Nepal Politics 2024: Key Challenges and Changes

Date: 22/11/2024

Politics in Nepal 2024: A Critical Analysis

Nepal’s political scenario in 2024 continues to grapple with instability, coalition-driven governance, and geopolitical pressures. The interplay of domestic issues, shifting alliances, and external influences underscores a turbulent yet transformative period in the country’s political history.

Key Political Developments in 2024

Coalition Governments and Fragile Alliances
Nepal’s coalition politics has remained a dominant theme. The current government, led by Prime Minister Pushpa Kamal Dahal ‘Prachanda’, relies on an alliance between the Nepali Congress (NC) and the Communist Party of Nepal-Unified Marxist-Leninist (CPN-UML). This partnership, while appearing stable, is built on tenuous agreements driven by personal and political interests rather than a shared vision for national developmentSuch fragile coalitions often result in political stagnation. Leaders prioritize power-sharing over policymaking, evident in delays in addressing long-standing issues like transitional justice and constitutional amendments.
Federalism and Decentralization Challenges
Despite adopting federalism in 2015, the implementation of decentralized governance has faced roadblocks. Provincial governments, intended to empower local administrations, struggle due to inadequate resources, resistance from central authorities, and a lack of clear policy frameworks.
Anti-Corruption Movements and RSP’s Role
The emergence of the Rastriya Swatantra Party (RSP) as a significant political player has disrupted the traditional dominance of NC and UML. Its anti-corruption agenda resonated with young voters, yet its leadership has faced scrutiny for inconsistencies, dampening its reformist image.
Geopolitical Balancing Act
Nepal’s foreign policy in 2024 remains a tightrope walk between India and China. The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) projects promoted by China clash with India’s interests, while the U.S. Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) adds another layer of complexity. Political instability hinders Nepal’s ability to engage in long-term strategic partnerships, leaving it vulnerable to external pressures.

Critical Issues Impacting Nepal’s Politics

Frequent Leadership Changes
The rapid turnover of prime ministers disrupts continuity in governance. Political leaders often prioritize alliances over sustainable development strategies, weakening public trust in the democratic process.
Inefficiency in Governance
Nepal’s inability to address pressing economic issues, such as inflation, unemployment, and infrastructure development, highlights the inefficiency of coalition governments. Policies are frequently delayed due to inter-party conflicts.
Lack of Ideological Focus
Ideological divisions within political parties have blurred. Leaders and parties focus more on gaining power than advocating for their stated principles, disillusioning citizens.

Prospects for Political Stability

Constitutional Amendments
Reforms in the electoral system could address the inefficiencies of coalition politics. However, such amendments face resistance from established parties reluctant to cede power.
Strengthening Federal Structures
Empowering provincial governments with clear roles and resources is essential for effective governance. Transparent policies and equitable resource distribution are key to achieving this goal.
Addressing Public Discontent
Building public trust through transparency and accountability is crucial. Anti-corruption measures and youth-inclusive policies could reenergize Nepal’s democracy.

Nepal’s political landscape in 2024 reflects both the potential for reform and the enduring challenges of entrenched political practices. While public dissatisfaction grows, opportunities for transformative leadership remain a distant hope amidst the chaos of coalition politics.

Overview of Major Political Parties in Nepal

Nepal’s political spectrum is diverse, ranging from traditional monarchist factions to modern progressive groups. Here are the key political parties in Nepal and their political dynamics with India:

1. Nepali Congress (NC)

Ideology: Democratic socialism, centrist.
Historical Background: The oldest and one of the most influential parties, NC played a pivotal role in Nepal’s transition from monarchy to democracy.
Relationship with India:
- NC has traditionally maintained close ties with India, particularly with Indian Congress leadership.
- It supports cooperative bilateral relations, focusing on economic and infrastructural partnerships.
- India often perceives NC as a stable and moderate ally in Nepal’s shifting political landscape.

2. Communist Party of Nepal-Unified Marxist Leninist (CPN-UML)

Ideology: Socialism, left-wing.
Historical Background: A dominant communist party advocating for progressive economic reforms and centralized governance.
Relationship with India:
- While UML has supported good relations with India, its policies lean towards reducing dependency on India.
- It emphasizes diversifying Nepal’s foreign policy, often fostering ties with China.
- The UML has criticized Indian “interference” during Nepal’s constitutional debates.

3. Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist Centre (CPN-MC)

Ideology: Leftist, revolutionary Maoism.
Historical Background: Originating from a decade-long insurgency (1996–2006), the Maoists transitioned to mainstream politics.
Relationship with India:
- Initially adversarial during the insurgency, relations improved post-2006.
- India supported the peace process that brought the Maoists into the political mainstream.
- However, the CPN-MC often aligns with anti-India rhetoric to appeal to nationalist sentiments, balancing this by engaging India on key trade and infrastructure projects.

4. Rastriya Swatantra Party (RSP)

Ideology: Anti-corruption, populism, centrist.
Historical Background: Emerging in recent years, RSP is a reformist party targeting traditional corruption in Nepali politics.
Relationship with India:
- RSP is still establishing its foreign policy identity but has expressed interest in maintaining balanced relations with India and China.
- It advocates for a non-aligned approach that prioritizes Nepal’s sovereignty.

5. Rastriya Prajatantra Party (RPP)

Ideology: Right-wing, monarchist.
Historical Background: RPP supports the restoration of monarchy and Hindu statehood.
Relationship with India:
- The party has ideological alignment with Hindu nationalist groups in India.
- It promotes cultural ties with India but remains critical of India’s influence over Nepal’s political decisions.

Nepal’s Political Relationship with India

Historical Bonds:
- Nepal and India share deep cultural, historical, and economic ties, with an open border facilitating movement.
- India played a key role in Nepal’s democratic transition and peace process.
Strategic Engagement:
- India is Nepal’s largest trading partner and a significant investor in infrastructure projects.
- Hydropower agreements, trade treaties, and transit protocols remain cornerstones of bilateral ties.
Tensions and Trust Deficits:
- Nepal’s 2015 constitution led to a brief blockade, straining relations. India’s concerns about Madhesi representation added to mistrust.
- Growing Chinese influence in Nepal, through the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), has also complicated ties.
Indian Perspective:
- India seeks political stability in Nepal to ensure regional security and economic integration.
- Nepal’s frequent political changes and coalition dynamics challenge India’s long-term engagement strategies.

Nepal’s political parties exhibit varying relationships with India, shaped by ideological leanings and domestic agendas. While historical ties underpin this relationship, mutual trust remains fragile due to Nepal’s balancing act between India and China. A stable Nepal is essential for India’s strategic interests, prioritizing constructive engagement with all parties.