Freedom of the Seas, or Right Which Belongs to Dutch to take part in East Indian Trade-Hugo Grotius-1608

The delusion is as old as it is detestable with which many men, especially those who by their wealth and power exercise the greatest influence, persuade themselves, or as I rather believe, try to persuade themselves, that justice and injustice are distinguished the one from the other not by their own nature, but in some fashion merely by the opinion and the custom of mankind-Error est non minus vetus quam pestilens, quo multi mortales, ii autem maxime qui plurimum vi atque opibus valent, persuadent sibi, aut, quod verius puto, persuadere conantur, iustum atque iniustum non suapte natura, sed hominum inani quadam opinione atque consuetudine distingui.

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The Freedom of the Seas

Date of Issue-1608

TO THE RULERS AND TO THE FREE AND INDEPENDENT NATIONS OF CHRISTENDOM [English Translation]

CHAPTER I By The Law Of Nations Navigation Is Free To All Persons Whatsoever
CHAPTER II The Portuguese Have No Right By Title Of Discovery To Sovereignty Over The East Indies To Which The Dutch Make Voyages
CHAPTER III The Portuguese Have No Right Of Sovereignty Over The East Indies By Virtue Of Title Based On The Papal Donation
CHAPTER IV The Portuguese Have No Right Of Sovereignty Over The East Indies By Title Of War
CHAPTER V Neither The Indian Ocean Nor The Right Of Navigation Thereon Belongs To The Portuguese By Title Of Occupation
CHAPTER VI Neither The Sea Nor The Right Of Navigation Thereon Belongs To The Portuguese By Virtue Of Title Based On The Papal Donation
CHAPTER VII Neither The Sea Nor The Right Of Navigation Thereon Belongs To The Portuguese By Title Of Prescription Or Custom
CHAPTER VIII By The Law Of Nations Trade Is Free To All Persons Whatsoever
CHAPTER IX Trade With The East Indies Does Not Belong To The Portuguese By Title Of Occupation
CHAPTER X Trade With The East Indies Does Not Belong To The Portuguese By Virtue Of Title Based On The Papal Donation
CHAPTER XI Trade With The East Indies Does Not Belong To The Portuguese By Title Of Prescription Or Custom
CHAPTER XII The Portuguese Prohibition Of Trade Has No Foundation In Equity
CHAPTER XIII The Dutch Must Maintain Their Right Of Trade With The East Indies By Peace, By Treaty, Or By War
APPENDIX
Two Letters Of Philip III, King Of Spain
LETTER I
LETTER II

AD PRINCIPES POPVLOSQVE LIBEROS ORBIS CHRISTIANI [Latin original-Elzevir edition of 1633]

CAPVT I Iure Gentium Quibusvis Ad Quosvis Liberam Esse Navigationem
CAPVT II Lusitanos Nullum Habere Ius Dominii In Eos Indos Ad Quos Batavi Navigant Titulo Inventionis
CAPVT III Lusitanos In Indos Non Habere Ius Dominii Titulo Donationis Pontificiae
CAPVT IV Lusitanos In Indos Non Habere Ius Dominii Titulo Belli
CAPVT V Mare Ad Indos Aut Ius Eo Navigandi Non Esse Proprium Lusitanorum Titulo Occupationis
CAPVT VI Mare Aut Ius Navigandi Proprium Non Esse Lusitanorum Titulo Donationis Pontificiae
CAPVT VII Mare Aut Ius Navigandi Proprium Non Esse Lusitanorum Titulo Praescriptionis Aut Consuetudinis
CAPVT VIII Iure Gentium Inter Quosvis Liberam Esse Mercaturam
CAPVT IX Mercaturam Cum Indis Propriam Non Esse Lusitanorum Titulo Occupationis
CAPVT X Mercaturam Cum Indis Propriam Non Esse Lusitanorum Titulo Donationis Pontificiae
CAPVT XI Mercaturam Cum Indis Non Esse Lusitanorum Propriam Iure Praescriptionis Aut Consuetudinis
CAPVT XII Nulla Aequitate Niti Lusitanos In Prohibendo Commercio
CAPVT XIII Batavis Ius Commercii Indicani Qua Pace, Qua Indutiis, Qua Bello Retinendum
APPENDIX: Cvm Svb Hoc Tempvs Plvrimae Regis Hispaniarvm Litterae In Manvs Nostras Venissent, Qvibvs Ipsivs Et Lvsitanorvm Institvtvm Manifeste Detegitvr, Operae Pretivm Visvm Est Ex Iis, Qvae Pleraeqve Eodem Erant Argvmento, Binas In Latinvm Sermonem Translatas Exhibere.
LETTER I
LETTER II

Works by the Hugo Grotius [ Bibliography]

Hugo Grotius, The Law of War and Peace (1625), “Book 3” in The Law of War: A Documentary History, ed. Leon Friedman, 2 vols (New York: Random House, 1972), vol. 1, pp. 16-146.

Hugo Grotius, The Law of War and Peace (1625). Extracts in Selections of Grotius’ De jure Belli ac Pacis, trans. W.S.M. Knight (Grotius Society Publications, 1922), vol. 3.

Hugo Grotius, De Jure Belli ac Pacis Libri Tres, trans. Francis W. Kelsey, Vol. 2 of The Classics of International Law, ed. James Brown Scott (Oxford, 1925).

Grotius, Hugo. The Freedom of the Seas. Translated by Ralph Deman Magoffin. New York: Oxford University Press, 1916.

Grotius, Hugo. The Rights of War and Peace: Including the Law of Nature and of Nations. Translated by A. C. Campbell. Washington: M. Dunne, 1901.

Grotius, Hugo. De Jure Belli ac Pacis Libri Tres. Vol. 2. Translated by Francis W. Kelsey. Oxford: Oxford at the Clarendon Press, 1925.

Grotius, Hugo. The Most Excellent Hugo Grotius, The Three Books Treating of the Rights of War and Peace. Translated by William Evats. Printed by M.W. for Thomas Basset at the George in Fleetstreet, 1682.

Grotius, Hugo. Prolegomena to the Law of War and Peace. Translated by Francis W. Kelsey. New York: Liberal Arts Press, 1957.

Grotius, Hugo. The Truth of the Christian Religion. Translated by John Clarke. London: 1777.