Tapas Biswas Vs. Shyama Prosad Ghosal [ALL HC CALCUTTA 2008 NOVEMBER]

KEYWORDS:- RENT CONTROL-INTERLOCUTORY APPLICATION- JURISDICTIONJurisdiction Authority by which courts receive and decide cases. Limited Jurisdiction: the authority over only particular types of cases, or cases under a prescribed amount in controversy, or seeking only certain types of relief, the District Court is a court of limited jurisdiction. Original Jurisdiction: Jurisdiction of the first court to hear a case. OF CIVIL COURT

DATE: Nov-28-2008

ACTS:  Premises Tenancy Act, 1997 – Sections 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 29, 38, 38(5), 39, 43 and 44

ALTERNATIVE CITATION : (2008)4CALLT455(HC)

CALCUTTA HIGH COURTHigh Court at Calcutta The High Court at Calcutta (High Court of Judicature at Fort William>opened on 1st July 1862, with Sir Barnes Peacock as its first Chief Justice) was established by the Letters Patent dated 14th May 1862 (High Court's Act, 1861), which provided the jurisdiction and powers of the High Court. 

Tapas Biswas Vs. Shyama Prosad Ghosal

C.O. Nos. 2638 and 2640 of 2004, 3665 and 4311 of 2007, 264 and 1264 of 2008 and C.A.N. No. 935 of 2

JudgmentJudgment The statement given by the Judge on the grounds of a decree or order - CPC 2(9). It contains a concise statement of the case, points for determination, the decision thereon, and the reasons for such decision - Order 20 Rule 4(2).  Section 354 of CrPC requires that every judgment shall contain points for determination, the decision thereon and the reasons for the decision. Indian Supreme Court Decisions > Law declared by Supreme Court to be binding on all courts (Art 141 Indian Constitution) Civil and judicial authorities to act in aid of the Supreme Court (Art 144) Supreme Court Network On Judiciary – Portal > Denning: “Judges do not speak, as do actors, to please. They do not speak, as do advocates, to persuade. They do not speak, as do historians, to recount the past. They speak to give Judgment. And in their judgments, you will find passages, which are worthy to rank with the greatest literature….” Law Points on Judgment Writing > The judge must write to provide an easy-to-understand analysis of the issues of law and fact which arise for decision. Judgments are primarily meant for those whose cases are decided by judges (State Bank of India and Another Vs Ajay Kumar Sood SC 2022):

Jyotirmay Bhattacharya, J.

1. Since a common question touching the jurisdiction of this Court to entertain an application under Article 227 of the Constitution of IndiaConstitution of India भारतस्य संविधानम्: 1950 ∫ वयं भारतस्य जनाः (3) मौलिक अधिकार: (Fundamental Rights) > (4) राजनैतिकनीतेः निर्देशात्मकसिद्धान्ताः (Directive principles)> (5) The Union > (6) The States> (11) संघस्य च सम्बन्धाः राज्यम् (Union-State Relation)> (15) निर्वाचनम् (Elections)> (17) राजभाषा (Official Language) (18) आपत्कालीन प्रावधानम् (Emergency provisions) (20) संविधानसंशोधनम् (Amendment of Constitution). सप्तमी अनुसूची: (Seventh Schedule). Parliament, Supreme Court, President of India, Prime Minister of India. ∑ (Govt of India Act 1935, Manu Samhita 5000, BCE Rigveda 7000 BCE) against an order passed by the Civil Judge in any proceeding arising out of an eviction suit under Section 6 of the West-BengalWest Bengal Bengal derived its name from Vedic king Vanga (Son of Vali). Banga was part of the Magadha Kingdom of Jarasandha and later Nanda dynasty. After the Garuda Dynasty ( history lost) the region was named Gouda Bhumi. Districts North 24 Parganas South 24 Parganas Bankura Birbhum CoochBihar Dakshin Dinajpur Darjeeling Hooghly Howrah Jalpaiguri Jhargram Kalimpong Kolkata Malda Murshidabad Nadia Paschim Burdwan Purba Burdwan Paschim Medinipur Purba Medinipur Purulia Uttar Dinajpur Alipurduar Govt Site Calcutta High Court KMC Premises Tenancy Act, 1997, has arisen in most of these revisional applications, this Court has heard all the aforesaid revisional applications simultaneously, to find out the answer to the aforesaid common question of lawLaw νόμος:  Positive command of sovereign or divine. One can be ruled either by a Statute, a Statue, or a Statement. Legislation is the rule-making process by a political or religious organisation. Physics governs natural law. Logical thinking is a sign of a healthy brain function. Dharma is eternal for Sanatanis. Judiciary > Show me the face, and I will show you the law. Some people know how to bend the law rather than break it. Law Practice. Read a scholarly article. Following incidental question has also cropped up in some of such revisional applications:

Whether an appeal lies against an order and/or decree for eviction passed by the learned Civil Judge in a suit filed by the landlord for eviction of his tenant under Section 6 of the said Act and in the event it is found that appeal lies against such order and/or decree, then what will be the forum of such appeal?

General discussion on the aforesaid common question of law:

2. Confusion has arisen as divergent views have been expressed by two Division Benches of this Hon’ble Court on the common question of law as indicated above.

3. In factFact Something तथ्य (In-formation) that truly exists or happens or some-thing that has actual existence. Circumstances: a fact or event that makes a situation the way it is. Indian Evidence Act: It means and includes— (i) anything, state of things, or relation of things, capable of being perceived by the senses; (ii) any mental condition of which any person is conscious. “facts in issue” means and includes any fact from which, either by itself or in connection with other facts, the existence, non-existence, nature or extent of any right, liability or disability, asserted or denied in any suit or proceeding, necessarily follows., the provision relating to pre-emption proceeding under Sections 8 and 9 of the West Bengal Land Reforms ActWest Bengal Land Reforms Act WBLR ACT 1955 > Land Transfer Restrictions for Scheduled Tribes in West Bengal under WBLR Act. Requirements for Land Partition in West Bengal (Sec 14 of WBLR Act) as well as the provision relating to suit for eviction as contained in Section 6 of the West BengalWest Bengal Bengal derived its name from Vedic king Vanga (Son of Vali). Banga was part of the Magadha Kingdom of Jarasandha and later Nanda dynasty. After the Garuda Dynasty ( history lost) the region was named Gouda Bhumi. Districts North 24 Parganas South 24 Parganas Bankura Birbhum CoochBihar Dakshin Dinajpur Darjeeling Hooghly Howrah Jalpaiguri Jhargram Kalimpong Kolkata Malda Murshidabad Nadia Paschim Burdwan Purba Burdwan Paschim Medinipur Purba Medinipur Purulia Uttar Dinajpur Alipurduar Govt Site Calcutta High Court KMC Premises Tenancy Act, 1997 are almost similar to each other so far as the concept of ‘authority’ is concerned with whom jurisdiction was vested for trial of the said suit and/or proceeding under the respective Acts.

4. Under West Bengal Land Reforms Act, the pre-emption proceedings are required to be considered by the Munsif having territorial jurisdiction. Similarly, the eviction suit under the West Bengal Premises Tenancy Act, 1997 is required to be tried by the Civil Judge having jurisdiction.

5. Since detailed procedures have not been laid down in any of the said Acts for trial of the said eviction suit and/or pre-emption proceeding, very often confusion arises as to the procedure which is required to be followed by the Civil Judge and/or the Munsif for trial of the eviction suit and/or the pre-emption proceeding under the respective statutesStatute A formal written legal enactment by a sovereign law-making body (Νόμος) > National Constitutions  > National Laws >  Indian Laws. Incidentally a question has also cropped up as to whether the Munsif and/or the Civil Judge while considering the pre-emption proceeding and/or the eviction suit, acts as persona designata or as a Court of special jurisdiction. While considering a similar question in connection with a pre-emption proceeding under the West Bengal Land Reforms Act it was held by the Special Bench of this Hon’ble Court in the case of Tarapada Som v. Parvati Charon SarkarSaracens Murug and Turug, and other Muslim Nations or people connected with Islam. A Sarkan (Greek-Laltin word) is a Muslim fighter available on rental basis (Mal-e-Ganimat). Hindi word 'Sarkar' is rooted in the word Sarkan (كَنّان). Saracens are infidels in Christian sense. Murug is generated from the Sanskrit 'Maru'. Turug ( Sanskrit > Taru: Brikksha) reported in 1983(2) CLJ 44 that the jurisdiction of the Munsif and that of the DistrictDistrict India has 800 districts under 29 federal states and 8 union territories. Adilabad Agar-Malwa Agra Ahilyanagar Ahmedabad Aizawl Ajmer Akola Alappuzha Aligarh Alipurduar Alirajpur Alluri Sitharama Raju Almora Alwar Ambala Ambedkar Nagar Amethi Amravati Amreli Amritsar Amroha Anakapalli Anand Ananthapuramu Anantnag Anjaw Annamayya Anugul Anuppur Araria Ariyalur Arvalli Arwal Ashoknagar Auraiya Aurangabad Ayodhya Azamgarh Bagalkote Bageshwar Baghpat Bahraich Bajali Baksa Balaghat Balangir Baleshwar Ballari Ballia Balod Balodabazar-Bhatapara Balotra Balrampur Balrampur-Ramanujganj Banas Kantha Banda Bandipora Banka Bankura Banswara Bapatla Bara Banki Baramulla Baran Bareilly Bargarh Barmer Barnala Barpeta Barwani Bastar Basti Bathinda Beawar Beed Begusarai Belagavi Bemetara Bengaluru Rural Bengaluru Urban Betul Bhadohi Bhadradri Kothagudem Bhadrak Bhagalpur Bhandara Bharatpur Bharuch Bhavnagar Bhilwara Bhind Bhiwani Bhojpur Bhopal Bichom Bidar Bijapur Bijnor Bikaner Bilaspur Bilaspur Birbhum Bishnupur Biswanath Bokaro Bongaigaon Botad Boudh Budaun Budgam Bulandshahr Buldhana Bundi Burhanpur Buxar Cachar Central Chamarajanagar Chamba Chamoli Champawat Champhai Chandauli Chandel Chandigarh Chandrapur Changlang Charaideo Charkhi Dadri Chatra Chengalpattu Chennai Chhatarpur Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar Chhindwara Chhotaudepur Chikkaballapura Chikkamagaluru Chirang Chitradurga Chitrakoot Chittoor Chittorgarh Chumoukedima Churachandpur Churu Coimbatore Cooch Behar Cuddalore Cuttack Dadra And Nagar Haveli Dahod Dakshin Bastar Dantewada Dakshin Dinajpur Dakshina Kannada Dhenkanal Dholpur Dhubri Dhule Dibang Valley Dibrugarh Didwana-Kuchaman Dima Hasao Dimapur Dindigul Dindori Diu Doda Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Konaseema Dumka Dungarpur Durg East East Garo Hills East Godavari East Jaintia Hills East Kameng East Khasi Hills East Siang East Singhbum Eastern West Khasi Hills Eluru Ernakulam Erode Etah Etawah Faridabad Faridkot Farrukhabad Fatehabad Fatehgarh Sahib Fatehpur Fazilka Ferozepur Firozabad Gadag Gadchiroli Gajapati Ganderbal Gandhinagar Ganganagar Gangtok Ganjam Garhwa Gariyaband Gaurela-Pendra-Marwahi Gautam Buddha Nagar Gaya Ghaziabad Ghazipur Gir Somnath Giridih Goalpara Godda Golaghat Gomati Gonda Gondia Gopalganj Gorakhpur Gumla Guna Guntur Gurdaspur Gurugram Gwalior Gyalshing Hailakandi Hamirpur Hamirpur Hanumakonda Hanumangarh Hapur Harda Hardoi Haridwar Hassan Hathras Haveri Hazaribagh Hingoli Hisar Hnahthial Hojai Hooghly Hoshiarpur Howrah Hyderabad Idukki Imphal East Imphal West Indore Jabalpur Jagatsinghapur Jagitial Jaipur Jaisalmer Jajapur Jalandhar Jalaun Jalgaon Jalna Jalore Jalpaiguri Jammu Jamnagar Jamtara Jamui Jangoan Janjgir-Champa Jashpur Jaunpur Jayashankar Bhupalapally Jehanabad Jhabua Jhajjar Jhalawar Jhansi Jhargram Jharsuguda Jhunjhunu Jind Jiribam Jodhpur Jogulamba Gadwal Jorhat Junagadh Kabeerdham Kachchh Kaimur (Bhabua) Kaithal Kakching Kakinada Kalaburagi Kalahandi Kalimpong Kallakurichi Kamareddy Kamjong Kamle Kamrup Kamrup Metro Kancheepuram Kandhamal Kangpokpi Kangra Kannauj Kanniyakumari Kannur Kanpur Dehat Kanpur Nagar Kapurthala Karaikal Karauli Karbi Anglong Kargil Karimganj Karimnagar Karnal Karur Kasaragod Kasganj Kathua Daman Damoh Dangs Darbhanga Darjeeling Darrang Datia Dausa Davanagere Deeg Dehradun Deogarh Deoghar Deoria Devbhumi Dwarka Dewas Dhalai Dhamtari Dhanbad Dhar Dharashiv Dharmapuri Dharwad Dhemaji Katihar Katni Kaushambi Kendrapara Kendujhar Keyi Panyor Khagaria Khairagarh-Chhuikhadan-Gandai Khairthal-Tijara Khammam Khandwa (East Nimar) Khargone (West Nimar) Khawzawl Kheda Kheri Khordha Khowai Khunti Kinnaur Kiphire Kishanganj Kishtwar Kodagu Koderma Kohima Kokrajhar Kolar Kolasib Kolhapur Kolkata Kollam Kondagaon Koppal Koraput Korba Korea Kota Kotputli-Behror Kottayam Kozhikode Kra Daadi Krishna Krishnagiri Kulgam Kullu Kumuram Bheem Asifabad Kupwara Kurnool Kurukshetra Kurung Kumey Kushinagar Lahaul And Spiti Lakhimpur Lakhisarai Lakshadweep District Lalitpur Latehar Latur Lawngtlai Leh Ladakh Leparada Lohardaga Lohit Longding Longleng Lower Dibang Valley Lower Siang Lower Subansiri Lucknow Ludhiana Lunglei MAUGANJ Madhepura Madhubani Madurai Mahabubabad Mahabubnagar Mahasamund Mahendragarh Mahesana Mahisagar Mahoba Mahrajganj Maihar Mainpuri Majuli Malappuram Malda Malerkotla Malkangiri Mamit Mancherial Mandi Mandla Mandsaur Mandya Munger Murshidabad Muzaffarnagar Muzaffarpur Mysuru Nabarangpur Nadia Nagaon Nagapattinam Nagarkurnool Nagaur Nagpur Nainital Nalanda Nalbari Nalgonda Namakkal Namchi Namsai Nanded Nandurbar Nandyal Narayanpet Narayanpur Manendragarh-Chirmiri-Bharatpur(M C B) Mangan Mansa Marigaon Mathura Mau Mayiladuthurai Mayurbhanj Medak Medchal Malkajgiri Meerut Meluri Mirzapur Moga Mohla-Manpur-Ambagarh Chouki Mokokchung Mon Moradabad Morbi Morena Mulugu Mumbai Mumbai Suburban Mungeli Narmada Narmadapuram Narsimhapur Nashik Navsari Nawada Nayagarh Neemuch New Delhi Nicobars Nirmal Niuland Niwari Nizamabad Noklak Noney North North 24 Parganas North And Middle Andaman North East North Garo Hills North Goa North Tripura North West Ntr Nuapada Nuh Pakke Kessang Pakur Pakyong Palakkad Palamu Palghar Pali Palnadu Palwal Panch Mahals Panchkula Pandhurna Panipat Panna Papum Pare Parbhani Parvathipuram Manyam Paschim Bardhaman Paschim Medinipur Pashchim Champaran Patan Pathanamthitta Pathankot Patiala Patna Pauri Garhwal Peddapalli Perambalur Peren Phalodi Phek Pherzawl Pilibhit Pithoragarh Poonch Porbandar Prakasam Pratapgarh Pratapgarh Prayagraj Puducherry Pudukkottai Pulwama Pune Purba Bardhaman Ranipet Ratlam Ratnagiri Rayagada Reasi Rewa Rewari Ri Bhoi Rohtak Rohtas Rudraprayag Rupnagar S.A.S Nagar Sabar Kantha Sagar Saharanpur Saharsa Sahebganj Saitual Sakti Salem Salumbar Samastipur Samba Purba Medinipur Purbi Champaran Puri Purnia Purulia Rae Bareli Raichur Raigad Raigarh Raipur Raisen Rajanna Sircilla Rajgarh Rajkot Rajnandgaon Rajouri Rajsamand Ramanagara Ramanathapuram Ramban Ramgarh Rampur Ranchi Ranga Reddy Sambalpur Sambhal Sangareddy Sangli Sangrur Sant Kabir Nagar Saraikela Kharsawan Saran Sarangarh-Bilaigarh Satara Satna Sawai Madhopur Sehore Senapati Seoni Sepahijala Serchhip Shahdara Shahdol Shahid Bhagat Singh Nagar Shahjahanpur Shajapur Shamator Shamli Sheikhpura Sheohar Sheopur Shi Yomi Shimla Shivamogga Shivpuri Shopian Shrawasti Siaha Siang Siddharthnagar Siddipet Sidhi Sikar Simdega Sindhudurg Singrauli Sirmaur Sirohi Sirsa Sitamarhi Sitapur Sivaganga Sivasagar Siwan Solan Solapur Sonbhadra Sonepur Sonipat Sonitpur Soreng South South 24 Parganas South Andamans South East South Garo Hills South Goa South Salmara Mancachar South Tripura South West South West Garo Hills South West Khasi Hills Sri Muktsar Sahib Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore Sri Sathya Sai Srikakulam Srinagar Sukma Sultanpur Sundargarh Supaul Surajpur Surat Surendranagar Surguja Suryapet Tamenglong Tamulpur Tapi Tarn Taran Tawang Tehri Garhwal Tengnoupal Tenkasi Thane Thanjavur The Nilgiris Theni Thiruvallur Thiruvananthapuram Thiruvarur Thoothukkudi Thoubal Thrissur Tikamgarh Tinsukia Tirap Tiruchirappalli Tirunelveli Tirupathur Tirupati Tiruppur Tiruvannamalai Tonk Tseminyu Tuensang Tumakuru Udaipur Udalguri Udham Singh Nagar Udhampur Udupi Ujjain Ukhrul Warangal Wardha Washim Wayanad West West Garo Hills West Godavari West Jaintia Hills West Kameng West Karbi Anglong West Khasi Hills West Siang West Singhbhum West Tripura Wokha Y.S.R. Yadadri Bhuvanagiri Yadgir Yamunanagar Yavatmal Zunheboto Umaria Una Unakoti Unnao Upper Siang Upper Subansiri Uttar Bastar Kanker Uttar Dinajpur Uttara Kannada Uttarkashi Vadodara Vaishali Valsad Varanasi Vellore Vidisha Vijayanagara Vijayapura Vikarabad Viluppuram Virudhunagar Visakhapatnam Vizianagaram Wanaparthy Judge have been fixed by the notification of the State Government under Section 13(1) of the Bengal, Agra and Assam Civil Courts Act, 1887 and the West Bengal Land Reforms Act has merely conferred special jurisdiction on them to try a pre-emption proceeding and/or appeal arising therefrom under Section 8(1) and Section 9(6) of the said Act. It was held therein that the Munsif and/or the District Judge, while dealing with the pre-emption proceeding and/or the appeal arising therefrom functions as Court of special jurisdiction. It was further held therein that since the procedure for the trial of the said proceeding and/or the appeal arising therefrom has not been provided therein exhaustively, the ordinary rules of procedure applicable to suits and appeals will be applicable in such proceeding and/or the appeal therefrom.

6. Thus, the confusion which arose earlier in this regard, was set at rest by the said Special Bench decision of our High CourtHigh Court High Court Judges in England and Wales handle complex and tough cases, sitting in London and traveling to court centers around the country. They preside over serious criminal and important civil cases, and support the Lord and Lady Justices in hearing appeals. High Court Judges are commonly referred to as ‘Mr/Mrs/Ms Justice surname’ and are given the prefix ‘The Honourable’. They are assigned to the King’s Bench Division, the Family Division, or the Chancery Division. The King’s Bench Division focuses on civil wrongs and judicial review, the Family Division deals with family law, and the Chancery Division handles various cases including company law and probate. Judges are appointed through a rigorous process overseen by the Judicial Appointments Commission..

7. Subsequently the said confusion again aggravated with greater dimension as both the aforesaid Acts namely West Bengal Land Reforms Act, 1955 and West Bengal Premises Tenancy Act, 1997 have been included as specified Acts under Section 2(r) of the West Bengal Land Reforms and Tenancy Tribunal Acts, 1997. Now, a question has arisen as to whether the provision of the West Bengal Land Reforms and Tenancy Tribunal Act, is applicable to any proceeding arising out of an order passed by any Munsif and/or the Civil Judge under those specified Acts?

8. On plain reading of Sections 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 of the West Bengal Land Reforms and Tenancy Tribunal Act, 1997, it appears that an order passed by an authority under the specified Act is only assailable before the Tribunal constituted under the said Act; be it under Article 226 or under Article 227 of the Constitution of India and no other Court including any Judge of the Hon’ble High Court sitting singly can entertain any application under Article 226 and/or under Article 227 of the Constitution of India.

9. To justify as to whether such apparent view on such plain reading of the aforesaid provision of the said Act is correct or not, this Court is required to examine the entire scheme of the said Act along with the provisions of the West Bengal Land Reforms Act and the provisions of the West Bengal Premises Tenancy Act for ascertaining the real purport of the expression ‘authority’ used in the West Bengal Land Reforms and Tenancy Tribunal Act, 1997.

10. In this context, this Court will have to find out as to whether the Munsif while trying a pre-emption proceeding under Section 8 of the West Bengal Land Reforms Act can be regarded as an authority within the meaning of ‘authority’ as defined under Section 2(b) of the West Bengal Land Reforms and Tenancy Tribunal Act, 1997 or not. Similarly an investigationInvestigation Purpose of all investigation is to reveal the unvarnished truth. The constitutional courts are duty bound to ensure that the truth is revealed. has to be made to find out as to whether the Civil Judge, while considering any suit for eviction of a tenant under Section 6 of the West Bengal Premises Tenancy Act, 1997 acts as an authority as per Section 2(b) of the West Bengal Land Reforms and Tenancy Tribunal Act, 1997 or not.

11. The answer to the said questions has a vital effect inasmuch as if it is found that the Munsif while trying a pre-emption proceeding and/or the Civil Judge while trying an eviction suit under those specified acts, is an authority within the meaning of the ‘authority’ as defined in Section 2(b) of the said Act then no doubt the Tribunal has the exclusive jurisdiction to entertain the applications under Article 226 or under 227 of the Constitution of India in which any order passed by the Munsif in a pre-emption proceeding or by the Civil Judge in an eviction suit is challenged. Fact remains that two learned single Judges of this Court, differed in their opinionOpinion A judge's written explanation of a decision of the court. In an appeal, multiple opinions may be written. The court’s ruling comes from a majority of judges and forms the majority opinion. A dissenting opinion disagrees with the majority because of the reasoning and/or the principles of law on which the decision is based. A concurring opinion agrees with the end result of the court but offers further comment possibly because they disagree with how the court reached its conclusion. on the aforesaid issue.

12. To resolve the differences of opinion between two learned single Judges of this Hon’ble Court as to whether the Munsif and/or the District Judge who decide the matterMatter Normal matter is made of molecules, which are themselves made of atoms. Inside the atoms, electrons are spinning around the nucleus. The nucleus is made of protons and neutrons. Inside the protons and neutrons, exist indivisible quarks, like the electrons. All matter around us is made of elementary particles. ( building blocks of matter > quarks and leptons). All stable matter in the universe is made from particles that belong to the first-generation. Fundamental forces result from the exchange of force-carrier particles, which belong to a broader group called “bosons”. The strong force is carried by the “gluon”, electromagnetic force is carried by the “photon.” of pre-emption under Sections 8 and 9 of the West Bengal Land Reforms Act, 1955 is the authority under the West Bengal Land Reforms and Tenancy Tribunal Act, 1997 or not, a reference was made to the Division Bench of this Hon’ble Court in the case of Pashupati Adhikary v. Pradyut Kumar reported in (2003)4 CHN 347 wherein the Division Bench of this Hon’ble Court, after considering various provisions of the West Bengal Land Reforms Act and the West Bengal Land Reforms and Tenancy Tribunal Act and also after taking into consideration the earlier judicial precedents, ultimately held that the judicial officers who are functioning under the Act of 1955 cannot, by any stretch of imagination, be treated as ‘authority’ as neither they are officers of the State nor they are functionaries of the State under the Act of 1955. Their Lordships further held that Judicial officers are class apart as against the employees of the State Government under the Act of 1955 and conferment of additional duty upon the judicial officers to adjudicate the issues of pre-emption will not change the character of judicial officer to that of an authority or functionary under the Act of 1955. Therefore, it was held that the orders passed by the Munsif or the District Judge cannot be subject to the orders of the Tribunal and it will be only subject to judicial reviewJudicial Review It is a court process where a judge examines the legality of a decision made by a public body. It focuses on the decision-making process rather than the actual conclusion. The court does not replace the decision, but ensures the correct procedures were followed. If a decision was deemed incorrect, judicial review may not be the best option. Instead, appealing to a higher court could be an alternative solution. This process allows the public body to make the same decision lawfully. A judge will refuse permission to apply for review unless satisfied that there is an arguable ground for it which has a realistic prospect of success. by the High Court under Section 115 of the Civil Procedure Code being directly subordinate to the High Court. It was further held therein that both the authorities i.e. Munsif as well as District Judge are not the Revenue Authority while deciding the question of pre-emption under Section 9 of the Act of 1955 and those authorities are Judicial Authorities appointed under Bengal, Agra and Assam Civil Courts’ Act, 1887 and they are exercising their powerPower The amount of energy transferred or converted per unit of time. In the International System of Units, the unit of it is the watt, equal to one joule per second. The capacity of energy infrastructure is rated using watts, which indicate its potential to supply or consume energy in a given period of time. A Power-plant rated at 100 MW has the potential to produce 100 MWh if it operates for one hour. as Judicial Authority and not as Revenue Authority.

13. A contrary view was taken by the other Division Bench of this Hon’ble Court in the case of Dipak Kr. Singh v. The State of West Bengal reported in : 2008(2)CHN943 . By taking into consideration the decision of the Hon’ble Supreme CourtSupreme Court The Court of last resort. Supreme Court of India (26/01/1950), Supreme Court of the United States (1798), Supreme Court of UK (1/10/2009), Supreme Court of Canada (1949), International Court of Justice (22/05/1947), > Supreme Court Network in the case of State of West Bengal v. Asish Kr. Roy reported in : AIR2005SC254 , their Lordships held that the judgment rendered in the case of Pashupati Adhikary v. Pradyut Kumar (supra) is no longer a good law in view of the aforementioned subsequent pronouncement of the Hon’ble Supreme Court. The Division Bench of this Hon’ble Court, however, without deciding as to whether any appeal lies against any decree passed in any eviction suit or not, ultimately held that even if appeal does not lie but then remedy of the litigants against the decision of the Civil Judge under this Act obviously lies under the constitutional provision namely Article 226 and Article 227 which is an inviolable provision of the ConstitutionConstitution The Constitution encompasses the global system of rules governing constitutional authority. Simply reading selected provisions of the written text may be misleading. Understanding the underlying principles, such as federalism, democracy, constitutionalism, the rule of law, and respect for minorities, is crucial. Democratic institutions must allow for ongoing discussion and evolution, reflected in the right of participants to initiate constitutional change. This right entails a reciprocal duty to engage in discussions. Democracy involves more than majority rule, existing within the context of other constitutional values. Therefore, a profound understanding of these principles informs our appreciation of constitutional rights and obligations. Read more as the same is basic structure thereof. Their Lordships further held that the Tribunal is conferred with the jurisdiction to decide the Constitutional rights and remedies as the said forum is supplementary to the High Court as observed in L. Chandra Kumar v. Union of IndiaIndia Hind/ hend >hindia. Bharat Varsha (Jambudvipa used in Mahavamsha) is the name of this land mass. The people of this land are Sanatan Dharmin and they always defeated invaders. Indra (10000 yrs) was the oldest deified King of this land. Manu's jurisprudence enlitened this land. Vedas have been the civilizational literature of this land. Guiding principles of this land are : सत्यं वद । धर्मं चर । स्वाध्यायान्मा प्रमदः । The place also been called Hindusthan in Pesia. The word Hendu is mentioned in Avesta. Read more reported in : [1997]228ITR725(SC) . Hence, it was held that the Tribunal is competent to entertain any petitionPetition αναφορά > παρακαλώ (Prayer) in which any order passed by the Civil Judge under the said Act is challenged.

14. In view of such divergent views expressed by two different Division Benches of this Hon’ble Court, this Court is now in a dilemma as to which one is to be followed. Considering the seriousness of the question involved in all these revisional applications this Court invited all the learned Advocates of this Court to address this Court on the point as to which one out of the said two decisions is sound in point of law so that this Court can proceed to decide these revisional applications by accepting the decision which is better in point of law.

15. Accordingly, I have heard Mr. Dasgupta, learned senior counsel, Mr. Roy Chowdhury, learned senior counsel, Mr. Bidyut Kr. Banerjee, learned senior counsel and many other learned advocates of this Hon’ble Court.

16. In fact, most of the learned Counsel in their uniform voice submitted that the principle which was laid down in Pashupatt Adhikary’s case still holds the field as the same has not yet been set aside by the Hon’ble Supreme Court. This Court is informed that the special leave petitionSpecial Leave Petition A petition seeking grant of special leave to appeal may be rejected for several reasons. For example, it may be rejected (i) as barred by time, or (ii) being a defective presentation, (iii) the petitioner having no locus standi to file the petition, (iv) the conduct of the petitioner disentitling him to any indulgence by the Court, (iv) the question raised by the petitioner for consideration by this Court being not fit for consideration or deserving being dealt with by the Apex Court of the country and so on. challenging the said judgment passed in Pashupati Adhikary’s case is still awaiting consideration before the Hon’ble Supreme Court.

17. It was also submitted uniformly that the findings of the subsequent Division Bench to the effect that the principle laid down in Pashupati Adhikary’s case is no longer a good law in view of the decision of the Hon’ble Supreme Court in the case of State of West Bengal v. Asish Kr. Roy, is not correct.

18. Mr. Roy Chowdhury pointed out by reading in between the lines of the said decision of the Hon’ble Supreme Court in the case of` Ashish Kr. Roy that the dispute as to whether the Munsif and/or the District Judge while discharging their function under the West Bengal Land Reforms Act in a pre-emption proceeding, acts as an authority within the meaning of the ‘authority’ as defined under Section 2(b) of the West Bengal Land Reforms and Tenancy Tribunal Act or not, was not under consideration before the Hon’ble Supreme Court in the said decision. In the said decision the Hon’ble Supreme Court considered the vires of certain provisions of the West Bengal Land Reforms and Tenancy Tribunal Act including the question as to whether the decision of the Hon’ble Supreme Court in the case of L. Chandra Kumar v. Union of India reported in : [1997]228ITR725(SC) declared any law within the meaning of declaration of law under Article 141 of the Constitution of India or not, besides the question as to whether the Tribunal constituted under the said Act can be regarded as a Tribunal under Article 323B of the Constitution of India or not.

19. To show, what was actually under consideration before the Hon’ble Supreme Court in Ashish Kr. Roy’s case, Mr. Roy Chowdhury pointed out from the said decision that three points were under consideration before the learned Single Judge of this Hon’ble Court in Asish Kr. Roy’s case. Those points are as follows:

1. The Tribunal constituted under the said Act is not a Tribunal within the meaning of Article 323B(1)(d) of the Constitution of India as it lacks the necessary attributes prescribed by the said Article.

2. The jurisdiction, power and authority of the Tribunal specified in Sections 5, 6, 7 and 8 of the said Act are ultra vires the Constitution of India as the said provisions abridge and take away the power of judicial review of the High Court under Article 226 and 227 of the Constitution of India as a Court of first instance.

3. The provision of the said Act, by which all pending matters, proceedings, cases and appeals before the High Court stood transferred to Tribunal under Section 9, is also ultra vires the Constitution as it abridges and takes away the jurisdiction and powers of the High Court under Articles 226 and 227 of the Constitution of India and consequently violates the basic structure of the Constitution.

20. Mr. Roy Chowdhury further pointed out that the Hon’ble Supreme Court observed in its judgment that the following decisions were taken by the learned single Judge of this Court in Asish Kr. Roy’s case:

(i) The learned single Judge of our High Court negatived the first contention and held that the said Act was enacted for resolution of disputes relating to and arising out of certain Acts specified therein for which purpose the Tribunal could be validly constituted under Article 323B of the Constitution of India.

(ii) The learned single Judge also held that constitution of the Tribunal under the said Act in relation to the specified enactment was not ultra vires Article 323B(2)(d) of the Constitution.

(ill) The learned single Judge, however, accepted the second and third contentions by taking the view that the observation made by the Constitution Bench of the Hon’ble Supreme Court in L Chandra Kumar v. Union of India did not amount to law declared within the meaning of Article 141 of the Constitution of India and, therefore, was not binding on the High Court. Having examined the provisions of the said Act independently, His Lordship ultimately concluded that the impugned provisions of the said Act were violative of the Constitution including the basic structure thereof and, thus, the said provisions namely sections 5, 6, 7 and 8 were struck down.

21. The propriety of the said order of the learned single Judge of this Hon’ble Court passed in the case of Asish Kr. Roy was considered by the Hon’ble Supreme Court in appeal and the decision which was passed in the said Special Leave Petition was reported in : AIR2005SC254 (State West Bengal v. Asish Kr. Roy). The Hon’ble Supreme Court ultimately held in the said appeal the learned single Judge of this Hon’ble Court was Justified in rejecting the contention that the Tribunal constituted under the impugned act was not a Tribunal within the meaning of Article 323B of the Constitution. Thus, the decision of the learned Single Judge of this Hon’ble Court with regard to the first contention was affirmed by the Hon’ble Supreme Court in the said decision. But the view which was taken by the learned single Judge of this Hon’ble Court with regard to the second and third contention as recorded above was not upheld by the Hon’ble Supreme Court in the said decision. The Hon’ble Supreme Court, thus, declared that the impugned provisions of the said Act are intra vires.

22. Mr. Roy Chowdhury, thus, submitted that in the case of Asish Kr. Roy, the Hon’ble Supreme Court had no occasion to consider the question as to whether the Judicial Officers of the existing Civil Courts with whom certain additional duties to consider the pre-emption case and/or the eviction suit under those specified Act was vested, can be regarded as an authority within the meaning of ‘the authority’ as defined in Section 2(b) of the West Bengal Land Reforms and Tenancy Tribunal Act, 1997 or not. As such, according to Mr. Roy Chowdhury the subsequent Division Bench was not probably correct in holding that the ratio which was laid down by the earlier Division Bench in Pashupati Adhikary’s case no longer holds good in view of the decision of the Hon’ble Supreme Court in the case of State of West Bengal v. Asish Kr. Roy (supra).

23. Mr. Roy Chowdhury further submitted that the subsequent Division Bench of this Hon’ble Court while deciding the case of Dipak Kr. Singh v. The State of West Bengal held that the term authority mentioned in Section 6 Clause (a) includes not only judicial authority but also the quasi judicial one including the controller without taking into consideration the ratio decided by the Division Bench of this Hon’ble Court in the case of Pashupati Adhikary as well as the earlier judicial precedents in this regard.

24. According to Mr. Roy Chowdhury an authority and/or functionary under the West Bengal Land Reforms and Tenancy Tribunal Act, 1997 means those authorities and/or functionaries who were not only authorized to discharge their function under the specified Acts but also were appointed under the said Act. Mr. Roy Chowdhury submitted that when the specified Act vests jurisdiction to decide the pre-emption case and/or the eviction suit upon the judicial officers having their authority emanating from the Bengal, Agra & Assam Civil Courts’ Act, such judicial officers do not function as persona designata but they function as a Civil Court constituted under the Bengal, Agra and Assam Civil Courts’ Act, 1887. Mr. Roy Chowdhury further submitted that when the procedure for trial of such proceeding and/or suit was not mentioned in the respective specified Acts, the trial of the said proceeding and/or the suit will be conducted by the procedure and/or rules established under the Civil Procedure Code. Mr. Roy Chowdhury pointed out from Section 6 and Section 7 of the West Bengal Premises Tenancy Act, 1997 that not only the jurisdiction was conferred upon the existing Civil Courts but also provision was made therein for passing a decree and/or order of eviction in a suit instituted by the landlord. Thus, according to Mr. Roy Chowdhury, if the said provisions are considered as a whole by keeping in mindMind We know nothing about its origin, growth, or demise. Where it lives, can it live without a brain? Possibly, the mind is the soul and spirit. See Consciousness the useful expressions used therein such as ‘suit’, ‘decree’, ‘Civil Judge having jurisdiction’, there would be no hesitation to hold that the legislature in its wisdom left the adjudication of the suit for eviction and/or the preemption cases to the existing Civil Courts established under the Bengal, Agra and Assam Civil Courts’ Act and the suit and/or the proceeding therein will be tried by the provisions of the Civil Procedure Code and as such, the interlocutory orders passed in connection with such suit are assailable either under Section 115 of the Code of Civil ProcedureCode of Civil Procedure Main Sections: Filing, Summons, Trial, Judgment, Execution, Appeal, Interim Applications, Interim Injunction, Cost, Notice Rules: Order VII. Statutory Drafting and Forms: General Pleding or under Article 227 of the Constitution of India before this Hon’ble High Court and the decree passed in such a suit is assailable in appeal as per Section 96 of the Civil Procedure Code before the Appellate Forum as prescribed under the Code.

25. Both Mr. Bidyut Kr. Banerjee, learned senior counsel and Mr. Ashok Banerjee, learned senior counsel also made their submission supporting the view expressed by the Division Bench in the case of Pashupati Adhikary (supra). In fact, the submission which was made by Mr. Roy Chowdhury was repeated by them and as such, their submissions are not recorded herein separately excepting one part of submission of Mr. Bidyut Kr. Banerjee wherein he has shown some new light on judicial discipline. Relying upon a Division Bench decision of this Hon’ble Court in the case of Eastern CoalCoal Consists of both primary coal, i.e. lignite, coking and steam coal, and derived fuels, e.g. patent fuel, brown-coal briquettes, coke-oven coke, gas coke, gas works gas, coke-oven gas, blast furnace gas and oxygen steel furnace gas. Peat is also included. Fields Ltd. v. Sudama Das reported in 2007(1) CHN 851. Mr. Banerjee submitted that when divergent views have been expressed by two Division Benches of this Hon’ble Court, this Court, instead of judging the merit of those two decisions for finding out the one which is much more meritorious between the said two decisions, should refer this matter to the Hon’ble Chief JusticeJustice δικαιοσύνη > judicature ( δικαιοσύνη) > judge (δικαστής / κριτής). The whole purpose of Plato`s Republic is to search for Justice. The purpose of Justice is to establish a perfect State. The State of happiness (ευτυχία) for constituting a Larger Bench for settling the dispute once for all.

26. After placing various provisions of the West Bengal Premises Tenancy Act, 1997, Mr. Biswajit Basu cited a Privy Council decision and a decision of our High Court to show that applicability of Civil Procedure Code in the eviction suit as well as in pre-emption proceeding cannot be disputed.

27. The Privy Council in Adaikappa Chettiar v. Chandra Sekhara Phevar reported in observed that where a legal right is in dispute and the ordinary Courts of the country are seized of such disputes, the Courts are governed by the ordinary Rules of procedure applicable thereto and an appeal lies if authorized by such Rules notwithstanding that the legal right claimed arises under a special statuteStatute A formal written legal enactment by a sovereign law-making body (Νόμος) > National Constitutions  > National Laws >  Indian Laws which does not in terms confer a right of appeal.

28. Following the said Privy Council’s decision, this Hon’ble Court held in the case of Ganesh Chandra Dutta v. Chunilal Mondal and Anr. reported in : AIR1972Cal150 that even omission of any reference to the Bengal, Agra and Assam Civil Courts’ Act in the schedule to the West Bengal Premises Tenancy Act, 1956 is not material inasmuch as right of appeal is an incident of a decree passed by a Court established by the ordinary law, and as such decree passed by the City Civil Court in a suit for eviction by following the provisions of Civil Procedure Code is assailable in appeal before the High Court.

29. Thus, according to Mr. Basu, if we follow the said principles then there will be no hesitation to hold that the ultimate decree which will be passed by the Civil Judge in an eviction suit under Section 6 of the West Bengal Premises Tenancy Act, is appelable under Section 96 of the Civil Procedure Code notwithstanding that West Bengal Premises Tenancy Act, 1997 does not in term confer a right of appeal upon the aggrieved party.

30. Let me now record the submission of Mr. Dasgupta, learned senior counsel who also made his submission as an amicus curiae in this case. At the outset Mr. Dasgupta submitted that since the question which is involved in all these group of cases is of great public importance, it will be better to refer these matters to the Hon’ble Chief Justice for a reference to a larger Bench for deciding the questions which were raised in all these groups of cases. Mr. Dasgupta also submitted that consideration of these questions by this Court, of course, still remains open as the issue as to whether an appeal lies against the decree for eviction passed by the Civil Judge in a suit under Section 6 of the West Bengal Premises Tenancy Act, 1997, has not been resolved by the Division Bench of this Hon’ble Court in the case of Dipak Kr. Singh v. The State of West Bengal. Mr. Dasgupta further submitted that repeated amendments carried out in the West Bengal Premises Tenancy Act, 1997 in quick succession, created a lot of confusions with regard to the fate of the pending eviction proceeding and also with regard to selection of forum for challenge of the ultimate decision passed in such a proceeding during the interregnum period. He further submitted that even confusion has arisen as to whether any appeal at all lies against the decree for eviction passed by the Civil Judge according to the provision of Section 6 of the said Act, as it stands now.

31. Mr. Dasgupta submitted that the tenancy laws under the rent legislation and the laws of pre-emption under the Land Reforms Act cannot be regarded as pari materia as the provisions contained in those legislations are not similar in nature. As such, according to Mr. Dasgupta while considering the above-referred questions the Court should concentrate its consideration to the provisions of the West Bengal Premises Tenancy Act of 1997 independently irrespective of the provisions contained in the West Bengal Land Reforms Act relating to pre-emption proceeding.

32. Mr. Dasgupta firstly concentrated himself to various provisions of the West Bengal Premises Tenancy Act, 1997 and the amendments made therein from timeTime χρόνος. Judicial: Where any expression of it occurs in any Rules, or any judgment, order or direction, and whenever the doing or not doing of anything at a certain time of the day or night or during a certain part of the day or night has an effect in law, that time is, unless it is otherwise specifically stated, held to be standard time as used in a particular country or state. (In Physics, time and Space never exist actually-“quantum entanglement”) यमः , पुं, (यमयति नियमयति जीवानां फलाफलमिति । यम् + अच् । विश्वे च कलयत्येव यः सर्व्वायुश्च सन्ततम् । अतीव दुर्निवार्य्यञ्च तं कालं प्रणमाम्यहम् ॥यमैश्च नियमैश्चैव यः करोत्यात्मसंयमम् । स चादृष्ट्वा तु मां याति परं ब्रह्म सनातनम् ॥ to time to show the effect thereof.

33. Mr. Dasgupta pointed out that under the original Act of 1997 only one agency viz. ‘Controller’ was created for deciding the disputes of any description between the landlord and the tenant relating to the particular rent legislation. In the said Act ‘Controller’ was defined in Section 2(a). As per the said provision, ‘Controller’ means a Controller appointed under subsection 1 of Section 38 and includes an Additional Controller or Deputy Controller appointed under sub Section 2 of that Section. Section 38 of the said Act makes it clear that appointment of the Controller, Additional Controller or Deputy Controller should be made by the State Government by notification. The appointment of such Controller was dealt with in Sub-section 5 of Section 38 of the said Act which provides that a Controller and Additional Controller or a Deputy Controller appointed under this section shall be a member of the IndianIndia Hind/ hend >hindia. Bharat Varsha (Jambudvipa used in Mahavamsha) is the name of this land mass. The people of this land are Sanatan Dharmin and they always defeated invaders. Indra (10000 yrs) was the oldest deified King of this land. Manu's jurisprudence enlitened this land. Vedas have been the civilizational literature of this land. Guiding principles of this land are : सत्यं वद । धर्मं चर । स्वाध्यायान्मा प्रमदः । The place also been called Hindusthan in Pesia. The word Hendu is mentioned in Avesta. Read more Administrative Service or executive or judicial branchJudicial Branch The judicial branch interprets and applies the law in the name of the state. It is independent of the other two branches of GovernmentJudicial Branch of the State Civil Services.

34. Mr. Dasgupta, thus, submitted that the said provision made it clear that even a judicial member of the State Civil Services could have been appointed as a Controller under Section 38 of the said Act. Mr. Dasgupta pointed out that in pursuance of the said provision several Judicial Officers were appointed as Controller by the State Government to try the proceeding for eviction under Section 6 of the West Bengal Premises Tenancy Act, 1997 but in 2005 when the said Premises Tenancy Act was amended and the expression ‘Controller’ used in Section 6 of the said Act was substituted by the expression ‘the Civil Judge having jurisdiction’ by the said amendment, the eviction proceeding which was previously tried by the Controller is now required to be tried by the Civil Judge having jurisdiction. Simultaneously the provision contained in Section 38(5) was amended by omitting the words ‘or judicial’ therefrom and as a result thereof no Judicial Officer can now be appointed as a Controller. From this juncture two agencies were created under the said Act for trial of different types of disputes under the said Act. By 2005 amendment, the power of the Controller provided under Section 39 of the said Act, was altered. Simultaneously powers of Civil Courts were altered by amending Section 44 of the said Act. By virtueVirtue Aristotelian model: Excess Mean Deficiency >Irascibility Gentleness Spiritlessness >Rashness Courage Cowardice>Shamelessness Modesty Diffidence>Profligacy Temperance Insensitiveness>Envy Righteous Indignation Malice>Greed Justice Loss>Prodigality Liberality Meanness>Boastfulness Honesty Self-deprecation>Flattery Friendliness Surliness>Subservience Dignity Stubborness>Luxuriousness Hardness Endurance>Vanity Greatness of Spirit Smallness of Spirit>Extravagance Magnificence Shabbiness> Rascality Prudence Simpleness. of such alteration, Controller’s jurisdiction to adjudicate certain matters was taken away and the said jurisdiction was exclusively given to the Civil Judge.

35. Mr. Dasgupta further pointed out that in 2006 another amendment was made in the said Act of 1997 whereby the expression ‘except on an application made to him by the landlord in the prescribed manner’ appearing in Section 6 of the said Act was substituted by the expression ‘except on a suit being instituted by such landlord’.

36. Mr. Dasgupta submitted that Section 6 of the said Act, as it stands now, makes it clear that no order and/or decree for recovery of possession of any premises shall be made by the Civil Judge having jurisdiction in favour of the landlord against the tenant except on a suit being instituted by any landlord on one or more of the grounds as mentioned therein. By the amendment of 2005 the expression ‘Controller’ was substituted by the Civil Judge having jurisdiction. By the amendment of 2006 the words ‘except on an application made to him by the landlord in the prescribed manner’ was substituted by the words ‘except on a suit being instituted by such landlord’. According to Mr. Dasgupta, substitution of a provision results in repeal of the earlier provision and its replacement by the new provision. The said amended, provisions, thus, make it clear that now no appointment of controller is necessary for trial of such a suit for eviction. The trial of the eviction suit will be made by the Civil Judge having jurisdiction which necessarily means that the trial of such suits should be made by the existing Civil Court constituted under the Bengal, Agra and Assam Civil Courts Act. Mr. Dasgupta, thus, submitted that once adjudication of the eviction suit are left to the Civil Court, the proceeding before the Civil Court will be controlled by the Civil Procedure Code and as such, the decree for eviction which would be passed in such a suit is appelable as per Section 96 of the Civil Procedure Code. Mr. Dasgupta also contended that the Civil Judge cannot be regarded as an authority within the meaning of an authority as defined under Section 2(b) of the West Bengal Land Reforms and Tenancy Tribunal Act, 1997 as the Civil Judges are not appointed by the State Government under the provision of the specified Act to discharge their functions under the said specified Act. On the contrary certain additional duties were given to the existing Civil Courts already constituted under Bengal, Agra and Assam Civil Courts Act.

37. According to Mr. Dasgupta these suits will be regulated by the Civil Procedure Code. Mr. Dasgupta submitted that the real problem will be as to how the right of appeal will be regulated during the interregnum period. Mr. Dasgupta submitted that if any eviction order is passed by the Controller before the amendment of 2005 came into effect, then such eviction order can be challenged in appeal before the Tribunal as per Section 43 of the said Act. If, however, a proceeding is initiated under the 1997 Act prior to amendment of 2005 but if the proceedings are ultimately concluded by the Civil Judge after the amendment of 2005 came into operation, then the litigant cannot lose the forum of appeal even though the present Act as it stands after amendment of 2005, does not provide for any appeal against the order and/or decree of eviction passed by the Civil Judge.

38. Mr. Dasgupta submitted that the amendment of 2005 cannot be given retrospective effect so as to defeat a right of appeal which was in existence at the time when the said Act received the assent of the President of India on 28th December, 1998. Mr. Dasgupta further submitted that the right of appeal is a substantive right of the litigant but the forum of appeal is the procedure over which the litigants have no vested right and as such, the substantive right cannot be taken away but the forum of appeal can be changed. As such, those who filed eviction suit under the original provision of 1997 Act cannot lose the right of appeal after 2005 if the suit is ultimately decreed by the Civil Judge. In support of the said submission, Mr. Dasgupta relied upon a Privy Council decision in the case of The Colonial Sugar Refining Co. Ltd. v. Irving reported in 1905 AC 369. Mr. Dasgupta also referred to another decision of the Hon’ble Supreme Court in the case of Ietyavira Mathai v. Varkey Varkey and Anr. reported in : [1964]1SCR495 wherein it was held that no party has a vested right to have his appeal heard by a specified numberNumber Αριθμός of Judges. The said decision, thus, makes it clear that the parties have no say regarding the change of forum but the right of appeal which the party had originally at the time of initiation of the proceeding for eviction cannot be taken away. As such, it cannot be said that the aggrieved party has no right of appeal against the decree of eviction passed in the aforesaid situation.

39. According to Mr. Dasgupta since the decree is ultimately passed by the Civil Judge in a suit according to the provision of the Civil Procedure Code, an appeal against such a decree will lie to the Court which is authorized to hear appeal from the decision of the original Court as per Section 96 of the Code of Civil Procedure.

40. Mr. Dasgupta submitted that the question as to whether the application under Article 227 of the Constitution of India can be entertained by the High Court or not which is raised in the instant case can be resolved with reference to the case of Young v. Bristol Aeroplane Co. Ltd. reported in (1944)2 All ELR 293 which was also followed by our High Court in the case of Nishikanta Roy v. Monmohan Sengupta reported in AIRAIR All India Reporter 1973 Cal 525 wherein it was held that the Court of appealCourt of Appeal It is the highest court within the Senior Courts of England and Wales under the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 (Created in 1875) and deals only with appeals from other courts or tribunals. It is divided into two Divisions, Criminal and Civil, and is based at the Royal Courts of Justice in London (High Court). The judges of the Court of Appeal are the Lord/Lady Chief Justice, the Master of the Rolls, the President of the King’s Bench Division, the President of the Family Division, the Chancellor of the High Court and the Lord and Lady Justices. is bound to follow its own decision and that of Courts of co-ordinate jurisdiction and the Full Court is in the same position in this respect as a decision of the Court consisting of the three members. It was held therein that there are only three exceptions to the said Rule which are as follows:

1. The Court is entitled and bound to decide which of two conflicting decisions of its own it will follow.

2. The Court is bound to refuse to follow a decision of its own which, though not expressly overruled, cannot in its opinion stands with decision of the House of Lords.

3. The Court is not bound to follow a decision of its own if it is satisfied that the decision which was given per incuriamPer incuriam As a general rule the only cases in which decisions should be held to have been given 'per incuriam' are those of decisions given in ignorance or forgetfulness of some inconsistent statutory provision or some authority binding on the court concerned; so that in such cases some part of the decision or some step in the reasoning on which it is based is found, on that account, to be demonstrably wrong. It should be a glaring case, an obtrusive omission. Those decisions given in ignorance or forgetfulness of some inconsistent statutory provision or of some authority binding on the court concerned, so that in such cases some part of the decision or some step in the reasoning on which it is based, is found, on that account to be demonstrably wrong. i.e. Statute or a Rule having statutory effect which could have affected the decision was not brought to the attention of the earlier Rule.

41. Mr. Dasgupta, thus, submitted that since none of the exceptions is attracted in the instant case, the judgment which was passed by the Division Bench in the case of in Pashupati Adhikary’s case so far as concept of authority is concerned, should have been followed by the subsequent Division Bench.

42. Mr. Sahu, learned Advocate, also supported the views expressed by both Mr. Dasgupta and Mr. Roy Chowdhury. Mr. Sahu submitted that since the decision in Pashupati Adhikary’s case has not yet been overruled either directly or impliedly by any higher forum, the law laid down in the said decision still holds the field. Mr. Sahu further submitted that it is rightly pointed out by Mr. Roy Chowdhury that the Hon’ble Supreme Court had no occasion to consider as to whether the functionary under the West Bengal Land Reforms Act while deciding a pre-emption proceeding can be regarded as ‘an authority’ within the meaning of the ‘authority’ as per Section 2(b) of the West Bengal Land Reforms and Tenancy Tribunal Act, 1997 or not. As such, it cannot be held that the decision in Pashupati Adhikary’s case, stood virtually overruled by the decision of the Hon’ble Supreme Court in Asish Roy’s case. Mr. Sahu, thus, submitted that now two contradictory decisions of two Division Benches of this Hon’ble Court have been passed but since both the aforesaid decisions are equally binding upon the Bench of a lesser strength of this Court, the Bench of the lesser strength can consider as to which out of those two judgments is much more reasonable and is better from the point of law and may accept the said decision which is much more reasonable and better in point of law. To support such submission Mr. Sahu relied upon the following decisions of different High CourtsHigh Court High Court Judges in England and Wales handle complex and tough cases, sitting in London and traveling to court centers around the country. They preside over serious criminal and important civil cases, and support the Lord and Lady Justices in hearing appeals. High Court Judges are commonly referred to as ‘Mr/Mrs/Ms Justice surname’ and are given the prefix ‘The Honourable’. They are assigned to the King’s Bench Division, the Family Division, or the Chancery Division. The King’s Bench Division focuses on civil wrongs and judicial review, the Family Division deals with family law, and the Chancery Division handles various cases including company law and probate. Judges are appointed through a rigorous process overseen by the Judicial Appointments Commission. as well as of the Hon’ble Supreme Court:

1. In the case of Indo Swiss Time Ltd. v. Umrao and Ors. reported in (Full. Bench).

2. In the case of Bholanath Karmakar v. Madan Mohan Karmakar reported in (1987)2 CLJ 332 (Special Bench).

3. In the case of Gugarat Urja Vikas Nigam Ltd. v. Essar Power Ltd. reported in : AIR2008SC1921 .

43. Mr. Sahu also relied upon another decision of the Hon’ble Supreme Court in the case of Transmission CorporationCorporation A legally established entity that can enter into contracts, own assets and incur debt, as well as sue and be sued—all separately from its owner(s). The term covers both for-profit and nonprofit corporations and includes nonstock corporations, incorporated membership organizations, incorporated cooperatives, incorporated trade associations, professional corporations and, under certain circumstances, limited liability companies. of A.P. v. Chandra Prabhakar reported in : (2004)5SCC551 to show that the right of appeal is a substantive right which can be taken away only by subsequent enactment if it so provides expressly or by necessary intendment and not otherwise. Mr. Sahu, thus, submitted that since the subsequent amendment does not specifically provide that the litigant will have no right of appeal against the decree for eviction, it cannot be held that the right of appeal of the litigant is lost by virtue of such amendment of 2005.

44. Mr. Bagchi, learned Advocate, submits that the provision contained in Section 6 of the West Bengal Premises Tenancy Act, 1997 as it now stands after the amendment of 2006 clearly indicates that decree for eviction can be passed only by Civil Judge having jurisdiction in a Suit instituted by the landlord. According to Mr. Bagchi since such suits are being tried as per the provision of the Civil Procedure Code, appeal against the decree of eviction and/or refusal to grant a decree for eviction passed by the Civil Judge, will lie to the Court having jurisdiction to hear such appeal under Section 96 of the Civil Procedure Code. Mr. Bagchi submitted that a question came up for consideration before the Division Bench of this Hon’ble Court as to whether a proceeding regarding application under Section 476 of the Criminal Procedure Code before the Civil Court can be regulated by the Civil Procedure Code or by the Criminal Procedure Code. The said dispute was ultimately resolved by the Division Bench of this Hon’ble Court by holding inter alia that the proceeding regarding an application under Section 476 of the Criminal Procedure Code before a Civil Court, since its entertainment till its disposal either by rejection or by filing a complaint, continues to be a civil proceeding and consequently Section 141 of the Civil Procedure Code can legitimately be made applicable to such an application and an application under Section 476 filed before a Civil Court could be governed by the procedure of that Court namely the Civil Procedure Code. The said principle which was laid down in the case of Sambhi Nath Sadhukha v. Meghesh Kr. Sadhukha, reported in 1985 CWN 645, according to Mr. Bagchi, is applicable to the suit for eviction under Section 6 of the said Act, inasmuch as so long as the suit for eviction is pending before the Civil Judge such suit should be regulated by the Civil Procedure Code, right from its initiation upto its disposal.

45. By relying upon another decision of the Hon’ble Supreme Court in the case of Deep Chand and Ors. v. Land Acquisition Officers and Ors. reported in : [1994]1SCR530 Mr. Bagchi submitted that where a legal right of a party, to a dispute, has to be adjudicated by Courts of ordinary civil jurisdiction, ordinary rules of Civil Procedure become applicable and an appeal lies, even if not otherwise provided for by such rules, i.e. to say, notwithstanding that the legal right claimed, arises under a special statute which does not in terms confer right of appeal, an appeal lies. By referring to the said decision Mr. Bagchi pointed out that the Hon’ble Supreme Court in the said decision made a distinction between the ultimate decision passed under Section 30 of the Land Acquisition Act and the decision passed under Section 49(1) of the said Act. The Hon’ble Supreme Court in the said decision held that the determination under Section 49(1) is not a decree within the meaning of Section 2(2) Civil Procedure Code as no civil right is adjudicated under the said provision but the decision which is taken under Section 30 of the said Act amounts to a decree as legal right of the parties to a dispute has to be adjudicated by the Court of ordinary civil jurisdiction under ordinary rules of Civil Procedure and, therefore, appeal lies against the ultimate decision passed under Section 30 of the said Act as per Section 96 of the Civil Procedure Code.

46. Mr. Bagchi, thus, submits that if the aforesaid principles is applied in the facts of the instant case then there would be no hesitation to hold that appeal lies against the decree of eviction passed by the Civil Judge under Section 6 of the said Act notwithstanding the said Act does not provide for an appeal and such appeal will lie to the Civil Court which is competent to hear such appeal as per Section 96 of the Civil Procedure Code.

47. Mr. Mondal, learned Advocate, appearing on behalf of the opposite party in CO. No. 3665 of 2007 supported the later Division Bench judgment passed in the case of Dipak Kr. Singh v. State of West Bengal. However, since there are some special distinguishable features in CO. No. 3665 of 2007, this Court wants to deal with the submission of the learned Counsel of the respective parties in the said Revisional Application separately.

48. Let me now consider the common question of law involved in the aforesaid revisional applications hereunder:

(A) In the aforesaid context, this Court first of all wants to find out the answer as to whether any appeal lies against an order of eviction of a tenant passed under Section 6 of the West Bengal Premises Tenancy Act, 1997 or not and in the event the answer is in the affirmative, then what will be the forum for such appeal?

If the provision of Section 6 of the said Act the it stood prior to the amendment of 2005 is considered, then the only authority which was authorised to pass an order of eviction against a tenant under the said Act, was the controller.

Section 43 of the said Act provides that an appeal shall lie from the final order of the controller to such Tribunal as the State legislature may, by law, provide:Provided that until a Tribunal is so provided, an appeal from the final order of the Controller lie to the High Court.

49. Thus, Section 43 of the said Act makes it clear that the order of eviction which was passed by the controller under Section 6 of the said Act prior to its amendment effected in 2005, is appealable before the Tribunal constituted under the West Bengal Land Reforms and Tenancy Tribunal Act, 1997.

50. Situation became very much complicated when the provision of Section 6 of the said Act was repeatedly amended, i.e. once in 2005 and thereafter in 2006. By the amendment of 2005 the expression ‘Controller’ appearing in Section 6 of the said Act was substituted by the expression ‘the Civil Judge having jurisdiction’. Again in 2006 Section 6 of the said Act was further amended and thereby the expression ‘except on an application made to him by the landlord in the prescribed manner’ was substituted by ‘except on a suit being instituted by such landlord’.

51. By those two amendments the jurisdiction of the Controller to pass an order of eviction on an application made to him by the landlord in the prescribed manner was taken away and a different forum was created for trial of the eviction proceeding as indicated above. The provision contained in Section 6 of the said Act as it stands now makes it clear that the Civil Judge having jurisdiction was vested with the exclusive power to pass a decree for eviction against a tenant in a suit instituted by the landlord on any of the grounds as mentioned therein.

52. Even though the provisions of Section 6 of the said Act was successively amended once in 2005 and thereafter in 2006, but no corresponding amendment was made in the provision of Section 43 of the said Act. No other provision was also introduced in the said Act making provision for an appeal against the decree passed by the Civil Judge having jurisdiction in any forum. As such, the only conclusion, which can be arrived at by this Court that the decree for eviction passed by the Civil Judge having jurisdiction in a suit for eviction under Section 6 of the said Act is not appealable under Section 43 of the said Act.

53. But, in this context, two questions will crop up immediatelyForthwith In Rao Mahmood Ahmad Khan v. Ranbir Singh , has held that the word ‘forthwith’ is synonymous with the word immediately, which means with all reasonable quickness. When a statute requires something to be done ‘forthwith’ or ‘immediately’ or even ‘instantly’, it should probably be understood as allowing a reasonable time for doing it. The interpretation of the word ‘forthwith’ would depend upon the terrain in which it travels and would take its colour depending upon the prevailing circumstances which can be variable. (Shento Varghese v. Julfikar Husen & Ors [2024] 6 S.C.R. 409). Anwar Ahmad v. State of UP [1976] 1 SCR 779 : AIR (1976) SC 680; Nevada Properties (P) Ltd. v. State of Maharashtra & Anr. [2019] 15 SCR 223 : (2019) 20 SCC 119; State of Maharashtra v. Tapas D. Neogy [1999] Supp. 2 SCR 609 : 1999 INSC 417; Ravinder Kumar & Anr. v. State of Punjab [2001] Supp. 2 SCR 463 : (2001) 7 SCC 690; Bhajan Singh and Ors. v. State of Haryana [2011] 7 SCR 1 : 2011 INSC 422; HN Rishbud v. State of Delhi [1955] 1 SCR 1150 : (1954) 2 SCC 934; Sk. Salim v. State of West Bengal [1975] 3 SCR 394 : (1975) 1 SCC 653; China Apparao and Others v. State of Andhra Pradesh [2002] Supp. 3 SCR 175 : (2002) 8 SCC 440; Navalshankar Ishwarlal Dave v. State of Gujarat [1993] 3 SCR 676 : 1993 Supp. 3 SCC 754; Rao Mahmood Ahmad Khan v. Ranbir Singh [1995] 2 SCR 230 : (1995) Supp. 4 SCC 275; Bidya Deb Barma v. District Magistrate [1969] 1 SCR 562 : (1968) SCC OnLine SC 82. . Firstly, where a landlord filed an application for eviction against his tenant before the controller under Section 6 of the said Act before the amendment of 2005 came into operation but ultimately got a decree for eviction from the Court of the Civil Judge having jurisdiction after the amendment of 2005 and 2006 came into operation, then will the tenant lose the right to challenge such a decree before any appellate forum because of the subsequent amendment? The other question which will crop up is that if the landlord gets a decree for eviction against his tenant by the Civil Judge having jurisdiction in a suit under Section 6 of the said Act after the amendment of 2005 came into operation, then can the tenant challenge the said decree in appeal before any appellate forum?

54. In fact, if the entire scheme of the West Bengal Premises Tenancy Act, 1956 is considered, then it will be found that even in the said Act no provision was made for challenging any decree passed in an eviction suit before any forum. As such, confusion was earlier created as to whether a decree passed in an eviction suit under Section 13 of the said Act is appealable or not. The said dispute was ultimately resolved by a decision of this Hon’ble Court in the case of Ganesh Chandra Dutta v. Chunilal Mondial and Anr. reported in : AIR1972Cal150 wherein it was held that the expression ‘decree’ in the West Bengal Premises Tenancy Act. 1956 has the same meaning as that of the ‘decree’ as defined in Section 2(2) of the Code of Civil Procedure. As such, it was held therein that:

Under Section 96 of the Civil Procedure Code save as otherwise expressly provided in the body of the Code or by any other law for the time being in force an appeal shall He from every decree passed by any Court exercising original jurisdiction to the Court authorized to here the appeals from the decision of such Courts. There is nothing in the West Bengal Premises Tenancy Act limiting or affecting such right of appeal against a decree passed in a suit for recovery of possession.

55. Accordingly, it was held in the said decision that the order of eviction passed by the City Civil Court is appealable before the High Court. A confusion may again arise as the said decision was given in the context of a decree passed by the City Civil Court inasmuch as Section 8 of the City Civil Court’s Act itself provides that an appeal shall lie to the High Court from every decree passed by the City Civil Court and sub Section 6 of Section 29 of the West Bengal Premises Tenancy Act provides that the provision of Civil procedure shall apply to all suits and proceedings referred to in Section 20 except suit and proceeding which lie to High Court. If these two provisions are taken into consideration, then apparently an impression may grow that only in case of eviction decree passed by the City Civil Court appeal lies to High Court. But the said confusion may again be removed with reference to the discussion made in paragraph 5 in the said decision of Ganesh Chandra v. Chunilal wherein a Privy Council decision in Adaikappa Chettiar v. Chandra Sekhar Thevar was relied upon to show that where a legal right is in dispute and the ordinary Courts of the country are seized of such disputes, the Courts are governed by the ordinary rules of procedure applicable thereto and an appeal lies if authorized by such rules notwithstanding that the legal right arises under a special statute which does not in terms confer a right of appeal.

56. In fact, the views which were expressed by the Privy Council in the aforesaid case was reiterated in a subsequent decision of the Hon’ble Supreme Court in the case of Deepchand and Ors. v. Land Acquisition Officers and Ors. reported in : [1994]1SCR530 .

57. The significance of the use of the expressions such as ‘Civil Judge having jurisdiction,’ ‘suit’, ‘decree’ in the amendments of the West Bengal Premises Tenancy Act, 1997 in 2005 and in 2006, cannot be lost sight of, inasmuch as these expressions were all introduced in the said amendments without defining those expressions in the Act itself. In the absence of any special meaning given to those expressions by defining them differently in the Act itself, this Court will have no other alternative but to hold that those expressions convey the same meaning with which we are ordinarily familiar. When the detailed procedure for conduct of such suits before the Civil Court has not been laid down in the Act itself, this Court has no hesitation to hold that the ordinary rules of procedure which are applicable to the Civil Suit, are applicable to the suit and/or proceeding under Section 6 of the said Act before the Civil Judge. As sueh, the provision relating to appeal and/or the forum of appeal which is applicable to civil suit before the Civil Court will apply mutatis mutandisMutatis mutandis It means "with necessary changes in the points of detail" or "with such change as may be necessary" in case of suit for eviction under the said Act.

58. On consideration of the aforesaid facts and circumstances, this Court holds that a decree of eviction passed by the Civil Judge having jurisdiction, in a suit for eviction filed under Section 6 of the said Act after the amendment of 2005/2006, is appealable under Section 96 of the A Civil Procedure Code and the forum of appeal will be selected as per Section 21 of the Bengal Agra and Assam Civil Courts Act, 1887.

59. I fully endorse the views of Mr. Dasgupta and Mr. Roy Chowdhury with regard to appealability of the decree passed by the Civil Judge under Section 6 of the West Bengal Premises Tenancy Act, 1997 as recorded above.

(B) Let me now consider the other question as indicated above. If a proceeding for eviction is filed by a landlord before the Controller under Section 6 of the said Act prior to its amendment in 2005 and if during the continuation of the said suit, the Controller ceases to have jurisdiction to try the said proceeding because of the amendment of 2005, then can the decree which will be passed in such a suit and/or proceeding by the Civil Judge having jurisdiction after 2005, be challenged in appeal or not?

60. In my view, this problem has been rightly explained by Mr. Dasgupta by referring to the decision in the case of Colonial Sugar Refining Co. Ltd. v. Irving reported in 1905 AC 369 and also to the decision of the Hon’ble Supreme Court in the case of Ietyavira Mathai v. Varkey Varkey and Anr. reported in : [1964]1SCR495 wherein it was held that no party has a vested right to get its appeal heard by a specified number of Judges as the parties have no say regarding the change of forum but the right of appeal which the party had originally at the time of initiation of the proceeding for eviction cannot be taken away.

61. Following the said principles which was laid down in the said decision, this Court holds that since at the time of initiation of the said proceeding prior to 2005, the parties had a right of appeal under Section 43 of the said Act, the said right of appeal of an aggrieved party against a decree for eviction cannot be denied. As such, this Court holds that even in the said circumstances the aggrieved party has a right of appeal against any decree passed in an eviction suit by a Civil Judge having jurisdiction under Section 6 of the said Act after its amendment in 2005.

62. In my view, since the ultimate decree which is passed in such a suit has all the trappings of the decree as defined under Section 2(2) of the Civil Procedure Code, appeal against such decree will lie under Section 96 of the said Act before the appellate forum as per Section 21 of the Bengal, Agra and Assam Civil Court’s Act, 1887.

63. The submission which was made by Mr. Dasgupta in this regard is fully accepted by this Court.

(C) Let me now consider the other question being the primary question which is raised in all the aforesaid revisional applications i.e. as to whether any interlocutory order passed in such an eviction suit is assailable under Articles 226 and 227 of the Constitution of India before this Hon’ble Court or not.

64. In fact, it is rather a very difficult job for this Court to give any straight cut answer to the said question as two different Division Benches of this Court differed in their opinion in this regard.

65. Though 1 knowKnowledge Knowledge is derived from the process of an informed person integrating data from sense organs or intuition into their psyche. This concept is explored in the Vedic Nasadiya Sukta, which questions the possibility of ultimate truth or knowledge. In different languages, such as Greek, Latin, Sanskrit, and Chinese, knowledge is expressed as "η γνώση," "Scientia," "ज्ञानम्‌ ," and "知识 Zhīshì," respectively. my limitations but still then I cannot avoid to consider as to which one out of the aforesaid two decisions of the Division Benches of this Hon’ble Court is much more reasonable and acceptable as it was laid down by the Special Bench of this Hon’ble Court in the case of Bholanath Karmakar v. Madan Mohan Karmakar reported in (1987)2 CLJ 332 that where there are contrary decisions of the Hon’ble Supreme Court rendered by the Benches of equal strength, the High Court in theory, being bound by each one, is, in effect, bound by none and is not necessarily obliged to follow the latter in point of time, but may follow the one which, according to it is better in point of law.

66. In fact, an identical view was also expressed by the Full Bench of Punjab & Haryana High Court in the case of Indo-Swiss Time Ltd. v. Unrao and Ors. reported in .

67. Bearing in mind the principles laid down in the aforesaid two decisions of our High Court as well as the Full Bench of Punjab and Haryana High Court, this Court will have to find out as to which one out of the aforesaid two conflicting decisions of this Hon’ble Court has laid down a reasonable and acceptable principle and which is better in point of law.

68. In my view, Mr. Roy Chowdhury in his eloquent argumentArguments It is not quarreling. It can be divided into Deductive, inductive, and conductive > Functional includes include: “because”, “since”, “for”, and “as”; typical conclusion indicators include “therefore”, “thus”, “hence”, and “so”. पंच अवयव तर्कः प्रतिज्ञा हेतू उदाहरणम् निगमनम् अवयवाः > premises to conclusion or conclusion to premises to Proof something. Proof is a derivation of a conclusion from premises through a valid argument. rightly pointed out that the dispute as to whether the Munsif and/or the District Judge, while discharging their function under the West Bengal Land Reforms Act in a preemption proceeding, act as an authority or not within the meaning of the authority as defined in Section 2(b) of the West Bengal Land Reforms and Tenancy Tribunal Act, was not under consideration before the Hon’ble Supreme Court in the case of State of West Bengal v. Asish Kr. Roy. Mr. Roy Chowdhury very meticulously pointed out the points of dispute which were really under consideration before the Hon’ble Supreme Court in the case of Asish Kr. Roy. On perusal of the decision of the Hon’ble Supreme Court in the case of Asish Kr. Roy, this Court has no hesitation to hold that the reading of Mr. Roy Chowdhury, as recorded in the preceding paragraphs is absolutely correct and this Court fully agrees with Mr. Roy Chowdhury’s reading to the effect that the concept of authority was neither under consideration before the Hon’ble Supreme Court in Asish Roy’s case nor the Hon’ble Supreme Court decided anything with regard to the concept of authority in the said decision. In fact, the vires of the West Bengal Land Reforms and Tenancy Tribunal Act amongst the other two points as recorded hereinabove were under challenge before the Hon’ble Supreme Court and those three points were answered by the Hon’ble Supreme Court in Asish Kr. Roy’s case.

69. On the contrary, if the decision of the earlier Division Bench of this Court in PashupatiAdhikary’s case is considered minutely, then nobody can dispute that the concept of authority as per Section 2(b) of the West Bengal Land Reforms and Tenancy Tribunal Act and further as to whether the Munsifs and the District Judges are the officers of the State and/or functionaries of the State or not, were not only directly involved in Pashupati Adhikary’s case but also were answered by the Hon’ble Division Bench of this Court in the said case with a definite conclusion that the Judicial Officers while considering the preemption proceeding and/or the appeals arising therefrom are class apart as against the employees of the State Government under Act of 1955 and conferment of additional duty upon the Judicial Officers to adjudicate the issues of preemption will not change the character of Judicial Officers to that an authority or functionary under the Act of 1955. Their Lordships, thus, ultimately concluded in Pashupati Adhikary’s case that the order passed by the Munsif or the District Judge cannot be subject to the orders of the Tribunal and it will be only subject to judicial review by the High Court under Section 115 of the Civil Procedure Code being directly subordinate to high Court. It was further held therein that both the authorities i.e. the Munsif as well as the District Judge are not the revenue authority while deciding the question of preemption and those authorities are judicial authorities appointed under the Bengal, Agra and Assam Civil Court’s Act, 1887 and they are exercising their power as judicial authority and not as a revenue authority.

70. Thus, if those two decisions i.e. the decision of Pashupati Adhikary’s case and Dipak Kr. Singh’s case are considered minutely, then this Court has no hesitation to hold that with regard to the concept of authority, the Division Bench decision passed in Pashupati Adhikary’s case still holds good and is operative in the field and it cannot be held that the views expressed in Pashupati Adhikary’s case has been virtually overruled by the Hon’ble Supreme Court in the case of State of West Bengal v. Asish Kr. Roy for the reasons as indicated above.

71. In my view, if the successive amendments of various provisions of the West Bengal Premises Tenancy Act, 1997 namely Section 6, Section 7. Section 38 of the said Act are considered minutely, then the only conclusion which can be arrived at is that after amendment of 2005 and 2006 two distinctly different forums were created for adjudication of distinctly different types of disputes between the landlord and the tenant. Though a uniform forum was initially created for adjudication of any dispute between the landlord and the tenant but subsequently after 2005, eviction proceeding was taken out of the domain of the Controller and was given to the exclusive jurisdiction of the Civil Court for resolution of disputes. When Civil Courts were given exclusive jurisdiction to try a suit for eviction filed by the landlord against his tenant and when the Civil Court was authorized to pass a decree for eviction after adjudication of the civil rights of a party in such a suit, it cannot be held that the Civil Courts are authority within the meaning of the authority under Section 2(b) of the West Bengal Land Reforms and Tenancy Tribunal Act inasmuch as, such Civil Courts are not created and/or appointed under the said Act but such authority was vested upon the existing Civil Courts constituted under the Bengal, Agra and Assam Civil Courts Act.

72. The submission made by Mr. Dasgupta, Mr. Roy Chowdhury, Mr. Sahu, Mr. Bagchi and Mr. Basu as recorded above as to the applicability of Civil Procedure Code in conduct of trial of the eviction suit and/or pre emption proceeding before the Civil Judge and/or before the Munsif, having territorial jurisdiction, as the case may be, is accepted by this Court without any hesitation. In my considered view the principle which was laid down in Pashupati Adhikary’s case, still holds the field and the decision of Pashupati Adhikary’s case cannot be held to be overruled by the decision of the Hon’ble Supreme Court in the case of State of West Bengal v. Ashish Kumar Roy (supra) as it is rightly pointed out by Mr. Roy Chowdhury that the concept of ‘authority’ within the meaning of ‘Authority’ as contemplated under Section 2(b) of the West Bengal Land Reforms and Tenancy Tribunal Act, was neither a point of consideration before the Hon’ble Supreme Court, nor the said point was decided therein.

73. Thus, this Court holds that the orders passed by the Civil Judge having jurisdiction in connection with any interlocutory proceeding including a proceeding under Section 7 of the West Bengal Premises Tenancy Act, 1997, are the orders passed by the Civil Judge and, as such, is revisable either under Section 115 of the Code of Civil Procedure or under Article 227 of the Constitution of India before the single Judge of the High Court as per the provision of the Appellate Side Rules. Since such an order passed by the Civil Judge cannot be regarded as an order passed by an authority under the West Bengal Land Reforms and Tenancy Tribunal Act, such order cannot be challenged either under Articles 226 or under Article 227 before the Tribunal constituted under the West Bengal Land Reforms and Tenancy Tribunal Act, 1997.

74. Thus, the maintainability point which was raised in the aforesaid Revisional Applications is decided accordingly.

(D) Let me now consider the merit of C.O. No. 4311 of 2007. This revisional application is directed against an order being No. 4 dated 1st December, 2007 passed by the learned Additional District Judge at Barrackpore in Title Appeal No. 29 of 2007 at the instance of the defendant/appellant/petitioner.

75. The plaintiff/opposite party filed an application under Section 6 of the West Bengal Land Reforms Act, 1997 prayingPraying It can be interpreted as a political idea. It implicitly assumes the existence of the powerful and the powerless, with an intermediate agency positioned between them. This agency, often unquestioned and abstract, functions to preserve the existing balance between power and poverty. In doing so, prayer operates as a mechanism that normalizes hierarchy, encourages acceptance over challenge, and sustains the status quo without requiring conscious awareness from those who participate in it. for eviction of the petitioner herein from the suit premises on various grounds under Section 6 of the said Act. The said application was filed on 8th September. 2004 before the Court of the learned Civil Judge (Junior Division), 3rd Court at Sealdah. At the relevant time of filing of the said application under Section 6 of the said Act, the learned Civil Judge (Junior Division), 3rd Court at Sealdah was discharging the function of the Controller being appointed by the State as per Section 38 of the West Bengal Premises Tenancy Act.

76. The said suit was ultimately decreed on contest by the learned Civil Judge (Junior Division), 3rd Court at Sealdah on 29th June, 2007. At the time of disposal of the said suit the learned Civil Judge (Junior Division), 3rd Court at Sealdah ceased to function as a Controller due to change of law introduced in Section 6 of the West Bengal Premises Tenancy Act, 1997 by two successive amendments. One of such amendments was made in 2005 and the subsequent amendment was made in 2006. By virtue of such amendment the said suit was ultimately disposed of by the Civil Judge having jurisdiction as a Civil Court and not as a Controller appointed under the Act under Section 38 thereof.

77. The defendant/petitioner was aggrieved against such a decree passed in the said suit and, as such, he preferred an appeal challenging the said decree of the learned Trial Judge before the Court of the learned Additional District Judge at Barrackpore. The said appeal was registered as Title Appeal No. 29 of 2007.

78. A preliminary objection regarding maintainability of the said appeal was raised by the plaintiff/opposite party herein. The plaintiff/opposite party alleged that in view of the provision contained in Section 43 of the said act, such an appeal can only be maintained before the Tribunal constituted under the West Bengal Land Reforms and Tenancy Tribunal Act, 1997.

79. The learned Appeal Court by relying upon a decision of this Hon’ble Court in the case of RamLord Rama A prince of the Solar Dynasty (Ikshaku Vamsa, capital Ayodhya). His victorious story was portrayed by Valmiki in Ramayana. He identified him as the Avatar of Lord Vishnu. When the Brahmins became unethical, cruel, and greedy, he appeared to restore the Sanatan Dharma. He was trained by Rishi Viswamitra.  His rule impacted for 10000 years. Ramrajya means good administration. Sakal Roy v. Sambhu Nath Joyswal reported in 2007(1) WBLR(Cal) 333 held that this appeal is not maintainable before the said Appellate Court. The learned Appeal Court, thus, held that such an appeal is maintainable only before the Tribunal. Accordingly, a direction was passed for return of the memorandum of appeal to the learned Advocate of the appellant for filing the same before the appropriate forum.

80. The propriety of the said order is under challenge in this revisional application.

81. Since the submission of Mr. Bidyut Kr. Banerjee, learned senior counsel of the petitioner, has already been recorded hereinabove, this Court does not want to record his submission separately herein. In short, it is recorded herein that Mr. Banerjee challenged the propriety of the impugned orderImpugned order Order under challenge by placing strong reliance on Pasupati Adhikary’s case which, according to Mr. Banerjee, still holds the filed.

82. Mr. S.P. Ghosh, learned Advocate, appearing for the opposite party supported the judgment of the Appeal Court by placing strong reliance on the decision of Ram Sakal Roy v. Sambhu Nath Joyswal (supra).

83. Mr. Ghosh ultimately submitted by relying upon another decision of this Hon’ble Court in the case of Ramesh Goyel v. Dwinderpal Singh and Ors. reported in : (2008)1CALLT429(HC) that if this Court differs in opinion from the view taken by the other Bench of similar strength in the case of Ram Sakal Roy v. Sambhu Nath Jaiswal (supra), then this Court, instead of deciding the issue finally, should refer this matter to the Hon’ble Chief Justice for a reference to a larger Bench.

84. Mr. Ghosh further submitted that since at the time of institution of the said proceeding before the Trial Judge, a right of appeal was vested in the parties thereto under Section 43 of the said Act, such right of appeal cannot be taken away by any subsequent amendment. As such, Mr. Ghosh submitted that even though Section 43 was not amended either in 2005 or in 2006 but, still then, the right of appeal which was available to the unsuccessful party in the said proceeding at the time of institution thereof, cannot be taken away. Thus, Mr. Ghosh did not, in effect, challenge the petitioner’s right of appeal against the decree passed in the suit but he contended that the forum of appeal should also be chosen as per the law relating to such appeal which was prevalent at the time of institution of the original proceeding for eviction. Mr. Ghosh, thus, wanted to suggest that forum of appeal is also a vested right as that of the right of appeal and none can be taken away without any subsequent enactment.

85. In support of the aforesaid submission Mr. Ghosh also relied upon the following two decisions of the Hon’ble Supreme Court:

1. In the case of Garikapati Veeraya v. Subbiah Choudhry and Ors. reported in : [1957]1SCR488 .

2. In the case of Jose Da Costa and Anr. v. Bascora Sadashva Sinai Narcomin and Ors. reported in : AIR1975SC1843 .

86. Mr. Ghosh, thus, contended that such an appeal can only be entertained by the Tribunal constituted under the West Bengal Land Reforms and Tenancy Tribunal Act, 1997.

87. Let me now consider the substance of such submission of Mr. Ghosh herein.

88. The first phase of the submission of Mr. Ghosh as recorded hereinabove does not commence to me at all as it is not a case where a different view is taken by this Court by deviating from the view which had already been taken by another learned Single Judge of this Court in the case of Ram Sakal Roy v. Sambhu Nath Jaiswal (supra) in a similar set of facts. I have already indicated above that the West Bengal Premises Tenancy Act, 1997 was amended twice; once in 2005 and subsequently in 2006. The judgment which was passed in the case of Ram Sakal Roy v. Sambhu Nath Jaiswal (supra), considered the effect of the amendment of 2005. The amendment of 2006 came into the light after delivery of judgment in the case of Ram Sakal Roy v. Sambhu Nath Jaiswal (supra). As such, at the time of delivering the judgment, the learned single Judge of this Hon’ble Court had no occasion to consider the effect of the amendment of 2006.

89. Here is the case where this Court is required to take note of both the amendments of 2005 and 2006 as the suit was decreed by the learned trial Judge in 2007 after the amendment of 2006 came into effect.

90. Thus, since the law has changed after the passing of the judgment in the case of Ram Sakal Roy v. Sambhu Nath Jaiswal (supra), this Court can assess the merit of the impugned order independently and even if a contrary view is taken by this Court than the view taken in the earlier decision in the case of Ram Sakal Roy v. Sambhu Nath Jaiswal (supra), as aforesaid, this Court need not refer this matter to the Hon’ble Chief Justice for a reference to a larger Bench.

91. Accordingly I hold that the principles laid down in the case of Ramesh Goyel v. Dwinderpal Singh and Ors. (supra) has no application in the facts of the instant case.

92. Let me now consider the other part of the submission of Mr. Ghosh wherein he contended that forum of appeal is also a vested right as that of the right of appeal. The decisions which were cited by Mr. Ghosh to support his said contention, make it abundantly clear that the right of appeal is a vested right of the parties and, as such, if right of appeal is granted under the Act and if such right was available to a party on the date of initiation of the proceeding, such right cannot be taken away unless that right is taken away expressly or by necessary intendment by any subsequent enactment.

93. In fact, Mr. Dasgupta, Mr. Roy Chowdhury and Mr. Banerjee in their uniform voice submitted in the same tune by borrowing the said principle of law which was laid down in the aforesaid decisions of the Hon’ble Supreme Court, cited by Mr. Ghosh and they submitted confidently that the right of appeal is a vested right of the parties which cannot be taken away without subsequent legislation.

94. On careful perusal of those decisions, this Court, however, fails to find out that the Hon’ble Supreme Court decided in those decisions that even the forum of appeal is also a vested right which cannot be changed. In fact, the decision which were cited by Mr. Dasgupta in the case of the Colonial Sugar Refining Co. Ltd. v. Irving reported in 1905 AC 369 and also in the case of Ietyavira Mathai v. Varkey Varkey and Anr. reported in : [1964]1SCR495 clearly laid down that no party has a vested right to have his appeal heard by a specified forum. Those decisions are the authorities on the issue wherein it was clearly laid down that though right of appeal cannot be taken away but the forum of appeal can be; changed as no party has any vested right with regard to the forum of appeal.

95. Thus, taking into consideration the aforesaid decisions, this Court has no hesitation to hold that though the right of appeal cannot be taken away but the forum of appeal can be changed. As such, this Court cannot support the order impugned in view of the general discussion made hereinabove as well as the discussion made in Notes ‘A’ and ‘B’ hereinabove. The impugned order, thus, stands set aside. The learned Appeal Court is, thus, directed to decide the said appeal on merit.

96. The revisional application, thus, stands allowed.

(E) Re: CO. No. 3665 of 2007

97. Let me now consider the merit of CO. No. 3665 of 2007. The facts leading to the filing of the said revisional application are as follows:

An application praying for an order of eviction was filed by the landlord under Section 6 of the West Bengal Premises Tenancy Act, 1997 before the learned 3rd Bench, Presidency Small Causes Court, KolkataKolkata Police Stations:  i. Shyampukur P.S. ii. Jorabagan P.S. iii. Burtolla P.S. iv. Burrabazar P.S. v. Posta P.S. vi. Jorasanko P.S. vii. Girish Park P.S. viii. Amherst Street P.S. ix. Hare Street P.S. x. Bowbazar P.S. xi. Muchipara P.S. xii. Taltala P.S. xiii. New Market P.S. xiv. Park Street P.S. xv. Shakespeare Sarani P.S. xvi. Hastings P.S. xvii. Maidan P.S. xviii. North Port P.S. xix. South Post P.S. xx. West Port P.S. on 19th September, 2003. The said application was filed before the 3rd Bench, Presidency Small Causes Court, Kolkata as by virtue of a notification issued under Section 38(2) of the West Bengal Premises Tenancy Act, 1997, published on 1lth March, 2003, the Presiding Officer of the 3rd Bench, Presidency Small Causes Court, Kolkata was appointed by name as Additional Controller under sub-section 2 of Section 38 of the said Act in respect of the area under Shampukur Police Station wherein the suit premises is located, for the purpose of chapter 3 of the said Act.

98. However, during the pendency of the said proceeding Section 6 of the said Act was amended with effect from 19th March, 2005 and by virtue of such amendment, the jurisdiction of the controller to try such dispute was taken away and such jurisdiction was vested with the Civil Judge having jurisdiction. Subsequently the said provision was again amended on 20th April, 2006 whereby the expression ‘proceeding’ was replaced by the ‘suit’. By virtue of the said amendment Controller ceased to have jurisdiction to try any dispute between the landlord and tenant arising out of a suit for eviction. As such, the said proceeding and/or the suit was ultimately decided by the 3rd Judge, Presidency Small Causes Court, Kolkata not by virtue of his additional assignment as that of ant Additional Controller. In fact, a decree of eviction was passed in such a suit by the 3rd Bench, Presidency Small Causes Court, Kolkata and not by a persona designata on 28th February, 2007.

99. Mr. Bagchi’s client being the judgment debtor challenged the said decree for eviction in appeal before the Chief Judge, City Civil Court at Calcutta. The said appeal was registered as Title Appeal No. 47 of 2007.

100. In the said appeal the landlord/decree holder raised a preliminary objection regarding its maintainability, as according to the landlord/decree holder, since the 3rd Judge, Presidency Small Causes Court, Kolkata is an authority being functionary under Section 2(b) of the West Bengal land Reforms and Tenancy Tribunal Act and further since the order of eviction was passed by such a functionary, the ultimate order passed by such functionary can only be assailed before the Tribunal constituted under the West Bengal Land Reforms and Tenancy Tribunal Act and not before the City Civil Court.

101. The learned Appeal Court ultimately held that such an appeal is not maintainable before the City Civil Court and as such, liberty was given to the appellant therein to challenge the said decree for eviction before appropriate forum in accordance with law. The propriety of the said order is under challenge in this Revisional Application.

102. Mr. Bagchi, learned Advocate, appearing on behalf of the appellant/judgment debtor submitted that since decree was ultimately passed by the 3rd Bench, Presidency Small Causes Court, Kolkata as a Judge and not as Additional Controller being persona designata, such a decree for eviction is assailable as per Section 96 of the Civil Procedure Code before the next appellate forum i.e. the City Civil Court.

Thus, Mr. Bagchi invited this Court to interfere with the order impugned.

103. Mr. Mondal, learned Advocate, appearing for the opposite party submitted that in view of the provision contained in Section 19(d) of the -Presidency Small Causes Court Act, the jurisdiction of the Presidency Small Causes Court to try a suit for recovery of possession of any immovable property is barred. Mr. Mondal, thus, submitted that suit for eviction against a tenant was not entertainable by the Presidency Small Causes Court but since by the notification issued on 1lth March, 2003, the Judicial Officer of the 3rd Bench Presidency Small Causes Court, Kolkata was designated by name as Additional Controller under sub-Section 2 of Section 38 of the said Act, the proceeding for eviction was entertained by such Additional Controller in 2003 but ultimately when the said Additional Controller ceased to have any jurisdiction to try such a suit after the amendment came into operation in 2005, the 3rd Judge, Presidency Small Causes Court decreed the suit as a presiding officer of the said Court and not as persona designate. By referring to Section 9 of the Presidency Small Causes Court Act and Section 8 of the Civil Procedure Code Mr. Mondal contended that the proceeding before the Presidency Small Causes Court’s Act are not conducted by the provision contained in the Civil Procedure Code and as such, appeal against such an order of eviction cannot lie under Section 96 of the Civil Procedure Code. In short Mr. Mondal submitted that since the Judge of the Presidency Small Causes Court, Kolkata is an authority being functionary as per Section 2(b) of the West Bengal Land Reforms and Tenancy Tribunal Act, an order of eviction passed by such an authority can only be assailed under Articles 226 and 227 of the Constitution of India before the Tribunal constituted under the West Bengal Land Reforms and Tenancy Tribunal Act. Thus, Mr. Mondal supported the order impugned in the said Revisional Application.

104. On consideration of the aforesaid submission of the learned Advocate for the parties, this Court is of the view that though such a proceeding was validly instituted before the 3rd Bench, Presidency Small Causes Court, Kolkata who was the Additional Controller at the relevant time but because of subsequent amendment of the West Bengal Premises Tenancy Act, 1997 in 2005, the Additional Controller ceased to have any jurisdiction to try such proceeding and after amendment of Section 6 of the said Act in 2005, the Civil Judge having Jurisdiction only could have tried such suit for eviction. Since the Presidency Small Causes Court lost its jurisdiction to try an eviction suit filed by the landlord against his tenant, as a Additional Controller under the said Act and further since the pending suits before the Additional Controller were not saved by the said amendments, this Court holds that the judgment and decree which was ultimately passed in the said suit in 2007 by the Presidency Small Causes Court cannot be regarded as a decree passed by Additional Controller appointed under the said Act.

105. Now a question may crop up as to whether such a decree which was passed in the said eviction suit can be declared as a nullity as after the amendment of the West Bengal Premises Tenancy Act, 1997, in 2005 the Additional Controller had no jurisdiction to try the said suit.

106. In this regard reference may be made to the Presidency Small Causes Court (West Bengal Amendment) Act XIII of 1999 by which Section 18 thereof amended. Sub-section 2 of Section 18 of such amended provision is relevant for the present purpose. As such, sub-section 2 of Section 18 of the said West Bengal Act XIII of 1999 is set out hereunder:

Section 18(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in Section 19 or Sub-section (1) of this Section, but subject to the provisions of Sub-clause (iii) of Clause (I) of the First Schedule to the West Bengal Premises Tenancy Act, 1956, the Small Cause Court shall have jurisdiction to try all suits and proceedings for eviction of a tenant under Chapter III of the said Act as a Civil Court of ordinary original Jurisdiction.

107. Thus, the said amended provision makes it clear that all suits for eviction under the West Bengal Premises Tenancy Act, 1956 within the Original Side Jurisdiction of this Hon’ble High Court are now triable by the Presidency Small Causes Court subject to its pecuniary limit.

108. Though such provision was made for trial of the eviction suit under the 1956 Act by the Presidency Small Causes Court, but under the amended provision of West Bengal Act XIII of 1999, no such provision has been made for trial of the eviction suit under the West Bengal Premises Tenancy Act, 1997, by the Presidency Small Causes Court. In such view of the fact, this Court holds that the 3rd Bench of the Presidency Small Causes Court ought not to have proceeded with the trial of the said suit after Section 6 of the said Act was amended in 2005. As such, the decree which was passed by the 3rd Bench, Small Causes Court in 2007 is a nullity as the said Court was lacking jurisdiction inherently to try such suit after Section 6 of the said Act was amended in 2005.

109. Accordingly, this Court holds that the plaint of the said suit should have been returned to Mr. Mondal’s client by the Presidency Small Causes Court so that the said plaint could have been presented before the competent Civil Judge having jurisdiction to try such suit.

110. The impugned order as well as the decree for eviction passed in the said eviction suit, thus, stands set aside and as a consequence thereof, the appeal being Title Appeal No. 47 of 2007 filed by Mr. Bagchi’s client, should be regarded as nan est. The learned Appeal Court is directed to send the records of the Title Suit to the Court of learned 3rd Judge, Presidency Small Causes Court immediately.

111. The opposite party, thus, may approach the learned 3rd Judge, Presidency Small Causes Court. Kolkata for return of the plaint so that the said plaint can be presented by the opposite party before the competent Court having jurisdiction.

112. This Revisional Application, thus, stands disposed of.

(F) Re: CAN 9447 of 2008 filed in CO. No. 3665 of 2007

113. In course of hearing of these revisional applications, this Application was filed by Mr. Mondal’s client.

114. In view of the conclusion arrived by this Court as above, this Court holds that this application deserves no merit for consideration. The Court which passed the impugned order, cannot be regarded as an authority as contemplated under Section 2(b) of the West Bengal Land Reforms and Tenancy Tribunal Acts, 1997, and as such, the competence of a Single Judge of the High Court to consider the propriety of the order impugned in an application under Article 227 of the Constitution of India, cannot be challenged.

115. This application, thus, stands rejected. V

(G) Re: C.O. No. 264 of 2008

C.O. No. 1264 of 2008

C.O. No. 2638 of 2004

C.O. No. 2640 of 2004

116. Different types of interlocutory orders passed in different suits and/or proceedings either under the West Bengal Premises Tenancy Act, 1997 or under the West Bengal Land Reforms Act, 1955 are the subject matter of challenge in the aforesaid revisional applications. Preliminary objection which was raised against the maintainability of these applications has been discussed in Note ‘C’. This Court holds that the said discussion will govern the fate of these applications regarding their maintainability before the Court.

117. Since presently this Court has no determination to hear out the Revisional Application, let the aforesaid Revisional Application be released from this Court with liberty to the learned Advocate of the respective parties to mention the aforesaid Revisional Applications before the learned Judge having jurisdiction to consider the Revisional Application on merit.

118. Let these revisional applications be not treated as heard-in-part by this Court. Urgent xerox certified copy of this judgment, if applied for, be given to the parties, as expeditiously as possible.