Dictionary – Advocatetanmoy Law Library

Dictionary of Influenza illness

Posted by Advocatetanmoyon April 25, 2021in Medical

An influenza pandemic is a global outbreak of a new influenza A virus. Pandemics happen when new (novel) influenza A viruses emerge which are able to infect people easily and spread from person to person in an efficient and sustained way. In the spring of 2009, a novel influenza A (H1N1) virus emerged. It was detected first in the United States and spread quickly across the United States and the world. This new H1N1 virus contained a unique combination of influenza genes not previously identified in animals or people. It should be noted that influenza virus testing is not required to make a clinical diagnosis of influenza in outpatients with suspected influenza, particularly during increased influenza activity when seasonal influenza A and B viruses are circulating in the local community.

Caveat and Caveat Emptor

Posted by Advocatetanmoyon March 11, 2021March 11, 2021in CIVIL

in law, a notice served on a public officer or court to refrain from doing a certain act without first giving notice to the caveator, as the person is termed who enters the caveat. Perhaps the best known use of the caveat in the United States is its entry by an inventor in the Patent Office for the purpose of establishing his claim to priority of invention, by enjoining its officers from issuing letters patent for any invention interfering with or infringing the rights claimed by the caveator without first giving him notice of the application for such letters patent.

What is hire-purchase agreement

Posted by Advocatetanmoyon December 3, 2020December 3, 2020in CIVIL

A hire-purchase agreement, being an agreement to hire coupled with an option (not an obligation) to purchase, developed in the middle of the nineteenth century as a means of financing the retail acquisition of furniture, sewing machines and musical instruments.It is said that this rental-purchase method covered the acquisition of pianos in the 1840's and Singer sewing machines in the 1860's.Two English cases of the 1890's consolidated the development of hire-purchase as a finance product. The prevalence of hire-purchase increased in the early decades of this century. In the depression years of the 1930's however, abuse of the agreements became more prolific.

Euro-NCAP: Car assessment programme

Posted by Advocatetanmoyon November 30, 2020November 30, 2020in CIVIL

Euro-NCAP The European New Car Assessment Programme is an influential, independent assessment of the safety of passenger cars to occupants and pedestrians, based upon the long-established NCAP for North America. The tests are controversial in that they differ from official…

Demand levelling

Posted by Advocatetanmoyon November 30, 2020November 30, 2020in CIVIL

Demand levelling is a technique to reeduce the fluctuations in demand for product which occur both within companies and along supply chains. Reducing lead times and batch sizes are two beneficial changes that smooth the flow of products to downstream…

Cycle time

Posted by Advocatetanmoyon November 30, 2020November 30, 2020in CIVIL

Cycle time is the time required to complete one cycle of an operation within an overall production process. Understanding cycle times is an important part of line balancing : if cycle time for every operation in the complete process can…

Cellular manufacturing

Posted by Advocatetanmoyon November 30, 2020in CIVIL

Cellular manufacturing refers to the arrangement of a factory into production cells consisting of a number of machines performing different operations, typically laid out in a U-shape or rough triangle rather than a traditional line, to permit one-piece flow of…

Activity-based costing

Posted by Advocatetanmoyon November 30, 2020in CIVIL

Activity-based costing (ABC) is a potentially complex management accounting system that assigns costs to products based on the cost of all the activities connected with that product - including purchasing, set-up times etc. ABC should recognise the true cost of…

Waste of time

Posted by Advocatetanmoyon November 30, 2020in CIVIL

wastes Scrap components are an obvious form of waste, the pioneering thinker Taiichi Ohno of Toyota Motor Co. identified 7 forms of wasted time, effort or materials all of which lead to inefficiency in the production process. They are: over-production…

Collateral and collateral agreement means

Posted by Advocatetanmoyon October 29, 2020January 28, 2021in Statutory definitions

“collateral” means- (i) money, in the form of cash, credited to an account in any currency, or a similar claim for repayment of money, such as a money market deposit; (ii) securities of any kind, including debt and equity securities;…

Confiscation-definition by FATF

Posted by Advocatetanmoyon October 22, 2020October 22, 2020in Crimes

Confiscation The term confiscation, which includes forfeiture where applicable, means the permanent deprivation of funds or other assets by order of a competent authority or a court. Confiscation or forfeiture takes place through a judicial or administrative procedure that…

CURRENT SUPREME COURT JUDGMENTS

Somesh Chaurasia Vs. State of Madhya Pradesh & Anr-22/07/21 - There are distinct doctrinal concepts in criminal law namely (i) the grant of bail before trial or, what is described as the 'pre-conviction' stage; (ii) setting aside an order granting bail when the principles which must weigh in the decision on whether bail should be granted have been overlooked or wrongly applied; (iii) the post- conviction suspension of sentence under the provisions of Section 389(1); and (iv) the cancellation of bail on the ground of supervening events, such as the conduct of the accused during the period of bail, vitiating the continuance of bail.
Union of India Vs. Rajendra N. Shah & Anr-20/07/21 - These appeals raise an important question as to the vires of the Constitution (Ninety Seventh Amendment) Act, 2011 [the "Constitution 97th Amendment Act"] which inter alia introduced Part IXB under the chapter heading 'The Co-operative Societies'. The Constitution 97th Amendment Act was passed by the requisite majority of the Lok Sabha on 27.12.2011 and the Rajya Sabha on 28.12.2011.
K.P. Natarajan & Anr. Vs. Muthalammal & Ors-16/07/2021 - There is no dispute on facts and there is no escape from the conclusion that the respondents have been grossly negligent in defending the suit as well as the execution proceedings. But the fact remains that while the parties can afford to remain negligent, the Court cannot. The High Court has found, after summoning the records from the trial Court that as a matter of fact, the trial Court failed to appoint a guardian for the third respondent/minor in a manner prescribed by law.
Sachin Kashyap & Ors. Vs. Sushil Chandra Srivastava & Ors-15/07/2021 - Writ Petition having been filed for a particular cause and with a particular prayer cannot be expanded to cover within its ambit all the issues which may be of general or public importance without there being any pleadings or prayer with regard to a particular issue.

EXECUTIVE ORDERS

Executive Order on Promoting Competition in the American Economy-09/07/2021 - The American information technology sector has long been an engine of innovation and growth, but today a small number of dominant Internet platforms use their power to exclude market entrants, to extract monopoly profits, and to gather intimate personal information that they can exploit for their own advantage.
Blocking Property and Suspending Entry Into USA of Certain Persons Contributing to Destabilizing Situation in Western Balkans-EO-08/06/21 - All property and interests in property that are in the United States, that hereafter come within the United States, or that are or hereafter come within the possession or control of any United States person of the following persons are blocked and may not be transferred, paid, exported, withdrawn, or otherwise dealt in: any person determined by the Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary of State
Threat posed by military Industry of China- Biden Issued Executive Order-03/06/2021 - I find that the use of Chinese surveillance technology outside the PRC and the development or use of Chinese surveillance technology to facilitate repression or serious human rights abuse constitute unusual and extraordinary threats, which have their source in whole or substantial part outside the United States, to the national security, foreign policy, and economy of the United States, and I hereby expand the scope of the national emergency declared in Executive Order 13959 to address those threats.
Improving the Nation’s Cybersecurity-EO 12/05/2021 - The United States faces persistent and increasingly sophisticated malicious cyber campaigns that threaten the public sector, the private sector, and ultimately the American people’s security and privacy. The Federal Government must improve its efforts to identify, deter, protect against, detect, and respond to these actions and actors. The Federal Government must also carefully examine what occurred during any major cyber incident and apply lessons learned. But cybersecurity requires more than government action.