K. Balakrishna Rao and others Versus Haji Abdulla Sait and others-10/10/1979

Parties could not either by consentConsent Dr. Dhruvaram Murlidhar Sonar v. State of Maharashtra [2018] 13 SCR 920 : (2019) 18 SCC 191; Pramod Suryabhan Pawar v. State of Maharashtra [2019] 11 SCR 423 : (2019) 9 SCC 608.Shiv Pratap Singh Rana v. State of Madhya Pradesh & Anr [2024] 7 S.C.R. 8. Doing Sex: involves an active understanding of the circumstances, actions and consequences of the proposed act. An individual who makes a reasoned choice to act after evaluating various alternative actions (or inaction) as well as the various possible consequences flowing from such action (or inaction), consents to such action. or acquiescence confer jurisdictionJurisdiction Authority by which courts receive and decide cases. Limited Jurisdiction: the authority over only particular types of cases, or cases under a prescribed amount in controversy, or seeking only certain types of relief, the District Court is a court of limited jurisdiction. Original Jurisdiction: Jurisdiction of the first court to hear a case. on court when lawLaw νόμος:  Positive command of sovereign or divine. One can be ruled either by a Statute, a Statue, or a Statement. Legislation is the rule-making process by a political or religious organisation. Physics governs natural law. Logical thinking is a sign of a healthy brain function. Dharma is eternal for Sanatanis. Judiciary > Show me the face, and I will show you the law. Some people know how to bend the law rather than break it. Law Practice. Read a scholarly article had taken it away.

AIRAIR All India Reporter 1980 SC 214 : (1980) 1 SCRSupreme Court Reports It is the official Reporter of the reportable decisions delivered by the Supreme Court of India. It is published under the authority of the Supreme Court of India by the Controller of Publications, Government of India. 875 : (1980) 1 SCCSCC Supreme Court Cases 321

SUPREME COURT OF INDIAArticle 124 of the Constitution of India Constitution of India > 124. Supreme Court (1) There shall be a Supreme Court of India consisting of a Chief Justice of India and, until Parliament by law prescribes a larger number, of not more than seven other Judges. (2) Every Judge of the Supreme Court shall be appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal and shall hold office until he attains the age of sixty-five years: Provided that-- (a) a Judge may, by writing under his hand addressed to the President, resign his office (b) a Judge may be removed from his office in the manner provided in clause (4). (2A) The age of a Judge of the Supreme Court shall be determined by such authority and in such manner as Parliament may by law provide. (3) A person shall not be qualified for appointment as a Judge of the Supreme Court unless he is a citizen of India and-- (a) has been for at least five years a Judge of a High Court or of two or more such Courts in succession; or (b) has been for at least ten years an advocate of a High Court or of two or more such courts in succession; or (c) is, in the opinion of the President, a distinguished jurist. (4) A Judge of the Supreme Court shall not be removed from his office except by an order of the President passed after an address by each House of Parliament supported by a majority of the total membership of that House and by a majority of not less than two-third of the members of the House present and voting has been presented to the President in the same session for such removal on the ground of proved misbehavior or incapacity. (5) Parliament may by law regulate the procedure for the presentation of an address and for the investigation and proof of the misbehavior or incapacity of a Judge under clause (4): (6) Every person appointed to be a Judge of the Supreme Court shall, before he enters upon his office, make and subscribe before the President, or some person appointed in that behalf by him, an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule. (7) No person who has held office as a Judge of the Supreme Court shall plead or act in any court or before any authority within the territory of India.

K. Balakrishna Rao and others Versus Haji Abdulla Sait and others

(Before : A. C. Gupta And E. S. Venkataramiah, JJ.)

Civil AppealCivil Appeal Vasant Ganesh Damle vs. Shrikant Trimbak Datar (AIR 2002 SC 1237) in the following words: "The appeal is considered to be an extension of the suit because U/S. 107 of the Code of Civil Procedure, the appellate Court has the same powers as are conferred by the Code on Courts of original jurisdiction in respect of suits instituted therein. Such a power can be exercised by the appellate Court "as nearly as may be" exercised by the trial Court under the Code. If the powers conferred upon the trial Court are under a specified statute and not under the Code, it has to be ascertained as to whether such a power was intended to be exercised by the appellate Court as well. Such a position can be ascertained by having a reference to the specified law by keeping in mind the legislative intention of conferment of power on the appellate Court either expressly or by necessary implication." No. 1172 of 1979,

Decided on : 10-10-1979.

Tamil Nadu Buildings (LeaseLeasehold The leaseholder has no right or interest in the land, he pays rent to the landlord for using the flat or house. A lease is an agreement between the freeholder and the tenant. Commonhold is a form of ownership (or tenure) for multi-occupancy developments (flats of a building). Each unit-holder owns the freehold of their flat, and a commonhold or residents’ association owns and manages the common parts of the property. and Rent Control) Act, 1960—Section 2(2)—T.N. Buildings (Lease and Rent Control) Amendment Act, 1964—Section 3—The obvious result of Section 30 (iii) of the Act, as it stood before the amendment, was that, if the rental value of a non-residential building, as entered in the property tax bookBook Council of Trent (1545–1563) the Catholic Church created a Congregation of the Index, to declare a writing dangerous and to burn it, till it exists without notice. For Christians, the Bible, and for Muslims Quran, is only good for human guidance and nothing else. After Jesus, St. Peter and St. Paul are the most educated persons in the Christian world. of the Municipality exceeded ` 400/- per mensem, a description which applies to the premises under consideration before us, the landlord would have no right to proceed against the tenant for eviction under Section 10 (2) (ii) (a) of the Act. Section 3 of the Amending Act, on the face of it, applies to two kinds of cases. Its heading is misleading in so far as it suggests that it is meant to apply only to one of these two kinds. It applies; firstly, to cases in which a proceeding has been instituted “on the ground” that a non-residential building “was exempt from the provisions of the principal Act” and is pending; and secondly, to cases where “rights and privileges, which may have accrued before such date to any landlord in respect of non-residential building by virtueVirtue Aristotelian model: Excess Mean Deficiency >Irascibility Gentleness Spiritlessness >Rashness Courage Cowardice>Shamelessness Modesty Diffidence>Profligacy Temperance Insensitiveness>Envy Righteous Indignation Malice>Greed Justice Loss>Prodigality Liberality Meanness>Boastfulness Honesty Self-deprecation>Flattery Friendliness Surliness>Subservience Dignity Stubborness>Luxuriousness Hardness Endurance>Vanity Greatness of Spirit Smallness of Spirit>Extravagance Magnificence Shabbiness> Rascality Prudence Simpleness. of clause (iii) of Section 30 of the principal Act” exist. In the kind of case falling in the first category, the amendment says that the pending proceedings shall abate. As regards the second kind of case, the amendment says that “the rights and privileges of the landlord shall cease and determine and shall not be enforceable”.

Counsel for the Parties:

Mr. G. Swaminathan, Sr. Advocate (M/s. A. C. Muthana, M. Subramaniam, K. Rajendra Chowdhary and N. N. Sivan, Advocates, with him), for Appellants;

Mr. S. V. Gupte, Sr. Advocate (Mr. V. N. Ganpule, Advocate, with him), (for Nos. 2, 4 and 6) and M/s. P. Chidambaram, Shakeel Ahmed, M. N. Krishmani and M. A. Malik, Advocates (for No. 1), for Respondents.

Judgement

Venkataramiah, J—The question involved in this case is whether a suit for ejectment filed in respect of any non-residential building or part thereof pending before any court on the date on which the Tamil Nadu Buildings (Lease and Rent Control) Act, 1960 (Act No. XVIII of 1960) (hereinafter referred to as ‘the principal Act’) was amended by the Tamil Nadu Buildings (Lease and Rent Control) Amendment Act, 1964 (Act No. XI of 1964) (hereinafter referred to as the Amendment Act’) could have been proceeded with after that date. It arises in the following circumstances:

Haji Mohamed Hussain Sait, the father of the plaintiff, Haji Abdulla Sait was the owner of a building situated in the city of Madras. He leased it out in favour of the defendant, K. Seetharama Rao under a lease deed dated July 8, 1940 for the purpose of running a restaurant known as ‘Modern Cafe’ in it for a period of three years with effect from July 15, 1940 on a monthly rent of Rs.950. The agreed period of lease expired in July, 1943 but the defendant continued to be in possession of the building as a tenant holding over. On the coming into force of the Madras Non-residential Buildings Rent Control Order in 1946, the defendant became a statutory tenant of the said building and fair rent in respect of it was fixed under that Order in the year 1946 at Rs.1,680 per month. The aforesaid Order was replaced by the Madras Buildings (Lease and Rent Control) Act, 1949 which was also applicable to the said building. On the death of the landlord Haji Mohamed Hussain Sait in 1955, under a partition amongst his heirs the plaintiff became the owner of the building. The protection which the defendant was enjoying under the Act of 1949 came to an end on the passing of the principal Act by virtue of Section 35 thereof which repealed the Act of 1949 and S. 30 (iii) thereof which provided that nothing contained in the principal Act was applicable to any non-residential building, the rental value of which on the date of the commencement of the principal Act as entered in the property tax assessment book of the municipal council, districtDistrict India has 800 districts under 29 federal states and 8 union territories. Adilabad Agar-Malwa Agra Ahilyanagar Ahmedabad Aizawl Ajmer Akola Alappuzha Aligarh Alipurduar Alirajpur Alluri Sitharama Raju Almora Alwar Ambala Ambedkar Nagar Amethi Amravati Amreli Amritsar Amroha Anakapalli Anand Ananthapuramu Anantnag Anjaw Annamayya Anugul Anuppur Araria Ariyalur Arvalli Arwal Ashoknagar Auraiya Aurangabad Ayodhya Azamgarh Bagalkote Bageshwar Baghpat Bahraich Bajali Baksa Balaghat Balangir Baleshwar Ballari Ballia Balod Balodabazar-Bhatapara Balotra Balrampur Balrampur-Ramanujganj Banas Kantha Banda Bandipora Banka Bankura Banswara Bapatla Bara Banki Baramulla Baran Bareilly Bargarh Barmer Barnala Barpeta Barwani Bastar Basti Bathinda Beawar Beed Begusarai Belagavi Bemetara Bengaluru Rural Bengaluru Urban Betul Bhadohi Bhadradri Kothagudem Bhadrak Bhagalpur Bhandara Bharatpur Bharuch Bhavnagar Bhilwara Bhind Bhiwani Bhojpur Bhopal Bichom Bidar Bijapur Bijnor Bikaner Bilaspur Bilaspur Birbhum Bishnupur Biswanath Bokaro Bongaigaon Botad Boudh Budaun Budgam Bulandshahr Buldhana Bundi Burhanpur Buxar Cachar Central Chamarajanagar Chamba Chamoli Champawat Champhai Chandauli Chandel Chandigarh Chandrapur Changlang Charaideo Charkhi Dadri Chatra Chengalpattu Chennai Chhatarpur Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar Chhindwara Chhotaudepur Chikkaballapura Chikkamagaluru Chirang Chitradurga Chitrakoot Chittoor Chittorgarh Chumoukedima Churachandpur Churu Coimbatore Cooch Behar Cuddalore Cuttack Dadra And Nagar Haveli Dahod Dakshin Bastar Dantewada Dakshin Dinajpur Dakshina Kannada Dhenkanal Dholpur Dhubri Dhule Dibang Valley Dibrugarh Didwana-Kuchaman Dima Hasao Dimapur Dindigul Dindori Diu Doda Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Konaseema Dumka Dungarpur Durg East East Garo Hills East Godavari East Jaintia Hills East Kameng East Khasi Hills East Siang East Singhbum Eastern West Khasi Hills Eluru Ernakulam Erode Etah Etawah Faridabad Faridkot Farrukhabad Fatehabad Fatehgarh Sahib Fatehpur Fazilka Ferozepur Firozabad Gadag Gadchiroli Gajapati Ganderbal Gandhinagar Ganganagar Gangtok Ganjam Garhwa Gariyaband Gaurela-Pendra-Marwahi Gautam Buddha Nagar Gaya Ghaziabad Ghazipur Gir Somnath Giridih Goalpara Godda Golaghat Gomati Gonda Gondia Gopalganj Gorakhpur Gumla Guna Guntur Gurdaspur Gurugram Gwalior Gyalshing Hailakandi Hamirpur Hamirpur Hanumakonda Hanumangarh Hapur Harda Hardoi Haridwar Hassan Hathras Haveri Hazaribagh Hingoli Hisar Hnahthial Hojai Hooghly Hoshiarpur Howrah Hyderabad Idukki Imphal East Imphal West Indore Jabalpur Jagatsinghapur Jagitial Jaipur Jaisalmer Jajapur Jalandhar Jalaun Jalgaon Jalna Jalore Jalpaiguri Jammu Jamnagar Jamtara Jamui Jangoan Janjgir-Champa Jashpur Jaunpur Jayashankar Bhupalapally Jehanabad Jhabua Jhajjar Jhalawar Jhansi Jhargram Jharsuguda Jhunjhunu Jind Jiribam Jodhpur Jogulamba Gadwal Jorhat Junagadh Kabeerdham Kachchh Kaimur (Bhabua) Kaithal Kakching Kakinada Kalaburagi Kalahandi Kalimpong Kallakurichi Kamareddy Kamjong Kamle Kamrup Kamrup Metro Kancheepuram Kandhamal Kangpokpi Kangra Kannauj Kanniyakumari Kannur Kanpur Dehat Kanpur Nagar Kapurthala Karaikal Karauli Karbi Anglong Kargil Karimganj Karimnagar Karnal Karur Kasaragod Kasganj Kathua Daman Damoh Dangs Darbhanga Darjeeling Darrang Datia Dausa Davanagere Deeg Dehradun Deogarh Deoghar Deoria Devbhumi Dwarka Dewas Dhalai Dhamtari Dhanbad Dhar Dharashiv Dharmapuri Dharwad Dhemaji Katihar Katni Kaushambi Kendrapara Kendujhar Keyi Panyor Khagaria Khairagarh-Chhuikhadan-Gandai Khairthal-Tijara Khammam Khandwa (East Nimar) Khargone (West Nimar) Khawzawl Kheda Kheri Khordha Khowai Khunti Kinnaur Kiphire Kishanganj Kishtwar Kodagu Koderma Kohima Kokrajhar Kolar Kolasib Kolhapur Kolkata Kollam Kondagaon Koppal Koraput Korba Korea Kota Kotputli-Behror Kottayam Kozhikode Kra Daadi Krishna Krishnagiri Kulgam Kullu Kumuram Bheem Asifabad Kupwara Kurnool Kurukshetra Kurung Kumey Kushinagar Lahaul And Spiti Lakhimpur Lakhisarai Lakshadweep District Lalitpur Latehar Latur Lawngtlai Leh Ladakh Leparada Lohardaga Lohit Longding Longleng Lower Dibang Valley Lower Siang Lower Subansiri Lucknow Ludhiana Lunglei MAUGANJ Madhepura Madhubani Madurai Mahabubabad Mahabubnagar Mahasamund Mahendragarh Mahesana Mahisagar Mahoba Mahrajganj Maihar Mainpuri Majuli Malappuram Malda Malerkotla Malkangiri Mamit Mancherial Mandi Mandla Mandsaur Mandya Munger Murshidabad Muzaffarnagar Muzaffarpur Mysuru Nabarangpur Nadia Nagaon Nagapattinam Nagarkurnool Nagaur Nagpur Nainital Nalanda Nalbari Nalgonda Namakkal Namchi Namsai Nanded Nandurbar Nandyal Narayanpet Narayanpur Manendragarh-Chirmiri-Bharatpur(M C B) Mangan Mansa Marigaon Mathura Mau Mayiladuthurai Mayurbhanj Medak Medchal Malkajgiri Meerut Meluri Mirzapur Moga Mohla-Manpur-Ambagarh Chouki Mokokchung Mon Moradabad Morbi Morena Mulugu Mumbai Mumbai Suburban Mungeli Narmada Narmadapuram Narsimhapur Nashik Navsari Nawada Nayagarh Neemuch New Delhi Nicobars Nirmal Niuland Niwari Nizamabad Noklak Noney North North 24 Parganas North And Middle Andaman North East North Garo Hills North Goa North Tripura North West Ntr Nuapada Nuh Pakke Kessang Pakur Pakyong Palakkad Palamu Palghar Pali Palnadu Palwal Panch Mahals Panchkula Pandhurna Panipat Panna Papum Pare Parbhani Parvathipuram Manyam Paschim Bardhaman Paschim Medinipur Pashchim Champaran Patan Pathanamthitta Pathankot Patiala Patna Pauri Garhwal Peddapalli Perambalur Peren Phalodi Phek Pherzawl Pilibhit Pithoragarh Poonch Porbandar Prakasam Pratapgarh Pratapgarh Prayagraj Puducherry Pudukkottai Pulwama Pune Purba Bardhaman Ranipet Ratlam Ratnagiri Rayagada Reasi Rewa Rewari Ri Bhoi Rohtak Rohtas Rudraprayag Rupnagar S.A.S Nagar Sabar Kantha Sagar Saharanpur Saharsa Sahebganj Saitual Sakti Salem Salumbar Samastipur Samba Purba Medinipur Purbi Champaran Puri Purnia Purulia Rae Bareli Raichur Raigad Raigarh Raipur Raisen Rajanna Sircilla Rajgarh Rajkot Rajnandgaon Rajouri Rajsamand Ramanagara Ramanathapuram Ramban Ramgarh Rampur Ranchi Ranga Reddy Sambalpur Sambhal Sangareddy Sangli Sangrur Sant Kabir Nagar Saraikela Kharsawan Saran Sarangarh-Bilaigarh Satara Satna Sawai Madhopur Sehore Senapati Seoni Sepahijala Serchhip Shahdara Shahdol Shahid Bhagat Singh Nagar Shahjahanpur Shajapur Shamator Shamli Sheikhpura Sheohar Sheopur Shi Yomi Shimla Shivamogga Shivpuri Shopian Shrawasti Siaha Siang Siddharthnagar Siddipet Sidhi Sikar Simdega Sindhudurg Singrauli Sirmaur Sirohi Sirsa Sitamarhi Sitapur Sivaganga Sivasagar Siwan Solan Solapur Sonbhadra Sonepur Sonipat Sonitpur Soreng South South 24 Parganas South Andamans South East South Garo Hills South Goa South Salmara Mancachar South Tripura South West South West Garo Hills South West Khasi Hills Sri Muktsar Sahib Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore Sri Sathya Sai Srikakulam Srinagar Sukma Sultanpur Sundargarh Supaul Surajpur Surat Surendranagar Surguja Suryapet Tamenglong Tamulpur Tapi Tarn Taran Tawang Tehri Garhwal Tengnoupal Tenkasi Thane Thanjavur The Nilgiris Theni Thiruvallur Thiruvananthapuram Thiruvarur Thoothukkudi Thoubal Thrissur Tikamgarh Tinsukia Tirap Tiruchirappalli Tirunelveli Tirupathur Tirupati Tiruppur Tiruvannamalai Tonk Tseminyu Tuensang Tumakuru Udaipur Udalguri Udham Singh Nagar Udhampur Udupi Ujjain Ukhrul Warangal Wardha Washim Wayanad West West Garo Hills West Godavari West Jaintia Hills West Kameng West Karbi Anglong West Khasi Hills West Siang West Singhbhum West Tripura Wokha Y.S.R. Yadadri Bhuvanagiri Yadgir Yamunanagar Yavatmal Zunheboto Umaria Una Unakoti Unnao Upper Siang Upper Subansiri Uttar Bastar Kanker Uttar Dinajpur Uttara Kannada Uttarkashi Vadodara Vaishali Valsad Varanasi Vellore Vidisha Vijayanagara Vijayapura Vikarabad Viluppuram Virudhunagar Visakhapatnam Vizianagaram Wanaparthy board, panchayat or panchayat union council or the CorporationCorporation A legally established entity that can enter into contracts, own assets and incur debt, as well as sue and be sued—all separately from its owner(s). The term covers both for-profit and nonprofit corporations and includes nonstock corporations, incorporated membership organizations, incorporated cooperatives, incorporated trade associations, professional corporations and, under certain circumstances, limited liability companies. of Madras exceeded Rs.400 per mensem. The dependent, however, continued to be in possession of the building by paying the rent every month. The plaintiff issued a notice to the defendant terminating the tenancy with effect from the expiry of February 29, 2964 and as the building was not governed by the principal Act at that point of timeTime χρόνος. Judicial: Where any expression of it occurs in any Rules, or any judgment, order or direction, and whenever the doing or not doing of anything at a certain time of the day or night or during a certain part of the day or night has an effect in law, that time is, unless it is otherwise specifically stated, held to be standard time as used in a particular country or state. (In Physics, time and Space never exist actually-“quantum entanglement”) यमः , पुं, (यमयति नियमयति जीवानां फलाफलमिति । यम् + अच् । विश्वे च कलयत्येव यः सर्व्वायुश्च सन्ततम् । अतीव दुर्निवार्य्यञ्च तं कालं प्रणमाम्यहम् ॥यमैश्च नियमैश्चैव यः करोत्यात्मसंयमम् । स चादृष्ट्वा तु मां याति परं ब्रह्म सनातनम् ॥, he instituted a suit in Civil Suit No. 730 of 1964 on the file of the City Civil Court, Madras on March 2, 1964 for eviction and for damagesDamages Damages (often termed ‘user damage’) are readily awarded at common law for the invasion of rights to tangible moveable or immovable property (by detinue, conversion or trespass). Damages are also available on a similar basis for patent infringement and breaches of other intellectual property rights of a proprietary character. at the rate of Rs.6,000 per month. The defendant filed his written statement on May 2, 1964 before the City Civil Court. On June 10, 1964, the Amending Act came into force. The relevant part of it is reproduced below:-

“2. Amendment of Section 30, Madras Act XVIII of 1960. In Section 30 of the Madras Buildings (Lease and Rent Control) Act, 1960 (hereinafter referred to as the principal Act).

(i) in clause (ii) the wordWord Λόγος  “or” occurring at the end shall be omitted;

(ii) clause (iii) shall be omitted;

(iii) in the Explanation, for the words, brackets and figures “clauses (ii) and (iii)”, the word, brackets and figures “clause (ii)” shall be substituted.

3. Certain pending proceedings to abate – Every proceeding in respect of any non-residential building or part thereof pending before any court or other authority or officer on the date of the publicationPublication It includes any speech, writing, broadcast, or other communication in whatever form (including internet and social media), which is addressed to the public at large or any section of the public. of this Act in the Fort St. George Gazette and instituted on the ground that such building or part was exempt from the provisions of the principal Act by virtue of clause (iii) of Section 30 of the principal Act, shall abate in so far as the proceeding relates to such building or part. All rights and privileges which may have accrued before such date to any landlord in respect of any non-residential building or part thereof by virtue of clause (iii) of Section 30 of the principal Act, shall cease and determine and shall not be enforceable:

Provided that nothing contained in this section shall be deemed to invalidate any suit or proceeding in which the decree or order passed has been executed or satisfied in full before the date mentioned in this section.”

2. The Statement of Objects and Reasons appended to the Bill which ultimately become the Amending Act read as follows:-

“The Madras Buildings (Lease and Rent Control) Act, 1960 (Madras Act 18 of 1960), relates to the regulation of the letting of residential and non-residential buildings and the control of rents of such buildings and the prevention of unreasonableUnreasonable The meaning of “unreasonable” cannot be determined by recourse to a dictionary, nor, for that matter, by reference to the rules of statutory construction. The task of expounding a constitution is crucially different from that of construing a statute. A statute defines present rights and obligations. It is easily enacted and as easily repealed. A constitution, by contrast, is drafted with an eye to the future. … Once enacted, its provisions cannot easily be repealed or amended. It must, therefore, be capable of growth and development over time to meet new social, political, and historical realities often unimagined by its framers. The judiciary is the guardian of the constitution and must, in interpreting its provisions, bear these considerations in mind (Hunter v. Southam Inc., [1984] 2 S.C.R. 145.) eviction of tenants therefrom in the State of Madras. Under section 30 of the said Act, certain buildings are exempted from the provisions of the said Act. Any non-residential building or part thereof occupied by any one tenant if the monthly rent paid by him in respect of that building or part exceeds four hundred rupees in one such building or part is exempted under the said Sec. 30. It has been brought to the notice of the Government that the landlords of such non-residential buildings, taking advance age of the exemption referred to above demandDemand In economics, the amount of a good or service that consumers are willing to buy at a particular price. exorbitant rents from the tenants of such buildings, who mostly belong to the business community, and threaten to evict the tenants when the latter do not concede to the demands for such rents. In order to provide relief to such tenants and to ensure that the interests of trade and industriesIndustries A group of productive organizations or companies, participate in economic activities, and GDP > High-technology, Petroleum, Steel, Motor vehicles, Aerospace, Telecommunications, Chemicals, Electronics, Agribusiness, Food processing, Information technology, Artificial intelligence, Consumer goods, Lumber, Retail, Healthcare, Financial services, Mining, Renewable energy, Quantum computing, Space technology, Defence, Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical, do not suffer by demands of landlords for unreasonable and exorbitant rents, the Government consider that the exemption now available to any non-residential building or part thereof fetching a monthly rent exceeding four hundred rupees should be withdrawn. At the same time, the Government consider that there is no need to take away the exemption available at present to any residential building or part thereof fetching a monthly rent exceeding Rs.250.

The Bill seeks to achieve the above objects.”

3. The result of the amendment was that the buildings which had been exempted from the operation of the principal Act under clause (iii) of S.30 came within the scope of the principal Act and the relationship between landlords and tenants of such buildings was to be regulated thereafter in accordance with the provisions of the principal Act. Apparently in order to give protection to tenants of such buildings against whom proceedings for eviction had been instituted in civil courts, Section 3 of the Amending Act provided that such proceedings should be treated as having abated. The proviso to Section 3 of the Amending Act however provided that nothing contained is that section should be deemed to invalidable any suit or proceeding in which the decree or order passed had been executed or satisfied in full before the date mentioned in that section, the said date being, June 10, 1964. Thus by necessary implication, Section 3 of the Amending Act was applicable even to the case of a building in respect of which a decree for eviction had been passed but had not been executed or satisfied in full before June 10, 1964. In view of the above provision, the City Civil Court dismissed the suit as having abated by its order dated December 4, 1964. The plaintiff filed two applications before the City Civil Court in March, 1965 – one under O.9, Rule 9 of the Code of Civil ProcedureCode of Civil Procedure Main Sections: Filing, Summons, Trial, Judgment, Execution, Appeal, Interim Applications, Interim Injunction, Cost, Notice Rules: Order VII. Statutory Drafting and Forms: General Pleding to set aside the order dated December 4, 1964 dismissing the suit as having abated and another under Section 5 of the Limitation Act for condoning delay in filing the application under Order 9, Rule 9 of the Code of Civil Procedure. He also filed an appeal in A.S. No. 266 of 1965 on the file of the High CourtHigh Court High Court Judges in England and Wales handle complex and tough cases, sitting in London and traveling to court centers around the country. They preside over serious criminal and important civil cases, and support the Lord and Lady Justices in hearing appeals. High Court Judges are commonly referred to as ‘Mr/Mrs/Ms Justice surname’ and are given the prefix ‘The Honourable’. They are assigned to the King’s Bench Division, the Family Division, or the Chancery Division. The King’s Bench Division focuses on civil wrongs and judicial review, the Family Division deals with family law, and the Chancery Division handles various cases including company law and probate. Judges are appointed through a rigorous process overseen by the Judicial Appointments Commission. of Madras against the order of the City Civil Court dated December 4, 1964. Both the above applications were allowed by the City Civil Court on August 3, 1965. On August 13, 1965, the defendant filed an additional written statement before the City Civil Court raising the plea that the suit had actually abated by virtue of Sec. 3 of the Amending Act. He also filed two revision petitions against the order passed by the City Civil Court allowing the two applications on August 3, 1965. In the meanwhile, on an application made under Section 24 of the Code of Civil Procedure by the plaintiff, the suit was withdrawn to the file of the High Court and it was renumbered as C. S. No. 218 of 1965. It should be mentioned here that owing to the alteration of the pecuniary jurisdiction of the City Civil Court, the suit stood transferred to the file of the High Court on May 1, 1964 itself. The defendant died on January 15, 1968. He had made a will on January 7, 1968 appointing executors and administrators in respect of his assets and issuing directions regarding the manner in which his assets should be disposed of. By an order dated July 20, 1970 made by the High Court, the defendants Nos. 2 to 10 who had been appointed executors and administrators were impleaded as legal representatives of the defendant (who was shown as defendant No.1 thereafter). The two civil revision petitions filed by the defendant against the orders passed on August 3, 1965 by the City Civil Court and the Appeal Suit No. 266 of 1965 filed by the plaintiff against the order of the City Civil Court dated December 4, 1964 were disposed of by a Division Bench of the High Court of Madras by a common order on June 28, 1972, the relevant part of which read as follows:-

“It is seen from the foregoing dates that at the time of the dismissal of the suit, the lower court had no jurisdiction to deal with the suit and in that view the counsel appearing on both sides represent that the order dismissing the suit as having abated may be set aside and the suit may be tried on the original side of this court. We accordingly allow the appeal and set aside the order of dismissal of the suit on the ground that the City Civil Court had no jurisdiction to deal with the same on the date of dismissal and direct the suit to be posted on the original side for being dealt with.”

4. It may be mentioned here that as stated earlier, the suit had already been withdrawn to the file of the High Court under Section 24 of the Code of Civil Procedure and had been numbered as Civil Suit No. 218 of 1965. In July, 1973, the plaintiff sought an amendment of the plaint prayingPraying It can be interpreted as a political idea. It implicitly assumes the existence of the powerful and the powerless, with an intermediate agency positioned between them. This agency, often unquestioned and abstract, functions to preserve the existing balance between power and poverty. In doing so, prayer operates as a mechanism that normalizes hierarchy, encourages acceptance over challenge, and sustains the status quo without requiring conscious awareness from those who participate in it. for relief against defendants Nos. 2 to 10 on the ground that after the death of the original defendant No.1, they were not entitled to continue in possession of the building as ‘statutory tenants’ and the plaintiff was entitled to a decree against them in that very suit. The above contention was based on the definition of the expression ‘tenant’ in Section 2 (8) of the principal Act as it stood then. After the amendment of the plaint, fresh written statements were filed by defendants Nos. 2 to 10 raising several pleas including the pleas which had already been raised in the written statements filed by the defendant No.1 before the Civil Court. On the basis of the pleadings, the trial courtTrial court Court of original Jurisdiction > the court which examines the evidences for the first time. framed the following issues:-

“1. Is the suit maintainable ?

2. Has the plaintiff given proper notice of termination of the suit premises ?

3. Does the suit abate by reason of Act XI of 1964 ?

4. Are not the defendants entitled to protection under the Madras Buildings (Lease and Rent Control) Act, 1960, as amended by Act 23 of 1973?

5. Whether the tenancy came to an end upon the death of K. Seetharama Rao ?

6. Whether the defendants have no legal interest in the premises and consequently liable to be ejected?

7. To what reliefs are the parties entitled?

5. At the conclusion of the trial, the learned Judge held on issue No. 1 that the suit was maintainable, on issue No.2 that the notice to quit had validly terminated the tenancy, on issue No.4 that the defendants were not entitled to protection under the Madras Buildings (Lease and Rent Control) Act, 1960; on issue No. 5 that the tenancy had come to an end even on March 1, 1964 and on issue No. 6 that the defendants had no legal interest in the premises. He, however, declined to record any finding on issue No. 3 which related to the question whether the suit had abated or not on June 10, 1964 by virtue of Section 3 of the Amending Act. The learned Judge proceeded to dispose of the suit as if it was a fresh suit instituted after the death of the original defendant No.1 on January 15, 1968 even though there was no specific issue on the question whether it could be treated as such. This appears to be so in view of the following observations made by the trial Judge in the course of his judgmentJudgment The statement given by the Judge on the grounds of a decree or order - CPC 2(9). It contains a concise statement of the case, points for determination, the decision thereon, and the reasons for such decision - Order 20 Rule 4(2).  Section 354 of CrPC requires that every judgment shall contain points for determination, the decision thereon and the reasons for the decision. Indian Supreme Court Decisions > Law declared by Supreme Court to be binding on all courts (Art 141 Indian Constitution) Civil and judicial authorities to act in aid of the Supreme Court (Art 144) Supreme Court Network On Judiciary – Portal > Denning: “Judges do not speak, as do actors, to please. They do not speak, as do advocates, to persuade. They do not speak, as do historians, to recount the past. They speak to give Judgment. And in their judgments, you will find passages, which are worthy to rank with the greatest literature….” Law Points on Judgment Writing > The judge must write to provide an easy-to-understand analysis of the issues of law and fact which arise for decision. Judgments are primarily meant for those whose cases are decided by judges (State Bank of India and Another Vs Ajay Kumar Sood SC 2022):-

“Under the above circumstances, if the plaintiff files a suit today against the defendants he is entitled to get an executable decree for possession (without the necessity of going to the Rent Control Court) inasmuch as defendants 2 to 8 had never become ‘tenants’ under the Act. Therefore even if the suit filed in the City Civil Court is held to have abated, under the peculiar circumstances of this case, I see no reason why I should not treat the suit before me to be a fresh one. It is to be seen that the application under Section 24 of the Code of Civil Procedure for transfer of the suit from City Civil Court to this court was consented by the defendants. In A. S. No. 266 of 1965, apart from setting aside the order of abatement passed by the City Civil Court, this court directed that the suit be tried on the original side of this court. Even if the City Civil Court had no pecuniary jurisdiction to deal with the matterMatter Normal matter is made of molecules, which are themselves made of atoms. Inside the atoms, electrons are spinning around the nucleus. The nucleus is made of protons and neutrons. Inside the protons and neutrons, exist indivisible quarks, like the electrons. All matter around us is made of elementary particles. ( building blocks of matter > quarks and leptons). All stable matter in the universe is made from particles that belong to the first-generation. Fundamental forces result from the exchange of force-carrier particles, which belong to a broader group called “bosons”. The strong force is carried by the “gluon”, electromagnetic force is carried by the “photon.” and record abatement, the defendants could have pressed in A.S. No. 26 of 1965 for an order by this Court that the suit had abated. It is needless to point out that the order that was under appeal was one by which the City Civil Court held that the suit had abated. No doubt that was passed without jurisdiction, inasmuch as the pecuniary jurisdiction of that Court had been reduced. But it is open to this Court to have held in the said appeal itself that the suit had abated. But the order was that the suit was to be tried on the original side. The suit had been originally filed in 1964, that is more than 12 years ago. Under such circumstances, I think it is wholly unnecessary to drive the plaintiff to a fresh suit.”

6. On the basis of the findings recorded by him, the learned trial Judge passed a decree for possession and damages for use and occupation. The quantum to damages was directed to be determined under Order 20, Rule 12 of the Code of Civil Procedure. Defendants Nos. 2 to 10 were, however, allowed three years’ time to deliver vacant possession of the premises. Aggrieved by the decree passed by the trial Court, the plaintiff filed O.S.A. No. 23 of 1977 and defendant No. 2 filed O.S.A. No. 75 of 1977 on the file of the High Court of Madras. The plaintiff in his appeal questioned the decree of the trial court only to the extent if granted a period of three years to the defendants to deliver possession of the premises. Defendant No.2 in his appeal questioned the entire decree. Both the appeals came up for hearing before a Division Bench of the High Court. In the course of its judgment, the Division Bench formulated the following points for its consideration:-

“1. What was the status of late Seetharama Rao after the termination of the tenancy – whether he was a trespasser or a tenant holding over or a tenant at sufferance ?

2. Did the suit building come within a purview of the Act and did late Seetharama Rao become a tenant as defined in the Act, on the coming into force of the Tamil Nadu Act XI of 1964?

3. Whether the suit instituted by the plaintiff abated in view of Section 3 of the Tamil Nadu Act XI of 1964?

4. Whether the ‘tenancy’ came to an end upon the death of Seetharama Rao?

5. Whether defendants 2 to 10 are entitled to protected against eviction from suit property by virtue of the Act as amended by the Tamil Nadu Act 23 of 1973?”

7. The Division Bench held that the case of the defendant, Seetharama Rao on March 1, 1964 was that of a tressurer and he was liable to pay profits or damages for use and occupation to the plaintiff; that the defendant, Seetharama Rao was not entitled to the benefit of the Principal Act by the coming into force of the amending Act as the building itself was outside the scope of the principal Act and even if the building was within its scope, he was not a tenant as defined the principal Act; that Section 3 of the Amending Act did not apply to the suit in question and hence it did not abate on 10, 1964 and that after the death of the defendant, Seetharama Rao, defendants 2 to 10 were not entitled to the protection against eviction under the defendants Act as amended by the Tamil Nadu Act No. 23 of 1973. Accordingly, it dismissed the appeal filed by defendant No. 2. The appeal filed by the plaintiff was also dismissed as a period of 2 1/2 years out of the period of three years’ time granted by the trial Court had expired by the time the judgment in appeal was delivered. Aggrieved by the decree passed by the Division Bench, defendants 2 to 4 and 10 have filed the above appeal by special leave in this Court.

8. The principal contention urged in support of the appeal before us was that the suit having abated on the coming into force of the Amending Act, it was not open to the trial court to treat the proceedings before it as a new suit instituted after the death of the defendant, Seetharama Rao against defendants Nos. 2 to 10 and to pass a decree. In the instant case, as noticed earlier, the trial court did not decide the question whether the suit abated on the coming into force of the Amending Act. The Division Bench of the High Court has held that the provisions of Section 3 of the Amending Act were not applicable to the suit and, therefore, the question of its abatement did not arise.

9. The undisputed facts in this case are:(1) Seetharama Rao held the suit property as a lessee before the institution of the suit; (2) that the lease had been terminated by the issue of a notice in accordance with Section 106 of the Transfer of Property Act; (3) that a suit for eviction of Seetharama Rao was filed on March 2, 1964 before the City Civil Court, Madras which was competent to try it on the date of its institution; (4) that by virtue of alteration of the pecuniary jurisdiction of the City Civil Court and consequential provisions made in that connection, the suit stood transferred to the file of the original side of the High Court with effect from May 1, 1964 and that the suit was, therefore, deemed to be pending in law on the file of the High Court on June 10, 1964 on which date the Amending Act was published in the OfficialOffice Αξίωμα > Officer > Office-bearer (1593) > Opus, officium, ex officio (Latin). Box-office (Cash Box). Gazette even though in factFact Something तथ्य (In-formation) that truly exists or happens or some-thing that has actual existence. Circumstances: a fact or event that makes a situation the way it is. Indian Evidence Act: It means and includes— (i) anything, state of things, or relation of things, capable of being perceived by the senses; (ii) any mental condition of which any person is conscious. “facts in issue” means and includes any fact from which, either by itself or in connection with other facts, the existence, non-existence, nature or extent of any right, liability or disability, asserted or denied in any suit or proceeding, necessarily follows. the file was lying on that date with the City Civil Court. The other proceedings which have been referred to above in some detail are not relevant for the purpose of deciding the question whether the suit abated on the publication of the Amending Act in the Official Gazette.

10. Section 2 (ii) of the Amending Act repealed clause (iii) of Section 30 of the principal Act. Consequently any non-residential building, the rental value of which on the date of the commencement of the principal Act as entered in the property tax assessment book of the municipal council, district board, panchayat or panchayat union council or the Corporation of Madras, as the case may be exceeded four hundred rupees per mensem was also brought within the scope of the principal Act and the relationship between the landlord and tenant of such building came to be regulated by it with effect from June 10, 1964.

11. Section 3 of the Amending Act consists of three parts. Under the first part, it directed that every proceeding in respect of any non-residential building or part thereof pending before any court or other authority or officer on the date of the publication of the Amending Act in the Fort St. George Gazette and instituted on the ground that such building or part was exempt from the provisions of the principal Act by virtue of cl. (iii) of Section 30 of the principal Act abated in so far as the proceedings related to such building or part. Under the second part, it provided that all rights and privileges which might have accrued before such date to any landlord in respect of any non-residential building or part thereof by virtue of clause (iii) of Section 30 of the principal Act would cease and determine and would not be enforceable. The proviso to Section 3 which is the third part of that section provided that nothing contained in Section 3 should be deemed to invalidate any suit or proceeding in which the decree or order passed had been executed or satisfied in full before the date mentioned in that section.

12. On behalf of the plaintiff three contentions were urged in the appeal before the High Court in support of his case that Section 3 of the Amending Act was inapplicable to the present case.

mThey were (i) that Section 3 of the Amending Act had no reference to a suit at all; (ii) that even if it had any reference to a suit, it did not apply to a suit of the present nature and (iii) that even if it applied to a suit of the present nature still on the pleadings of the plaintiff, the present suit was not affected by the said provision. The Division Bench rejected the first contention of the plaintiff that S.3 had no reference to a suit at all but it, however, upheld the case of the plaintiff on the basis of the other two contentions. Relying upon the language of Section 10 (1) of the principal Act which provided that a tenant was not liable to be evicted whether in execution of a decree or otherwise except in accordance with the provisions of that section or Sections 14 to 16 and the decision of the Madras High Court in Muhammadunny v. Melepurakkal Unniri, (1949) 1 Mad LJ 452 and the decision of this Court in B. V. Patankar v. C. G. Sastry, (1961) 1 SCR 591, the Division Bench held that it was settled law that the principal Act itself did not prohibit the filing of a suit by a landlord for recovery of possession of the property from a tenant but only a decree passed in the said suit could not be executed except in accordance with the provisions of the principal Act and if that was the true legal position in respect of the buildings to which the principal Act applied from its commencement, there was no justification whatever for the Legislature making a contrary provision in respect of non-residential buildings to which the principal Act became applicable by virtue of the Amending Act. The Division Bench, therefore, held that Section 3 of the Amending Act was not applicable to the case on hand. We are of the view that the above conclusion of the Division Bench is erroneous. It is not for the Court to ask whether there was any justification for the Legislature to make a contrary provision in respect of the suits of the present nature. It was not the contention of the plaintiff that Section 3 of the Amending Act was unconstitutional. In that situation, the High Court had no option but to apply the provision in question to the case on hand without going into the question whether there was any justification for enacting it. We are, however, of the view that in the circumstances in which the Amending Act came to be enacted, there was every justification for enacting Section 3 in order to give protection to the tenants against whom suits for eviction had been filed from buildings which were brought within the scope of the principal Act by deleting clause (iii) of Section 30 of the principal Act.

13. The third contention of the plaintiff in support of his plea that Section 3 of the Amending Act was inapplicable was formulated thus:The provisions of the aforesaid Section 3 would apply only when the three conditions viz. (i) that there should be a proceeding in respect of a non-residential building or part thereof; (ii) that that proceeding should be pending before any court or other authority or officer on the date of the publication of the Amending Act in the Fort St. George Gazette; and (iii) that that proceeding should have been instituted on the ground that such building or part thereof was exempt from the provisions of the principal Act, by virtue of clause (iii) of Section 30 of the principal Act, existed. It was argued that since the present suit did not satisfy the third requirement referred to clause (iii) of Section 30 of the principal Act in the plaint, Section 3 of the Amending Act should be held to be inapplicable to it. The Division Bench upheld the above contention observing that in order to attract Section 3 of the Amending Act, there should be an alligation in the plaint that the building in question was exempt from the provisions of the principal Act by virtue of clause (iii) of Section 30 of the principal Act. In order to arrive at the above conclusion, it relied upon the decision of the Madras High Court in M/s. Raval and Co. v. K. G. Ramachandran (AIR 1967 Mad 57) (FB) and the decision of this Court in P. J. Gupta and Co. v. K. Venkatesan, (1975) 2 SCR 401. The passage in the case of M/s. Raval and Co. (supra) on which the Division Bench relied was as follows:-

“It has to be immediatelyForthwith In Rao Mahmood Ahmad Khan v. Ranbir Singh , has held that the word ‘forthwith’ is synonymous with the word immediately, which means with all reasonable quickness. When a statute requires something to be done ‘forthwith’ or ‘immediately’ or even ‘instantly’, it should probably be understood as allowing a reasonable time for doing it. The interpretation of the word ‘forthwith’ would depend upon the terrain in which it travels and would take its colour depending upon the prevailing circumstances which can be variable. (Shento Varghese v. Julfikar Husen & Ors [2024] 6 S.C.R. 409). Anwar Ahmad v. State of UP [1976] 1 SCR 779 : AIR (1976) SC 680; Nevada Properties (P) Ltd. v. State of Maharashtra & Anr. [2019] 15 SCR 223 : (2019) 20 SCC 119; State of Maharashtra v. Tapas D. Neogy [1999] Supp. 2 SCR 609 : 1999 INSC 417; Ravinder Kumar & Anr. v. State of Punjab [2001] Supp. 2 SCR 463 : (2001) 7 SCC 690; Bhajan Singh and Ors. v. State of Haryana [2011] 7 SCR 1 : 2011 INSC 422; HN Rishbud v. State of Delhi [1955] 1 SCR 1150 : (1954) 2 SCC 934; Sk. Salim v. State of West Bengal [1975] 3 SCR 394 : (1975) 1 SCC 653; China Apparao and Others v. State of Andhra Pradesh [2002] Supp. 3 SCR 175 : (2002) 8 SCC 440; Navalshankar Ishwarlal Dave v. State of Gujarat [1993] 3 SCR 676 : 1993 Supp. 3 SCC 754; Rao Mahmood Ahmad Khan v. Ranbir Singh [1995] 2 SCR 230 : (1995) Supp. 4 SCC 275; Bidya Deb Barma v. District Magistrate [1969] 1 SCR 562 : (1968) SCC OnLine SC 82.  conceded that the wording of this section can by no means be described as happyHappyness ευτυχία : State of emotional exuberance caused by secretion of sedative chemicals in the brain even in a bad circumstance., or free from any cloud of ambiguity. It is not very clear how a proceeding could have been instituted ‘on the ground that such building or part was exempt from the provisions of the principal Act by virtue of clause (iii) of Section 30,’ or what is the precise scope of the rights and privileges which may accrue to the landlord, and which are to cease and determine.”

14. We do not think that in the context in which Section 3 of the Amending Act was enacted, it could be said that it was not possible to identify the proceedings to which that provision referred. In the case of P. J. Gupta and Co. (supra), the effect of Section 3 of the Amending Act is set out as follows:-

“The obvious result of Section 30 (iii) of the Act, as it stood before the amendment, was that, if the rental value of a non-residential building, as entered in the property tax book of the Municipality exceeded Rs.400/- per mensem, a description which applies to the premises under consideration before us, the landlord would have no right to proceed against the tenant for eviction under Section 10 (2) (ii) (a) of the Act. Section 3 of the Amending Act, on the face of it, applies to two kinds of cases. Its heading is misleading in so far as it suggests that it is meant to apply only to one of these two kinds. It applies; firstly, to cases in which a proceeding has been instituted “on the ground” that a non-residential building “was exempt from the provisions of the principal Act” and is pending; and secondly, to cases where “rights and privileges, which may have accrued before such date to any landlord in respect of non-residential building by virtue of clause (iii) of Section 30 of the principal Act” exist. In the kind of case falling in the first category, the amendment says that the pending proceedings shall abate. As regards the second kind of case, the amendment says that “the rights and privileges of the landlord shall cease and determine and shall not be enforceable.” Proceeding further, this Court observed.

“It is not necessary, for the purposes of the case before us, to speculate about the types of cases which may actually fall within the two wings of the obviously unartistically drafted Section 3 of the Amending Act. It is enough for us to conclude, as we are bound to on the language of the provision, that the case before us falls outside it”.

15. The above observations were made by this Court in a case where a proceeding had been initiated before the City Rent Controller in December, 1964 by a landlord for eviction of his tenant from a non-residential building situated in the city of Madras which had been leased at Rs.600/- per month on the ground that the building had been sub-let. The City Rent Controller ordered the eviction of the tenant. In appeal, the Court of Small Causes at Madras allowed the tenant’s appeal holding that the tenant had the right under the original lease of August 21, 1944 to sub-let, and also because even violation of a clause of the subsequent lease of April 3, 1963, prohibiting sub-letting, did not entail a forfeiture of tenancy rights under the provisions of the Transfer of Property Act. Its view was that, in the case of what it described as “a contractual tenancy” the provisions of the Transfer of Property Act applied to the exclusion of the remedies provided by the principal Act so that, unless the lease deed itself provided for a termination of tenancy for sub-letting in addition to a condition against sub-letting, the tenancy right itself could not be forfeited or determined by such a breach of the contractContract An agreement enforceable by law is a contract. All agreements are contracts if they are made by the free consent of parties competent to contract, for a lawful consideration and with a lawful object, and are not hereby expressly declared to be void. Indian Contract Act. of tenancy. In exercise of its revisional jurisdiction, under Section 25 of the principal Act, the High Court of Madras reversed the judgment and order of the Small Cause Court holding that the rights of the landlord and tenant were governed on the date of the application for eviction by Section 10 (2) (ii) (a) of the principal Act which contained a prohibition against sub-letting which involved parting with possession. On appeal to this Court, the decision of the Madras High Court was affirmed holding that the effect of the amendment was that the landlord acquired a new right to evict a tenant under Section 10 (2) (ii) (a). This Court held that by virtue of Section 3 of the Amending Act, all rights and privileges which might have accrued before the date of publication of the Amending Act in the official Gazette to any landlord in respect of any non-residential building or part thereof by reason of clause (iii) of Section 30 of the principal Act alone became unenforceable. But the right to seek eviction of the tenant under Section 10 (2) (ii) (a) was unaffected even though the sub-letting of the building had taken place prior to the enactment of the Amending Act.

16. From a reading of the above decision, it is obvious that this Court held that the right which the landlord acquired under Section 10 (2) (ii) (a) to evict the tenant was a new right and was not a pre-existing right which could possibly be affected by Section 3 of the Amending Act. It is, however, clear from the observations of this Court extracted above that a proceeding which had been instituted “on the ground” that a non-residential building “was exempt from the provisions of the principal Act” by virtue of clause (iii) of Section 30 of the principal Act and was pending on the date of publication of the amendment in the official Gazette would abate. This Court did not, however, go into the question as to what types of cases would fall within the scope of Section 3 of the Amending Act. We are of the view that the identification of such cases depends on the true construction of the said provision. In this case, we are faced with that question.

17. It is appropriate to refer at this stage to the following passage occurring in Craies on StatuteStatute A formal written legal enactment by a sovereign law-making body (Νόμος) > National Constitutions  > National Laws >  Indian Laws Law (Sixth Edition) at page 99:-

“In Brett v. Brett (1826) 3 Addams 210, 216, Sir John Nicholl M. R. said as follows:”The key to the opening of every law is the reason and spirit of the law; it is the animus imponentis, the intentionIntention This means to “have in mind.” A plant to do a thing (Planning: premeditation is evident through evidence of active preparation, e.g., hoarding pills, purchase of weapon). It refers to the aim, purpose, or goal of the behavior, e.g., to seek an end to/solution. A conscious mental process to move precedes the brain’s preparation for movement. of the law-maker expressed in the law itself, taken as a whole. Hence, to arrive at the true meaning of any particular phrase in a statute, the particular phrase is not to be viewed detached from its context in the statute, it is to be viewed in connection with its whole context, meaning by this as well the title and preamble as the purview or enacting part of the statute”.

18. We have already referred to the object with which the Amending Act was passed and that was to give relief against unreasonable evictions and demands for unconscionable rates of rents to tenants of buildings which had been originally exempted from the operation of the principal Act. It is clear that while doing so the Legislature gave relief also to persons against whom suits had been filed. We think that the words “instituted on the ground that such building or part was exempt from the provisions of the principal Act by virtue of clause (iii) of Section 30 of the principal Act” should be construed in the context in which they appear as referring to a proceeding which had been instituted in the light of Section 30 (iii) of the principal Act which granted exemption in respect of the buildings referred to therein from the operation of the principal Act and any other construction would defeat the object of the Amending Act. It is seen that in the instant case, the original plaint was filed on the basis that the tenancy had been terminated with effect from the expiry of February 29, 1964. The plaintiff prayed for eviction of the original defendant and also for a decree for damages for use and occupation at the rate of Rs.6,000/- per month from the date of the plaint till delivery of the vacant possession on the assumption that after the termination of the lease the original defendant No. 1 was not a tenant and was liable to pay damages and not the rent of Rs.1680/- per month which was the fair rent fixed in respect of the building in a former proceeding under the rent control law in force then. The suit in the above form could be filed for the relief referred to above only because of the exemption granted by clause (iii) of Section 30 of the principal Act because in the absence of such exemption, no effective decree for ejectment could be passed by the City Civil Court in view of Section 10 of the principal Act which provided that no tenant could be evicted from a building except in accordance with the provisions of Section 10 and Section 14 to 16 thereof. The plaintiff could not also have asked for a decree for damages at Rs.6,000/- per month which he had claimed in the plaint but for such exemption. We are, therefore, of the view that Section 3 of the Amending Act was applicable to the suit in question as it was a proceeding instituted in the City Civil Court on the ground that the building in question was exempt from the provisions of the principal Act by virtue of clause (iii) of Section 30 thereof although no express allegation was made in the plaint to that effect.

19. In order to get over the inevitable consequences flowing from Section 3 of the Amending Act and the effect of an earlier decision of a Division Bench of the Madras High Court in Moolchand Gupta v. Madras Piece Goods Merchants Charitable TrustTrust It originated and was reduced to practice under the jurisdiction of courts by the civil law, was expanded and developed in the courts of chancery, and has been employed in nearly every field of human activity. The fundamental nature of a trust is the division of title, with the trustee being the holder of legal title and the beneficiary that of equitable title. By definition, the creation of a trust must involve a conveyance of property. > Trust Deed ∫ Having trust/faith/confidence in something (1975) 88 Mad LW 410), a novel and ingenious contention was urged on behalf of the plaintiff, the said contention being that after the termination of the lease with effect from February 29, 1964 by the issue of a notice under Section 106 of the Transfer of Property Act, the original defendant No.1 became a trespasser and the premises in question ceased to be a building as defined in Section 2 (2) of the principal Act. On the above basis, it was contended that the original defendant No.1 could not claimA Claim A claim is “factually unsustainable” where it could be said with confidence before trial that the factual basis for the claim is entirely without substance, which can be the case if it were clear beyond question that the facts pleaded are contradicted by all the documents or other material on which it is based. the benefit of any of the provisions of the principal Act and Section 3 of the Amending Act. It was argued that since a contention of this nature had not been considered in the case of Moolchand Gupta (supra), it had no binding effect on the Division Bench which heard this case. It is appropriate at this stage to set out the passage from the judgment of the Division Bench of the High Court in which the binding nature of Moolchand Gupta’s case (supra) is considered:-

“In the context, Mr. Govind Swaminathan brought to our notice a decision of a Bench of this Court in Moolchand Gupta v. Madras Piece Goods Merchants Charitable Trust (supra) to which one of us was a party. In our opinionOpinion A judge's written explanation of a decision of the court. In an appeal, multiple opinions may be written. The court’s ruling comes from a majority of judges and forms the majority opinion. A dissenting opinion disagrees with the majority because of the reasoning and/or the principles of law on which the decision is based. A concurring opinion agrees with the end result of the court but offers further comment possibly because they disagree with how the court reached its conclusion., in that decision this question was not considered. That case also was concerned with a non-residential building which did not fall within the purview of the Act because of Section 30 (iii) of the Act. The tenancy was terminated on 31st October, 1960 and the suit in ejectment was instituted on 19-12-1960 which ended in a compromise decree dated 31st January, 1963. The decree provided for a direction for eviction against the quondam tenant, subject to certain terms thereafter mentioned, to wit, the landlord being entitled to take possession of the portion of the premises in occupation of one Panchand and the Bullion Market Post OfficeOffice Αξίωμα > Officer > Office-bearer (1593) > Opus, officium, ex officio (Latin). Box-office (Cash Box). immediately by executing the decree in so far as the said portion was concerned and the quondam tenant delivering possession of the rest of the portion in his occupation on or before 31st January, 1964 and the quondam tenant paying mesne profits at Rs.1340/- per month for the period from 1st November, 1960 to 31st January, 1963 and further mesne profits at Rs.800/- per month for the period commencing from 1st February, 1963 till delivery of possession. The decree also provided that if there was default in payment of the sum of Rs.800/- or the other sum per month, the landlord would be entitled to execute the decree immediately. Time for vacating was extended and before the building was actually vacated the Tamil Nadu Act 11 of 1964 intervened. The question was, whether by virtue of the intervention of the Tamil Nadu Act 11 of 1964, the decree could be executed. The learned trial Judge felt that in view of the fact that there had been a surrender of a part of the holding by the quondam tenant’s sub-tenant, there was a disruption of the entire holding and therefore the quondam tenant would not be a statutory tenant within the meaning of Section 2 (8) of the Act. The Bench disagreed with this conclusion and held that the quondam tenant would be a tenant under Section 2 (8) of the Act as he continued to remain in possession of the property even after the termination of the tenancy in his favour. No point was urged before the Court that the termination of tenancy having taken place before Tamil Nadu Act 11 of 1964 came into force, the definition of the term ‘tenant’ in Section 2 (8) did not apply to the quondam tenant in that case and therefore the said decision cannot be considered to be an authority for the point which is now raised before us.”

20. From the facts of Moolchand Gupta’s case (supra) it is clear that the Division Bench of the Madras High Court had held that a tenant whose tenancy had been terminated with effect from October 31, 1960 and against whom a decree for eviction had been passed prior to the date on which Section 3 of the Amending Act came into force was entitled to be treated as a tenant by virtue of the said provision since he had continued to remain in possession of the property even after the termination of the tenancy. The only ground on which the Division Bench which heard the present case did not follow the ruling in Moolchand Gupta’s case (supra) is that the effect of the termination of tenancy prior to the date on which Tamil Nadu Act No. XI of 1964 came into force had not been considered in that case. The binding effect of a decision, as observed by this Court in Smt. Somavanti v. State of Punjab (1963) 2 SCR 774 at page No. 794 does not depend upon whether a particular argumentArguments It is not quarreling. It can be divided into Deductive, inductive, and conductive > Functional includes include: “because”, “since”, “for”, and “as”; typical conclusion indicators include “therefore”, “thus”, “hence”, and “so”. पंच अवयव तर्कः प्रतिज्ञा हेतू उदाहरणम् निगमनम् अवयवाः > premises to conclusion or conclusion to premises to Proof something. Proof is a derivation of a conclusion from premises through a valid argument. was considered therein or not, provided that the point with reference to which an argument was subsequent advanced was actually decided. On going through the decision in Moolchand Gupta’s case (supra) we are of the view that the appropriate procedure which the Division Bench should have followed in this case was to refer it to a Full Bench instead of by-passing the said decision in the manner in which it has been done in this case. The well-settled practice to be followed in such cases is succinctly put by Das Gupta J. in Mahadeolal Kanodia v. Administrator-General of West BengalWest Bengal Bengal derived its name from Vedic king Vanga (Son of Vali). Banga was part of the Magadha Kingdom of Jarasandha and later Nanda dynasty. After the Garuda Dynasty ( history lost) the region was named Gouda Bhumi. Districts North 24 Parganas South 24 Parganas Bankura Birbhum CoochBihar Dakshin Dinajpur Darjeeling Hooghly Howrah Jalpaiguri Jhargram Kalimpong Kolkata Malda Murshidabad Nadia Paschim Burdwan Purba Burdwan Paschim Medinipur Purba Medinipur Purulia Uttar Dinajpur Alipurduar Govt Site Calcutta High Court KMC (1960) 3 SCR 578 at page No. 589 as follows:-

“Before we part with this appeal, however, it is our duty to refer to one incidental matter. We have noticed with some regret that when the earlier decision of two Judges of the same High Court in Deorajin’s case, (1954) 58 Cal WN 64, was cited before the learned Judges who heard the present appeal they took on themselves to say that the previous decision was wrong, instead of following the usual procedure in case of difference of opinion with an earlier decision, of referring the question to a larger Bench. Judicial decorum no less than legal propriety forms the basis of judicial procedure. If one thing is more necessary in law than any other thing, it is the quality of certainty. That quality would totally disappear if Judges of coordinate jurisdiction in a High Court start overruling one another’s decision. If one Division Bench of a High Court is unable to distinguish a previous decision of another Division Bench, and holding the view that the earlier decision is wrong, itself gives effect to that view the result would be utter confusion. The position would be equally bad where a Judge sitting singly in the High Court is of opinion that the previous decision of another single Judge on a question of law is wrong and gives effect to that view instead of referring the matter to a larger Bench. In such a case lawyers would not knowKnowledge Knowledge is derived from the process of an informed person integrating data from sense organs or intuition into their psyche. This concept is explored in the Vedic Nasadiya Sukta, which questions the possibility of ultimate truth or knowledge. In different languages, such as Greek, Latin, Sanskrit, and Chinese, knowledge is expressed as "η γνώση," "Scientia," "ज्ञानम्‌ ," and "知识 Zhīshì," respectively. how to advise their clients and all courts subordinate to the High Court would find themselves in an embarrassing position of having to choose between dissentient judgments of the own High Court.

As far as we are aware it is the uniform practice in all the High CourtsHigh Court High Court Judges in England and Wales handle complex and tough cases, sitting in London and traveling to court centers around the country. They preside over serious criminal and important civil cases, and support the Lord and Lady Justices in hearing appeals. High Court Judges are commonly referred to as ‘Mr/Mrs/Ms Justice surname’ and are given the prefix ‘The Honourable’. They are assigned to the King’s Bench Division, the Family Division, or the Chancery Division. The King’s Bench Division focuses on civil wrongs and judicial review, the Family Division deals with family law, and the Chancery Division handles various cases including company law and probate. Judges are appointed through a rigorous process overseen by the Judicial Appointments Commission. in IndiaIndia Hind/ hend >hindia. Bharat Varsha (Jambudvipa used in Mahavamsha) is the name of this land mass. The people of this land are Sanatan Dharmin and they always defeated invaders. Indra (10000 yrs) was the oldest deified King of this land. Manu's jurisprudence enlitened this land. Vedas have been the civilizational literature of this land. Guiding principles of this land are : सत्यं वद । धर्मं चर । स्वाध्यायान्मा प्रमदः । The place also been called Hindusthan in Pesia. The word Hendu is mentioned in Avesta. Read more that if one Division Bench differs from an earlier view on a question of law of another Division Bench, a reference is made to a larger Bench.”

21. Be that as it may, we are of the view that having regard to our finding that the suit stood abated on June 10, 1964 by virtue of the provisions of Section 3 of the Amending Act, the original defendant, Seetharama Rao became a statutory tenant of the premises in question and he could not be evicted from the premises except in accordance with the procedure specified in the principal Act. The position would not have been different even if a decree for eviction had been passed against him before June 10, 1964 and the decree had not been executed or satisfied in full on that date. The several decisions on which reliance was placed by the Division Bench for determining the character of possession of the original defendant, Seetharama Rao after the expiry of the notice given under Section 106 of the Transfer of Property Act were not relevant for the purpose of this case because in none of them there was any occasion to consider the effect of a provision similar to Section 3 of the Amending Act. We, therefore, do not agree with the finding of the Division Bench that the original defendant was a trespasser in possession of the premises in question after June 10, 1964.

22. We also find it difficult to agree with the finding of the Division Bench that the premises in question was not a ‘building’ as defined in Section 2 (2) of the principal Act. The reason given by the Division Bench for holding that the building in question was not a ‘building’ within the meaning of Section 2 (2) of the principal Act was that it was not a building which was either ‘let’ or ‘to be let’ separately for residential or non-residential purposes. It is necessary to extract that part of the judgment of the Division Bench where the above question is dealt with:-

“The definition of the word ‘building’ in Section 2 (2) states:

‘building’ means any building or hut or part of a building or het, let or to be let separately for residential or non-residential purposes….”

Consequently it is not every building that comes within the scope of the Act, but only a building let or to be let separately for either of the two purposes. Admittedly on 10-6-1964 the suit building was not let because the tenancy came to an end by 29-2-1964 and late Seetharama Rao was not occupying the building from 1-3-1964 as a tenant, as found by us. Therefore, the only other question is, whether the suit building can be said to be a building to be let separately for non-residential purposes on 10-6-1964. We have already referred to the claim of the plaintiff in his plaint that he needed the building for his own use and the contention of late Seetharama Rao in his written statement dated 25-4-1964 that the plaintiff was merely anxious to extort higher rent and for that purpose had from time to time approached him, that although he was prepared to pay a reasonable rent, he was not willing to pay anything exorbitant and that it is because of that the plaintiff had instituted the present suit on a pretence of requiring it for his own business. With reference to the notice Ex. P-2, late Seetharama Rao stated that that notice was merely in keeping with the previous notices to the same effect which were not intended to the same effect which were not intended to be acted upon. However before the trial Judge the claim of the plaintiff that he required the premises for his own need was not put in issue and no issue was framed with reference thereto. The learned Judge himself states in his judgment:

“On the relevant date, undoubtedly there was no letting of the building and it is nobody’s case that the same was to be let”.

The correctness of this statement found in the judgment of the learned Judge, namely, that it was nobody’s case that the building was to be let has not been challenged either in the ground of the appeal filed before this Court or in the argumentsArguments It is not quarreling. It can be divided into Deductive, inductive, and conductive > Functional includes include: “because”, “since”, “for”, and “as”; typical conclusion indicators include “therefore”, “thus”, “hence”, and “so”. पंच अवयव तर्कः प्रतिज्ञा हेतू उदाहरणम् निगमनम् अवयवाः > premises to conclusion or conclusion to premises to Proof something. Proof is a derivation of a conclusion from premises through a valid argument. before us. Therefore we have to proceed on the basis that it was not the case of the defendants that the plaintiff wanted to let the premises in question. This Court has construed the relevant expression, namely, ‘building to be let’ occurring in Section 2 (2) of the Act as meaning ‘building intended to be let’ in R. K. Veerappa Naidu v. N. Gopalan (1961) 1 Mad LJ 223. In the present case on 10-6-1964 it was not the case of the defendants that the building was intended to be let and it was not also their case that at any stage thereafter the plaintiff intended to let the suit building. Therefore, it follows that the suit building did not come within the purview of the Act as a result of the amending Act 11 of 1964.”

23. The reason given by the Division Bench for holding that the building in question was not a ‘building’ within the meaning of Section 2 (2) of the principal Act appears to be a strange one.

24. A definition clause does not necessarily in any statute apply in all possible contexts in which the word which is defined may be found therein. The opening clause of Section 2 of the principal Act itself suggests that any expression defined in that section should be given the meaning assigned to it therein unless the context otherwise requires. The twofold reasoning of the Division Bench for holding that the building in question was not a ‘building’ is that on June 10, 1964 (i) there was no lease in force and hence it was not let and (ii) that on that date the plaintiff had no intention to lease it and therefore it was not to be let. We are of the view that the words “any building… let lease which has been terminated by the issue of a notice under Section 106 of the Transfer of Property Act and which has continued to remain in occupation of the tenant. This view receives support from the definition of the expression ‘tenant’ in Section 2 (8) of the principal Act which includes a person continuing in possession after the termination of the tenancy in his favour. If the view adopted by the Division Bench is accepted then it would not be necessary for a landlord to issue a notice of vacancy under Section 3 of the principal Act when a building becomes vacant by the termination of a tenancy or by the eviction of the tenant when he wants to occupy it himself. In law he cannot do so. He would be entitled to occupy it himself when he is permitted to do so under Section 3 (3) or any of the provisions of Section 3A of the principal Act. This also illustrates that the view of the Division Bench is erroneous. We, therefore, hold that the building in question was a ‘building’ within the meaning of that expression in Section 2 (2) of the principal Act on the date on which Section 3 of the Amending Act became operative.

25. It thus becomes clear that the suit came to an end in the eye of law on June 10, 1964 and the original defendant became entitled to the protection of the principal Act. He could thereafter be evicted from the building only after an order was made by the Controller under any of the provisions of the principal Act which conferred jurisdiction on him to do so. As mentioned earlier, no formal order was passed by the High Court on its original side stating that the suit had abated on June 10, 1964 till the death of the original defendant which took place on January 15, 1968. Owing to certain proceedings which were instituted by one or the other of the parties, the case was treated as a pending proceeding on the file of the High Court although in law, it was not open to the court to proceed with it after June 10, 1964.

26. The next significant step that was taken before the High Court was the application made by the appellant in the year 1973 requesting the Court to permit him to amend the plaint by the inclusion of a prayerPraying It can be interpreted as a political idea. It implicitly assumes the existence of the powerful and the powerless, with an intermediate agency positioned between them. This agency, often unquestioned and abstract, functions to preserve the existing balance between power and poverty. In doing so, prayer operates as a mechanism that normalizes hierarchy, encourages acceptance over challenge, and sustains the status quo without requiring conscious awareness from those who participate in it. for possession against defendants Nos. 2 to 10 on the basis that they were not ‘tenants’ as defined in Section 2 (8) of the principal Act. That application was allowed. Defendants Nos. 2 to 10 thereafter filed their written statements and the issues framed in the suit were recast in the light of the pleadings. The learned trial Judges, as stated above, disposed of the suit as a fresh one as against defendants Nos. 2 to 10 without recording a finding on the question whether it had abated on June 10, 1964. The learned trial Judge does not state in the course of its judgment the date from which the proceeding was treated as a fresh suit. In the instant case, the suit itself was originally filed on March 2, 1964. The original defendant died on January 15, 1968. Even if the proceeding was treated as a fresh suit against defendants Nos. 2 to 10, it could be treated as such only from a date subsequent to January 15, 1968 on which date the original defendant died since the contention of the plaintiff which found favour with the learned single Judge and the Division Bench of the High Court was that defendants Nos. 2 to 10 who were legal representatives of the original defendant could not succeed to the tenancy right of the original defendant. In the instant case, since the plaintiff based his claim on the above contention in the year 1973 when he made the application for amendment of the plaint, the date of the institution of the fresh suit could not be earlier than the date on which the application for amendment was made even if it was permissible to do so. By his judgment, the learned single Judge passed a decree for possession against defendants Nos. 2 to 10 and for damages to be determined under Order 20, Rule 12 of the Code of Civil Procedure without specifying the date from which damages would be payable. In the absence of such specification, the plaintiff became entitled to claim damages under Order 20, Rule 12 of the Code of Civil Procedure even from the date of the suit i.e. March 2, 1964. The Division Bench by its judgment affirmed that part of the decree of the trial court. The direction for payment of mesne profits given in the decree of the trial court without specifying the date from which damages should be computed could not have been passed consistently with its judgment in which it had been stated that the suit was being treated as a fresh suit. This defect, however, is of a minor character. What is more fundamental in this case is that it was not permissible for the trial court to treat the proceeding which had been instituted against the original defendant prior to June 10, 1964 as a live proceeding which could be converted into a fresh suit instituted against defendants Nos. 2 to 10 after the death of the original defendant. Seetharama Rao. An amendment of a plaint by inclusion of a new prayer or by addition of new parties can be made only where a suit is pending before a court in the eye of law. On June 10, 1964, the entire proceedings commenced with the plaint filed on March 2, 1964 stood terminated and there was no plaint in a live suit which could be amended by the addition of new parties and the inclusion of a new prayer. We are of the view that the addition of new parties which took place after the death of Seetharama Rao and the amendment of the plaint in the year 1973 and the passing of the decree by the trial Judge against defendants Nos. 2 to 10 who were not parties to the suit prior to June 10, 1964 on a cause of action which accrued subsequent to January 15, 1968 were all without jurisdiction. It was, however, argued on behalf of the plaintiff before us relying upon the decision of this Court in B. Banerjee v. Anita Pan (1975) 2 SCR 774 that since the parties had gone to trial with open eyes knowingKnowledge Knowledge is derived from the process of an informed person integrating data from sense organs or intuition into their psyche. This concept is explored in the Vedic Nasadiya Sukta, which questions the possibility of ultimate truth or knowledge. In different languages, such as Greek, Latin, Sanskrit, and Chinese, knowledge is expressed as "η γνώση," "Scientia," "ज्ञानम्‌ ," and "知识 Zhīshì," respectively. fully that the plaintiff was relying upon a cause of action which accrued in his favour after the death of the original defendant and on the basis of the amendment of the plaint in the year 1973, the decree passed by the trial court and affirmed by the Division Bench of the High Court should not be interfered with in the interests of justiceJustice δικαιοσύνη > judicature ( δικαιοσύνη) > judge (δικαστής / κριτής). The whole purpose of Plato`s Republic is to search for Justice. The purpose of Justice is to establish a perfect State. The State of happiness (ευτυχία) and enquity. It is no doubt true that in the decision referred to above, this Court permitted the parties to file fresh pleadings and to presecute the proceedings after the disposal of the case by this Court having regard to the delay which had already ensued. It was possible for this Court to do so in that case because there was no legal impediment as we have in the present case. To repeat, in the present case, the suit abated by reason of an express provision in a statute on June 10, 1964, the new cause of action on which the plaintiff depended accrued on January 15, 1968 i.e. the date of the death of the original defendant, the plaint itself was amended in the year 1973 claiming relief against defendants Nos. 2 to 10 not as legal representatives who inherited the tenancy right of the original defendant but as persons who had not inherited the said right. It is thus seen that there was no proceeding in the eye of the law pending after June 10, 1964, the cause of action on the basis of which relief was claimed was totally different and the persons against whom the relief was sought were also different. Parties could not either by consent or acquiescence confer jurisdiction on court when law had taken it away.

27. In these circumstances, we feel that the only course which we can adopt is to set aside the findings of the trial court and of the Division Bench on issues relating to the claim of the plaintiff to get possession of the property from defendants Nos. 2 to 10 on the ground that they were not statutory tenants i.e issues Nos. 4 and 6 and to leave the questions involved in them open reserving liberty to the parties to agitate them in appropriate proceedings. In view of our finding on issue No. 3, we hold that the decree passed by the trial court and the appellate court are unsustainable.

28. We accordingly allow the appeal, set aside the decrees passed by the trial court and by the Division Bench of the High Court and dispose of the suit as having abated on June 10, 1964. The findings on issues Nos. 4 and 6 are set aside without expressing any opinion on them reserving liberty to the parties to agitate the questions in appropriate proceedings. Having regard to the peculiar circumstances of the case, we direct the parties to bear their own costsCosts Subject to any written law, costs are at the discretion of the Court, and the Court has the power to determine all issues relating to the costs of or incidental to all proceedings, including by whom and to what extent the costs are to be paid, at any stage of the proceedings or after the conclusion of the proceedings. Generally “Costs” includes charges, disbursements, expenses, fees, and remuneration. Costs in any matter are payable from the date of the order of the Court unless the parties otherwise agree. The costs of a third-party funding contract are not recoverable as part of the costs of, or costs. throughout.