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Home » Law Library Updates » Indian Philosophy

Indian Philosophy

Classical Indian: Epistemology and Metaphysics

Vedic and Upaniṣadic: Ṛta – the cosmic order, the divine and the human realms; the centrality of the institution of yajῆa (sacrifice), theories of creation Ātman – Self ( and not – self ), Jāgrat, Svapna, Susupti and turiya, Brahmaṇ.
· Cārvāka : Pratyakṣa as the only pramāṇa, critique of anumāna and śabda,
Consciousness as epi-phenomenon.
· Jainism : Concept of reality – sat, dravya, guṇa, paryāya, Jiva, ajiva, anekāntavāda,
syādvāda and nayavāda; theory of knowledge.
· Buddhism : Four Noble Truths, Āstangika Mārga, Distinction between Brahmiṇic and Śraminic traditions. Pratityasamutpāda, kṣaṇabhahgavāda, anātmavāda. Schools of Buddhism : Vaibhāṣika, Sautrāntika, Yogacāra, Mādhyamika and Tibetan Buddhism.
· Nyāya : Pramā and apramā, Theories of pramāṇa: pratyakṣa, anumāna, upamana,
śabda. Hetvabhāsa. Concept of God. Debate between Buddhism and Nyāya about
Pramāṇa-Vyavasthā and Pramāṇa Samplava. Anyathākhyati.
· Vaiśeṣika : Concept of padārtha and its kinds, Asatkāryavāda, Kinds of Kāraṇa:
samavāyi, asamavāyi, and nimitta kāraṇa, paramaṇukaraṇavāda.
· Sāṃkhya : Satkāryavāda, prakṛti and its evolutes, arguments for the existence of
prakṛti, nature of puruṣa, arguments for the existence and plurality of puruṣa,
relationship between puruṣa and prakṛti, atheism.
· Yoga : Pataῆjali’s Theory of Pramāṇa, concept of ćitta and ćitta – vṛtti, stages of ćittbhumi, the role of God in Yoga.
· Purva – Mimāṃsā : Pramāṇyavāda: Svatah-pramāṇyavāda and Paratah-pramāṇyavada,
Śruti and its importance, classification of śruti-vākyas, vidhi, niṣedha and arthavāda, dharma, bhāvanā, śabda-nityavāda, Jāti, śaktivada; Kumārila and Prabhākara Schools of Mimāṃsa and their major points of difference, triputi – samvit, jῆatatā, abhāva and anupalabdhi, anvitadbhidhanavāda, abhihitanvayavāda, Theories of error: Akhyāti,
Viparitakhyāti, atheism.

Vedānta:

Advaita : Brahmaṇ, relation between Brahmaṇ and Ātman, three grades of sattā,
Adhyāsa, māya, Jiva, Vivartavāda, Anirvachniya-khyāti.
· Viśiṣtādvaita : Saguṇa Brahmaṇ, refutation of māya, aprthaksiddhi pariṇāmavāda, Jiva, bhakti and prapatti, Brahma-Pariṇāmavāda, Sat-khyāti.
· Dvaita : Rejection of nirguṇa brahmaṇ and māya, bheda and sāksi, bhakti.
· Dvaitavaita: Concept of Jῆānaswaroop, kinds of inanimate
· Sudhadvaita: Concept of Avikrta-pariṇāmavāda.