Physics: Kanad’s Atomic Idea, Newton’s Laws to Quantum Reality
Encyclopedia of Physical Measurement
Volume I
Foundations of Physics and the Science of Measurement
Synopsis
Volume I introduces the philosophical and experimental foundations of physics. It traces the historical evolution of measurement systems and establishes the mathematical and experimental tools required for the study of physics. The volume emphasizes the importance of precision, standards, uncertainty analysis, and dimensional reasoning.
This volume serves as the gateway to the physical sciences by integrating the science of measurement—metrology—with core physical concepts.
Part I: History and Philosophy of Physics
Chapter 1: Origins of Natural Philosophy
- Ancient civilizations and measurement
- Greek natural philosophy
- Indian and Chinese scientific traditions
- Development of experimental science
Chapter 2: Scientific Revolution
- Galileo and experimentation
- Newton’s synthesis
- Rise of modern scientific methods
Chapter 3: Philosophy of Measurement
- Nature of physical quantities
- Reality and observables
- Models, theories, and laws
Part II: Mathematical Foundations
Chapter 4: Algebra and Functions
- Linear, quadratic, exponential functions
- Logarithms and scientific notation
Chapter 5: Calculus for Physics
- Limits and derivatives
- Integration
- Differential equations
Chapter 6: Vector Analysis
- Scalars and vectors
- Coordinate systems
- Vector calculus
Part III: Measurement Science (Metrology)
Chapter 7: Physical Quantities
- Fundamental and derived quantities
- Dimensions and units
- Standards of measurement
Chapter 8: SI System
- Seven base units
- Derived units
- Prefixes and conventions
Chapter 9: Experimental Uncertainty
- Systematic and random errors
- Precision and accuracy
- Confidence intervals
Chapter 10: Statistical Methods
- Mean and standard deviation
- Least squares fitting
- Error propagation
Part IV: Instruments and Techniques
Chapter 11: Length and Angle Measurement
- Vernier caliper
- Micrometer screw gauge
- Interferometry
Chapter 12: Time Measurement
- Pendulum clocks
- Quartz oscillators
- Atomic clocks
Chapter 13: Mass, Density and Volume
- Balances
- Density determination
- Fluid displacement methods
Chapter 14: Electrical Measurements
- Galvanometers
- Digital multimeters
- Oscilloscopes
Volume II
Classical and Modern Physics
Synopsis
Volume II explores the central pillars of physics. It develops the laws governing motion, forces, energy, electricity, magnetism, waves, thermodynamics, optics, and modern theories such as relativity and quantum mechanics.
The volume combines mathematical rigor with experimental applications and historical developments.
Part I: Mechanics
Chapter 1: Kinematics
- Motion in one and three dimensions
- Velocity and acceleration
- Projectile motion
Chapter 2: Dynamics
- Newton’s laws
- Inertial frames
- Friction
Chapter 3: Work and Energy
- Conservation laws
- Power
- Energy transformations
Chapter 4: Momentum
- Linear momentum
- Impulse
- Collisions
Part II: Oscillations and Waves
Chapter 5: Simple Harmonic Motion
- Springs and pendulums
- Damped oscillations
- Resonance
Chapter 6: Wave Motion
- Mechanical waves
- Sound waves
- Standing waves
Part III: Thermodynamics
Chapter 7: Temperature and Heat
- Thermal equilibrium
- Specific heat
- Calorimetry
Chapter 8: Laws of Thermodynamics
- First law
- Entropy
- Heat engines
Part IV: Electricity and Magnetism
Chapter 9: Electrostatics
- Electric charge
- Electric field
- Potential
Chapter 10: Electric Circuits
- Current and voltage
- Resistance
- Kirchhoff laws
Chapter 11: Magnetism
- Magnetic fields
- Electromagnetic induction
- Generators and motors
Part V: Optics
Chapter 12: Geometrical Optics
- Reflection
- Refraction
- Optical instruments
Chapter 13: Wave Optics
- Interference
- Diffraction
- Polarization
Part VI: Modern Physics
Chapter 14: Special Relativity
- Space and time
- Lorentz transformations
- Mass-energy equivalence
Chapter 15: Quantum Mechanics
- Wave-particle duality
- Schrödinger equation
- Uncertainty principle
Chapter 16: Nuclear and Particle Physics
- Radioactivity
- Nuclear reactions
- Elementary particles
Volume III
Advanced Physics, Measurement Technology, and Emerging Frontiers
Synopsis
Volume III examines cutting-edge areas of physics and their measurement techniques. It bridges fundamental science with engineering, technology, industry, and future research directions.
The volume emphasizes precision measurements, nanotechnology, quantum technologies, astrophysics, and interdisciplinary applications.
Part I: Advanced Measurement Systems
Chapter 1: Precision Metrology
- International standards
- Calibration systems
- Traceability
Chapter 2: Laser Metrology
- Laser interferometers
- Frequency combs
- Nanometer measurements
Chapter 3: Atomic Standards
- Atomic clocks
- Quantum standards
- Redefinition of SI units
Part II: Condensed Matter Physics
Chapter 4: Crystals and Solids
- Crystal structures
- Defects
- Band theory
Chapter 5: Semiconductors
- Intrinsic and extrinsic materials
- Diodes
- Transistors
Chapter 6: Superconductivity
- Zero resistance
- Cooper pairs
- Applications
Part III: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
Chapter 7: Nanomaterials
- Carbon nanotubes
- Graphene
- Quantum dots
Chapter 8: Nano-measurement Techniques
- Electron microscopy
- Scanning probe microscopy
- Atomic force microscopy
Part IV: Quantum Technologies
Chapter 9: Quantum Information
- Qubits
- Entanglement
- Quantum communication
Chapter 10: Quantum Computing
- Quantum gates
- Algorithms
- Error correction
Part V: Astrophysics and Cosmology
Chapter 11: Stellar Physics
- Formation of stars
- Stellar evolution
- Supernovae
Chapter 12: Galaxies and the Universe
- Dark matter
- Dark energy
- Expansion of the universe
Chapter 13: Gravitational Waves
- Detection methods
- Interferometers
- Multi-messenger astronomy
Part VI: Physics in Society
Chapter 14: Medical Physics
- MRI
- Ultrasound
- Radiation therapy
Chapter 15: Environmental Physics
- Climate measurements
- Atmospheric physics
- Renewable energy
Chapter 16: Future Frontiers
- Fusion energy
- Artificial intelligence in physics
- Space exploration
- Quantum sensing
