Biographers of Prophet Muhammad

Qurʾān may be said to be the key-stone to the biography of Muḥammad, yet it contains but comparatively few references to the personal history of the ProphetProphet Προφητεύω (Prophesy) - He who tells in advance. A prophet may not be a Messenger of God. He may simply predict something may happen in the future. Hebrew prophets claimed to be able to see the future or interpret the present situation for future circumstances. Narada in Indian Puranas was the Messenger from Devatas. Whether the 'future' exists or not is the investigative subject of Physics. Elohim never created any future for Adam in Genesis (1.1). Islam claims Muhammad as the last Abrahamic prophet.. The Traditions, or Aḥādīs̤, form the chief material for all biographical histories. [tradition.]

The first who attempted to compile an account of Muḥammad in the form of a history, was az-Zuhrī, who died a.h. 124, and whose work, no longer extant, is mentioned by Ibn K͟hallikān. The earliest biographical writers whose works are extant are—Ibn Isḥāq, a.h. 151; Al-Wāqidī, a.h. 207; Ibn Hishām, a.h. 218; Al-Buk͟hārī (history), a.h. 256; At̤-T̤abarī, a.h. 310. Amongst more recent biographies, the most noted are those by Ibnu ʾl-Aṣīr, a.h. 630, and Ismāʿīl Abū ʾl-Fidāʾ, a.h. 732. Abū ʾl-Fidāʾ’s work was translated into LatinLatin Augustus (63 B.C.E.-14 A.C.E), Julius Caesar (100-44 B.C.E.), Cicero (106-43 B.C.E), Virgil (70-19 B.C.E), Tacitus (56-120 A.C.E), Ovid (43 B.C.E.-17 A.C.E), Lucretius (1st-century B.C.E), Livy (59 B.C.E.-17 A.C.E), Lucan (39-65 A.C.E), Hirtius (90-43 B.C.E), Horace (65-8 B.C.E). > Latin America  > Latin is the Official language of Vatican City > Latin Grammar> Vulgar Latin. by John Gagnier, Professor of ArabicArabic Most widely spoken Semitic language, is an official language in 27 countries. Since 1971, it has been one of the UN's official languages. The term "Arabic" encompasses both regional dialects and Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), used across the Arab world for formal and written communication. ا Alif अ (A) ب Bā ब (Ba) ت Tā त (Ta) ث Thā थ (Tha) ج Jīm ज (Ja) ح Ḥā ह (Hard H) خ Khā ख़ (Kha, as in ख़बर) د Dāl द (Da) ذ Dhāl ज़ (Za/Dha, as in ज़ेहर) ر Rā र (Ra) ز Zā ज़ (Za) س Sīn स (Sa) ش Shīn श (Sha) ص Ṣād स (Hard Sa) ض Ḍād द (Hard Da) ط Ṭā ट (Hard Ta) ظ Ẓā ज़ (Za, heavy sound) ع ʿAyn अ (Glottal A, deeper throat) غ Ghayn ग़ (Gha, as in ग़लत) ف Fā फ (Fa) ق Qāf क़ (Qa, deeper Ka sound) ك Kāf क (Ka) ل Lām ल (La) م Mīm म (Ma) ن Nūn न (Na) ه Hā ह (Ha) و Wāw व/उ/ओ (Wa/U/O, depending on use) ي Yā य (Ya)   at Oxford, a.d. 1723, and into English by the Rev. W. Murray, Episcopal clergyman at Duffus in Scotland, and published (without date) at Elgin.

The first life of Muḥammad published in English is that by Dean Prideaux, which first appeared in 1723, and afterwards passed through several editions. Dr. Sprenger commenced a life of Muḥammad in English, and printed the first part at Allahabad, IndiaIndia Hind/ hend >hindia. Bharat Varsha (Jambudvipa used in Mahavamsha) is the name of this land mass. The people of this land are Sanatan Dharmin and they always defeated invaders. Indra (10000 yrs) was the oldest deified King of this land. Manu's jurisprudence enlitened this land. Vedas have been the civilizational literature of this land. Guiding principles of this land are : सत्यं वद । धर्मं चर । स्वाध्यायान्मा प्रमदः । The place also been called Hindusthan in Pesia. The word Hendu is mentioned in Avesta. Read more, a.d. 1851; but it was never completed. The learned author afterwards published the whole of his work in German, at Berlin, 1869. The only complete life of Muḥammad in English which has any pretension to original research, is the well-known Life of Mahomet, by Sir William Muir, LL.D. (First Edition, four vols., London. 1858–61; Second Edition, one vol., London. 1877).