฅเคเฅ) | Shoemaker/leatherworker Dalit caste. |
| 9 | Bishwokarma (เคตเคฟเคถเฅเคตเคเคฐเฅเคฎเคพ) | Modern preferred term for Kami Dalit community. Literally โuniversal architect.โ |
| 10 | Mijar (เคฎเคฟเคเคพเคฐ) | Dalit subgroup in western Nepal. |
| 11 | Untouchability (เค เคธเฅเคชเฅเคถเฅเคฏเคคเคพ) | Practice of caste-based discrimination (barring water, temples, social interaction). Criminalized but persists. |
| 12 | Adivasi Janajati (เคเคฆเคฟเคตเคพเคธเฅ เคเคจเคเคพเคคเคฟ) | Indigenous nationalities (59 groups recognized). Distinct language, culture, and territory predating Hindu state formation. |
| 13 | NEFIN (เคจเฅเคซเคฟเคจ) | Nepal Federation of Indigenous Nationalities. Umbrella organization of Adivasi Janajati groups. Advocates for indigenous rights. |
| 14 | Khas Arya (เคเคธ เคเคฐเฅเคฏ) | Hill-origin caste Hindus (Bahun, Chhetri, Thakuri, Sanyasi). Classified as โadvantagedโ in inclusion policies. |
| 15 | Madhesi (เคฎเคงเฅเคถเฅ) | Inhabitants of Tarai (southern plains). Culturally and linguistically connected to northern India. Historically excluded from hill-dominated state. |
| 16 | Pahadi (เคชเคนเคพเคกเฅ) | Hill-origin people. Traditionally dominant in state apparatus, especially Bahun and Chhetri. |
| 17 | Tarai (เคคเคฐเคพเค) | Southern plains region bordering India. Fertile agricultural land, high population density. Site of Madhesi movements. |
| 18 | Pahad (เคชเคนเคพเคก) | Hill/mountain region. Historic power base of Nepali state. |
| 19 | Himal (เคนเคฟเคฎเคพเคฒ) | High mountain region. Sparsely populated, distinct culture (Sherpa, Tibetan-influenced groups). |
| 20 | Janajati (เคเคจเคเคพเคคเคฟ) | Nationalities/ethnic groups. Often used interchangeably with Adivasi Janajati. |
| 21 | Tharu (เคฅเคพเคฐเฅ) | Indigenous group native to western Tarai. Distinct language and culture. Nagrik Unmukti Party represents Tharu interests. |
| 22 | Magar (เคฎเคเคฐ) | Large Janajati group from mid-western hills. Historically Gurkha soldiers. |
| 23 | Gurung (เคเฅเคฐเฅเค) | Janajati from central hills (Lamjung, Kaski, Gorkha). Known for Gurkha military service. |
| 24 | Tamang (เคคเคพเคฎเคพเค) | Largest Janajati group (5-6% population). Distributed around Kathmandu valley. Distinct Tibeto-Burman language. |
| 25 | Newar (เคจเฅเคตเคพเคฐ) | Indigenous inhabitants of Kathmandu valley. Rich cultural heritage, internal caste hierarchy (Shrestha, Maharjan, etc.). |
| 26 | Rai (เคฐเคพเค) | Kiranti ethnic group from eastern hills (Kirat region). Distinct languages (Bantawa, Chamling, etc.). |
| 27 | Limbu (เคฒเคฟเคฎเฅเคฌเฅ) | Kiranti ethnic group from far eastern Nepal (Limbuwan). Distinct script (Sirijanga). |
| 28 | Sherpa (เคถเฅเคฐเฅเคชเคพ) | Tibetan-origin group from Solu-Khumbu (Everest region). Famous mountaineers. Distinct Buddhism. |
| 29 | Muslim (เคฎเฅเคธเฅเคฒเคฟเคฎ) | Religious minority (approx. 4-5% population). Concentrated in Tarai. Constitutional protection. |
| 30 | Sanyasi (เคธเคจเฅเคฏเคพเคธเฅ) | โRenouncerโ caste. Also called Dasnami. Classified within Khas Arya but considered distinct. |
| 31 | Kirat (เคเคฟเคฐเคพเคค) | Ancient indigenous group of eastern Nepal. Includes Rai, Limbu, Sunuwar, Yakkha, etc. Claims pre-Hindu state history. |
| 32 | Mithila (เคฎเคฟเคฅเคฟเคฒเคพ) | Cultural region in eastern Tarai (Madhesh). Maithili language. Rich literary tradition. |
| 33 | Bhojpura (เคญเฅเคเคชเฅเคฐเคพ) | Cultural region in central Tarai. Bhojpuri language. Influential in Madhesi politics. |
| 34 | Ethnic Federalism (เคเคพเคคเฅเคฏ เคธเคเฅเคเฅเคฏเคคเคพ) | Proposal to create provinces based on ethnic majority areas. Partially implemented (Province 2 as Madhesi-majority). |
| 35 | Single Identity Politics (เคเคเคฒ เคชเคนเคฟเคเคพเคจ เคฐเคพเคเคจเฅเคคเคฟ) | Political mobilization based on single ethnic or caste identity (e.g., only Madhesi or only Tharu). Criticized as divisive. |
| 36 | Multi-Identity Federalism (เคฌเคนเฅ เคชเคนเคฟเคเคพเคจ เคธเคเฅเคเฅเคฏเคคเคพ) | Alternative proposal recognizing multiple overlapping identities (caste, language, region) in federal design. |
| 37 | Regionalism (เคเฅเคทเฅเคคเฅเคฐเฅเคฏเคคเคพ) | Political loyalty to geographic region (Tarai, Hill, Mountain) over national identity. Fuels Madhesi and Tharu movements. |
| 38 | Parochialism (เคธเคพเคเคเฅเคฐเฅ เคฆเฅเคทเฅเคเคฟเคเฅเคฃ) | Narrow, local identity focus. Criticized as obstacle to national unity. |
| 39 | Inclusion (เคธเคฎเคพเคตเฅเคถเฅเคเคฐเคฃ) | Constitutional policy of proportional representation for marginalized groups in state organs. Key post-2006 demand. |
| 40 | Proportional Inclusion (เคธเคฎเคพเคจเฅเคชเคพเคคเคฟเค เคธเคฎเคพเคตเฅเคถเฅเคเคฐเคฃ) | System of reserving state positions (civil service, education, parliament) based on population percentage of groups. |
| 41 | Reservation (เคเคฐเคเฅเคทเคฃ) | Quota system. Specific percentage of seats/jobs reserved for women, Dalits, Adivasi Janajatis, Madhesis, and backward regions. |
| 42 | Backward Region (เคชเคฟเคเคกเคฟเคเคเฅ เคเฅเคทเฅเคคเฅเคฐ) | Geographically remote or underdeveloped areas (Karnali, Sudurpashchim) receiving constitutional reservation benefits. |
| 43 | Social Justice (เคธเคพเคฎเคพเคเคฟเค เคจเฅเคฏเคพเคฏ) | Principle of correcting historical discrimination through state intervention (reservation, inclusion, poverty reduction). |
| 44 | Empowerment (เคธเคถเคเฅเคคเฅเคเคฐเคฃ) | Process of increasing political, economic, and social power of marginalized groups. |
| 45 | Identity-Based Movement (เคชเคนเคฟเคเคพเคจ เคเคจเฅเคฆเฅเคฒเคจ) | Protests, strikes, and campaigns organized around caste, ethnic, or regional identity (Madhesh movement, Tharu movement, Janajati movement). |
| 46 | Madhesh Movement (เคฎเคงเฅเคถ เคเคจเฅเคฆเฅเคฒเคจ) | Series of protests (2007, 2015, 2020) demanding Madhesi rights, constitutional amendments, and proportional inclusion. Deadly crackdown in 2015. |
| 47 | Tharu Movement (เคฅเคพเคฐเฅ เคเคจเฅเคฆเฅเคฒเคจ) | Campaigns for Tharu identity recognition, land rights, and federal province. Nagrik Unmukti Party emerged from this movement. |
| 48 | Janajati Movement (เคเคจเคเคพเคคเคฟ เคเคจเฅเคฆเฅเคฒเคจ) | Indigenous nationalitiesโ demands for recognition, language rights, and proportional representation. |
| 49 | Dalit Movement (เคฆเคฒเคฟเคค เคเคจเฅเคฆเฅเคฒเคจ) | Campaign against caste discrimination, untouchability, and for reservation and dignity. |
| 50 | Womenโs Movement (เคฎเคนเคฟเคฒเคพ เคเคจเฅเคฆเฅเคฒเคจ) | Feminist campaigns for gender equality, reproductive rights, violence against women laws, and political participation. |
| 51 | Tharuhat (เคฅเคพเคฐเฅเคนเค) | Proposed autonomous Tharu province in western Tarai. Major demand of Tharu movement. |
| 52 | Madhesh (เคฎเคงเฅเคถ) | Proposed single Madhesi-majority province. Partially achieved as Province 2 (now Madhesh Province). |
| 53 | Limbuwan (เคฒเคฟเคฎเฅเคฌเฅเคตเคพเคจ) | Historic Kirat region of far eastern Nepal. Movement for autonomous Limbu state. |
| 54 | Khotang (เคเฅเคเคพเค) | Kirat homeland. Symbolic reference for Rai identity politics. |
| 55 | Language Politics (เคญเคพเคทเคพ เคฐเคพเคเคจเฅเคคเคฟ) | Demands for official recognition and use of mother tongues (Maithili, Bhojpuri, Tharu, Tamang, etc.) in government and education. |
| 56 | Official Language (เคธเคฐเคเคพเคฐเฅ เคญเคพเคทเคพ) | Nepali in Devanagari script. Provinces may recognize additional official languages (e.g., Maithili in Madhesh Province). |
| 57 | Mother Tongue Education (เคฎเคพเคคเฅเคญเคพเคทเคพ เคถเคฟเคเฅเคทเคพ) | Right to primary education in native language. Constitutional provision but poorly implemented. |
| 58 | Caste-Based Violence (เคเคพเคคเฅเคฏ เคนเคฟเคเคธเคพ) | Physical attacks, discrimination, and social exclusion targeting Dalits and lower castes. Criminalized but underreported. |
| 59 | Ethnic Census (เคเคพเคคเฅเคฏ เคเคจเคเคฃเคจเคพ) | National population census collecting caste/ethnic data. Controversial due to categorization and political manipulation. |
| 60 | Social Cohesion (เคธเคพเคฎเคพเคเคฟเค เคเคเคคเคพ) | Goal of maintaining national unity while respecting diversity. Tension with identity-based federalism and inclusion demands. |
Part 4: Social Movements (Women, Students, Workers, Farmers)
| # | Term (Nepali/English) | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Womenโs Movement (เคฎเคนเคฟเคฒเคพ เคเคจเฅเคฆเฅเคฒเคจ) | Long-running feminist struggle for gender equality, legal rights, reproductive health, and political participation. |
| 2 | ANWA (เค เคจเฅเคตเคพ) | All Nepal Womenโs Association (ANWA). UML-affiliated womenโs organization. Promotes womenโs political participation. |
| 3 | Nari Sangathan (เคจเคพเคฐเฅ เคธเคเฅเคเค เคจ) | Nepal Womenโs Organization. Nepali Congress-affiliated womenโs wing. |
| 4 | Feminist Dalit Organization (เคจเคพเคฐเฅเคตเคพเคฆเฅ เคฆเคฒเคฟเคค เคธเคเฅเคเค เคจ) | Cross-party network of Dalit women activists fighting caste and gender discrimination simultaneously. |
| 5 | Womenโs Reservation (เคฎเคนเคฟเคฒเคพ เคเคฐเคเฅเคทเคฃ) | Constitutional mandate: 33% of seats in local governments and proportional representation reserved for women. One woman in each three-member ward committee. |
| 6 | Gender Quota (เคฒเฅเคเฅเคเคฟเค เคเฅเคเคพ) | Legal requirement for political parties to field minimum percentage of women candidates. Often bypassed by placing women in unwinnable seats. |
| 7 | One Woman per Ward (เคชเฅเคฐเคคเฅเคฏเฅเค เคตเคกเคพเคฎเคพ เคเค เคฎเคนเคฟเคฒเคพ) | Local government mandate: each wardโs 3-member committee includes one woman. |
| 8 | Female Deputy (เคฎเคนเคฟเคฒเคพ เคเคชเคชเฅเคฐเคฎเฅเค) | Local government: if chief is male, deputy must be female, and vice versa. |
| 9 | CEDAW (เคธเคฟเคกเคต) | Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women. Nepal ratified 1991. Periodic compliance reporting. |
| 10 | Gender-Based Violence (เคฒเฅเคเฅเคเคฟเค เคนเคฟเคเคธเคพ) | Domestic violence, rape, trafficking, and other violence disproportionately affecting women. Legal framework but enforcement weak. |
| 11 | Domestic Violence Act (เคเคฐเฅเคฒเฅ เคนเคฟเคเคธเคพ เคเคจ) | 2009 law criminalizing domestic abuse. Provides protection orders and penalties. Limited implementation. |
| 12 | Sexual Harassment (เคฏเฅเคจ เคเคคเฅเคชเฅเคกเคจ) | Workplace and public space harassment. Criminalized but rarely prosecuted. |
| 13 | Trafficking (เคฌเฅเคเคฌเคฟเคเคจ) | Cross-border and internal trafficking of women for forced labor and sexual exploitation. Major issue in Tarai and border areas. |
| 14 | Reproductive Rights (เคชเฅเคฐเคเคจเคจ เคธเฅเคตเคพเคธเฅเคฅเฅเคฏ เค เคงเคฟเคเคพเคฐ) | Access to family planning, safe abortion, maternal health. Abortion legalized in 2002. |
| 15 | Safe Abortion (เคธเฅเคฐเคเฅเคทเคฟเคค เคเคฐเฅเคญเคชเคคเคจ) | Legal abortion up to 12 weeks, 18 weeks for rape/incest. Still stigmatized and inaccessible in rural areas. |
| 16 | Child Marriage (เคฌเคพเคฒ เคตเคฟเคตเคพเคน) | Illegal but prevalent in Tarai and remote areas. Girls married before 18. NGOs campaign against. |
| 17 | Widow Rights (เคตเคฟเคงเคตเคพ เค เคงเคฟเคเคพเคฐ) | Legal inheritance rights for widows. Traditional stigma and property denial remain issues. |
| 18 | Property Rights for Women (เคฎเคนเคฟเคฒเคพเคเฅ เคธเคฎเฅเคชเคคเฅเคคเคฟ เค เคงเคฟเคเคพเคฐ) | Constitutional guarantee of equal inheritance rights. Social practice lags, especially in patrilineal communities. |
| 19 | Maternity Leave (เคชเฅเคฐเคธเฅเคคเคฟ เคตเคฟเคฆเคพ) | Legal 98 days fully paid for government employees. Private sector less compliant. |
| 20 | Womenโs Political Participation (เคฎเคนเคฟเคฒเคพเคเฅ เคฐเคพเคเคจเฅเคคเคฟเค เคธเคนเคญเคพเคเคฟเคคเคพ) | Constitutional quotas ensure womenโs presence but not meaningful influence. Leadership positions still male-dominated. |
| 21 | Student Politics (เคตเคฟเคฆเฅเคฏเคพเคฐเฅเคฅเฅ เคฐเคพเคเคจเฅเคคเคฟ) | Highly active student unions affiliated with political parties. Dominant force in campuses and schools. |
| 22 | NSU (เคจเฅเคธเฅ) | Nepal Student Union. Nepali Congress-affiliated student wing. Largest student organization. |
| 23 | ANNISU-R (เค เคจเฅเคฐเคพเคธเฅเคตเคตเคฟเคฏเฅ-เคเฅเคฐเคพเคจเฅเคคเคฟเคเคพเคฐเฅ) | All Nepal National Independent Studentsโ Union-Revolutionary. Maoist-affiliated. Known for aggressive protests. |
| 24 | ANNISU (เค เคจเฅเคฐเคพเคธเฅเคตเคตเคฟเคฏเฅ) | All Nepal National Independent Studentsโ Union. UML-affiliated. Second largest student organization. |
| 25 | ANNFSU (เค เคจเฅเคซเฅเคธเฅ) | All Nepal National Free Studentsโ Union. CPN (Unified Socialist)-affiliated. |
| 26 | Campus Closures (เคเฅเคฏเคพเคฎเฅเคชเคธ เคฌเคจเฅเคฆ) | Frequent student-union called strikes and shutdowns of colleges. Disrupts academic calendar. |
| 27 | Student Protest (เคตเคฟเคฆเฅเคฏเคพเคฐเฅเคฅเฅ เคชเฅเคฐเคฆเคฐเฅเคถเคจ) | Street demonstrations by student unions on political issues (tuition fees, political appointments, national politics). |
| 28 | Tuition Fee Protest (เคถเฅเคฒเฅเค เคตเคฟเคฐเฅเคงเฅ เคเคจเฅเคฆเฅเคฒเคจ) | Student campaigns against fee hikes in universities. Often aligned with party interests. |
| 29 | University Election (เคตเคฟเคถเฅเคตเคตเคฟเคฆเฅเคฏเคพเคฒเคฏ เคจเคฟเคฐเฅเคตเคพเคเคจ) | Student union elections on campuses. Often marred by violence, rigging, and party interference. |
| 30 | Campus Violence (เคเฅเคฏเคพเคฎเฅเคชเคธ เคนเคฟเคเคธเคพ) | Physical clashes between rival student union factions using sticks, stones, and sometimes weapons. |
| 31 | Free Student Union (เคธเฅเคตเคคเคจเฅเคคเฅเคฐ เคตเคฟเคฆเฅเคฏเคพเคฐเฅเคฅเฅ เคฏเฅเคจเคฟเคฏเคจ) | Ideal of student body independent of party affiliation. Rarely achieved. |
| 32 | Tribhuvan University (เคคเฅเคฐเคฟเคญเฅเคตเคจ เคตเคฟเคถเฅเคตเคตเคฟเคฆเฅเคฏเคพเคฒเคฏ) | Largest and most politicized university. Epicenter of student politics. |
| 33 | Teacher Politics (เคถเคฟเคเฅเคทเค เคฐเคพเคเคจเฅเคคเคฟ) | Unionization of school and college teachers along party lines. Affects appointments and transfers. |
| 34 | Labor Movement (เคถเฅเคฐเคฎ เคเคจเฅเคฆเฅเคฒเคจ) | Trade union activism for workersโ rights, minimum wage, safety, and collective bargaining. |
| 35 | GEFONT (เคเคฟเคซเคจเฅเค) | General Federation of Nepalese Trade Unions. UML-affiliated. Largest trade union federation. |
| 36 | NTUC (เคจเฅเคเฅเค) | Nepal Trade Union Congress. Nepali Congress-affiliated. Second largest. |
| 37 | ANTUF (เค เคจเฅเคคเฅเคซ) | All Nepal Trade Union Federation. Maoist-affiliated. |
| 38 | Minimum Wage (เคจเฅเคฏเฅเคจเคคเคฎ เคเฅเคฏเคพเคฒเคพ) | Legal minimum daily wage for workers. Periodically revised by government. Often ignored in informal sector. |
| 39 | Worker Safety (เคถเฅเคฐเคฎเคฟเค เคธเฅเคฐเคเฅเคทเคพ) | Workplace safety regulations, especially in factories, construction, and brick kilns. Weak enforcement. |
| 40 | Child Labor (เคฌเคพเคฒ เคถเฅเคฐเคฎ) | Illegal but prevalent in agriculture, factories, and domestic work. NGOs and government programs aim to eliminate. |
| 41 | Bonded Labor (เคเคฎเฅเคฏเคพ, เคนเคฒเคฟเคฏเคพ) | Historical feudal labor system (Kamaiya in west, Haliya in east). Abolished but former bonded laborers still demand land and rehabilitation. |
| 42 | Kamaiya (เคเคฎเฅเคฏเคพ) | Bonded labor system in western Tarai (Tharu community). Abolished 2000. Rehabilitation incomplete. |
| 43 | Haliya (เคนเคฒเคฟเคฏเคพ) | Bonded agricultural labor in far-western Nepal. Abolished 2008. Compensation and land distribution ongoing. |
| 44 | Informal Sector (เค เคจเฅเคชเคเคพเคฐเคฟเค เคเฅเคทเฅเคคเฅเคฐ) | Majority of Nepali workers (agriculture, construction, street vending) without legal protections, benefits, or union coverage. |
| 45 | Remittance Workers (เคตเฅเคฆเฅเคถเคฟเค เคฐเฅเคเคเคพเคฐ) | Millions of Nepalis working abroad (Gulf, Malaysia, India). Major source of national income. Vulnerable to exploitation. |
| 46 | Foreign Employment Act (เคตเฅเคฆเฅเคถเคฟเค เคฐเฅเคเคเคพเคฐ เคเคจ) | 2007 law regulating overseas labor recruitment, requiring licenses, and providing some protections. |
| 47 | Recruitment Agency Fraud (เคฎเฅเคฏเคพเคจเคชเคพเคตเคฐ เค เคเฅ) | Widespread cheating of workers by overseas recruitment agents (false promises, document forgery, excessive fees). |
| 48 | Peasant Movement (เคเคฟเคธเคพเคจ เคเคจเฅเคฆเฅเคฒเคจ) | Farmersโ campaigns for land rights, irrigation, agricultural subsidies, and fair prices. |
| 49 | Land Reform (เคญเฅเคฎเคฟ เคธเฅเคงเคพเคฐ) | Historical redistribution of land from feudal landlords (zamindars) to landless farmers. Partially implemented. |
| 50 | Landless (เคญเฅเคฎเคฟเคนเฅเคจ) | Millions of Nepalis without legal land ownership. Central demand of peasant movements. |
| 51 | Sukumbasi (เคธเฅเคเฅเคฎเฅเคฌเคพเคธเฅ) | Landless squatters. Specific term for those living on occupied public land. Government resettlement programs. |
| 52 | Zamindar (เคเคฎเคฟเคจเคฆเคพเคฐ) | Feudal landlord system in Tarai (abolished). Former zamindars still retain economic power. |
| 53 | Land Ceiling (เคญเฅเคฎเคฟ เคธเฅเคฎเคพ) | Legal maximum land ownership per family (often violated). |
| 54 | Agricultural Subsidy (เคเฅเคทเคฟ เค เคจเฅเคฆเคพเคจ) | Government support for fertilizer, seeds, and irrigation. Insufficient and poorly distributed. |
| 55 | Farmersโ Suicide (เคเคฟเคธเคพเคจ เคเคคเฅเคฎเคนเคคเฅเคฏเคพ) | Crisis of farmer suicides due to debt, crop failure, and lack of support. Particularly acute in Tarai. |
| 56 | Organic Farming Movement (เคเฅเคตเคฟเค เคเฅเคคเฅ เคเคจเฅเคฆเฅเคฒเคจ) | Campaign for chemical-free agriculture. Niche but growing. |
| 57 | Food Sovereignty (เคเคพเคฆเฅเคฏ เคธเคพเคฐเฅเคตเคญเฅเคฎเคธเคคเฅเคคเคพ) | Right of communities to control their own food systems. Focus of peasant advocacy. |
| 58 | Cooperative Movement (เคธเคนเคเคพเคฐเฅ เคเคจเฅเคฆเฅเคฒเคจ) | Community-owned financial and agricultural cooperatives. Significant in rural economy. Sometimes mismanaged. |
| 59 | Informal Economy (เค เคจเฅเคชเคเคพเคฐเคฟเค เค เคฐเฅเคฅเคคเคจเฅเคคเฅเคฐ) | Large sector of street vendors, daily wage laborers, and small traders without legal recognition or social security. |
| 60 | Social Security (เคธเคพเคฎเคพเคเคฟเค เคธเฅเคฐเคเฅเคทเคพ) | Government programs for elderly, single women, disabled, and vulnerable. Limited coverage and benefits. |
Part 5: Hindu Politics, Secularism & Ideological Debates
| # | Term (Nepali/English) | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Hindu State (เคนเคฟเคจเฅเคฆเฅ เคฐเคพเคทเฅเคเฅเคฐ) | Nepalโs status before 2008. Abolished by Constituent Assembly. Pro-Hindu parties demand restoration. |
| 2 | Secularism (เคงเคฐเฅเคฎ เคจเคฟเคฐเคชเฅเคเฅเคทเคคเคพ) | 2008 declaration ending Hindu state. Defined as โreligious and cultural freedom, no state religion.โ Deeply contested. |
| 3 | Secularism Debate (เคงเคฐเฅเคฎ เคจเคฟเคฐเคชเฅเคเฅเคทเคคเคพ เคฌเคนเคธ) | Ongoing political and social argument over whether secularism is โanti-Hinduโ or genuine religious freedom. |
| 4 | Rastriya Prajatantra Party (RPP) (เคฐเคพเคทเฅเคเฅเคฐเคฟเคฏ เคชเฅเคฐเคเคพเคคเคจเฅเคคเฅเคฐ เคชเคพเคฐเฅเคเฅ) | Primary pro-Hindu political party. Seeks constitutional amendment to restore Hindu state. |
| 5 | Hindu Rashtra Abhiyan (เคนเคฟเคจเฅเคฆเฅ เคฐเคพเคทเฅเคเฅเคฐ เค เคญเคฟเคฏเคพเคจ) | Campaign to reinstate Nepal as Hindu state. Led by RPP and Hindu nationalist organizations. |
| 6 | Hindu Jagaran Manch (เคนเคฟเคจเฅเคฆเฅ เคเคพเคเคฐเคฃ เคฎเคเฅเค) | Hindu nationalist organization advocating for Hindu state and opposing secularism. |
| 7 | World Hindu Congress (เคตเคฟเคถเฅเคต เคนเคฟเคจเฅเคฆเฅ เคฎเคนเคพเคธเคเค) | International Hindu organization. Nepal chapter active in pro-Hindu advocacy. |
| 8 | Pashupati Area Development Trust (เคชเคถเฅเคชเคคเคฟ เคเฅเคทเฅเคคเฅเคฐ เคตเคฟเคเคพเคธ เคเฅเคท) | Trust managing Pashupatinath Temple, worldโs most sacred Hindu shrine. Symbol of Hindu identity. |
| 9 | Muktinath (เคฎเฅเคเฅเคคเคฟเคจเคพเคฅ) | Sacred Hindu and Buddhist pilgrimage site in Mustang. Symbol of syncretic religious heritage. |
| 10 | Janakpur (เคเคจเคเคชเฅเคฐ) | Birthplace of Goddess Sita. Major Hindu pilgrimage center. Symbol of Hindu cultural identity in Tarai. |
| 11 | Cow Protection (เคเฅเคฐเคเฅเคทเคพ) | Hindu reverence for cows. Periodic political issue regarding slaughter bans. |
| 12 | Religious Freedom (เคงเคพเคฐเฅเคฎเคฟเค เคธเฅเคตเคคเคจเฅเคคเฅเคฐเคคเคพ) | Constitutional guarantee of right to practice, profess, and propagate any religion. |
| 13 | Conversion (เคงเคฐเฅเคฎ เคชเคฐเคฟเคตเคฐเฅเคคเคจ) | Proselytization by Christian missionaries. Controversial; some pro-Hindu groups demand conversion bans. |
| 14 | Anti-Conversion Law (เคงเคฐเฅเคฎ เคชเคฐเคฟเคตเคฐเฅเคคเคจ เคตเคฟเคฐเฅเคงเฅ เคเคพเคจเฅเคจ) | Proposed law criminalizing religious conversion. Opposed by secular and Christian groups. |
| 15 | Christian Minority (เคเฅเคฐเคฟเคธเฅเคเคฟเคฏเคจ เค เคฒเฅเคชเคธเคเคเฅเคฏเค) | Rapidly growing Christian population (1-2% officially, likely higher). Targets of some Hindu nationalist attacks. |
| 16 | Muslim Minority (เคฎเฅเคธเฅเคฒเคฟเคฎ เค เคฒเฅเคชเคธเคเคเฅเคฏเค) | Approximately 4-5% population. Concentrated in Tarai. Face periodic communal tensions. |
| 17 | Buddhist Minority (เคฌเฅเคฆเฅเคง เค เคฒเฅเคชเคธเคเคเฅเคฏเค) | Significant minority (8-10% including Tibetan Buddhism). Indigenous groups (Sherpa, Tamang, Gurung) predominantly Buddhist. |
| 18 | Religious Harmony (เคงเคพเคฐเฅเคฎเคฟเค เคธเคฆเฅเคญเคพเคต) | Ideal of peaceful coexistence among Nepalโs diverse religious communities. Strained by secularism debate. |
| 19 | Temple Restoration (เคฎเคจเฅเคฆเคฟเคฐ เคชเฅเคจเคฐเฅเคจเคฟเคฐเฅเคฎเคพเคฃ) | Post-2015 earthquake reconstruction of historic temples. Symbolic of Hindu cultural preservation. |
| 20 | Sanskrit Education (เคธเคเคธเฅเคเฅเคค เคถเคฟเคเฅเคทเคพ) | Traditional Hindu religious education. Government supports Sanskrit schools and universities. |
| 21 | Guthi (เคเฅเค เฅ) | Traditional Newar trust managing temples, festivals, and community lands. Controversial 2019 Guthi Bill (proposed state control) caused protests. |
| 22 | Royalist Movement (เคฐเคพเคเคคเคจเฅเคคเฅเคฐเคตเคพเคฆเฅ เคเคจเฅเคฆเฅเคฒเคจ) | Campaign to restore constitutional monarchy alongside Hindu state. RPP and fringe groups. |
| 23 | Nationalism (เคฐเคพเคทเฅเคเฅเคฐเคฟเคฏเคคเคพ) | Core ideological concept in Nepali politics. Differentiated from โIndianโ or โWesternโ influence. |
| 24 | Anti-India Sentiment (เคญเคพเคฐเคค เคตเคฟเคฐเฅเคงเฅ เคญเคพเคตเคจเคพ) | Periodic political nationalism targeting perceived Indian interference in Nepalโs internal affairs. |
| 25 | Anti-China Sentiment (เคเฅเคจ เคตเคฟเคฐเฅเคงเฅ เคญเคพเคตเคจเคพ) | Less common but emerging. Focuses on Chinese infrastructure loans, migration, and influence. |
| 26 | Non-Aligned Movement (เคเฅเคเคจเคฟเคฐเคชเฅเคเฅเคท เคเคจเฅเคฆเฅเคฒเคจ) | Cold War-era foreign policy principle. Nepal maintains balance between India and China. |
| 27 | Open Border (เคเฅเคฒเคพ เคธเฅเคฎเคพ) | Treaty-based unrestricted border movement between Nepal and India. Security and economic implications. |
| 28 | Sovereignty (เคธเคพเคฐเฅเคตเคญเฅเคฎเคธเคคเฅเคคเคพ) | Central political value. Periodic disputes over border encroachment, trade agreements, and treaty reviews. |
| 29 | Panchasheel (เคชเคเฅเคเคถเฅเคฒ) | Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence (mutual respect, non-aggression, non-interference, equality, peaceful coexistence). Foundational foreign policy. |
| 30 | Leftist Ideology (เคตเคพเคฎเคชเคจเฅเคฅเฅ เคตเคฟเคเคพเคฐเคงเคพเคฐเคพ) | Communist and socialist political traditions. Major force through UML, Maoist, and smaller left parties. |
| 31 | Marxism-Leninism (เคฎเคพเคฐเฅเคเฅเคธเคตเคพเคฆ-เคฒเฅเคจเคฟเคจเคตเคพเคฆ) | Ideological foundation of UML. Emphasizes class struggle, socialist transition, and anti-imperialism. |
| 32 | Maoism (เคฎเคพเคเคตเคพเคฆ) | Ideology of CPN (Maoist Centre). Peopleโs war, protracted struggle, new democracy. Adapted to parliamentary politics post-2006. |
| 33 | Praxis (เคตเฅเคฏเคตเคนเคพเคฐ) | Marxist concept of theory applied through action. Maoist focus on grassroots organizing. |
| 34 | Class Struggle (เคตเคฐเฅเค เคธเคเฅเคเคฐเฅเคท) | Marxist framework of analysis. Influences leftist political rhetoric and policy (land reform, labor rights, anti-feudalism). |
| 35 | Imperialism (เคธเคพเคฎเฅเคฐเคพเคเฅเคฏเคตเคพเคฆ) | Leftist critique of global capitalist powers (US, India) influencing Nepalโs economy and politics. |
| 36 | Anti-Feudalism (เคธเคพเคฎเคจเฅเคคเคตเคพเคฆ เคตเคฟเคฐเฅเคงเฅ) | Leftist agenda to dismantle landlord systems, caste hierarchies, and traditional power structures. |
| 37 | New Democracy (เคจเคฏเคพเค เคเคจเคคเคจเฅเคคเฅเคฐ) | Maoist framework for revolutionary transition through multi-class alliance. |
| 38 | Peopleโs War (เคเคจเคฏเฅเคฆเฅเคง) | Maoist insurgency (1996-2006). Armed struggle against state, monarchy, and feudalism. |
| 39 | Third World (เคคเฅเคธเฅเคฐเฅ เคตเคฟเคถเฅเคต) | Identification with post-colonial developing nations. Influences foreign policy and anti-imperialist rhetoric. |
| 40 | Socialism (เคธเคฎเคพเคเคตเคพเคฆ) | Official goal of Nepali constitution (โsocialism-oriented economyโ). Interpreted differently by various parties. |
| 41 | Mixed Economy (เคฎเคฟเคถเฅเคฐเคฟเคค เค เคฐเฅเคฅเคคเคจเฅเคคเฅเคฐ) | Combination of private enterprise and state-owned sectors. Dominant economic model. |
| 42 | Privatization (เคจเคฟเคเฅเคเคฐเคฃ) | Transfer of state-owned enterprises to private sector. Controversial among leftist parties. |
| 43 | Liberal Democracy (เคเคฆเคพเคฐ เคฒเฅเคเคคเคจเฅเคคเฅเคฐ) | Nepali Congress ideology: multi-party competition, individual rights, market economy. |
| 44 | Social Democracy (เคธเคพเคฎเคพเคเคฟเค เคฒเฅเคเคคเคจเฅเคคเฅเคฐ) | Nepali Congress and leftist parties claim this: democracy with welfare state, worker protections, social safety nets. |
| 45 | Centrism (เคฎเคงเฅเคฏเคฎเคพเคฐเฅเคเคฟเคคเคพ) | Moderate political position between left and right. Weak institutional presence in polarized landscape. |
| 46 | Populism (เคเคจเคคเคพเคตเคพเคฆ) | Political style appealing to common people against elites. RSPโs rise attributed to populist appeal. |
| 47 | Anti-Corruption Movement (เคญเฅเคฐเคทเฅเคเคพเคเคพเคฐ เคตเคฟเคฐเฅเคงเฅ เคเคจเฅเคฆเฅเคฒเคจ) | Cross-party and civil society campaigns against corruption. RSPโs core platform. |
| 48 | Good Governance (เคธเฅเคถเคพเคธเคจ) | Policy goal of efficient, transparent, accountable government. Central to election manifestos. |
| 49 | Federal Implementation (เคธเคเฅเคเฅเคฏเคคเคพ เคเคพเคฐเฅเคฏเคพเคจเฅเคตเคฏเคจ) | Ongoing process of transferring power, resources, and personnel to provincial and local governments. Slow progress. |
| 50 | Provincial Autonomy (เคชเฅเคฐเคพเคฆเฅเคถเคฟเค เคธเฅเคตเคพเคฏเคคเฅเคคเคคเคพ) | Demand for genuine provincial powers over police, land, and resources. Central government resists. |
| 51 | Local Empowerment (เคธเฅเคฅเคพเคจเฅเคฏ เคธเคถเคเฅเคคเฅเคเคฐเคฃ) | Transfer of authority to municipal and rural municipality governments. Some progress. |
| 52 | Judicial Activism (เคจเฅเคฏเคพเคฏเคฟเค เคธเคเฅเคฐเคฟเคฏเคคเคพ) | Supreme Courtโs assertive role in constitutional interpretation, fundamental rights, and policy review. |
| 53 | Constitutionalism (เคธเคเคตเฅเคงเคพเคจเคฟเคเคคเคพ) | Principle of governance according to constitution. Debated regarding amendment and interpretation. |
| 54 | Rule of Law (เคเคพเคจเฅเคจเคเฅ เคถเคพเคธเคจ) | Principle that all citizens and institutions are accountable to law. Weak in practice. |
| 55 | Human Rights (เคฎเคพเคจเคต เค เคงเคฟเคเคพเคฐ) | Constitutional and international law protections. Periodic violations during protests and insurgency. |
| 56 | Transitional Justice (เคธเคเคเฅเคฐเคฎเคฃเคเคพเคฒเฅเคจ เคจเฅเคฏเคพเคฏ) | Mechanisms (Truth and Reconciliation Commission) for Civil War-era human rights abuses. Slow and contested. |
| 57 | Disappearance (เคฌเฅเคชเคคเฅเคคเคพ) | Thousands of people forcibly disappeared during Civil War. Families demand justice. |
| 58 | Victimsโ Rights (เคชเฅเคกเคฟเคค เค เคงเคฟเคเคพเคฐ) | Movement for compensation, truth, and accountability for Civil War victims. |
| 59 | Peace Process (เคถเคพเคจเฅเคคเคฟ เคชเฅเคฐเคเฅเคฐเคฟเคฏเคพ) | Post-2006 transition from civil war to constitutional democracy. Formal completion but justice incomplete. |
| 60 | Republican Era (เคเคฃเคคเคจเฅเคคเฅเคฐ เคเคพเคฒ) | Period from 2008 abolition of monarchy to present. Defined by federalism, secularism, and coalition instability. |
Part 6: Economy, Corruption, Foreign Policy, Media & Judiciary
| # | Term (Nepali/English) | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Remittance Economy (เคตเฅเคฆเฅเคถเคฟเค เคฐเฅเคฎเคฟเคเฅเคฏเคพเคจเฅเคธ เค เคฐเฅเคฅเคคเคจเฅเคคเฅเคฐ) | Nepalโs economy is heavily dependent on money sent home by workers abroad (primarily Gulf, Malaysia, India). Remittances constitute 20-25% of GDP, drive consumption, and reduce poverty but also create dependency and labor drain. |
| 2 | Trade Deficit (เคตเฅเคฏเคพเคชเคพเคฐ เคเคพเคเคพ) | Nepal imports far more than it exports (ratio approx. 10:1). Major imports: petroleum, machinery, electronics, vehicles. Exports: carpets, garments, pashmina, tea, coffee. Deficit financed by remittances and foreign aid. |
| 3 | Transit Treaty (เคชเคพเคฐเคตเคนเคจ เคธเคจเฅเคงเคฟ) | Agreement with India allowing Nepal to use Indian ports (Kolkata, Haldia, Visakhapatnam) for third-country trade. Geopolitical leverage point; disruptions (blockades) cripple Nepalโs economy. |
| 4 | Blockade (เคจเคพเคเคพเคฌเคจเฅเคฆเฅ) | Unofficial or official closure of India-Nepal border, restricting fuel and essential supplies. Most recent: 2015 (41 days) during Madhesh movement protests against constitution. Caused severe economic crisis. |
| 5 | Landlocked Country (เคญเฅเคฎเคฟเคชเคฐเคฟเคตเฅเคทเฅเคเคฟเคค เคฐเคพเคทเฅเคเฅเคฐ) | Nepal has no access to sea, relying entirely on India and China (via Tibet) for trade routes. This geographic reality dominates foreign policy, economic planning, and national security discourse. |
| 6 | Customs Revenue (เคญเคจเฅเคธเคพเคฐ เคฐเคพเคเคธเฅเคต) | Primary source of government domestic revenue (60-70% of total). Collected at border points (Birgunj, Bhairahawa, Kakarbhitta, etc.). Smuggling and under-invoicing are chronic problems. |
| 7 | Black Market (เคเคพเคฒเฅ เคฌเคเคพเคฐ) | Illegal trade of goods (petrol, medicine, food, electronics) during shortages, often across Indian border. Thrives during blockades, natural disasters, and political crises. |
| 8 | Smuggling (เคคเคธเฅเคเคฐเฅ) | Illegal cross-border movement of gold, drugs, timber, wildlife parts, and consumer goods. Nepal is both source and transit point. Weak border enforcement enables networks. |
| 9 | Foreign Aid (เคตเฅเคฆเฅเคถเคฟเค เคธเคนเคพเคฏเคคเคพ) | Nepal receives billions in grants and loans from bilateral donors (India, China, US, UK, Japan), multilateral agencies (World Bank, ADB, UN), and global funds. Aid effectiveness questioned due to fragmentation and corruption. |
| 10 | MCC (Millennium Challenge Corporation) (เคเคฎเคธเฅเคธเฅ) | US grant ($500 million) for energy and infrastructure. Ratified in 2022 after contentious parliamentary debate over sovereignty, military implications, and alignment with US Indo-Pacific strategy. |
| 11 | Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) (เคฌเฅเคฒเฅเค เคเคจเฅเคก เคฐเฅเคก เคเคจเคฟเคธเคฟเคเคเคฟเคญ) | Chinaโs global infrastructure program. Nepal signed MOU in 2017. Includes proposed railway from Kathmandu to Kerung (Tibet). Concerns over debt, transparency, and implementation. |
| 12 | Public Debt (เคธเคพเคฐเฅเคตเคเคจเคฟเค เคเคฃ) | Nepalโs government debt (approx. 45% of GDP). Majority external (bilateral and multilateral). Servicing costs rising, raising sustainability concerns. |
| 13 | Budget Calendar (เคฌเคเฅเค เคคเคพเคฒเคฟเคเคพ) | Government presents annual budget in late May (Fiscal Year: mid-July to mid-July). Prepared by Ministry of Finance, approved by parliament. Delays common during political instability. |
| 14 | Poverty (เคเคฐเคฟเคฌเฅ) | Percentage of population below national poverty line (approx. 20% in recent estimates). Reduced significantly from 42% in 1995, but inequality rising. Rural and Tarai poverty higher. |
| 15 | Unemployment (เคฌเฅเคฐเฅเคเคเคพเคฐเฅ) | High underemployment and disguised unemployment, especially among youth. Formal sector jobs scarce. Driving force behind labor migration. |
| 16 | Brain Drain (เคชเฅเคฐเคคเคฟเคญเคพ เคชเคฒเคพเคฏเคจ) | Outflow of educated, skilled Nepalis (doctors, engineers, IT professionals) to overseas opportunities. Weakens domestic capacity but fuels remittance economy. |
| 17 | Corruption (เคญเฅเคฐเคทเฅเคเคพเคเคพเคฐ) | Widespread bribery, embezzlement, and abuse of office across all levels of government. Perceived as one of Nepalโs greatest governance failures. |
| 18 | Commission for Investigation of Abuse of Authority (CIAA) (เค เคเฅเคคเคฟเคฏเคพเคฐ เคฆเฅเคฐเฅเคชเคฏเฅเค เค เคจเฅเคธเคจเฅเคงเคพเคจ เคเคฏเฅเค) | Constitutional anti-corruption body. Investigates and files corruption cases. Criticized for political interference, inefficiency, and targeting low-level officials while ignoring high-profile cases. |
| 19 | Office of the Auditor General (เคฎเคนเคพเคฒเฅเคเคพ เคชเคฐเฅเคเฅเคทเคเคเฅ เคเคพเคฐเฅเคฏเคพเคฒเคฏ) | Constitutional body auditing government accounts. Annual report highlights financial irregularities, unused funds, and procurement violations. Parliament rarely acts on findings. |
| 20 | Public Procurement (เคธเคพเคฐเฅเคตเคเคจเคฟเค เคเคฐเคฟเคฆ) | Government purchasing of goods, services, and construction. Rife with bid-rigging, over-invoicing, and political favoritism. Weak enforcement of procurement laws. |
| 21 | Money Laundering (เคธเคฎเฅเคชเคคเฅเคคเคฟ เคถเฅเคฆเฅเคงเฅเคเคฐเคฃ) | Illegal process of concealing origins of illicit funds. Nepal is on FATF grey list periodically. Weak financial oversight enables political corruption. |
| 22 | White-Collar Crime (เคธเฅเคคเฅ เคเคฒเคฐ เค เคชเคฐเคพเคง) | Non-violent financial crimes (tax evasion, fraud, embezzlement) by politicians, bureaucrats, and business elites. Under-prosecuted. |
| 23 | Underground Economy (เคญเฅเคฎเคฟเคเคค เค เคฐเฅเคฅเคคเคจเฅเคคเฅเคฐ) | Unreported economic activity (cash transactions, informal businesses, smuggling). Estimated 30-40% of GDP. Evades taxation and regulation. |
| 24 | Foreign Investment (เคตเฅเคฆเฅเคถเคฟเค เคฒเคเคพเคจเฅ) | FDI in Nepal is low compared to regional peers. Sectors: hydropower, tourism, manufacturing. Barriers include red tape, political instability, and infrastructure gaps. |
| 25 | Hydropower (เคเคฒเคตเคฟเคฆเฅเคฏเฅเคค) | Nepalโs greatest natural resource (potential 42,000 MW). Developed projects (approx. 1,400 MW). Export potential to India. Politicized and delayed by contract disputes. |
| 26 | Privatization Commission (เคจเคฟเคเฅเคเคฐเคฃ เคเคฏเฅเค) | Government body responsible for selling state-owned enterprises (airlines, factories, hotels). Most sales completed; remaining politically sensitive. |
| 27 | Cooperatives (เคธเคนเคเคพเคฐเฅ) | Member-owned financial and agricultural institutions. Significant in rural areas. Recent scandals (savings fraud) exposed weak regulation. |
| 28 | Foreign Policy (เคตเฅเคฆเฅเคถเคฟเค เคจเฅเคคเคฟ) | Guiding principles of Nepalโs international relations: non-alignment, Panchasheel, mutual benefit, and sovereignty protection. Balanced between India and China. |
| 29 | Non-Alignment (เคเฅเคเคจเคฟเคฐเคชเฅเคเฅเคทเคคเคพ) | Cold War-era policy of not joining military alliances. Nepal remains formally non-aligned but engages with both neighbors on security and economic matters. |
| 30 | SAARC (เคธเคพเคฐเฅเค) | South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation. Founded 1985. Nepal hosted 2014 summit (unsuccessful due to India-Pakistan tensions). Now largely inactive. |
| 31 | BIMSTEC (เคฌเคฟเคฎเฅเคธเฅเคเฅเค) | Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation. Alternative regional forum to SAARC. Nepal participates actively. |
| 32 | Diplomatic Recognition (เคเฅเคเคจเฅเคคเคฟเค เคฎเคพเคจเฅเคฏเคคเคพ) | Nepal maintains embassies in over 30 countries. Recognizes both Koreas, both Chinas (PRC only, not ROC-Taiwan). |
| 33 | Border Disputes (เคธเฅเคฎเคพ เคตเคฟเคตเคพเคฆ) | Unresolved border sections with India (Kalapani, Lipulekh, Limpiyadhura, Susta). Periodic tensions, especially during nationalist political campaigns. |
| 34 | Kalapani (เคเคพเคฒเคพเคชเคพเคจเฅ) | Disputed territory on Nepal-India border (western sector). Administered by India. Nepal claims based on Sugauli Treaty (1816). Issue resurfaces during political crises. |
| 35 | Sugauli Treaty (เคธเฅเคเฅเคฒเฅ เคธเคจเฅเคงเคฟ) | 1816 treaty between Nepal and British India, establishing current border framework. Source of ongoing territorial disputes. |
| 16 | Press Freedom (เคชเฅเคฐเฅเคธ เคธเฅเคตเคคเคจเฅเคคเฅเคฐเคคเคพ) | Constitutional guarantee of media freedom. Nepal ranks relatively high globally. However, self-censorship due to political pressure and threats remains. |
| 37 | Media Ownership (เคธเคเฅเคเคพเคฐเคเฅเคน เคธเฅเคตเคพเคฎเคฟเคคเฅเคต) | Most major Nepali media (newspapers, TV, radio) are owned by political party affiliates or business interests close to power. Undermines objectivity. |
| 38 | Social Media Regulation (เคธเคพเคฎเคพเคเคฟเค เคธเคเฅเคเคพเคฒ เคจเคฟเคฏเคฎเคจ) | Government attempts to regulate Facebook, Twitter, TikTok, and other platforms. Contested as censorship. Used to prosecute critics. |
| 39 | Defamation Law (เคฎเคพเคจเคนเคพเคจเคฟ เคเคพเคจเฅเคจ) | Legal provisions allowing politicians to sue media for reputational damage. Used to intimidate journalists. |
| 40 | Shield Law (เคชเคคเฅเคฐเคเคพเคฐ เคธเฅเคฐเคเฅเคทเคพ เคเคพเคจเฅเคจ) | Proposed legislation protecting journalists from revealing sources. Not yet enacted. |
| 41 | Press Council (เคชเฅเคฐเฅเคธ เคเคพเคเคจเฅเคธเคฟเคฒ) | Regulatory body for print media. Receives complaints, issues warnings, but lacks enforcement power. |
| 42 | Nepal Television (เคจเฅเคชเคพเคฒ เคเฅเคฒเคฟเคญเคฟเคเคจ) | State-owned national broadcaster. Government mouthpiece during crises. Attempts at autonomy limited. |
| 43 | Radio Nepal (เคฐเฅเคกเคฟเคฏเฅ เคจเฅเคชเคพเคฒ) | State-owned radio network. Reaches remote areas. Programming includes government news and cultural content. |
| 44 | Community Radio (เคธเคพเคฎเฅเคฆเคพเคฏเคฟเค เคฐเฅเคกเคฟเคฏเฅ) | Locally owned, non-profit radio stations (over 300). Vital for local news, disaster warnings, and civic education. Often targeted by local politicians. |
| 45 | Supreme Court (เคธเคฐเฅเคตเฅเคเฅเค เค เคฆเคพเคฒเคค) | Highest judicial authority. Chief Justice heads 20+ justices. Power of judicial review and writ jurisdiction. Activist reputation. |
| 46 | Chief Justice (เคชเฅเคฐเคงเคพเคจ เคจเฅเคฏเคพเคฏเคพเคงเฅเคถ) | Head of judiciary. Appointed by President on Constitutional Council recommendation. Controversial appointments and retirement politics common. |
| 47 | High Court (เคเคเฅเค เค เคฆเคพเคฒเคค) | Provincial-level appellate courts (currently 7, planned for each province). Hear appeals from district courts. |
| 48 | District Court (เคเคฟเคฒเฅเคฒเคพ เค เคฆเคพเคฒเคค) | Trial courts in each of 77 districts. First instance for most civil and criminal cases. Backlogged and under-resourced. |
| 49 | Judicial Council (เคจเฅเคฏเคพเคฏเคฟเค เคชเคฐเคฟเคทเคฆ) | Body responsible for judicial appointments, transfers, and discipline. Criticized for lack of transparency. |
| 50 | Judicial Service Commission (เคจเฅเคฏเคพเคฏเคฟเค เคธเฅเคตเคพ เคเคฏเฅเค) | Recruits judges for lower courts. Composition includes Chief Justice, Law Minister, and senior judges. |
| 51 | Court Delay (เค เคฆเคพเคฒเคค เคขเคฟเคฒเคพเค) | Chronic problem. Cases take years or decades to resolve. Erodes public trust. |
| 52 | Informal Justice (เค เคจเฅเคชเคเคพเคฐเคฟเค เคจเฅเคฏเคพเคฏ) | Village councils, ethnic elders, and traditional bodies (e.g., Tharu Bhalmansa) resolve disputes outside formal court system. Not legally recognized but widely used. |
| 53 | Legal Aid (เคเคพเคจเฅเคจเฅ เคธเคนเคพเคฏเคคเคพ) | Free or subsidized legal services for poor. Limited availability, especially in rural areas. |
| 54 | Public Interest Litigation (PIL) (เคธเคพเคฐเฅเคตเคเคจเคฟเค เคธเคฐเฅเคเคพเคฐเคเฅ เคฎเฅเคฆเฅเคฆเคพ) | Mechanism for citizens or NGOs to file cases on constitutional or environmental issues. Frequently used by activists. |
| 55 | Contempt of Court (เค เคฆเคพเคฒเคคเคเฅ เค เคตเคนเฅเคฒเคจเคพ) | Legal provision to punish criticism of judiciary. Used occasionally to silence journalists and politicians. |
| 56 | Extra-Judicial Killing (เค เคฆเคพเคฒเคคเฅ เคฌเคพเคนเคฟเคฐเคเฅ เคนเคคเฅเคฏเคพ) | Alleged security force killings of civilians during protests (Madhesh movement 2015, Tharu movement, etc.) without trial. Unresolved cases. |
| 57 | Enforced Disappearance (เคฌเคพเคงเฅเคฏเคคเคพเคชเฅเคฐเฅเคฃ เคฌเฅเคชเคคเฅเคคเคพ) | Forced disappearance of individuals by security forces during Civil War and subsequent protests. Families demand truth and justice. |
| 58 | Truth and Reconciliation Commission (เคธเคคเฅเคฏ เคจเคฟเคฐเฅเคชเคฃ เคคเคฅเคพ เคฎเฅเคฒเคฎเคฟเคฒเคพเคช เคเคฏเฅเค) | Transitional justice body investigating Civil War-era human rights abuses. Slow progress, criticized for recommending amnesty for serious crimes. |
| 59 | Commission on Enforced Disappearances (เคฌเฅเคชเคคเฅเคคเคพ เคเคพเคจเคฌเคฟเคจ เคเคฏเฅเค) | Parallel body investigating disappearance cases. Separate from TRC. Also criticized for inaction. |
| 60 | Impunity (เคฆเคฃเฅเคกเคนเฅเคจเคคเคพ) | Culture of powerful individuals (politicians, security officials, business leaders) avoiding accountability for crimes. Major governance challenge. |
Timeline of Nepali Political History
Ancient & Medieval Period (Before 1768)
| Year/Period | Event | Relevant Glossary Terms |
|---|---|---|
| ~500 BCE | Kirat dynasty rules Kathmandu valley | Kirat, Limbuwan |
| ~300 CE | Lichhavi dynasty establishes early state structure | โ |
| ~1200 CE | Malla dynasty begins rule | โ |
| 1482 | Kathmandu valley splits into three Malla kingdoms (Kantipur, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur) | โ |
| 1559 | Gorkha Kingdom established by Dravya Shah | Gorkhaland |
Unification & Shah Dynasty (1768โ1846)
| Year | Event | Relevant Glossary Terms |
|---|---|---|
| 1768 | Prithvi Narayan Shah conquers Kathmandu valley; begins Nepal unification | Akhanda Nepal |
| 1769 | Gorkha forces unify eastern and western principalities | โ |
| 1790 | Nepal expands to include Sikkim and Garhwal | โ |
| 1806 | Bilateral treaty with British India | โ |
| 1814-16 | Anglo-Nepalese War; Nepal loses one-third of territory | โ |
| 1816 | Sugauli Treaty signed with British India; current borders (except Kalapani) established | Sugauli Treaty, Kalapani, Lipulekh, Limpiyadhura |
| 1846 | Kot Parva massacre; Jung Bahadur Rana seizes power; Rana regime begins | โ |
Rana Regime (1846โ1951)
| Year | Event | Relevant Glossary Terms |
|---|---|---|
| 1846 | Jung Bahadur Rana becomes first Rana Prime Minister; hereditary succession established | โ |
| 1850 | Jung Bahadur visits Europe; modernizes Nepalโs administration | โ |
| 1923 | Nepal signs Treaty of Friendship with British India | โ |
| 1947 | Nepali Congress founded in Calcutta | Nepali Congress |
| 1948 | First Rana-era constitution (Government of Nepal Act) | โ |
| 1950 | Jana Andolan I begins; armed revolt by Nepali Congress | Jana Andolan, B.P. Koirala |
| 1951 | Rana regime collapses; King Tribhuvan restores Shah monarchy; democracy promised | Loktantra |
Early Democracy & Panchayat Era (1951โ1990)
| Year | Event | Relevant Glossary Terms |
|---|---|---|
| 1959 | First democratic election; B.P. Koirala (Nepali Congress) becomes Prime Minister | B.P. Koirala, Pradhanmantri |
| 1960 | King Mahendra stages coup; dismisses government; arrests B.P. Koirala | King Mahendra, Panchayat System |
| 1962 | Panchayat constitution promulgated; partyless system begins | Panchayat System |
| 1972 | King Mahendra dies; King Birendra ascends throne | King Birendra |
| 1979 | Student protests force referendum promise | Student Politics |
| 1980 | Referendum: Panchayat wins (54% to 46%); reforms promised but not implemented | Referendum |
| 1985 | Nepali Congress launches civil disobedience movement | โ |
| 1989 | India imposes trade and transit blockade | Blockade |
| 1990 | Jana Andolan I forces King Birendra to accept constitutional monarchy; multi-party democracy restored | Jana Andolan, Loktantra |
| 1990 | New constitution (1990) establishes constitutional monarchy | โ |
Constitutional Monarchy & Multiparty Democracy (1990โ1996)
| Year | Event | Relevant Glossary Terms |
|---|---|---|
| 1991 | First post-Panchayat election; Nepali Congress wins; Girija Prasad Koirala becomes PM | Girija Prasad Koirala |
| 1994 | CPN-UML wins election; Man Mohan Adhikary becomes PM (first communist PM) | CPN-UML |
| 1995 | Nepali Congress returns to power | โ |
| 1996 | CPN (Maoist) submits Forty Points Demand; rejected; launches Peopleโs War (insurgency) | Maoist Insurgency, Forty Points Demand, Prachanda |
| 1996 | Maoist insurgency begins from Rolpa and Rukum districts | โ |
Civil War (1996โ2006)
| Year | Event | Relevant Glossary Terms |
|---|---|---|
| 1996 | Maoist attacks on police posts; state of emergency declared multiple times | Peopleโs War |
| 2001 | Royal Massacre: King Birendra and family killed; King Gyanendra ascends | Royal Massacre, King Gyanendra |
| 2001 | Maoists escalate attacks; peace talks fail | โ |
| 2002 | King Gyanendra dismisses Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba; assumes executive power | โ |
| 2003 | Ceasefire and peace talks; collapse within months | โ |
| 2004 | Maoists besiege Kathmandu (blockade); attacks intensify | โ |
| 2005 | King Gyanendra stages coup; assumes direct rule | โ |
| 2005 | Seven-Party Alliance (SPA) formed with Maoists | Seven-Party Alliance |
| 2006 | Jana Andolan II: massive protests force King to restore parliament | Jana Andolan |
| 2006 | Comprehensive Peace Accord signed (November 21); Civil War ends | Comprehensive Peace Accord |
Peace Process & Interim Period (2006โ2015)
| Year | Event | Relevant Glossary Terms |
|---|---|---|
| 2006 | Interim constitution promulgated | โ |
| 2007 | Interim parliament includes Maoists | โ |
| 2007 | Madhesh Movement protests for inclusion and federalism | Madhesh Movement |
| 2008 | First Constituent Assembly (CA) election (April 10) | Samvidhan Sabha |
| 2008 | CA declares Nepal a Federal Democratic Republic; monarchy abolished | โ |
| 2008 | Secularism declared; Nepal no longer Hindu state | Secularism, Hindu Rashtra |
| 2009 | CPN-UML leads government under Madhav Kumar Nepal | โ |
| 2010 | Extended CA term; constitution delayed | โ |
| 2011 | Baburam Bhattarai (Maoist) becomes PM | Baburam Bhattarai |
| 2012 | First CA dissolved after failing to draft constitution | โ |
| 2013 | Second Constituent Assembly election (November 19) | Samvidhan Sabha |
| 2014 | Sushil Koirala (Nepali Congress) becomes PM | โ |
| 2015 | Nepal adopts new Constitution of Nepal 2015 (September 20) | Constitution of Nepal 2015 |
| 2015 | Madhesh Movement protests against constitution (40+ deaths) | Madhesh Movement |
| 2015 | India imposes blockade (41 days); severe economic crisis | Blockade |
Federal Republic Era (2015โPresent)
| Year | Event | Relevant Glossary Terms |
|---|---|---|
| 2015 | K.P. Sharma Oli becomes PM (first of multiple terms) | K.P. Sharma Oli |
| 2016 | First constitutional amendment (citizenship, provincial naming) | Amendment |
| 2017 | First federal, provincial, and local elections under new constitution | โ |
| 2017 | Left Alliance (UML-Maoist) wins federal election | Left Alliance |
| 2018 | K.P. Sharma Oli sworn in as PM; Nepal Communist Party (NCP) formed (UML-Maoist merger) | Nepal Communist Party (NCP) |
| 2019 | NCP government launches โProsperous Nepal, Happy Nepaliโ campaign | โ |
| 2020 | Parliament dissolved by Oli (Supreme Court reinstates) | โ |
| 2021 | NCP splits; CPN (Maoist Centre) and UML separate; Madhav Nepal forms CPN (Unified Socialist) | CPN (Maoist Centre), CPN (Unified Socialist) |
| 2021 | Sher Bahadur Deuba becomes PM (Nepali Congress-led coalition) | Sher Bahadur Deuba |
| 2022 | Rastriya Swatantra Party (RSP) founded by Rabi Lamichhane | Rastriya Swatantra Party (RSP), Rabi Lamichhane |
| 2022 | November federal election: Nepali Congress largest party; no single majority | Hung Parliament |
| 2022 | Prachanda becomes PM (coalition with Nepali Congress and others) | Prachanda |
| 2023 | Provinces officially named (Koshi, Madhesh, Bagmati, Gandaki, Lumbini, Karnali, Sudurpashchim) | Province |
| 2024 | Political instability continues; multiple no-confidence motions | No-Confidence Motion |
| 2025 | Ongoing coalition negotiations and constitutional amendment debates | โ |
Summary of Timeline by Era
| Era | Duration | Key Features |
|---|---|---|
| Ancient/Medieval | Before 1768 | Kirat, Lichhavi, Malla kingdoms |
| Unification & Shah | 1768โ1846 | Prithvi Narayan Shah, Sugauli Treaty |
| Rana Regime | 1846โ1951 | Hereditary Rana rule, Nepali Congress founded |
| Panchayat | 1951โ1990 | Partyless system, King Mahendraโs coup, Jana Andolan I |
| Constitutional Monarchy | 1990โ1996 | Multi-party democracy, first communist PM |
| Civil War | 1996โ2006 | Maoist insurgency, Royal Massacre, Jana Andolan II |
| Peace Process | 2006โ2015 | Comprehensive Peace Accord, Constituent Assemblies, 2015 Constitution |
| Federal Republic | 2015โpresent | Federalism, secularism, coalition instability, RSP rise |
Part 7: Security, Army, Police, Insurgency (60 Terms)
| # | Term (Nepali/English) | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Nepali Army (เคจเฅเคชเคพเคฒเฅ เคธเฅเคจเคพ) | The national military force of Nepal. Approximately 96,000 active personnel. Historically loyal to monarchy. Post-2006, placed under civilian control. Plays role in UN peacekeeping (one of largest contributors). |
| 2 | Chief of Army Staff (เคชเฅเคฐเคงเคพเคจ เคธเฅเคจเคพเคชเคคเคฟ) | Head of Nepali Army. Appointed by Prime Minister. Four-star general. Key political actor during crises. |
| 3 | Civil-Military Relations (เคจเคพเคเคฐเคฟเค-เคธเฅเคจเฅเคฏ เคธเคฎเฅเคฌเคจเฅเคง) | Tension between elected civilian government and military institution. Historically, army sided with monarchy (1960, 2005). Post-2006 reforms placed army under parliamentary oversight. |
| 4 | UN Peacekeeping (เคธเคเคฏเฅเคเฅเคค เคฐเคพเคทเฅเคเฅเคฐ เคถเคพเคจเฅเคคเคฟ เคธเฅเคฅเคพเคชเคจเคพ) | Nepal is among top contributors of troops to UN missions (South Sudan, Congo, Lebanon, etc.). Enhances international prestige and provides foreign exchange earnings for soldiers. |
| 5 | Nepal Police (เคจเฅเคชเคพเคฒ เคชเฅเคฐเคนเคฐเฅ) | National civilian police force. Approximately 80,000 personnel. Responsible for law enforcement, crime prevention, traffic control, and riot management. Under Ministry of Home Affairs. |
| 6 | Armed Police Force (เคธเคถเคธเฅเคคเฅเคฐ เคชเฅเคฐเคนเคฐเฅ เคฌเคฒ) | Paramilitary force (approx. 40,000). Created in 2001 to combat Maoist insurgency. Handles counterinsurgency, border security, and high-risk operations. Separate from Nepal Police. |
| 7 | Inspector General of Police (เคชเฅเคฐเคนเคฐเฅ เคฎเคนเคพเคจเคฟเคฐเฅเคเฅเคทเค) | Head of Nepal Police. Appointed by government. Five-year term (extendable). Political interference in appointments common. |
| 8 | National Investigation Department (เคฐเคพเคทเฅเคเฅเคฐเคฟเคฏ เค เคจเฅเคธเคจเฅเคงเคพเคจ เคตเคฟเคญเคพเค) | Nepalโs primary intelligence agency (similar to CIA). Reports directly to Prime Minister. Responsible for domestic and foreign intelligence, counterterrorism, and surveillance. |
| 9 | Home Ministry (เคเฅเคน เคฎเคจเฅเคคเฅเคฐเคพเคฒเคฏ) | Ministry overseeing police, armed police, immigration, disaster management, and internal security. One of the most powerful cabinet positions. |
| 10 | Defense Ministry (เคฐเคเฅเคทเคพ เคฎเคจเฅเคคเฅเคฐเคพเคฒเคฏ) | Ministry overseeing Nepali Army, military procurement, and defense policy. Civilian minister with limited operational control over army. |
| 11 | Paramilitary (เค เคฐเฅเคงเคธเฅเคจเคฟเค) | Armed Police Force (APF) functions as paramilitary. Deployed for border security, VIP protection, and anti-insurgency operations. |
| 12 | Border Security (เคธเฅเคฎเคพ เคธเฅเคฐเคเฅเคทเคพ) | Responsibility shared between Armed Police Force and Nepal Police. Open border with India (1,850 km) makes management difficult. Smuggling, human trafficking, and illegal crossings chronic. |
| 13 | Armed Police Force Act (เคธเคถเคธเฅเคคเฅเคฐ เคชเฅเคฐเคนเคฐเฅ เคเคจ) | Governing law for APF. Defines powers, jurisdiction, and rules of engagement. |
| 14 | Police Regulation (เคชเฅเคฐเคนเคฐเฅ เคจเคฟเคฏเคฎเคพเคตเคฒเฅ) | Internal rules governing Nepal Police conduct, discipline, and operations. |
| 15 | Human Rights Violations (เคฎเคพเคจเคต เค เคงเคฟเคเคพเคฐ เคนเคจเคจ) | Allegations against security forces: extrajudicial killings, torture, disappearances (Civil War era and post-war protests). Unresolved cases under transitional justice. |
| 16 | Torture (เคฏเคพเคคเคจเคพ) | Systematic use of torture by police during interrogation (alleged). Anti-torture legislation exists but enforcement weak. |
| 17 | Police Brutality (เคชเฅเคฐเคนเคฐเฅ เคเฅเคฐเฅเคฐเคคเคพ) | Excessive force during protest crackdowns (Madhesh movement 2015, Tharu movement, student protests). Rarely prosecuted. |
| 18 | Disappearance (เคฌเฅเคชเคคเฅเคคเคพ) | Enforced disappearance of civilians by security forces, especially during Civil War (1996-2006). Thousands of cases unresolved. |
| 19 | Extrajudicial Killing (เค เคฆเคพเคฒเคคเฅ เคฌเคพเคนเคฟเคฐเคเฅ เคนเคคเฅเคฏเคพ) | Security force killings without trial. Documented during Maoist insurgency, Madhesh movement, and counter-narcotics operations. |
| 20 | Impunity (เคฆเคฃเฅเคกเคนเฅเคจเคคเคพ) | Culture of security forces avoiding accountability. Few convictions for human rights abuses. Undermines rule of law. |
| 21 | Insurgency (เคตเคฟเคฆเฅเคฐเฅเคน) | Maoist Insurgency (1996-2006). Armed rebellion against state, monarchy, and feudalism. Resulted in ~17,000 deaths, thousands disappeared. |
| 22 | Peopleโs Liberation Army (PLA) (เคเคจเคฎเฅเคเฅเคคเคฟ เคธเฅเคจเคพ) | Maoist insurgent military wing. Estimated 30,000 fighters at peak. After peace accord (2006), PLA personnel cantoned in UN-monitored camps. |
| 23 | Cantonment (เคเฅเคฏเคพเคจเฅเคเฅเคจเคฎเฅเคจเฅเค) | Designated camps where Maoist PLA fighters were confined during peace process (2006-2012). Seven main cantonments. |
| 24 | Combatant Rehabilitation (เคฒเคกเคพเคเฅ เคชเฅเคจเคฐเฅเคธเฅเคฅเคพเคชเคจเคพ) | Process of integrating or rehabilitating former PLA fighters. Options: integration into Nepali Army (selected), voluntary retirement with packages, or rehabilitation packages. Controversial and delayed. |
| 25 | Army Integration (เคธเฅเคจเคพ เคธเคฎเคพเคฏเฅเคเคจ) | Selection of former Maoist combatants into Nepali Army. Approx. 1,400 integrated (2017). Political controversy over number and process. |
| 26 | Weapons Management (เคนเคคเคฟเคฏเคพเคฐ เคตเฅเคฏเคตเคธเฅเคฅเคพเคชเคจ) | UN-monitored storage of Maoist and government weapons during peace process. Key trust-building measure. |
| 27 | Ceasefire (เคฏเฅเคฆเฅเคงเคตเคฟเคฐเคพเคฎ) | Multiple ceasefires during Civil War (2001, 2003, 2005-2006). Final ceasefire led to Comprehensive Peace Accord (2006). |
| 28 | State of Emergency (เคเคชเคคเคเคพเคฒเคฟเคจ เค เคตเคธเฅเคฅเคพ) | Declared multiple times during Civil War (2001, 2002, 2003, 2005). Suspended fundamental rights, imposed curfews, gave security forces special powers. |
| 29 | Counterinsurgency (เคตเคฟเคฆเฅเคฐเฅเคน เคฆเคฎเคจ) | Government military and police operations against Maoist insurgents. Included โOperation Romeo,โ โOperation Kilo,โ and other campaigns. Alleged human rights abuses. |
| 30 | Royal Nepal Army (RNA) (เคถเคพเคนเฅ เคจเฅเคชเคพเคฒเฅ เคธเฅเคจเคพ) | Pre-republic name of Nepali Army (until 2008). Served monarchy. Played central role in counterinsurgency. |
| 31 | Army Act (เคธเฅเคจเคพ เคเคจ) | Governing law for Nepali Army. Defines structure, discipline, court-martial procedures, and relationship with civilian government. |
| 32 | Military Courts (เคธเฅเคจเคฟเค เค เคฆเคพเคฒเคค) | Internal justice system for army personnel. Separate from civilian courts. Criticized for lack of transparency. |
| 33 | Court-Martial (เคธเฅเคจเคฟเค เคเคพเคจเฅเคจ เค เคฆเคพเคฒเคค) | Military trial for soldiers accused of offenses. Proceedings often secret. Verdicts subject to civilian judicial review. |
| 34 | Desertion (เคญเคเฅเคกเคพ) | Leaving military or police without authorization. Punishable under respective acts. Common during insurgency due to casualties and low morale. |
| 35 | Intelligence Sharing (เคเฅเคชเฅเคคเคเคฐ เคเคฆเคพเคจเคชเฅเคฐเคฆเคพเคจ) | Nepal shares intelligence with India and China on cross-border terrorism, insurgency, and criminal networks. Sensitive political issue. |
| 36 | Cross-Border Insurgency (เคชเคพเคฐเคธเฅเคฎเคพ เคตเคฟเคฆเฅเคฐเฅเคน) | During Civil War, Maoists used Indian territory for training, logistics, and safe havens. Strained Nepal-India relations. |
| 37 | Safe Haven (เคธเฅเคฐเคเฅเคทเคฟเคค เคเคถเฅเคฐเคฏ) | Accusations that Maoists used Indian border areas as sanctuaries. India denied. Post-peace, issue resolved. |
| 38 | Peacekeeping Deployment (เคถเคพเคจเฅเคคเคฟ เคธเฅเคฅเคพเคชเคจเคพ เคคเฅเคจเคพเคคเฅ) | Nepali Army serves in UN missions globally (South Sudan, Lebanon, Congo, etc.). Generates revenue and experience for soldiers. |
| 39 | UNMIN (เคธเคเคฏเฅเคเฅเคค เคฐเคพเคทเฅเคเฅเคฐ เคธเคนเคพเคฏเคคเคพ เคชเคพเคฐเฅเคเฅ-เคจเฅเคชเคพเคฒ) | United Nations Mission in Nepal (2007-2011). Monitored peace process, weapons management, and constituent assembly election. |
| 40 | Human Rights Monitoring (เคฎเคพเคจเคต เค เคงเคฟเคเคพเคฐ เค เคจเฅเคเคฎเคจ) | Domestic (NHRC) and international (UN, OHCHR) monitoring of security force conduct during insurgency and protests. Reports critical of both sides. |
| 41 | National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) (เคฐเคพเคทเฅเคเฅเคฐเคฟเคฏ เคฎเคพเคจเคต เค เคงเคฟเคเคพเคฐ เคเคฏเฅเค) | Constitutional body monitoring human rights violations by security forces and others. Submits annual reports to parliament. Recommendations rarely implemented. |
| 42 | OHCHR Nepal (เคฎเคพเคจเคต เค เคงเคฟเคเคพเคฐเคเฅ เคฒเคพเคเคฟ เคธเคเคฏเฅเคเฅเคค เคฐเคพเคทเฅเคเฅเคฐ เคเคเฅเคเคพเคฏเฅเคเฅเคค เคเคพเคฐเฅเคฏเคพเคฒเคฏ เคจเฅเคชเคพเคฒ) | UN human rights office in Nepal (2005-2012). Documented abuses during insurgency. Withdrew after peace process consolidation. |
| 43 | Conflict Victims (เคฆเฅเคตเคจเฅเคฆเฅเคต เคชเฅเคกเคฟเคค) | Families of those killed, disappeared, injured, or displaced during Civil War. Estimated 200,000+ affected. Demand justice, compensation, and truth. |
| 44 | Victimsโ Compensation (เคชเฅเคกเคฟเคค เคเฅเคทเคคเคฟเคชเฅเคฐเฅเคคเคฟ) | Government payments to conflict-affected families. Inadequate and delayed. Politicized distribution. |
| 45 | War Crimes (เคฏเฅเคฆเฅเคง เค เคชเคฐเคพเคง) | Alleged violations of international humanitarian law by both state forces and Maoists during insurgency. No prosecutions. |
| 46 | Torture Compensation (เคฏเคพเคคเคจเคพ เคเฅเคทเคคเคฟเคชเฅเคฐเฅเคคเคฟ) | Legal provision for victims of state torture. Rarely awarded. |
| 47 | National Security Council (เคฐเคพเคทเฅเคเฅเคฐเคฟเคฏ เคธเฅเคฐเคเฅเคทเคพ เคชเคฐเคฟเคทเคฆ) | Highest decision-making body on security matters. Chaired by Prime Minister. Includes Defense Minister, Home Minister, Army Chief, and intelligence heads. |
| 48 | Provincial Police (เคชเฅเคฐเคฆเฅเคถ เคชเฅเคฐเคนเคฐเฅ) | Federal constitution mandates provincial police forces. Not yet fully established. Police remains centrally controlled. |
| 49 | Local Police (เคธเฅเคฅเคพเคจเฅเคฏ เคชเฅเคฐเคนเคฐเฅ) | Community policing units under municipal governments. Limited authority. Mostly for traffic and local disputes. |
| 50 | Riot Control (เคฆเคเคเคพ เคจเคฟเคฏเคจเฅเคคเฅเคฐเคฃ) | Police use of tear gas, water cannons, batons, and (rarely) live ammunition during protests. Documented during Madhesh movement (2015). |
| 51 | Curfew (เคจเคฟเคทเฅเคงเคพเคเฅเคเคพ) | Imposed during major protests or violence. Violators arrested. Used frequently in Tarai during Madhesh movement. |
| 52 | Shoot-at-Sight Order (เคฆเฅเคเฅเคจเคพเคธเคพเคฅ เคเฅเคฒเฅ เคนเคพเคจเฅเคจเฅ เคเคฆเฅเคถ) | Extreme measure authorizing security forces to use lethal force without warning. Issued during peak insurgency and 2015 Madhesh protests. Controversial. |
| 53 | Encounter Killing (เคฎเฅเค เคญเฅเคก เคนเคคเฅเคฏเคพ) | Alleged staged killings of suspects by police, disguised as โencounter.โ Documented in counterinsurgency and counter-narcotics operations. |
| 54 | Forest Armed Guard (เคตเคจ เคธเคถเคธเฅเคคเฅเคฐ เคเคพเคฐเฅเคก) | Paramilitary force under Ministry of Forest. Protects wildlife and forests. Armed with rifles. Conflicts with local communities over resources. |
| 55 | Immigration Police (เค เคงเฅเคฏเคพเคเคฎเคจ เคชเฅเคฐเคนเคฐเฅ) | Specialized police unit at airports and border crossings. Enforces immigration laws, detects forged documents, combats human trafficking. |
| 56 | Trafficking in Persons (เคฌเฅเคเคฌเคฟเคเคจ) | Human smuggling and forced labor. Nepal is source, transit, and destination country. Security forces implicated in some cases. |
| 57 | Drug Enforcement (เคฒเคพเคเฅเคเคทเคง เคจเคฟเคฏเคจเฅเคคเฅเคฐเคฃ) | Police and APF operations against narcotics trade. Corruption and collusion with traffickers common. |
| 58 | Cyber Crime Unit (เคธเคพเคเคฌเคฐ เค เคชเคฐเคพเคง เคเคเคพเค) | Specialized police unit handling online fraud, hacking, social media crimes. Limited capacity. |
| 59 | Rapid Response Team (เคฆเฅเคฐเฅเคค เคชเฅเคฐเคคเคฟเคเคพเคฐเฅเคฏ เคเฅเคฒเฅ) | Elite police unit for counterterrorism, hostage rescue, and VIP protection. Trained by international partners (India, US). |
| 60 | Security Sector Reform (เคธเฅเคฐเคเฅเคทเคพ เคเฅเคทเฅเคคเฅเคฐ เคธเฅเคงเคพเคฐ) | Post-2006 effort to restructure security forces under democratic civilian control. Partial implementation. Army reduced in size, oversight increased, but politicization remains. |
Part 8: International Relations, Treaties, and Neighbors (India & China)
| # | Term (Nepali/English) | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | India-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship (เคญเคพเคฐเคค-เคจเฅเคชเคพเคฒ เคถเคพเคจเฅเคคเคฟ เคคเคฅเคพ เคฎเฅเคคเฅเคฐเฅ เคธเคจเฅเคงเคฟ) | Signed 1950. Cornerstone of bilateral relations. Provides for open border, mutual security cooperation, and preferential treatment for citizens. Controversial in Nepal; critics call it unequal. |
| 2 | 1950 Treaty (เฅจเฅฆเฅซเฅฆ เคเฅ เคธเคจเฅเคงเคฟ) | Common shorthand for India-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship. Frequently debated for renegotiation or abrogation. |
| 3 | Open Border (เคเฅเคฒเคพ เคธเฅเคฎเคพ) | Treaty-based unrestricted movement of people across India-Nepal border (1,850 km). No passport or visa required for citizens. Facilitates trade, family ties, and smuggling. |
| 4 | Border Demarcation (เคธเฅเคฎเคพ เคจเคฟเคฐเฅเคงเคพเคฐเคฃ) | Process of marking border with pillars. Approximately 400 pillars disputed or missing. Periodic tensions over encroachment. |
| 5 | Kalapani Dispute (เคเคพเคฒเคพเคชเคพเคจเฅ เคตเคฟเคตเคพเคฆ) | 35 sq km territory on Nepal-India border (western sector). India administers; Nepal claims based on Sugauli Treaty (1816). Major nationalist issue. |
| 6 | Lipulekh (เคฒเคฟเคชเฅเคฒเฅเค) | Pass in disputed Kalapani region. India built road through area (2020). Nepal protested; issued new map claiming territory. |
| 7 | Limpiyadhura (เคฒเคฟเคฎเฅเคชเคฟเคฏเคพเคงเฅเคฐเคพ) | Westernmost point of Nepalโs territorial claim. Part of Kalapani dispute. Included in Nepalโs updated political map (2020). |
| 8 | Susta Dispute (เคธเฅเคธเฅเคคเคพ เคตเคฟเคตเคพเคฆ) | Border dispute in southern Nepal (Nawalparasi). Approximately 2,000 hectares claimed by both sides. Negotiations ongoing. |
| 9 | Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project (เคชเคเฅเคเฅเคถเฅเคตเคฐ เคฌเคนเฅเคเคฆเฅเคฆเฅเคถเฅเคฏเฅเคฏ เคเคฏเฅเคเคจเคพ) | Joint hydropower and irrigation project on Mahakali River (Nepal-India border). Agreement signed 1996. Implementation delayed by disputes over detailed project report. |
| 10 | Mahakali Treaty (เคฎเคนเคพเคเคพเคฒเฅ เคธเคจเฅเคงเคฟ) | 1996 treaty between Nepal and India on Mahakali River water sharing. Basis for Pancheshwar and other projects. |
| 11 | Koshi River Agreement (เคเฅเคถเฅ เคจเคฆเฅ เคธเคจเฅเคงเคฟ) | 1954/1966 agreements on Koshi River embankments, flood control, and barrage. Nepal receives fixed water flow and compensation. |
| 12 | Gandak River Agreement (เคเคฃเฅเคกเค เคจเคฆเฅ เคธเคจเฅเคงเคฟ) | 1959 agreement on Gandak River irrigation, hydropower, and flood control. Revenue sharing provisions. |
| 13 | Tanakpur Agreement (เคคเคจเคเคชเฅเคฐ เคธเคจเฅเคงเคฟ) | 1991 agreement on Mahakali River water utilization. Controversial in Nepal; led to 1996 Mahakali Treaty. |
| 14 | Integrated Check Post (เคเคเฅเคเฅเคค เคเคพเคเค เคเฅเคเฅ) | Modern customs and immigration facilities on Nepal-India border. Several operational (Birgunj, Bhairahawa, Nepalgunj, etc.). Improves trade efficiency. |
| 15 | Petroleum Pipeline (เคชเฅเคเฅเคฐเฅเคฒเคฟเคฏเคฎ เคชเคพเคเคชเคฒเคพเคเคจ) | India-built petroleum pipeline from Motihari (India) to Amlekhgunj (Nepal). First cross-border pipeline. Reduces transport costs and dependency on tankers. |
| 16 | Railway Connectivity (เคฐเฅเคฒ เคธเคฎเฅเคชเคฐเฅเค) | India-assisted railway projects connecting Nepalโs border towns to Indian network. Key lines: Jaynagar-Kurtha, Bathnaha-Kakarbhitta. |
| 17 | Cross-Border Transmission Lines (เค เคจเฅเคคเคฐเคฆเฅเคถเฅเคฏ เคชเฅเคฐเคธเคพเคฐเคฃ เคฒเคพเคเคจ) | Electricity transmission links between Nepal and India (Dhalkebar-Muzaffarpur, Butwal-Gorakhpur, etc.). Enables power export. |
| 18 | Indiaโs Neighborhood First Policy (เคญเคพเคฐเคคเคเฅ เคชเคนเคฟเคฒเฅ เคเคฟเคฎเฅเคเฅ เคจเฅเคคเคฟ) | Indiaโs foreign policy framework prioritizing relations with neighbors. Nepal is key beneficiary and sometimes target. |
| 19 | Chinaโs Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) (เคเฅเคจเคเฅ เคฌเฅเคฒเฅเค เคเคจเฅเคก เคฐเฅเคก เคเคจเคฟเคธเคฟเคเคเคฟเคญ) | Chinaโs global infrastructure program. Nepal signed MOU 2017. Includes proposed Kathmandu-Kerung railway. |
| 20 | Kerung (เคเฅเคฐเฅเค) | Tibet border town. Entry point for China-Nepal trade and proposed railway. Strategic significance. |
| 21 | Rasuwagadhi (เคฐเคธเฅเคตเคพเคเคขเฅ) | Key border crossing point between Nepal and China (Tibet). Facilitates overland trade and tourism. |
| 22 | Pokhara International Airport (เคชเฅเคเคฐเคพ เค เคจเฅเคคเคฐเฅเคฐเคพเคทเฅเคเฅเคฐเคฟเคฏ เคตเคฟเคฎเคพเคจเคธเฅเคฅเคฒ) | China-funded airport (opened 2023). Nepalโs third international airport. Symbol of Chinaโs infrastructure investment. |
| 23 | Trans-Himalayan Railway (เคนเคฟเคฎเคพเคฒ เคชเคพเคฐ เคฐเฅเคฒเคฎเคพเคฐเฅเค) | Proposed railway connecting China (Tibet) to Nepal (Kathmandu). Feasibility study ongoing. Geopolitically sensitive. |
| 24 | Tibet Autonomous Region (เคคเคฟเคฌเฅเคฌเคค เคธเฅเคตเคพเคฏเคคเฅเคค เคเฅเคทเฅเคคเฅเคฐ) | Chinaโs region bordering Nepal. Source of trade, tourism, and some political refugees. Nepalโs policy of non-interference. |
| 25 | One China Policy (เคเค เคเฅเคจ เคจเฅเคคเคฟ) | Nepalโs official position recognizing Peopleโs Republic of China as sole legal government of China. Refuses relations with Taiwan (ROC). |
| 26 | Tibetan Refugees (เคคเคฟเคฌเฅเคฌเคคเฅ เคถเคฐเคฃเคพเคฐเฅเคฅเฅ) | Thousands of Tibetans in Nepal. Nepal hosts UNHCR camps but does not grant permanent resettlement. Sensitive in Nepal-China relations. |
| 27 | McMahon Line (เคฎเฅเคฏเคพเคเคฎเคพเคนเฅเคจ เคฐเฅเคเคพ) | India-China border line. Nepal is not party but strategic location between two nuclear powers. |
| 28 | Non-Aligned Movement (เคเฅเคเคจเคฟเคฐเคชเฅเคเฅเคท เคเคจเฅเคฆเฅเคฒเคจ) | Nepal is founding member (1961). Maintains equidistance from major powers. Policy weakened but still invoked. |
| 29 | Panchasheel (เคชเคเฅเคเคถเฅเคฒ) | Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence (mutual respect, non-aggression, non-interference, equality, peaceful coexistence). Foundational foreign policy. |
| 30 | Sino-Nepal Boundary Treaty (เคเฅเคจ-เคจเฅเคชเคพเคฒ เคธเฅเคฎเคพ เคธเคจเฅเคงเคฟ) | 1961 treaty demarcating Nepal-China border. Generally accepted without dispute (unlike India border). |
| 31 | Mount Everest (เคธเคเคฐเคฎเคพเคฅเคพ) | Worldโs highest peak (8,848m) on Nepal-China border. Symbol of bilateral cooperation and occasional tensions. |
| 32 | Chinese Investment (เคเคฟเคจเคฟเคฏเคพเค เคฒเคเคพเคจเฅ) | Chinaโs FDI in Nepal: hydropower, airports, roads, tourism, and telecommunications. Increasing but still less than India. |
| 33 | Debt Trap Diplomacy (เคเคฃ เคเคพเคฒ เคเฅเคเคจเฅเคคเคฟ) | Criticism that Chinese loans lead to borrower dependency. Applied to BRI projects. Nepal denies but activists raise concerns. |
| 34 | Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) (เคเคฎเคธเฅเคธเฅ) | US grant ($500 million) for electricity transmission and road maintenance. Ratified 2022 after debate over sovereignty and alignment with US Indo-Pacific strategy. |
| 35 | Indo-Pacific Strategy (เคเคจเฅเคกเฅ-เคชเฅเคฏเคพเคธเคฟเคซเคฟเค เคฐเคฃเคจเฅเคคเคฟ) | US strategic framework. Nepal is not formal member but MCC alignment raised concerns of China. |
| 36 | US-Nepal Relations (เค เคฎเฅเคฐเคฟเคเคพ-เคจเฅเคชเคพเคฒ เคธเคฎเฅเคฌเคจเฅเคง) | Diplomatic ties since 1947. US provides development aid, democracy support, and disaster relief. MCC largest recent grant. |
| 37 | UK-Nepal Relations (เคฌเฅเคฐเคฟเคเฅเคจ-เคจเฅเคชเคพเคฒ เคธเคฎเฅเคฌเคจเฅเคง) | Historical ties since Sugauli Treaty (1816). Gurkha recruitment remains major link. Development assistance continues. |
| 38 | Gurkha Recruitment (เคเฅเคฐเฅเคเคพเคฒเฅ เคญเคฐเฅเคคเฅ) | Nepal-UK-India agreement allowing Gurkha soldiers to serve in British and Indian armies. Source of national pride and remittances. |
| 39 | India-Nepal Rail Services Agreement (เคญเคพเคฐเคค-เคจเฅเคชเคพเคฒ เคฐเฅเคฒ เคธเฅเคตเคพ เคธเคฎเฅเคเฅเคคเคพ) | 2004 agreement. Basis for cross-border passenger and freight rail services. |
| 40 | Air Services Agreement (เคนเคตเคพเค เคธเฅเคตเคพ เคธเคฎเฅเคเฅเคคเคพ) | Bilateral agreements with multiple countries (India, China, Qatar, UAE, etc.). Regulates flight routes, capacity, and frequencies. |
| 41 | Overflight Charges (เคเคกเคพเคจ เคถเฅเคฒเฅเค) | Nepal charges for aircraft using its airspace. Significant revenue. India and China negotiations sensitive. |
| 42 | Transit Treaty (เคชเคพเคฐเคตเคนเคจ เคธเคจเฅเคงเคฟ) | Agreement with India allowing Nepal access to Indian ports for third-country trade. Renegotiated periodically. |
| 43 | South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) (เคธเคพเคฐเฅเค) | Regional organization (1985). Nepal hosted 2014 summit. Currently stalled due to India-Pakistan tensions. |
| 44 | Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) (เคฌเคฟเคฎเฅเคธเฅเคเฅเค) | Alternative regional forum including Nepal. More active than SAARC. |
| 45 | Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal (BBIN) (เคฌเคเฅเคเคฒเคพเคฆเฅเคถ, เคญเฅเคเคพเคจ, เคญเคพเคฐเคค, เคจเฅเคชเคพเคฒ) | Sub-regional motor vehicle agreement (2015). Bhutan not ratified. Facilitates cross-border transport. |
| 46 | Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (เคเฅเคตเคพเคก) | US-India-Japan-Australia strategic forum. Nepal not member but geographic proximity influences geopolitics. |
| 67 | Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) (เคธเคพเคเคเคพเค เคธเคนเคฏเฅเค เคธเคเฅเคเค เคจ) | China-Russia-led security organization. Nepal is dialogue partner (2016). Not full member. |
| 48 | United Nations (เคธเคเคฏเฅเคเฅเคค เคฐเคพเคทเฅเคเฅเคฐ) | Nepal joined 1955. Active in peacekeeping, human rights, and development forums. Served on Security Council (1988-89, 2022-23). |
| 49 | World Trade Organization (WTO) (เคตเคฟเคถเฅเคต เคตเฅเคฏเคพเคชเคพเคฐ เคธเคเฅเคเค เคจ) | Nepal joined 2004. Faces challenges in implementing trade liberalization commitments. |
| 50 | Least Developed Country (LDC) (เค เคฒเฅเคชเคตเคฟเคเคธเคฟเคค เคฐเคพเคทเฅเคเฅเคฐ) | UN classification. Nepal scheduled to graduate in 2026. Preparations underway for loss of preferential trade access and aid. |
| 51 | Graduation Strategy (เคเคคเฅเคฅเคพเคจ เคฐเคฃเคจเฅเคคเคฟ) | Nepalโs plan to transition from LDC status. Focuses on infrastructure, productivity, and export diversification. |
| 52 | Foreign Policy Priorities (เคตเฅเคฆเฅเคถเคฟเค เคจเฅเคคเคฟ เคชเฅเคฐเคพเคฅเคฎเคฟเคเคคเคพ) | Nepalโs stated goals: sovereignty protection, economic development, energy trade, tourism promotion, and diaspora engagement. |
| 53 | Embassy (เคฆเฅเคคเคพเคตเคพเคธ) | Nepal maintains embassies in over 30 countries. Key missions: India, China, US, UK, Bangladesh, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Malaysia. |
| 54 | Consulate General (เคฎเคนเคพเคตเคพเคฃเคฟเคเฅเคฏ เคฆเฅเคคเคพเคตเคพเคธ) | Nepalโs consular offices in key cities: Kolkata, Chennai, New York, Dubai, etc. Serve diaspora and promote trade. |
| 55 | Honorary Consul (เคฎเคพเคจเคพเคฐเฅเคฅ เคตเคพเคฃเคฟเคเฅเคฏ เคฆเฅเคค) | Non-citizen representatives of Nepal in countries without embassies. Promote trade and cultural ties. |
| 56 | Diplomatic Recognition (เคเฅเคเคจเฅเคคเคฟเค เคฎเคพเคจเฅเคฏเคคเคพ) | Nepal recognizes 193 UN member states plus Palestine and Sahrawi Republic. Does not recognize Kosovo, Taiwan (ROC), or Western Sahara (except Polisario). |
| 57 | South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) (เคฆเคเฅเคทเคฟเคฃ เคเคธเคฟเคฏเคพเคฒเฅ เคธเฅเคตเคคเคจเฅเคคเฅเคฐ เคตเฅเคฏเคพเคชเคพเคฐ เคเฅเคทเฅเคคเฅเคฐ) | SAARC trade agreement (2006). Nepal benefits from preferential access to India but other SAARC members less integrated. |
| 58 | Bilateral Investment Protection Agreement (BIPA) (เคฆเฅเคตเคฟเคชเคเฅเคทเฅเคฏ เคฒเคเคพเคจเฅ เคธเคเคฐเคเฅเคทเคฃ เคธเคฎเฅเคเฅเคคเคพ) | Treaties protecting foreign investors. Nepal has BIPAs with India, China, France, Germany, UK, Finland, and others. |
| 59 | Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (เคฆเฅเคนเฅเคฐเฅ เคเคฐ เคฌเคเคค เคธเคฎเฅเคเฅเคคเคพ) | Treaties preventing double taxation of cross-border income. Nepal has such agreements with India, China, South Korea, Thailand, and others. |
| 60 | Diaspora Diplomacy (เคชเฅเคฐเคตเคพเคธเฅ เคเฅเคเคจเฅเคคเคฟ) | Nepalโs engagement with its overseas citizens (estimated 3-4 million). Remittances, political participation, and return migration are focus. |
Part 9: Local Governance, Civil Service, Provincial Structures
| # | Term (Nepali/English) | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Local Government (เคธเฅเคฅเคพเคจเฅเคฏ เคธเคฐเคเคพเคฐ) | Third tier of federal structure. 753 local units: 6 metropolitan cities, 11 sub-metropolitan cities, 276 municipalities, 460 rural municipalities (gaunpalika). |
| 2 | Metropolitan City (เคฎเคนเคพเคจเคเคฐเคชเคพเคฒเคฟเคเคพ) | Largest urban local governments. Kathmandu, Pokhara, Lalitpur, Bharatpur, Biratnagar, and Birgunj. Mayor and deputy mayor elected. |
| 3 | Sub-Metropolitan City (เคเคชเคฎเคนเคพเคจเคเคฐเคชเคพเคฒเคฟเคเคพ) | Medium-large urban governments (11 total). Examples: Dharan, Hetauda, Butwal, Dhangadhi. |
| 4 | Municipality (เคจเคเคฐเคชเคพเคฒเคฟเคเคพ) | Urban local governments (276 total). Population thresholds and infrastructure criteria. |
| 5 | Rural Municipality (เคเคพเคเคเคชเคพเคฒเคฟเคเคพ) | Rural local governments (460 total). Replaced Village Development Committees (VDCs) after 2017. |
| 6 | Ward (เคตเคกเคพ) | Smallest electoral and administrative unit within local governments. Each municipality/rural municipality divided into wards (typically 5-35). |
| 7 | Ward Committee (เคตเคกเคพ เคธเคฎเคฟเคคเคฟ) | Elected body of each ward: ward chair and 4 members. One member must be woman. One seat reserved for Dalit or minority. |
| 8 | Ward Chair (เคตเคกเคพ เค เคงเฅเคฏเคเฅเคท) | Elected head of ward. Key interface between citizens and local government. Influential in development project distribution. |
| 9 | Mayor (เคชเฅเคฐเคฎเฅเค) | Elected executive head of metropolitan, sub-metropolitan, or municipality. Powerful position. |
| 10 | Deputy Mayor (เคเคชเคชเฅเคฐเคฎเฅเค) | Deputy to mayor. Position alternates gender: if mayor is male, deputy must be female, and vice versa. |
| 11 | Village Chief (เค เคงเฅเคฏเคเฅเคท) | Elected head of rural municipality (gaunpalika). Equivalent to mayor. |
| 12 | Deputy Village Chief (เคเคชเคพเคงเฅเคฏเคเฅเคท) | Deputy head of rural municipality. Gender-alternating requirement applies. |
| 13 | Local Executive (เคธเฅเคฅเคพเคจเฅเคฏ เคเคพเคฐเฅเคฏเคชเคพเคฒเคฟเคเคพ) | Body comprising ward chairs and elected mayor/deputy mayor. Exercises executive powers at local level. |
| 14 | Local Legislature (เคธเฅเคฅเคพเคจเฅเคฏ เคตเฅเคฏเคตเคธเฅเคฅเคพเคชเคฟเคเคพ) | Ward committees collectively. Approve local laws, budget, and development plans. |
| 15 | Local Government Operation Act (เคธเฅเคฅเคพเคจเฅเคฏ เคธเคฐเคเคพเคฐ เคธเคเฅเคเคพเคฒเคจ เคเคจ) | 2017 law governing local government functions, finances, and structure. |
| 16 | Intergovernmental Relations (เค เคจเฅเคคเคฐเคธเคฐเคเคพเคฐเฅ เคธเคฎเฅเคฌเคจเฅเคง) | Coordination among federal, provincial, and local governments. Weak and politicized. |
| 17 | Resource Transfer (เคธเฅเคฐเฅเคค เคนเคธเฅเคคเคพเคจเฅเคคเคฐเคฃ) | Allocation of funds from federal to provincial and local governments. Formula-based but delayed. |
| 18 | Financial Equalization Grant (เคตเคฟเคคเฅเคคเฅเคฏ เคธเคฎเคพเคจเฅเคเคฐเคฃ เค เคจเฅเคฆเคพเคจ) | Federal transfers to reduce fiscal disparities among local units. Based on poverty, infrastructure, and revenue capacity. |
| 19 | Conditional Grant (เคธเคฐเฅเคค เคธเคนเคฟเคคเคเฅ เค เคจเฅเคฆเคพเคจ) | Federal funds tied to specific sectors or projects (education, health, roads). Conditions often unfulfilled. |
| 20 | Special Grant (เคตเคฟเคถเฅเคท เค เคจเฅเคฆเคพเคจ) | Additional federal funding for local governments with exceptional needs (remote areas, disaster-affected, etc.). |
| 21 | Complementary Grant (เคชเฅเคฐเค เค เคจเฅเคฆเคพเคจ) | Federal matching funds for local projects. Requires local contribution. |
| 22 | Local Revenue (เคธเฅเคฅเคพเคจเฅเคฏ เคฐเคพเคเคธเฅเคต) | Taxes and fees collected by local governments: property tax, land registration fees, business taxes, entertainment tax, etc. Insufficient for needs. |
| 23 | Property Tax (เคเคฐเคเคเฅเคเคพ เคเคฐ) | Primary local revenue source. Calculated based on property value. Evasion common. |
| 24 | Land Registration Fee (เคเคเฅเคเคพ เคฆเคฐเฅเคคเคพ เคถเฅเคฒเฅเค) | Fee for land transactions. Shared between federal and local governments. |
| 25 | Business Tax (เคตเฅเคฏเคพเคชเคพเคฐ เคเคฐ) | Local tax on commercial establishments. Variable rates across municipalities. |
| 26 | Local Development Plan (เคธเฅเคฅเคพเคจเฅเคฏ เคตเคฟเคเคพเคธ เคฏเฅเคเคจเคพ) | Annual and five-year plans prepared by local governments. Often unrealistic due to funding gaps. |
| 27 | Community Participation (เคธเคพเคฎเฅเคฆเคพเคฏเคฟเค เคธเคนเคญเคพเคเคฟเคคเคพ) | Citizen involvement in local planning and budgeting. Required but often nominal. |
| 28 | Citizen Charter (เคจเคพเคเคฐเคฟเค เคฌเคกเคพเคชเคคเฅเคฐ) | Local government commitment document listing services, timelines, and fees. Displayed at ward offices. |
| 29 | Public Hearing (เคธเคพเคฐเฅเคตเคเคจเคฟเค เคธเฅเคจเฅเคตเคพเค) | Mandatory annual meeting where local government reports to citizens. Attendance low. |
| 30 | Social Audit (เคธเคพเคฎเคพเคเคฟเค เคฒเฅเคเคพเคชเคฐเฅเคเฅเคทเคฃ) | Community review of local government project spending. Rarely implemented effectively. |
| 31 | Local Service Commission (เคธเฅเคฅเคพเคจเฅเคฏ เคธเฅเคตเคพ เคเคฏเฅเค) | Body responsible for recruiting local government staff. Not fully operational. |
| 32 | Provincial Government (เคชเฅเคฐเคฆเฅเคถ เคธเคฐเคเคพเคฐ) | Second tier of federal structure. Seven provinces each with elected assembly and executive. |
| 33 | Provincial Assembly (เคชเฅเคฐเคฆเฅเคถ เคธเคญเคพ) | Unicameral legislature in each province. Members elected via FPTP and PR. |
| 34 | Provincial Chief (เคชเฅเคฐเคฆเฅเคถ เคชเฅเคฐเคฎเฅเค) | Provincial head of state (ceremonial). Appointed by federal government. Represents President in province. |
| 35 | Chief Minister (เคฎเฅเคเฅเคฏเคฎเคจเฅเคคเฅเคฐเฅ) | Elected executive head of provincial government. Leader of majority party or coalition in provincial assembly. |
| 36 | Provincial Minister (เคชเฅเคฐเคฆเฅเคถ เคฎเคจเฅเคคเฅเคฐเฅ) | Cabinet member in provincial government. Appointed by Chief Minister from assembly members. |
| 37 | Provincial Civil Service (เคชเฅเคฐเคฆเฅเคถ เคจเคฟเคเคพเคฎเคคเฅ เคธเฅเคตเคพ) | Provincial-level bureaucracy. Under formation. Currently federal civil servants deployed to provinces. |
| 38 | Provincial Police (เคชเฅเคฐเคฆเฅเคถ เคชเฅเคฐเคนเคฐเฅ) | Constitutionally mandated provincial police force. Not yet established. Policing remains federal. |
| 39 | Provincial Planning Commission (เคชเฅเคฐเคฆเฅเคถ เคฏเฅเคเคจเคพ เคเคฏเฅเค) | Advisory body for provincial development planning. Limited capacity and authority. |
| 40 | Provincial Public Service Commission (เคชเฅเคฐเคฆเฅเคถ เคฒเฅเค เคธเฅเคตเคพ เคเคฏเฅเค) | Body for provincial staff recruitment. Not fully operational in all provinces. |
| 41 | Provincial Health Directorate (เคชเฅเคฐเคฆเฅเคถ เคธเฅเคตเคพเคธเฅเคฅเฅเคฏ เคจเคฟเคฐเฅเคฆเฅเคถเคจเคพเคฒเคฏ) | Provincial body coordinating health services. Shares authority with federal and local governments. |
| 42 | Provincial Education Directorate (เคชเฅเคฐเคฆเฅเคถ เคถเคฟเคเฅเคทเคพ เคจเคฟเคฐเฅเคฆเฅเคถเคจเคพเคฒเคฏ) | Provincial body overseeing school education. Implementation challenges due to federal-local overlap. |
| 43 | Federal Civil Service (เคธเคเฅเคเฅเคฏ เคจเคฟเคเคพเคฎเคคเฅ เคธเฅเคตเคพ) | National bureaucracy under federal government. Approximately 100,000 personnel. |
| 44 | Nepal Administrative Service (เคจเฅเคชเคพเคฒ เคชเฅเคฐเคถเคพเคธเคจเคฟเค เคธเฅเคตเคพ) | Elite civil service cadre. Gazetted officers (class 1-3). Most powerful bureaucratic group. |
| 45 | Public Service Commission (PSC) (เคฒเฅเค เคธเฅเคตเคพ เคเคฏเฅเค) | Constitutional body for civil service recruitment. Conducts competitive exams. Criticized for inefficiency and political influence. |
| 46 | Gazetted Officer (เคชเฅเคฐเคฅเคฎ/เคฆเฅเคตเคฟเคคเฅเคฏ/เคคเฅเคคเฅเคฏ เคถเฅเคฐเฅเคฃเฅ เค เคงเคฟเคเฅเคค) | Senior civil servant ranks. Class 1 (secretary-level), Class 2 (joint secretary), Class 3 (under-secretary). |
| 47 | Secretary (เคธเคเคฟเคต) | Highest civil servant rank (Class 1). Heads government ministries. Politicized appointments common. |
| 48 | Chief Secretary (เคฎเฅเคเฅเคฏ เคธเคเคฟเคต) | Head of federal civil service. Appointed by Cabinet. Coordinates among ministries. |
| 49 | Permanent Secretary (เคธเฅเคฅเคพเคฏเฅ เคธเคเคฟเคต) | Career civil servant (vs. political appointee). Rare due to politicization. |
| 50 | Transfer Bazaar (เคธเคฐเฅเคตเคพ เคฌเคเคพเคฐ) | Corrupt practice of paying for civil service transfers to preferred locations. Widespread. |
| 51 | Absenteeism (เค เคจเฅเคชเคธเฅเคฅเคฟเคคเคฟเคตเคพเคฆ) | Civil servants not showing up for duty but collecting salaries. Chronic problem. |
| 52 | Darbari (เคฆเคฐเคฌเคพเคฐเฅ) | Traditional term for palace-centered bureaucracy. Still used to describe hierarchical, secretive culture. |
| 53 | Ministerial Decision (เคฎเคจเฅเคคเฅเคฐเฅเคฏ เคจเคฟเคฐเฅเคฃเคฏ) | Cabinet approval for policies, contracts, and appointments. Often bypasses civil service procedures. |
| 54 | Delegation of Authority (เค เคเฅเคคเคฟเคฏเคพเคฐ เคชเฅเคฐเคคเฅเคฏเคพเคฏเฅเคเคจ) | Transfer of decision-making power from federal to provincial and local levels. Incomplete. |
| 55 | Policy Paralysis (เคจเฅเคคเคฟ เค เคชเฅเคช) | Inability to make decisions due to political instability, bureaucracy, or lack of coordination. |
| 56 | Red Tape (เคฒเคพเคฒเคซเคฟเคคเคพเคธเคพเคเคเฅ) | Excessive bureaucracy delaying projects and services. Major business complaint. |
| 57 | Ombudsman (เคฒเฅเคเคชเคพเคฒ) | Constitutional body investigating citizen complaints against government. Limited enforcement power. |
| 58 | Corruption in Civil Service (เคจเคฟเคเคพเคฎเคคเฅเคฎเคพ เคญเฅเคฐเคทเฅเคเคพเคเคพเคฐ) | Bribery, embezzlement, and favoritism within bureaucracy. CIAA investigates but convictions rare. |
| 59 | Post-Retirement Appointment (เค เคตเคเคพเคถเคชเคเคฟเคเฅ เคจเคฟเคฏเฅเคเฅเคคเคฟ) | Practice of appointing retired civil servants to commissions, boards, and agencies. Legal but politicized. |
| 60 | Bureaucratic Politics (เคจเฅเคเคฐเคถเคพเคนเฅ เคฐเคพเคเคจเฅเคคเคฟ) | Influence of civil servants on policy, often overriding elected officials. Permanent bureaucracy vs. temporary politicians. |
Part 10: Political Economy, Development, Infrastructure, Aid
| # | Term (Nepali/English) | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Political Economy (เคฐเคพเคเคจเฅเคคเคฟเค เค เคฐเฅเคฅเคคเคจเฅเคคเฅเคฐ) | Study of how politics shapes economic outcomes. In Nepal: patronage, corruption, rent-seeking, and aid dependency. |
| 2 | Rent-Seeking (เคเคฎเคพเค เคเฅเคเฅ) | Using political connections to obtain economic benefits without productive activity. Widespread in licensing, contracts, and permits. |
| 3 | Patronage Economy (เคธเฅเคตเคพเคฐเฅเคฅเคเฅ เค เคฐเฅเคฅเคคเคจเฅเคคเฅเคฐ) | Distribution of jobs, contracts, and resources to political supporters. Party cadres expect โreturn on investmentโ after elections. |
| 4 | Aid Dependency (เคธเคนเคพเคฏเคคเคพ เคจเคฟเคฐเฅเคญเคฐเคคเคพ) | Nepal relies heavily on foreign grants and loans (approx. 25% of development budget). Undermines fiscal autonomy. |
| 5 | Development Budget (เคตเคฟเคเคพเคธ เคฌเคเฅเค) | Government capital expenditure for infrastructure and development projects. Low absorption rate (60-70% utilization). |
| 6 | Recurrent Budget (เคเคพเคฒเฅ เคฌเคเฅเค) | Government operating expenditure (salaries, administration, subsidies). Consumes over 70% of total budget. |
| 7 | Capital Expenditure (เคชเฅเคเคเฅเคเคค เคเคฐเฅเค) | Spending on long-term assets (roads, bridges, schools, hospitals). Often delayed, underutilized, or misused. |
| 8 | Budget Speech (เคฌเคเฅเค เคญเคพเคทเคฃ) | Annual presentation by Finance Minister. Political document promising populist programs. Implementation ignored. |
| 9 | Medium-Term Expenditure Framework (เคฎเคงเฅเคฏเคเคพเคฒเฅเคจ เคเคฐเฅเค เคธเคเคฐเคเคจเคพ) | Three-year budget planning framework. Weakly adhered to due to political instability. |
| 10 | Public Investment Management (เคธเคพเคฐเฅเคตเคเคจเคฟเค เคฒเคเคพเคจเฅ เคตเฅเคฏเคตเคธเฅเคฅเคพเคชเคจ) | Process of selecting, funding, and monitoring public projects. Poorly executed. |
| 11 | Project Implementation (เคเคฏเฅเคเคจเคพ เคเคพเคฐเฅเคฏเคพเคจเฅเคตเคฏเคจ) | Execution of development projects. Chronic delays due to funding gaps, political interference, and contractor issues. |
| 12 | Absorption Capacity (เค เคตเคถเฅเคทเคฃ เคเฅเคทเคฎเคคเคพ) | Governmentโs ability to spend allocated budget effectively. Nepalโs absorption rate is low, leading to returned foreign aid. |
| 13 | Underutilization (เค เคชเฅเคฐเคฏเฅเค) | Budget allocated but not spent. Year-end โbudget dumpingโ (spending low-priority items to avoid return). |
| 14 | Budget Dumping (เคฌเคเฅเค เคกเคฎเฅเคชเคฟเค) | Rushed spending at fiscal year-end to show full utilization. Often wasteful or corrupt. |
| 15 | Fiscal Federalism (เคตเคฟเคคเฅเคคเฅเคฏ เคธเคเฅเคเฅเคฏเคคเคพ) | Distribution of revenue and expenditure authority among federal, provincial, and local governments. Unresolved. |
| 16 | Revenue Sharing (เคฐเคพเคเคธเฅเคต เคฌเคพเคเคกเคซเคพเคเค) | Formula for distributing tax revenue among three government tiers. Contentious and delayed. |
| 17 | Vertical Fiscal Imbalance (เค เคพเคกเฅ เคตเคฟเคคเฅเคคเฅเคฏ เค เคธเคเคคเฅเคฒเคจ) | Federal government collects most revenue but provincial/local governments have expenditure responsibilities. Gap covered by transfers. |
| 18 | Horizontal Fiscal Imbalance (เคคเฅเคฐเฅเคธเฅ เคตเคฟเคคเฅเคคเฅเคฏ เค เคธเคเคคเฅเคฒเคจ) | Disparities in revenue capacity among provinces. Rich provinces (Bagmati) vs. poor (Karnali, Sudurpashchim). |
| 19 | Natural Resources (เคชเฅเคฐเคพเคเฅเคคเคฟเค เคธเฅเคฐเฅเคค) | Nepalโs resources: water (hydropower), minerals (limestone, zinc, copper), forests, and tourism potential. Underutilized. |
| 20 | Hydropower Development (เคเคฒเคตเคฟเคฆเฅเคฏเฅเคค เคตเคฟเคเคพเคธ) | Nepalโs priority sector. Potential 42,000 MW. Developed approx. 1,400 MW. Export to India. Delayed by political, financial, and technical hurdles. |
| 21 | Run-of-River (เคจเคฆเฅเคชเฅเคฐเคตเคพเคนเฅ) | Hydropower using natural river flow without large reservoir. Nepalโs dominant type. Seasonal variation reduces winter output. |
| 22 | Storage Project (เคญเคฃเฅเคกเคพเคฐเคฃ เคเคฏเฅเคเคจเคพ) | Dam-based hydropower with reservoir. Required for dry-season energy security. Few built due to cost and downstream impact disputes. |
| 23 | Energy Security (เคเคฐเฅเคเคพ เคธเฅเคฐเคเฅเคทเคพ) | Reliable electricity supply. Nepal still imports power from India during winter. |
| 24 | Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) (เคตเคฟเคฆเฅเคฏเฅเคค เคเคฐเคฟเคฆ เคธเคฎเฅเคเฅเคคเคพ) | Contract between power producer and Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA). Terms frequently renegotiated. |
| 25 | Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA) (เคจเฅเคชเคพเคฒ เคตเคฟเคฆเฅเคฏเฅเคค เคชเฅเคฐเคพเคงเคฟเคเคฐเคฃ) | State-owned utility monopoly. Generates, transmits, and distributes electricity. Inefficient but improving. |
| 26 | Infrastructure (เคชเฅเคฐเฅเคตเคพเคงเคพเคฐ) | Roads, bridges, airports, electricity, water supply, and telecommunications. Chronic deficit. |
| 27 | Road Network (เคธเคกเค เคธเคเฅเคเคพเคฒ) | Approximately 30,000 km of roads (paved and unpaved). Many roads unpaved, damaged by monsoon, or poorly maintained. |
| 28 | Strategic Road Network (เคฐเคฃเคจเฅเคคเคฟเค เคธเคกเค เคธเคเฅเคเคพเคฒ) | High-priority national highways. Includes east-west Mahendra Highway, north-south corridors (Koshi, Gandak, Karnali). |
| 29 | Postal Highway (เคนเฅเคฒเคพเคเฅ เคฐเคพเคเคฎเคพเคฐเฅเค) | Rural road network connecting southern Tarai. Poor condition. |
| 30 | Bridge Construction (เคชเฅเคฒ เคจเคฟเคฐเฅเคฎเคพเคฃ) | Critical for mountain and hill connectivity. Many suspension bridges built with aid. Maintenance lacking. |
| 31 | Air Transport (เคนเคตเคพเค เคฏเคพเคคเคพเคฏเคพเคค) | Essential for remote mountain areas. Domestic airlines (Yeti, Buddha, Shree, etc.). Safety concerns. |
| 32 | International Airport (เค เคจเฅเคคเคฐเฅเคฐเคพเคทเฅเคเฅเคฐเคฟเคฏ เคตเคฟเคฎเคพเคจเคธเฅเคฅเคฒ) | Nepal has three: Tribhuvan (Kathmandu), Pokhara, Gautam Buddha (Bhairahawa). Kathmandu handles 90% of traffic. |
| 33 | Telecommunications (เคฆเฅเคฐเคธเคเฅเคเคพเคฐ) | Mobile and internet coverage expanding. Rural gaps remain. State-owned Nepal Telecom and private Ncell dominate. |
| 34 | Tourism (เคชเคฐเฅเคฏเคเคจ) | Major industry (approx. 5-7% of GDP). Trekking, mountaineering (Everest), cultural heritage (Lumbini, Pashupatinath). COVID and political disruptions affected. |
| 35 | Trekking (เคเฅเคฐเฅเคเคฟเค) | Popular tourism activity. Annapurna Circuit, Everest Base Camp, Langtang, Manaslu. Permits and guides regulated. |
| 36 | Mountaineering (เคเคฐเฅเคนเคฃ) | Climbing Everest and other peaks. Royalty fees major revenue. Seasonal (spring). |
| 37 | Heritage Tourism (เคธเคฎเฅเคชเคฆเคพ เคชเคฐเฅเคฏเคเคจ) | UNESCO World Heritage Sites: Pashupatinath, Swayambhunath, Boudhanath, Lumbini, Patan, Bhaktapur, Chitwan, Sagarmatha. |
| 38 | Domestic Tourism (เคเคจเฅเคคเคฐเคฟเค เคชเคฐเฅเคฏเคเคจ) | Nepalis traveling within Nepal. Growing but limited by income and time. |
| 39 | Agriculture (เคเฅเคทเคฟ) | Employing 60% of population but contributing only 25% of GDP. Subsistence farming. Low productivity. |
| 40 | Subsistence Farming (เคจเคฟเคฐเฅเคตเคพเคน เคเฅเคคเฅ) | Small landholdings, traditional methods, lack of irrigation. Majority of farmers. |
| 41 | Irrigation (เคธเคฟเคเคเคพเค) | Agricultural water supply. Majority of land rain-fed (drought-prone). Major infrastructure deficit. |
| 42 | Fertilizer Subsidy (เคฎเคฒ เค เคจเฅเคฆเคพเคจ) | Government subsidy for chemical fertilizers. Supply irregular; black market prevalent. |
| 43 | Agricultural Marketing (เคเฅเคทเคฟ เคฌเคเคพเคฐเฅเคเคฐเคฃ) | Farmers lack access to markets. Middlemen exploit price gaps. Cold storage and transport inadequate. |
| 44 | Land Fragmentation (เคเคเฅเคเคพ เคเฅเคเฅเคฐเคพ เคชเคพเคฐเฅเคจเฅ) | Parcels divided through inheritance. Small, inefficient plots. |
| 45 | Land Reform (เคญเฅเคฎเคฟ เคธเฅเคงเคพเคฐ) | Redistribution of land from feudal landlords to landless. Partially implemented in 1960s. Incomplete. |
| 46 | Industrial Policy (เคเคฆเฅเคฏเฅเคเคฟเค เคจเฅเคคเคฟ) | Government strategy for manufacturing growth. Small industrial base. |
| 47 | Special Economic Zone (SEZ) (เคตเคฟเคถเฅเคท เคเคฐเฅเคฅเคฟเค เคเฅเคทเฅเคคเฅเคฐ) | Designated areas with tax incentives for exports. Bhairahawa and Simara SEZs underperforming. |
| 48 | Export Processing Zone (EPZ) (เคจเคฟเคฐเฅเคฏเคพเคค เคชเฅเคฐเคถเฅเคงเคจ เคเฅเคทเฅเคคเฅเคฐ) | SEZ focused on exports. Limited success. |
| 49 | Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) (เคฒเคเฅ, เคธเคพเคจเคพ เคคเคฅเคพ เคฎเคเฅเคฒเคพ เคเคฆเฅเคฏเคฎ) | Backbone of non-agricultural employment. Credit access and regulatory burden major issues. |
| 50 | Startup Ecosystem (เคธเฅเคเคพเคฐเฅเคเค เคช เคเคเฅเคธเคฟเคธเฅเคเคฎ) | Emerging tech and innovation sector. IT, fintech, e-commerce, and agritech startups. Limited funding and mentorship. |
| 51 | Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) (เคชเฅเคฐเคคเฅเคฏเคเฅเคท เคตเฅเคฆเฅเคถเคฟเค เคฒเคเคพเคจเฅ) | Investment by foreign companies. Low compared to peers. Barriers: bureaucracy, instability, infrastructure. |
| 52 | Joint Venture (เคธเคเคฏเฅเคเฅเคค เคเคฆเฅเคฏเคฎ) | Partnership between foreign and Nepali firms. Common in hydropower, manufacturing, and services. |
| 53 | Public-Private Partnership (PPP) (เคธเคพเคฐเฅเคตเคเคจเคฟเค-เคจเคฟเคเฅ เคธเคพเคเฅเคฆเคพเคฐเฅ) | Collaboration between government and private sector for infrastructure. Limited success due to policy gaps. |
| 54 | Remittance Utilization (เคฐเฅเคฎเคฟเคเฅเคฏเคพเคจเฅเคธ เคเคชเคฏเฅเค) | How remittances are spent: mostly consumption (food, education, health, housing). Little investment in productive sectors. |
| 55 | Financial Inclusion (เคตเคฟเคคเฅเคคเฅเคฏ เคธเคฎเคพเคตเฅเคถเฅเคเคฐเคฃ) | Access to banking and credit for rural and poor populations. Mobile banking and cooperatives expanding access. |
| 56 | Banking Sector (เคฌเฅเคเคเคฟเค เคเฅเคทเฅเคคเฅเคฐ) | Commercial banks, development banks, finance companies. Non-performing loans (NPLs) rising. Political lending common. |
| 57 | Non-Banking Financial Institution (เคเฅเคฐ-เคฌเฅเคเคเคฟเค เคตเคฟเคคเฅเคคเฅเคฏ เคธเคเคธเฅเคฅเคพ) | Finance companies, microfinance institutions. Some facing liquidity crises and fraud. |
| 58 | Microfinance (เคธเฅเคเฅเคทเฅเคฎ เคตเคฟเคคเฅเคค) | Small loans to poor, especially women. Rapid growth, but over-indebtedness and coercive collection documented. |
| 59 | Cooperative Fraud (เคธเคนเคเคพเคฐเฅ เค เคเฅ) | Recent scandals (e.g., Sahara, Swarnalaxmi) where cooperatives defrauded depositors. Weak regulation. |
| 60 | Black Market Premium (เคเคพเคฒเฅ เคฌเคเคพเคฐ เคชเฅเคฐเคฟเคฎเคฟเคฏเคฎ) | Difference between official and unofficial exchange rates for foreign currency (especially Indian rupee). Smuggling indicator. |
Alphabetical Index of All 600 Nepali Political Terms
A
| # | Term |
|---|---|
| 1 | 1950 Treaty |
| 2 | Absenteeism |
| 3 | Absorption Capacity |
| 4 | Adivasi Janajati |
| 5 | Agricultural Marketing |
| 6 | Agricultural Subsidy |
| 7 | Agriculture |
| 8 | Aid Dependency |
| 9 | Air Services Agreement |
| 10 | Air Transport |
| 11 | Akhanda Nepal |
| 12 | Alliance Politics |
| 13 | Amendment |
| 14 | ANNISU |
| 15 | ANNISU-R |
| 16 | ANNFSU |
| 17 | Anti-Conversion Law |
| 18 | Anti-Corruption Movement |
| 19 | Anti-Defection Law |
| 20 | Anti-Feudalism |
| 21 | Anti-India Sentiment |
| 22 | Arajakta |
| 23 | Armed Police Force |
| 24 | Armed Police Force Act |
| 25 | Army Act |
| 26 | Army Integration |
| 27 | Article 42 |
| 28 | Article 56 |
| 29 | Article 84 |
| 30 | Article 86 |
| 31 | Article 100 |
| 32 | Article 273 |
B
| # | Term |
|---|---|
| 33 | B.P. Koirala |
| 34 | Baburam Bhattarai |
| 35 | Backward Region |
| 36 | Bahun |
| 37 | Ballot Paper |
| 38 | Bandh |
| 39 | Bandh Rajniti |
| 40 | Banking Sector |
| 41 | Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal (BBIN) |
| 42 | Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) |
| 43 | Bhadra |
| 44 | Bhim Rawal |
| 45 | Bhojpura |
| 46 | Bilateral Investment Protection Agreement (BIPA) |
| 47 | Bikendrikaran |
| 48 | BIMSTEC |
| 49 | Bishwokarma |
| 50 | Black Market |
| 51 | Black Market Premium |
| 52 | Blockade |
| 53 | Border Demarcation |
| 54 | Border Disputes |
| 55 | Border Security |
| 56 | Brain Drain |
| 57 | Bridge Construction |
| 58 | Budget Calendar |
| 59 | Budget Dumping |
| 60 | Budget Speech |
| 61 | Buddhist Minority |
| 62 | Bureaucratic Politics |
| 63 | Business Tax |
| 64 | By-Election |
C
| # | Term |
|---|---|
| 65 | Campus Closures |
| 66 | Campus Violence |
| 67 | Cantonment |
| 68 | Capital Expenditure |
| 69 | Caste System |
| 70 | Caste-Based Violence |
| 71 | CEDAW |
| 72 | Ceasefire |
| 73 | Centrism |
| 74 | Chairperson of National Assembly |
| 75 | Chief Election Commissioner |
| 76 | Chief Justice |
| 77 | Chief Minister |
| 78 | Chief of Army Staff |
| 79 | Chief Secretary |
| 80 | Child Labor |
| 81 | Child Marriage |
| 82 | Chinaโs Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) |
| 83 | Chinese Investment |
| 84 | Chhetri |
| 85 | Christian Minority |
| 86 | Citizen Charter |
| 87 | Citizenship |
| 88 | Civil Society Pressure Groups |
| 89 | Civil War |
| 90 | Civil-Military Relations |
| 91 | Class Struggle |
| 92 | Closed List |
| 93 | Coalition Government |
| 94 | Code of Conduct |
| 95 | Combatant Rehabilitation |
| 96 | Commission for Investigation of Abuse of Authority (CIAA) |
| 97 | Commission on Enforced Disappearances |
| 98 | Community Participation |
| 99 | Community Radio |
| 100 | Complementary Grant |
| 101 | Comprehensive Peace Accord |
| 102 | Conditional Grant |
| 103 | Conflict Victims |
| 104 | Consulate General |
| 105 | Constituency |
| 106 | Constituent Assembly |
| 107 | Constitution of Nepal 2015 |
| 108 | Constitutional Bench |
| 109 | Constitutional Council |
| 110 | Constitutionalism |
| 111 | Contempt of Court |
| 112 | Conversion |
| 113 | Cooperative Fraud |
| 114 | Cooperative Movement |
| 115 | Cooperatives |
| 116 | Corruption |
| 117 | Corruption in Civil Service |
| 118 | Counterinsurgency |
| 119 | Court Delay |
| 120 | Court-Martial |
| 121 | Cow Protection |
| 122 | CPN (Maoist Centre) |
| 123 | CPN (Unified Socialist) |
| 124 | CPN-UML |
| 125 | Cross-Border Insurgency |
| 126 | Cross-Border Transmission Lines |
| 127 | Curfew |
| 128 | Customs Revenue |
| 129 | Cyber Crime Unit |
D
| # | Term |
|---|---|
| 130 | Dalal |
| 131 | Dalit |
| 132 | Dalit Movement |
| 133 | Damai |
| 134 | Darbari |
| 135 | Debt Trap Diplomacy |
| 136 | Defense Ministry |
| 137 | Defamation Law |
| 138 | Delegation of Authority |
| 139 | Delimitation |
| 140 | Democratic Alliance |
| 141 | Department of Home Affairs |
| 142 | Deputy Mayor |
| 143 | Deputy Speaker |
| 144 | Deputy Village Chief |
| 145 | Desertion |
| 146 | Development Budget |
| 147 | Dhankuta |
| 148 | Diaspora Diplomacy |
| 149 | Directive Principles |
| 150 | Disappearance |
| 151 | District Court |
| 152 | Domestic Tourism |
| 153 | Domestic Violence Act |
| 154 | Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement |
| 155 | Drug Enforcement |
E
| # | Term |
|---|---|
| 156 | Early Voting |
| 157 | Election Commission of Nepal |
| 158 | Election Expenditure Limit |
| 159 | Election Observation |
| 160 | Election Petition |
| 161 | Election Symbol |
| 162 | Embassy |
| 163 | Empowerment |
| 164 | Encounter Killing |
| 165 | Enforced Disappearance |
| 166 | Energy Security |
| 167 | Ethnic Census |
| 168 | Ethnic Federalism |
| 169 | Ethnic Parties |
| 170 | EVM (Electronic Voting Machine) |
| 171 | Export Processing Zone (EPZ) |
| 172 | Extra-Judicial Killing |
F
| # | Term |
|---|---|
| 173 | Factionalism |
| 174 | Farmersโ Suicide |
| 175 | Federal Civil Service |
| 176 | Federal Implementation |
| 177 | Federal Parliament |
| 178 | Federal Structure |
| 179 | Federalism |
| 180 | Female Deputy |
| 181 | Feminist Dalit Organization |
| 182 | Fertilizer Subsidy |
| 183 | Financial Equalization Grant |
| 184 | Financial Inclusion |
| 185 | Fiscal Federalism |
| 186 | Floor Crossing |
| 187 | Food Sovereignty |
| 188 | Foreign Aid |
| 189 | Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) |
| 190 | Foreign Employment Act |
| 191 | Foreign Investment |
| 192 | Foreign Policy |
| 193 | Foreign Policy Priorities |
| 194 | Forest Armed Guard |
| 195 | Forty Points Demand |
| 196 | Free Student Union |
| 197 | Fundamental Rights |
G
| # | Term |
|---|---|
| 198 | Gandak River Agreement |
| 199 | Gazetted Officer |
| 200 | GEFONT |
| 201 | Gender Quota |
| 202 | Gender-Based Violence |
| 203 | Girija Prasad Koirala |
| 204 | Good Governance |
| 205 | Gorkhaland |
| 206 | Graduation Strategy |
| 207 | Gurung |
| 208 | Guthi |
| 209 | Gurkha Recruitment |
H
| # | Term |
|---|---|
| 210 | Haliya |
| 211 | Hamro Nepali Party |
| 212 | Heritage Tourism |
| 213 | High Court |
| 214 | Himal |
| 215 | Hindu Jagaran Manch |
| 216 | Hindu Rashtra |
| 217 | Hindu Rashtra Abhiyan |
| 218 | Hindu State |
| 219 | Home Ministry |
| 220 | Honorary Consul |
| 221 | Horizontal Fiscal Imbalance |
| 222 | House of Representatives |
| 223 | Human Rights |
| 224 | Human Rights Monitoring |
| 225 | Human Rights Violations |
| 226 | Hung Parliament |
| 227 | Hydropower |
| 228 | Hydropower Development |
I
| # | Term |
|---|---|
| 229 | Identity-Based Movement |
| 230 | Immigration Police |
| 231 | Imperialism |
| 232 | Impunity |
| 233 | Inclusion |
| 234 | Independents |
| 235 | Indiaโs Neighborhood First Policy |
| 236 | India-Nepal Rail Services Agreement |
| 237 | India-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship |
| 238 | Indo-Pacific Strategy |
| 239 | Industrial Policy |
| 240 | Informal Economy |
| 241 | Informal Justice |
| 242 | Informal Sector |
| 243 | Infrastructure |
| 244 | Insurgency |
| 245 | Integrated Check Post |
| 246 | Intelligence Sharing |
| 247 | Intergovernmental Relations |
| 248 | International Airport |
| 249 | Irrigation |
J
| # | Term |
|---|---|
| 250 | Jana Andolan |
| 251 | Janajati |
| 252 | Janajati Movement |
| 253 | Janakpur |
| 254 | Janamat Party |
| 255 | Janata Samajwadi Party (JSP) |
| 256 | Janata Samajwadi Party (JSP) Split |
| 257 | Joint Venture |
| 258 | Judicial Activism |
| 259 | Judicial Council |
| 260 | Judicial Review |
| 261 | Judicial Service Commission |
K
| # | Term |
|---|---|
| 262 | K.P. Sharma Oli |
| 263 | Kalapani |
| 264 | Kalapani Dispute |
| 265 | Kami |
| 266 | Kamaiya |
| 267 | Kerung |
| 268 | Khas Arya |
| 269 | Khotang |
| 270 | King Birendra |
| 271 | King Gyanendra |
| 272 | King Mahendra |
| 273 | Kirat |
| 274 | Koshi River Agreement |
L
| # | Term |
|---|---|
| 275 | Labor Movement |
| 276 | Land Ceiling |
| 277 | Land Fragmentation |
| 278 | Land Reform |
| 279 | Land Registration Fee |
| 280 | Landless |
| 281 | Landlocked Country |
| 282 | Language Politics |
| 283 | Least Developed Country (LDC) |
| 284 | Left Alliance |
| 285 | Leftist Ideology |
| 286 | Legal Aid |
| 287 | Legislative Process |
| 288 | Liberal Democracy |
| 289 | Limbu |
| 290 | Limbuwan |
| 291 | Limpiyadhura |
| 292 | Lipulekh |
| 293 | Local Development Plan |
| 294 | Local Empowerment |
| 295 | Local Executive |
| 296 | Local Government |
| 297 | Local Government Operation Act |
| 298 | Local Legislature |
| 299 | Local Police |
| 300 | Local Revenue |
| 301 | Local Service Commission |
| 302 | Loktantra |
| 303 | Loktantrik Samajwadi Party (LSP) |
M
| # | Term |
|---|---|
| 304 | Madhav Kumar Nepal |
| 305 | Madhesh |
| 306 | Madhesh Movement |
| 307 | Madhesi |
| 308 | Magar |
| 309 | Mahakali Treaty |
| 310 | Main Ruling Party |
| 311 | Maoism |
| 312 | Maoist Insurgency |
| 313 | Marxism-Leninism |
| 314 | Maternity Leave |
| 315 | Mayor |
| 316 | MCC (Millennium Challenge Corporation) |
| 317 | McMahon Line |
| 318 | Media Ownership |
| 319 | Medium-Term Expenditure Framework |
| 320 | Metropolitan City |
| 321 | Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) |
| 322 | Microfinance |
| 323 | Mijar |
| 324 | Military Courts |
| 325 | Minimum Wage |
| 326 | Ministerial Decision |
| 327 | Mithila |
| 328 | Mixed Economy |
| 329 | Money Laundering |
| 330 | Mother Tongue Education |
| 331 | Mount Everest |
| 332 | Mountaineering |
| 333 | Muktinath |
| 334 | Multi-Identity Federalism |
| 335 | Municipality |
| 336 | Muslim |
| 337 | Muslim Minority |
N
| # | Term |
|---|---|
| 338 | Nagrik Unmukti Party |
| 339 | Nari Sangathan |
| 340 | National Assembly |
| 341 | National Consensus Government |
| 342 | National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) |
| 343 | National Investigation Department |
| 344 | National Party |
| 345 | National Security Council |
| 346 | Nationalism |
| 347 | Natural Resources |
| 348 | NEFIN |
| 349 | Nepal Administrative Service |
| 350 | Nepal Communist Party (NCP) |
| 351 | Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA) |
| 352 | Nepal Police |
| 353 | Nepal Samajbadi Party |
| 354 | Nepal Television |
| 355 | Nepal Workers and Peasants Party (NWPP) |
| 356 | Nepali Army |
| 357 | Nepali Congress |
| 358 | New Democracy |
| 359 | Newar |
| 360 | No-Confidence Motion |
| 361 | Non-Aligned Movement |
| 362 | Non-Alignment |
| 363 | Non-Banking Financial Institution |
| 364 | NSU |
| 365 | NTUC |
O
| # | Term |
|---|---|
| 366 | Office of the Auditor General |
| 367 | Official Language |
| 368 | OHCHR Nepal |
| 369 | Ombudsman |
| 370 | One China Policy |
| 371 | One Woman per Ward |
| 372 | Open Border |
| 373 | Opposition Party |
| 374 | Ordinance |
| 375 | Organic Farming Movement |
| 376 | Overflight Charges |
P
| # | Term |
|---|---|
| 377 | Pahad |
| 378 | Pahadi |
| 379 | Panchasheel |
| 380 | Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project |
| 381 | Panchayat |
| 382 | Panchayat System |
| 383 | Parliamentary Hearing Committee |
| 384 | Paramilitary |
| 385 | Parochialism |
| 386 | Party Registration |
| 387 | Party Whip |
| 388 | Pashupati Area Development Trust |
| 389 | Patronage Economy |
| 390 | Peace Process |
| 391 | Peacekeeping Deployment |
| 392 | Peasant Movement |
| 393 | Peopleโs Liberation Army (PLA) |
| 394 | Peopleโs Multi-Party Democracy |
| 395 | Peopleโs War |
| 396 | Permanent Secretary |
| 397 | Petroleum Pipeline |
| 398 | Pokhara International Airport |
| 399 | Police Brutality |
| 400 | Police Regulation |
| 401 | Policy Paralysis |
| 402 | Political Economy |
| 403 | Polling Station |
| 404 | Populism |
| 405 | Postal Ballot |
| 406 | Postal Highway |
| 407 | Post-Retirement Appointment |
| 408 | Poverty |
| 409 | Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) |
| 410 | Prachanda |
| 411 | Prachanda Path |
| 412 | Pradhanmantri |
| 413 | Pratinidhi Sabha |
| 414 | Praxis |
| 415 | Preamble |
| 416 | Press Council |
| 417 | Press Freedom |
| 418 | Primary credit rate (from Fed table โ not Nepali) |
| 419 | Privatization |
| 420 | Privatization Commission |
| 421 | Project Implementation |
| 422 | Promulgation |
| 423 | Property Rights for Women |
| 424 | Property Tax |
| 425 | Proportional Inclusion |
| 426 | Provincial Assembly |
| 427 | Provincial Autonomy |
| 428 | Provincial Chief |
| 429 | Provincial Civil Service |
| 430 | Provincial Education Directorate |
| 431 | Provincial Government |
| 432 | Provincial Health Directorate |
| 433 | Provincial Minister |
| 434 | Provincial Planning Commission |
| 435 | Provincial Police |
| 436 | Provincial Public Service Commission |
| 437 | Province |
| 438 | PR (Proportional Representation) |
| 439 | Public Debt |
| 440 | Public Hearing |
| 441 | Public Interest Litigation (PIL) |
| 442 | Public Investment Management |
| 443 | Public Procurement |
| 444 | Public Service Commission (PSC) |
| 445 | Public-Private Partnership (PPP) |
Q
| # | Term |
|---|---|
| 446 | Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) |
R
| # | Term |
|---|---|
| 447 | Rabi Lamichhane |
| 448 | Rabi Lamichhane Phenomenon |
| 449 | Radio Nepal |
| 450 | Railway Connectivity |
| 451 | Rai |
| 452 | Rapid Response Team |
| 453 | Rastrapati |
| 454 | Rastriya Janamorcha |
| 455 | Rastriya Prajatantra Party (RPP) |
| 456 | Rastriya Sabha |
| 457 | Rastriya Swatantra Party (RSP) |
| 458 | Rasuwagadhi |
| 459 | Re-Polling |
| 460 | Recruitment Agency Fraud |
| 461 | Recurrent Budget |
| 462 | Red Tape |
| 463 | Referendum |
| 464 | Regional Parties |
| 465 | Regionalism |
| 466 | Religious Freedom |
| 467 | Religious Harmony |
| 468 | Remittance Economy |
| 469 | Remittance Utilization |
| 470 | Remittance Workers |
| 471 | Rent-Seeking |
| 472 | Republican Era |
| 473 | Reproductive Rights |
| 474 | Reservation |
| 475 | Resource Transfer |
| 476 | Revenue Sharing |
| 477 | Riot Control |
| 478 | Road Network |
| 479 | Royal Massacre |
| 480 | Royal Nepal Army (RNA) |
| 481 | Royalist Movement |
| 482 | Rule of Law |
| 483 | Run-of-River |
| 484 | Rural Municipality |
S
| # | Term |
|---|---|
| 485 | SAARC |
| 486 | Safe Abortion |
| 487 | Safe Haven |
| 488 | Samabesikaran |
| 489 | Samvidhan Sabha |
| 490 | Sanghiyata |
| 491 | Sanskrit Education |
| 492 | Sanyasi |
| 493 | Sarki |
| 494 | Sattakendrikaran |
| 495 | Secretary |
| 496 | Secularism |
| 497 | Secularism Debate |
| 498 | Security Sector Reform |
| 499 | Separation of Powers |
| 500 | Seven-Party Alliance |
| 501 | Sexual Harassment |
| 502 | Shadow Government |
| 503 | Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) |
| 504 | Sher Bahadur Deuba |
| 505 | Sherpa |
| 506 | Shield Law |
| 507 | Shoot-at-Sight Order |
| 508 | Single Identity Politics |
| 509 | Sino-Nepal Boundary Treaty |
| 510 | Smuggling |
| 511 | Social Audit |
| 512 | Social Cohesion |
| 513 | Social Democracy |
| 514 | Social Justice |
| 515 | Social Media Regulation |
| 516 | Social Security |
| 517 | Socialism |
| 518 | South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) |
| 519 | Sovereignty |
| 520 | Speaker |
| 521 | Special Economic Zone (SEZ) |
| 522 | Special Grant |
| 523 | State of Emergency |
| 524 | State Policies |
| 525 | State Religion Debate |
| 526 | Sthayi Sarkar |
| 527 | Storage Project |
| 528 | Strategic Road Network |
| 529 | Student Politics |
| 530 | Student Protest |
| 531 | Sub-Metropolitan City |
| 532 | Subsistence Farming |
| 533 | Sugauli Treaty |
| 534 | Sukumbasi |
| 535 | Supreme Court |
| 536 | Susta Dispute |
T
| # | Term |
|---|---|
| 537 | Tamang |
| 538 | Tanakpur Agreement |
| 539 | Tarai |
| 540 | Teacher Politics |
| 541 | Telecommunications |
| 542 | Temple Restoration |
| 543 | Thakuri |
| 544 | Tharu |
| 545 | Tharu Movement |
| 546 | Tharuhat |
| 547 | Third World |
| 548 | Thirty-Two Points Agreement |
| 549 | Threshold |
| 550 | Tibet Autonomous Region |
| 551 | Tibetan Refugees |
| 552 | Torture |
| 553 | Torture Compensation |
| 554 | Tourism |
| 555 | Trade Deficit |
| 556 | Trafficking |
| 557 | Trafficking in Persons |
| 558 | Transfer Bazaar |
| 559 | Transit Treaty |
| 560 | Trans-Himalayan Railway |
| 561 | Transitional Justice |
| 562 | Trekking |
| 563 | Tribhuvan University |
| 564 | Truth and Reconciliation Commission |
| 565 | Tuition Fee Protest |
U
| # | Term |
|---|---|
| 566 | U.S.-Nepal Relations |
| 567 | U.K.-Nepal Relations |
| 568 | Underground Economy |
| 569 | Underutilization |
| 570 | Unemployment |
| 571 | UNMIN |
| 572 | United Nations |
| 573 | University Election |
| 574 | UN Peacekeeping |
| 575 | Untouchability |
| 576 | Upendra Yadav |
V
| # | Term |
|---|---|
| 577 | Vertical Fiscal Imbalance |
| 578 | Victimsโ Compensation |
| 579 | Victimsโ Rights |
| 580 | Village Chief |
| 581 | Voter Education |
| 582 | Voter Registration |
| 583 | Voter Turnout |
W
| # | Term |
|---|---|
| 584 | War Crimes |
| 585 | Ward |
| 586 | Ward Chair |
| 587 | Ward Committee |
| 588 | Weapons Management |
| 589 | White-Collar Crime |
| 590 | Widow Rights |
| 591 | Womenโs Movement |
| 592 | Womenโs Political Participation |
| 593 | Womenโs Reservation |
| 594 | Worker Safety |
| 595 | World Hindu Congress |
| 596 | World Trade Organization (WTO) |
| 597 | Writ Jurisdiction |
Z
| # | Term |
|---|---|
| 598 | Zamindar |
Conceptual Network for Sarvarthapedia: Cross-Referenced Knowledge Web of Nepali Politics
I. Core Concept Clusters
A. State Formation & Regime Transformation
- Monarchy
- Panchayat System
- Democratic Transition
- Republicanism
- Federalism
Cross-links:
- Panchayat System โ Monarchy โ Democratic Transition
- Democratic Transition โ Republicanism โ Federalism
- Federalism โ Identity Politics
- Republicanism โ Secularism
B. Political Actors & Party Systems
- Political Parties
- Communist Movements
- Democratic Forces
- Regional Parties
- Identity-Based Parties
Cross-links:
- Political Parties โ Coalition Government โ Hung Parliament
- Communist Movements โ Class Struggle โ Labor Movement
- Regional Parties โ Madhesh Movement โ Federalism
- Identity-Based Parties โ Inclusion โ Reservation
C. Constitutionalism & Governance
- Constitution
- Fundamental Rights
- Separation of Powers
- Judiciary
- Election Commission
Cross-links:
- Constitution โ Fundamental Rights โ Social Justice
- Separation of Powers โ Judiciary โ Judicial Review
- Election Commission โ Electoral System โ Political Legitimacy
- Constitution โ Federalism โ Provincial Autonomy
D. Electoral & Parliamentary Dynamics
- Electoral System (FPTP + PR)
- Party Whip
- Coalition Politics
- No-Confidence Motion
- Anti-Defection Law
Cross-links:
- Electoral System โ Proportional Inclusion โ Identity Politics
- Coalition Politics โ Hung Parliament โ Instability
- Party Whip โ Anti-Defection Law
- No-Confidence Motion โ Government Turnover
E. Identity & Social Structure
- Caste System
- Ethnicity (Janajati)
- Madhesi Identity
- Regionalism
- Language Politics
Cross-links:
- Caste System โ Dalit Movement โ Social Justice
- Ethnicity โ Federalism โ Ethnic Provinces
- Madhesi Identity โ Madhesh Movement โ Constitutional Amendment
- Language Politics โ Cultural Rights โ Inclusion
F. Social Movements & Civil Society
- Womenโs Movement
- Student Politics
- Labor Movement
- Peasant Movement
- Civil Society
Cross-links:
- Womenโs Movement โ Gender Quota โ Representation
- Student Politics โ Political Recruitment โ Party System
- Labor Movement โ Class Struggle โ Socialist Ideology
- Civil Society โ Good Governance โ Anti-Corruption
G. Ideology & Political Thought
- Marxism-Leninism
- Maoism
- Liberal Democracy
- Social Democracy
- Nationalism
Cross-links:
- Marxism-Leninism โ UML Ideology โ Peopleโs Multi-Party Democracy
- Maoism โ Peopleโs War โ Peace Process
- Liberal Democracy โ Nepali Congress โ Constitutionalism
- Nationalism โ Sovereignty โ Foreign Policy โ Glossary ofย Diplomacy
H. Religion & Secular Debate
- Hindu State Glossary of Religious Terms
- Secularism
- Religious Freedom
- Conversion Debate Glossary of Vaticanism
- Royalism
Cross-links:
- Hindu State โ Royalism โ Monarchy
- Secularism โ Constitution โ Identity Politics
- Religious Freedom โ Minority Rights
- Conversion Debate โ Secularism Controversy
I. Economy & Political Economy
- Remittance Economy
- Trade Deficit
- Foreign Aid
- Corruption
- Informal Economy
Cross-links:
- Remittance Economy โ Labor Migration โ Unemployment
- Trade Deficit โ Foreign Dependency โ Sovereignty Debate
- Corruption โ Governance Failure โ Public Trust
- Informal Economy โ Weak Regulation โ State Capacity
J. Foreign Policy & Geopolitics
- India-Nepal Relations
- China-Nepal Relations
- Non-Alignment
- Border Disputes
- International Aid
Cross-links:
- India Relations โ Open Border โ Trade Dependency
- China Relations โ BRI โ Infrastructure Politics
- Non-Alignment โ Sovereignty โ Nationalism
- Border Disputes โ National Identity โ Electoral Politics
II. Cross-Cluster Bridges
1. Federalism as a Central Node
- Federalism โ Identity Politics
- Federalism โ Constitution
- Federalism โ Provincial Autonomy
- Federalism โ Madhesh Movement
2. Inclusion as a Systemic Connector
- Inclusion โ Constitution (Article 42)
- Inclusion โ Electoral System (PR)
- Inclusion โ Social Movements
- Inclusion โ Identity Politics
3. ConflictโPeace Continuum
- Maoist Insurgency โ Peace Process โ Constitution
- Conflict โ Transitional Justice โ Victimsโ Rights
- Peace Process โ Republicanism โ Secularism
4. Power & Legitimacy Loop
- Elections โ Government Formation โ Policy โ Public Trust
- Public Trust โ Corruption โ Civil Society
- Legitimacy โ Constitution โ Rule of Law
5. EconomyโPolitics Feedback Loop
- Economic Inequality โ Social Movements
- Corruption โ Weak Governance โ Economic Stagnation
- Foreign Aid โ Political Influence โ Sovereignty
III. Conceptual Clusters (Network View)
Cluster 1: State & Constitution
Constitution โ Federalism โ Inclusion โ Fundamental Rights โ Judiciary
Cluster 2: Parties & Power
Political Parties โ Coalition โ Instability โ Governance โ Corruption
Cluster 3: Identity & Representation
Caste/Ethnicity โ Movements โ Inclusion โ Electoral System โ Representation
Cluster 4: Ideology & Conflict
Marxism/Maoism โ Insurgency โ Peace Process โ Republican Order
Cluster 5: Society & Mobilization
Students/Women/Workers โ Movements โ Policy Influence โ State Reform
Cluster 6: Economy & External Forces
Remittance โ Dependency โ Foreign Policy โ Sovereignty โ Nationalism
IV. Key Network Hubs (High Connectivity Concepts)
Primary Hubs
- Federalism
- Constitution
- Political Parties
- Inclusion
- Identity Politics
Secondary Hubs
- Coalition Government
- Corruption
- Social Movements
- Nationalism
- Foreign Policy
V. Example โSee Alsoโ Chains
Chain 1: From Conflict to Constitution
Maoist Insurgency โ Peace Process โ Constituent Assembly โ Constitution โ Federalism
Chain 2: From Identity to Representation
Caste System โ Dalit Movement โ Inclusion โ Proportional Representation โ Parliament
Chain 3: From Economy to Politics
Remittance Economy โ Labor Migration โ Unemployment โ Political Discontent โ New Parties
Chain 4: From Religion to State Debate
Hindu State โ Secularism โ Constitutional Identity โ Political Polarization
VI. Structural Logic of the Network
- Vertical Axis: State (Constitution โ Governance โ Policy)
- Horizontal Axis: Society (Identity โ Movements โ Representation)
- Diagonal Axis: Ideology (LeftโRight spectrum shaping both state and society)
- External Axis: Geopolitics (IndiaโChinaโGlobal influence shaping internal dynamics)
VII. Sarvarthapedia Knowledge Web Summary
This network organizes Nepali politics into an interconnected system where:
- Federalism and Inclusion act as structural cores
- Political Parties and Identity Movements act as drivers
- Constitution and Elections act as institutional frameworks
- Economy and Foreign Policy act as external pressures
All concepts are interlinked, forming a dynamic, evolving knowledge web rather than a static glossary.
