KEYWORDS:-DEFAMATION – COMMON LAW PRINCIPLES-Libellous communication-
DATE:-13-11-1968
AIR 1970 SC 1876 : (1969) 2 SCR 692 : (1970) CriLJ SC 1651
(SUPREME COURT OF INDIA)
| M. C. Verghese | Appellant |
| Versus | |
| T. J. Ponnan and another | Respondent |
(Before : J. C. Shah, V. Ramaswami And A. N. Grover, JJ.)
Criminal Appeal No. 46 of 1967, Decided on : 13-11-1968.
Defamation—Libellous communication—Defamatory letter addressed to spouse—Principle of English common law cannot be imported—The communication to spouse is privilege but the other spouse is entitled to prosecute if the communication could be proved by evidence that of other spouse.
It must be remembered that the Indian Penal Code exhaustively codifies the law relating to offences with which it deals and the rules of the common law cannot be resorted to for inventing exemptions which are not expressly enacted.
The exceptions to Section 499 Indian Penal Code must be regarded as exhaustive as to the cases which they purport to cover and recourse cannot be had to the English common law to add new grounds of exception to those contained in the statute. A person making libellous statements in his complaint filed in Court is not absolutely protected in a criminal proceeding for defamation, for under the Eighth Exception and the illustration to Section 499 the statements are privileged only when they are made in good faith. There is therefore authority for the proposition that in determinating the criminality of an act under the Indian Penal Code the Courts will not extend the scope of special exceptions by resorting to the rule peculiar to English common law that the husband and wife are regarded as one.
The complainant claims that he has been defamed by the writing of the letters. The letters are in his possession and are available for being tendered in evidence. We see no reason why inquiry into that complaint should, on the preliminary contentions raised, be prohibited. If the complainant seeks to support his case only upon the evidence of the wife of the accused, he may be met with the bar of Section 122 of the Indian Evidence Act. Whether he will be able to prove the letters in any other manner is a matter which must be left to be determined at the trial and cannot be made the subject matter of an enquiry at this stage.
Evidence Act, 1872—Section 125—Privilege communication—Nullity of marriage—The communication made at the time when the marriage was subsisting—Communication is protected.
The bar to the admissibility in evidence of communications made during marriage attaches at the time when the communication is made, and its admissibility will be adjudged in the light of the status at that date and not the status at the date when evidence is sought to be given in Court.
Penal Code, 1860—Section 499—Defamation—Libellous communication—Defamatory letter addressed to spouse—Principle of English common law cannot be imported—The communication to spouse is privilege but the other spouse is entitled to prosecute if the communication could be proved by evidence that of other spouse.
Privilege communication—Nullity of marriage—The communication made at the time when the marriage was subsisting—Communication is protected.
Counsel for the Parties:
Miss Lily Thomas, Advocate, for Appellant
Dr. W. S. Barlingay, Senior Advocate, (Mr. Gapat Rai, Advocate, with him) (for No. 1) and A. G,. Pudissery, Advocate (for No. 2), for Respondents.
Judgment
Shah, J—Rathi daughter of M. C. Verghese was married to T. J. Ponnan. On July 18, 1964, July 25, 1964 and July, 30, 1964, Ponnan wrote from Bombay letters to Rathi who was then residing with her parents at Trivandrum which it is claimed contained defamatory imputations concerning Verghese. Verghese then filed a complaint in the Court of the District Magistrate, Trivandrum. against Ponnan charging him with offence of defamation,. Ponnan submitted an application raising two preliminary contentions- (1) that the letters which formed the sole basis of the complaint were inadmissible in evidence as they were barred by law or expressly prohibited by law from disclosure; and (2) that uttering of a libel by a husband to his wife was not “publication” under the law of India and hence cannot support a charge for defamation, and prayed for an order of discharge, and applied that he may be discharged.
2. The District Magistrate held that a communication by a husband to his wife or by a wife to her husband of a matter defamatory of another persons does not amount in law to publication, since the husband and wife are one in the eye of law. In so holding, he relied upon the judgment, in Wennhak vs. Morgan (1888) 20 QBD 635. He also held that the communication was privileged, and no evidence could be given in court in relation to that communication. He accordingly ordered that Ponnan be discharged under S. 253 (2), Code of Criminal Procedure.
3. In a revision application filed by Verghese before the Court of Session, the order was set aside and further enquiry into the complaint was directed. In the view of the learned Sessions Judge the doctrine of the common law of England that a communication by one spouse to another of a matter defamatory of another persons does not amount to publication has no application in India, and S. 122 of the Indian Evidence Act does not prohibit proof in the Court by the complainant of the letters written by Ponnay to his wife.
4. The case was then carried to the High Court of Kerala in revision. The High Court set aside the order of the Court of Session and restored the order of the District Magistrate. The High Court held that from the averments made in paragraphs 9 to 11 of the complaint it was clear that the writing of defamatory matter by Ponnan to his wife Rathi was not in law publication, and that “if the letters written by Ponnan to his wife cannot be proved in court either by herself directly or through her father in whose hands she had voluntarily placed them, the imputations therein fell outside the court’s cognizance and no charge under Section 500, Indian Penal Code could be deemed to be made out”. Against the order passed by the High Court discharging Ponnan, this appeal is preferred with certificate granted by the High Court.
5. It was assumed throughout these proceedings that the letters are defamatory of the complainant. Under the Indian Penal Code in order that an offence of defamation may be committed there must be making or publication of any imputation concerning any persons by words either spoken or intended to be read, or by signs or by visible representations, intending to harm, or knowing or having reason to believe that such imputation will harm, the reputation of such person. To constitute the offence of defamation there must therefore be making or publication of an imputation concerning any persons and the making or publication must be with intent to harm or knowing or having reason to believe that such imputation will harm, the reputation of such person. Unless there is publication there can be no offence of defamation committed.
6. In England the rule appears to be well settled that except in certain well defined matters, the husband and wife are regarded as one and in an action for libel disclosure by the husband of the libel to his wife is not publication. In Wennhak’s case, (supra), Manisty, J., observed:
“…the maxim and principle acted on for centuries is still in existence, viz., that as regards this case husband and wife are in point of law one person.”
The learned Judge examined the foundation of the rule and stated that it was, after all, a question of public policy or social policy.
7. But the rule that husband and wife are one in the eye of law has not been adopted in its full force under our system of law and certainly not in our criminal jurisprudence.
8. In Queen-Empress vs. Butchi, (1894) ILR 17 Mad 401 it was held that there is no presumption of law that the wife and husband constitute one person in India for the purpose of the criminal law. If the wife, removing the husband’s property from his house, does so with dishonest intention, she is guilty of theft.
9. In Abdul Khadar vs. Taib Begum, AIR 1957 Mad 339 the Madras High Court again held that there is no presumption of law in India that a wife and husband constitute one persons for the purpose of criminal law, and therefore the English common law doctrine of absolute privilege cannot prevail in India.
10. It must be remembered that the Indian Penal Code exhaustively codifies the law relating to offences with which it deals and the rules of the common law cannot be resorted to for inventing exemptions which are not expressly enacted.
11. In Tiruvengada Mudali vs. Tripurasundari Ammal, ILR 49 Mad 728 (FB) a Full Bench of the Madras High Court observed that the exceptions to S. 499 Indian Penal Code must be regarded as exhaustive as to the cases which they purport to cover and recourse cannot be had to the English common law to add new grounds of exception to those contained in the statute. A persons making libellous statements in his complaint filed in Court is not absolutely protected in a criminal proceeding for defamation, for under the Eighth Exception and the illustration to S. 499 the statements are privileged only when they are made in good faith. There is therefore authority for the proposition that in determining the criminality of an act under the Indian Penal Code the Courts will not extend the scope of special exceptions by resorting to the rule peculiar to English common law that the husband and wife are regarded as one.
12. But we do not deem it necessary to record any final opinion on this question, because, in our judgment, this enquiry has to be made when the complaint is tried before the Magistrate.
13. Verghese has complained that he was defamed by the three letters which Ponnan wrote to Rathi. Ponnan, however, says that the letters addressed by him to his wife are not -except with his consent-admissible in evidence by virtue of S. 122 of the Indian Evidence Act, and since the only publication pleaded is publication to his wife, and she is prohibited by law from disclosing those letters, no offence of defamation could be made out. So stated, the proposition is, in our judgment, not sustainable. Section 122 of the Indian Evidence Act falls in Ch. IX which deals with evidence of witnesses in proceeding before the Court. That section provides:
“No persons who is or has been married shall be compelled to disclose any communication made to him during marriage by any person to whom he is or has been married; nor shall he be permitted to disclose any such communication, unless the persons who made it, or his representative in interest, consents, except in suits between married persons, or proceedings in which one married person is prosecuted for any crime committed against the other.”
The section consists of two branches – (1) that a married person shall not be compelled to disclose any communication made to him during marriage by his spouse; and (2) that the married persons shall not except in two special classes of proceedings be permitted to disclose by giving evidence in Court the communication, unless the person who made it, or his representative in interest, consents thereto.
14. A prima facie case was set up in the complaint by Verghese. That complaint has not been tried and we do not see how, without recording any evidence, the learned. District Magistrate could pass any order discharging Ponnan. Section 122 of the Evidence Act only prevents disclosure in giving evidence in court of the communication made by the husband to the wife. If Rathi appears in the witness box to give evidence about the communications made to her (by-Ed.) husband, prima facie the communications may not be permitted to be deposed to or disclosed unless Ponnan consents. That does not, however, mean that no other evidence which is not barred under section 122 of the Evidence Act or other provisions of the Act can be given.
15. In a recent judgment of the House of Lords Rumping vs. Director of Public Prosecutions, (1962) 3 All ER 256 Rumping the mate of a Dutch ship was tried for murder committed on board the ship. Part of the evidence for the prosecution admitted at the trial consisted of a letter that Rumping had written to his wife in Holland which amounted to a confession. Rumping had written the letter on the day of the killing, and had handed the letter in a closed envelope to a member of the crew requesting him to post it as soon as the ship arrived at the port outside England. After the appellant was arrested, the member of the crew handed the envelope to the captain of the ship who handed it over to the police. The member of the crew, the captain and the translator of the letter gave evidence at the trial, but the wife was not called as witness. It was held that the letter was admissible in evidence. Lord Reid, Lord Morris of BorthY-Gest, Lord Hodson and Lord Pearce were of the view that at common law there had never been a separate principle or rule that communications between a husband and wife during marriage were inadmissible in evidence on the ground of public policy. Accordingly except where the spouse to whom the communication is made is a witness and claims privilege from disclosure under the Criminal Evidence Act, 1898, (of which the terms are similar to S. 122 of the Indian Evidence Act though not identical), evidence as to communications between husband and wife during marriage is admissible in criminal proceedings.
16. The question whether the complainant in this case is an agent of the wife because he has received the letter from the wife and may be permitted to give evidence is a matter on which no opinion at this stage can be expressed. The complainant claims that he has been defamed by the writing of the letters. The letters are in his possession and are available for being tendered in evidence. We see no reason why inquiry into that complaint should, on the preliminary contentions raised, be prohibited. If the complainant seeks to support his case only upon the evidence of the wife of the accuse, he may be met with the bar of section 122 of the Indian Evidence Act. Whether he will be able to prove the letters in any other manner is a matter which must be left to be determined at the trial and cannot be made the subject-matter of an enquiry at this stage.
17. One more question which was raised by counsel for the appellant may be briefly referred to. It was urged that since the matter reached this Court, Rathi has obtained a decree for nullity of marriage against Ponnan on the ground of his impotency, and whatever bar existed during the subsistence of the marriage cannot now operate to render Rathi an incompetent witness. But the argument is plainly contrary to the terms of section 122. If the marriage was subsisting at the time when the communications where made, the bar prescribed by S. 122 will operate. In Moss vs. Moss, (1963) 2 All ER 829 it was held that in criminal cases, subject to certain common law and statutory exceptions, a spouse is incompetent to give evidence against the other, and that incompetence continues after a decree absolute for divorce or a decree of nullity (where the marriage was annulled was merely avoidable) in respect of matters arising during covertime (coverture-Ed.).
18. Counsel for the appellant however urged that the rule enunciated in Moss’s case, (supra) has no application in India, because under Sections 18 and 19 of the Divorce Act no distinction is made between marriage void and voidable. By S. 18 a husband or a wife may present a petition for nullity of marriage to the appropriate Court and the Court has under section 19 power to make the decree on the following grounds:
“ (1) that the respondent was impotent at the time of the marriage and at the time of the institution of the suit,
(2) that the parties are within the prohibited degrees of consanguinity (whether natural or legal) or affinity;
(3) that either party was a lunatic or idiot at the time of the marriage;
(4) that the former husband or wife of either party was living at the time of the marriage, and the marriage with such former husband or wife was then in force.
Nothing in this section shall affect the jurisdiction of the High Court to make decree of nullity of marriage on the ground that the consent of either party was obtained by force or fraud.”
Marriage with the respondent who was impotent at the time of the marriage or at the time of the institution of the suit is not ab initio void:it is voidable. As stated in Latey on Divorce, 14th Edn., at page No. 194, Art.353:
“Where impotence is proved the ceremony of marriage is void only on the decree absolute of nullity, but then it is void ab initio ‘to all intents and purposes’. Such a marriage “is valid for all purposes, unless a decree of nullity is pronounced during the lifetime of the parties.”
When the letters were written by Ponnan to Rathi, they were husband and wife. The bar to the admissibility in evidence of communications made during marriage attaches at the time when the communication is made, and its admissibility will be adjudged in the light of the status at that date and not the status at the date when evidence is sought to be given in Court.
19. We are therefore, of the view that the appeal must be allowed and the order passed by the High Court set aside. The proceedings will be remanded for trial to the District Magistrate according to law.
